selective salt recovery from reverse osmosis brine … · cf 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • significant...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SELECTIVE SALT
RECOVERY FROM REVERSE
OSMOSIS BRINE USING
INTER-STAGE ION
EXCHANGE
Joshua E. Goldman
PhD Candidate
University of New
Mexico
Kerry J. Howe
Associate Professor
University of New
Mexico
Bruce M. Thomson
Regents Professor
University of New
Mexico
![Page 2: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• WateReuse
• CDM
• Purolite
• ResinTech
• Kerry Howe
• Bruce Thomson
• Mehdi Ali
• Steve Cabannis
• Angela Montoya
• Lana Mitchell
2 of 38
![Page 3: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PRESENTATION
OUTLINE
• Background
• Project Overview
• Bench Test Conclusions
• Pilot Testing Objectives
• Pilot Testing Results
• Conclusions
3 of 38
![Page 4: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CONCENTRATE
PRODUCTION
Concentrate disposal is a big problem in inland areas
• Expensive
• Complicated state and EPA regulations depending on
constituents in water
Brackish
Well
Concentrate
(Typically 10%-30%)
Fresh Water
(Typically 70%-90%)
RO
4 of 38
![Page 5: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CONCENTRATE
REDUCTION
Inter-stage sequential ion exchange
• Remove ions that form sparingly soluble salts from
concentrate
• Calcium, magnesium, sulfate
• Replace them with sodium and chloride
• 2nd RO stage to treat sodium chloride solution without
worrying about scaling
• 2nd stage RO concentrate used a regeneration solution for
cation and anion exchange columns
5 of 38
![Page 6: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SALT RECOVERY
• Calcium carbonate
• Pulp and paper
• Building construction (marble floors, roof materials, and roads)
• Glass (improves chemical durability)
• Rubber and plastic
• Paint (extend resin and polymers and control texture)
• Dietary supplement (antacids)
• Water treatment (pH control, softening)
• Calcium sulfate
• Drywall
6 of 38
![Page 7: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
PROPOSED PROCESS TRAIN
Reverse
Osmosis
Stage 1
Stage 1
Permeate
Concentrate
7 of 38
![Page 8: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
PROPOSED PROCESS TRAIN
Reverse
Osmosis
Stage 1
Stage 1
Permeate
Concentrate
Cation
Exchange
Anion
Exchange
Ca Mg CO3 SO4
Na CO3 SO4
Na Cl
8 of 38
![Page 9: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
PROPOSED PROCESS TRAIN
Reverse
Osmosis
Stage 1
Stage 1
Permeate
Concentrate
Cation
Exchange
Anion
Exchange
Reverse
Osmosis
Stage 2 Stage 2
Permeate
9 of 38
![Page 10: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PROPOSED PROCESS TRAIN
Reverse
Osmosis
Stage 1
Brine
Reservoir
Stage 1
Permeate
Concentrate
Waste
Regeneration
Cation
Exchange
Anion
Exchange
Reverse
Osmosis
Stage 2 Stage 2
Permeate
10 of 38
![Page 11: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
PROPOSED PROCESS TRAIN
Reverse
Osmosis
Stage 1
Brine
Reservoir
Precipitation
Basin
Stage 1
Permeate
Concentrate
Regeneration
Cation
Exchange
Anion
Exchange
Reverse
Osmosis
Stage 2 Stage 2
Permeate
Reverse
Osmosis
Stage 1
Brine
Reservoir
Stage 1
Permeate
Concentrate
Waste
Regeneration
Cation
Exchange
Anion
Exchange
Reverse
Osmosis
Stage 2 Stage 2
Permeate
11 of 38
![Page 12: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
PILOT TESTING
OBJECTIVES
• Determine the consistency of the mass and purity of the
recovered salt products.
• Determine the “best” fraction of the regenerant solution to
use for salt recovery.
• Optimize the operation cycle length to maximize ion
concentrations in regeneration solutions and minimize
unused cation exchange capacity.
• Determine if pilot effluent recycle affects the performance
of the 2nd stage RO system.
• Determine the effect of anti-scalant addition on the resin
capacity.
12 of 38
![Page 13: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
PILOT SCALE
TESTING
• Outside of Brighton, CO
• In conjunction with CDM
• June 6th – July 14th
• Continuous operation
Average Pilot Feed
RO Concentrate
mg/L
Ca 456
Mg 191
K 17
Na 570
Cl 613
SO4 957
TDS 4450
M
CO3 0.274
13 of 38
![Page 14: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
PILOT SCALE
TESTING
Service Cycle 1-4 20 BV
Service Cycle 5-6 28 BV
Service Flow Rate 10 BV/hr
Regeneration Cycle 0.75 BV
Rinse Cycle 1 BV
Rinse and
Regeneration Flow
Rate
2 BV/hr
14 of 38
![Page 15: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15 of 38
![Page 16: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16 of 38
![Page 17: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
MASS ANALYSIS AND
QUANTIFICATION METHODS
• Tare Erlenmeyer flask
• Mixed 100 mL of each regeneration solution in
flask
• For low pH prepetition, adjust pH of anion
regeneration solution to 4
• Allow precipitates to form and settle for 36
hours.
• Separate liquid and solid by centrifuge
• Dry in the lab oven at 104°C for 24 hours
• Mass of flask - tared mass = precipitate mass
• Analyze precipitated solid by SEM, EDS, XRD
17 of 38
![Page 18: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
VISUAL MINTEQ
MODELING
1 M Ca
1 M SO4
1 M CO3
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 2 4 6 8
pH
Saturation Index
Calcite
Gypsum
18 of 38
![Page 19: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PURE CALCIUM
CARBONATE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
C O Ca
% C
om
po
sit
ion
(A
tom
ic)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
C O Na Mg P S Cl Ca Sr
% C
om
po
sit
ion
(A
tom
ic)
19 of 38
![Page 20: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
PURE CALCIUM
SULFATE
0
20
40
60
80
O Na Mg Si S Cl Ca
1
1
0
20
40
60
80
O Na Mg P S Cl Ca Sr
2
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
O S Ca
% C
om
po
sit
ion
(A
tom
ic)
20 of 38
![Page 21: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
MASS ANALYSIS
RESULTS
Ambient pH Low pH
Representative
Sample
21 of 38
![Page 22: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
MASS ANALYSIS
RESULTS - XRD
• Spectra Identified as CaCO3
• Ambient pH precipitate from Weeks 2-4
• Spectra Identified as CaSO4
• Low pH precipitate from Weeks 3,4,6
• Ambient pH precipitate from Week 6
• Other Spectra Identified
• Halite (NaCl)
• Week 2 Ambient pH
• Week 4 Low pH
22 of 38
![Page 23: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS FROM
MASS ANALYSIS
• Calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate can be precipitated
separately
• Low pH mixing conditions - calcium sulfate
• Ambient pH mixing conditions – calcium carbonate
• Except for Week 6
23 of 38
![Page 24: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
MASS QUANTIFICATION RESULTS
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
kg
Pre
cip
ita
te p
er
m3
RO
Co
nc
en
tra
te
Ambient pH
Low pH
24 of 38
![Page 25: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
MASS QUANTIFICATION
CONCLUSIONS
• Salts precipitate spontaneously when the regeneration
solutions are mixed
• Possible to precipitate approximately 12 kg of gypsum per
cubic meter of regeneration solution
• Approximately 45% of the calcium is recovered
• Approximately 28% of the sulfate is recovered
25 of 38
![Page 26: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
METHOD TO DETERMINE
BEST PORTION OF
REGENERATION SOLUTION
• Regeneration and rinse cycles total 1.75 BV
• Results from column tests showed sharp regeneration
curves
• Effluent samples taken every 5 minutes (0.17 BV)
• Anion column - conductivity and total carbonate
• Cation column - conductivity and calcium
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
(C/C
max)
BV 26 of 38
![Page 27: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
PILOT ELUTION
CURVES
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
C/C
ma
x
Bed Volumes
Conductivity TotCO3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
C/C
ma
x
Bed Volumes
Conductivity Ca
SBA SAC
27 of 38
![Page 28: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
RESULTS – ION CONCENTRATION
AND SALT YIELD
Ca Mg SO4 NO3 CO3
Week mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L M
5 5798 1708 17673 799 0.13
6 12546 3703 48167 1023 0.25
CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9
• Significant increase in ion
concentrations
• 5.8x increase in salt yield
per unit treated RO
concentrate
• Increased total recovery of
total Ca and SO4 in system
from 5% to 20%
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Week 5 Week 6
kg
Pre
cip
ita
te p
er
m3
RO
Co
nc
en
tra
te
Ambient
Low
28 of 38
![Page 29: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
OPTIMIZATION OF
OPERATION CYCLE
• Constructed breakthrough curve
• Started at end of standard operation cycle (20 BV)
• Grabbed samples of SBA and SAC effluent
• Sample taken every 2 BV (12 minutes)
29 of 38
![Page 30: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
BREAKTHROUGH
CURVE
• Started taking samples at end of standard regeneration and rinse cycle
• Extended cycle to point just before magnesium breakthrough (28 BV)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
20 25 30 35 40
C/C
in
Bed Volumes
CO3 Ca Mg SO4
30 of 38
![Page 31: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
OPTIMIZED
OPERATION CYCLE
Ca Mg NO3 SO4 CO3
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L M
Week 2 5096 1919 1090 10236 0.20
Week 5 5798 1708 799 17673 0.13
Increase
in Ratio
Ca:Mg 1.3x
SO4:CO3 2.7x
SO4:NO3 2.4x
0
5
10
15
20
25
Ca:Mg SO4:CO3 SO4:NO3
Re
sin
Ph
as
e Io
nic
Ra
tio
Week 2
Week 5
31 of 38
![Page 32: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
OVERALL
CONCLUSIONS
• Separation factors can be predicted based on solution
characteristics
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pre
dic
ted
α C
a/N
a
Measured α Ca/Na
32 of 38
![Page 33: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
OVERALL
CONCLUSIONS
• Column performance well predicted by separation factor
regressions and modeling
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Ca
lcu
late
d N
um
be
r o
f B
V t
o
Bre
ak
thro
ug
h
Measured Number of BV to Breakthrough
33 of 38
![Page 34: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
OVERALL
CONCLUSIONS
• Gypsum can be spontaneously precipitated from mixed
cation and anion regeneration solutions
• Lab and pilot tests
• Requires pH adjustment when system not optimized for
sulfate recovery
• Can recover 45% of calcium and 28% of sulfate from the
mixed solution
• 15% of total possible gypsum recovered from RO
concentrate stream
• For a 5 MGD plant
• 6 tons/day of gypsum could be recovered
34 of 38
![Page 35: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
OVERALL
CONCLUSIONS
• Process has potential to improve RO recovery and to
generate to gypsum
35 of 38
![Page 36: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
REFERENCES
Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology, N.R.C., Desalination: A National Perspective. 2008: National Academies Press.
Jordahl, J., Beneficial and Non Traditional Uses of Concentrate. 2006, WateReuse Foundation.
Zagorodni, A.A., Ion exchange materials : properties and applications. 2007, Amsterdam; London: Elsevier.
Harland, C.E., Ion exchange: theory and practice. 2 ed. Monographs for teachers. Vol. 29. 1994: Royal Society of Chemistry paperbacks. 285.
Crittenden, J. and Montgomery Watson Harza (Firm), Water treatment principles and design. 2nd ed. 2005, Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. xx, 1948 p.
Helfferich, F.G., Ion exchange. 1962, New York: McGraw-Hill.Howe, K., Class Notes. 2009, University of New Mexico.
Marton, A. and J. Inczédy, Application of the concentrated electrolyte solution model in the evaluation of ion exchange equilibria. Reactive Polymers, Ion
Exchangers, Sorbents, 1988. 7(2-3): p. 101-109.Muraviev, D., J. Noguerol, and M. Valiente, Separation and concentration of
calcium and magnesium from sea water by carboxylic resins with temperature-induced selectivity. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 1996. 28(2): p. 111-126.
MATSUSAKI, K., Selectivity of Anion Exchange Resin Modified with Anionic Polyelectrolyte. Analytical Sciences, 1997. 13(3).
Amara, M. and H. Kerdjoudj, Modification of the cation exchange resin properties by impregnation in polyethyleneimine solutions: Application to the separation
of metallic ions. Talanta, 2003. 60(5): p. 991-1001.
Marina, M.L., et al., Ion exchange in concentrated media. Correlations for variation of selectivity coefficients with medium. Reactive Polymers, 1992. 16(3): p. 271-
286.
Christensen, S.G. and K. Thomsen, Experimental measurement and modeling of the distribution of solvent and ions between an aqueous phase and an ion
exchange resin. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2005. 228-229: p. 247-260.
Ostroski, I.C., et al., Mass transfer mechanism of ion exchange in fixed bed columns. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 2011. 56(3): p. 375-382.
Mehablia, M.A., D.C. Shallcross, and G.W. Stevens, Prediction of multicomponent ion exchange equilibria. Chemical Engineering Science, 1994. 49(14): p. 2277-
2286.
Vo, B.S. and D.C. Shallcross, Multi-Component Ion Exchange Equilibria Prediction. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2003. 81(10): p. 1311-1322.
Melis, S., et al., Multicomponent equilibria on ion-exchange resins. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1996. 117(1-2): p. 281-288.
Letterman, R.D. and American Water Works Association., Water quality and treatment : a handbook of community water supplies. 5th ed. 1999, New York:
McGraw-Hill. 1 v. (various pagings).2010. 44(9): p. 2957-2969.
36 of 38
![Page 37: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
REFERENCES
Wilson, D.J., Modeling of Ion-Exchange Column Operation. I. Equilibrium Model for Univalent-Divalent Exchange, in Separation Science and Technology. 1986, Taylor & Francis. p. 767-787.
Bromley, L.A., Thermodynamic properties of strong electrolytes in aqueous solutions. AIChE Journal, 1973. 19(2): p. 313-320.
Wilson, G.M., Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium. XI. A New Expression for the Excess Free Energy of Mixing. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1964. 86(2): p. 127-130.
Nakamura, K., et al., A Prediction Method for the Breakthrough Curve in the Column Packed with H, Na, NH4 form Ion Exchange Resins. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN, 2010. 43(6): p. 494-501.
Borba, C.E., et al., Application of the mass action law to describe ion exchange equilibrium in a fixed-bed column. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011. 172(1): p. 312-320.
Hendricks, D.W., Water treatment unit processes: physical and chemical. Civil and Environmental Engineering. 2006: CRC Press. 1266.
Rahardianto, A., et al., High recovery membrane desalting of low-salinity brackish water: Integration of accelerated precipitation softening with membrane RO. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007. 289(1-2): p. 123-137.
Benjamin, M.M., Water chemistry. McGraw-Hill series in water resources and environmental engineering. 2002, Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Wang, L.K., Membrane and desalination technologies. 2011, New York, NY: Humana Press.
Gabelich, C.J., et al., High-recovery reverse osmosis desalination using intermediate chemical demineralization. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007. 301(1-2): p. 131-141.
Ahmed, M., et al., Feasibility of salt production from inland RO desalination plant reject brine: A case study. Desalination, 2003. 158(1-3): p. 109-117.
Heijman, S.G.J., et al., Zero liquid discharge: Heading for 99% recovery in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Desalination, 2009. 236(1-3): p. 357-362.
Fogler, H.S., Elements of chemical reaction engineering. 1999: Prentice Hall PTR.
Levenspiel, O., Chemical reaction engineering; an introduction to the design of chemical reactors. 1962, New York: Wiley.
Antony, A., et al., Scale formation and control in high pressure membrane water treatment systems: A review. Journal of Membrane Science, 2011. 383(1-2): p. 1-16.
Jasbir S, G., A novel inhibitor for scale control in water desalination. Desalination, 1999. 124(1-3): p. 43-50.
Greenlee, L.F., et al., The effect of antiscalant addition on calcium carbonate precipitation for a simplified synthetic brackish water reverse osmosis concentrate. Water Research,
37 of 38
![Page 38: SELECTIVE SALT RECOVERY FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS BRINE … · CF 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.9 • Significant increase in ion concentrations • 5.8x increase in salt yield per unit treated RO](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050409/5f86173f7a41e13c0e2d8668/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
QUESTIONS???
38 of 38