selenium (se) only nutrient whose level is controlled by fda has smallest optimal range (difference...
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Selenium (Se)•Only nutrient whose level is
controlled by FDA•Has smallest optimal range• (difference between requirement and
toxicity)• Toxicity can be a regional problem in
Montana
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Selenium (Se)• There are Se accumulating plants• Can be indicators of toxicity• Can result in acute toxicity – sudden
death•Astragalus species (locoweed)• Vetches• Some native range plants
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Selenium (Se) Toxicity•Originally called Alkali disease• Chronic toxicity•Affects keratin of hair/hooves• Rough hair coat• “Bobbed” tail• Sloughed hooves•Affects adult animals
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Se Deficiency• Se deficiencies that affect young
animals•Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy•White Muscle Disease•Affects ability to stand and nurse
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Se Deficiency• In reproductive females• Retained placenta•Decreased fertility
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Iodine (I)•Not high in feeds• Therefore we use Iodized salt• (even for humans)• Regional deficiency – Great Lakes,
Montana
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Iodine Deficiency•At any age = Goiter• Enlargement of thyroid gland• Thyroxine contains Iodine• In reproductive females = stillbirths•Weak, hairless young
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Mn Deficiency• Symptoms:• Lameness•Abnormal bone growth• Immune dysfunction
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Mn Deficiency• In reproductive females:•Delayed estrus• Reduced ovulation• Embryonic mortality•Decreased fertility
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Cobalt (Co)• Required for rumen microbes to
synthesize Vitamin B12
• Part of Vit. B12’s chemical structure
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Cobalt (Co)•Deficiency regional grazing
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Wasting Disease (Co deficiency)• First discovered in Australia•Australia – extreme emaciation• Because Vit B12 important in energy
metabolism
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Wasting Disease (Co deficiency)• To cure:• Cobalt must be provided to rumen• Injection of Co won’t work • (because Co needed in rumen to
synthesize Vit. B12)• Injection of Vitamin B12 will work
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“Organic” Minerals• Chelated•Attached to amino acids
• Proteinated•Attached to peptides
• Complexed•Attached to other organic
compounds
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“Organic” Minerals•Usually Zn, Cu, Mn, & Co are included
in organic form•Hypothesis: Increased availability
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Example feed tag containing organic minerals
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“Organic” Minerals•Are they effective?• Conflicting research results• Positive results with animals that are:•High producing• Stressed• Immune-compromised
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“Organic” Minerals•Organic forms are more expensive
than sulfates, chlorides, etc.• Therefore, they must be cost effective
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“Organic” Minerals• Recommendation for organic mineral
use:• If high S, Fe and/or Mo
(antagonists)
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“Organic” Minerals• Recommendation• If problems occur such as:• Calf/lamb scours• Increased reproductive failure• Change in hair color• Increased foot rot• Increased respiratory infections
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“Organic” Minerals•Due to cost, recommendation is:• 70% inorganic + 30% organic• Supplementation during strategic
(stressful) times:• Cows – prior to calving through
breeding• Ewes – prior to lambing, during
breeding• Calves/lambs – prior to weaning