segmenting natural language by articulatory featurespdf

7/27/2019 Segmenting Natural Language by Articulatory Featurespdf

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S E G M E N T I N G N A T U R A L L A N G U A G E B Y A R T I C U L A T O R Y F E A T U R E SD a v i d S h i l l a nC a m b r i d g e L a n g u a g e R e s e a r c h U n i t ,

ENGLAND.I. For many purposes it is neces sary to segment textinto units convenient for handling. The sentence hasb e e n g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d a s t h e n a t u r a l u n i t , s i n c et h e r e w a s no o b v i o u s a l t e r n a t i v e o t h e r t h a n t h e w o r d- w h i c h b y i t s e l f t e l l s u s t o o l i t t l e - o r t h e p a ra -grap h - which is a vague and shifting unit, ~unlessredefined. But the sentence is not satisfa ctoryeither: it ks very variable in length; studies ofspeech sh ow that in its conventional form it is nota l w a y s r e c o g n i z a b l y p r e s e n t I ; it m a y d e p e n d s e m a n t -i c a l l y u p o n i t s c o n t e x t u p t o at l e a s t p a r a g r a p hlength; and in any case what constitute s a sentencei s n o t c o n s i s t e n t l y d e f i n e d ( F r ie s 2 i n d i c a t e s m o r ethan 200 definitions).2. There is anothe r way of segmenti ng text, whichdoes not suffer from these limitations, being basedupon the rhythmica l feature s of articul ated speech.This use of the term "articulated" results from avlew of language as basica lly speech, that is asskilled bodily movement. We have found it possi blet o b r id g e t h e g a p b e t w e e n s p o k e n l a n g u a g e a n d w r i t t e nl a n g u a g e b y u s i n g f e a t u r e s w h i c h b o t h t h e w r i t e r a n dthe reader of language tend to adopt fro m speech.3. Studies of poken language, pa rticu larly in re-l a t i Q n t o f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e t e a c h i ng , s h o w a g r e e m e n ton at least the terminal bound ary of the "tone group"which Crysta l & Quirk3 call "the most strikin g proso-dic unit in Englis h speech", and on which th ey havef o u n d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y a h i g h r a t e o f a g r e e m e n t b yi n f o r m an t s . M a n y d i f f e r e nt t e a c h i n g b o o k s * e x e m p l i f yt h i s a g r e e d f e at u r e , d e s p i t e t h e l a c k o f s a t i s f a c t o r yinstrum ental evidence on continuous speech (into whichr e s e a r c h i s n o w b e i n g p l a n n e d ) .4. Less agreement is found on the confi gurati on ofthe whole unit whic h terminates in the "nucleus".Some authors refer to "tone groups" or "tone units",some to "sense groups", some use both terms: thiso v e r l a p p i n g c a t e g o r y o f t o n e a n d s en s e s u g g e s t e d afield for further study, which has been proceedingat C.L.R.U. for some time. Syntax is not usua llybrought into the treatment of this subject, sincethe appro ach is phonological; but among the author s

* W o r k s u p p o r t e d b y C a n a d i a n N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l .

.I.


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r e f e r r e d t o 4 , M a c O a r t hy d o ~ n d i c a t e t h a t s y n t a c t i cc r i t e r i a d e t e r m i n e t h e s $ ~ u r e o f h i s i n t o n a t i o ng r o u p s . O u r s t u d i e s s u p p o r t t h e w o r k o f t h o s e w hos u g g e s t t h a t w h a t i s c o m m o n l y c a l l e d " s t r e s s " h a s as e m a n t ic f u n c t io n S , a n d wh a t c a n b e a n ~ y s e d i n t e r m so f i n t o n a t i o n i s t h e s y n t a c t i c f e a t u r e , - a k i n d o fa u d i b l e s y n t a c t i c b r a k e t t i n g .5 . I t i s com mo n p r a c t i c e i n t h e t e a c h i n g o f E n g l i s ha s a f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e ( s e e B a i r d 7 ) t o u s e t o n e g r o u p so f t w o s t r e s s e s ( h e a d a n d n u c l e u s ) a s e x a m p l e s , b u tt h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s n o t u s u a l l y f o r m a l i z e d . I n m yo wn u s e o f s u c h d r i l l m a t e r i a l f o r t h e f o r e i g n l e a r n e r ,I h a v e f o r m an y y e a r s a d o p t e d t h i s u n i t , m a r k e d i tw i t h a m u s i c a l p ~ r a s e - m a r k , a n d c a l l e d i t , s i n c e m y1 9 5 4 p u b l i c a t i o n , a " p h r as i n g ". M Y d r i l l u s e o f t h i su n i t g i v e s a m i n i m a l c o n t e x t o f n o t l e s s t h a n o n e s e n -t e n c e - a s e n t e n c e b e i n g s e ~ n e n t a b l e i n t o o n e o r m o r ep h r a s im ~ s , t h e p h r a s i n g b e i n g t h u s a u d i t b e t w e e n t h ew o r d a n d t h e s e n t e n c e b u t n o t n e c e s s a r i l y c o t e r m i n o u sw i t h th e c l a u s e or g r a m m a t i c a l p h r as e . ( T he m u s i c a la n a l o g y s h o w s p h r a s i n g a s a c a t e g o r y d i s t i n c t f r o m t h en o t e , t h e b a r , a n d t h e s e c t i o n . )6 . T e n y e a r s af t e r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e d r i l l s , m yw o r k w a s c a l l e d u p o n b y M a r g a r e t M a s t e r m a n 9 i n r e -l a t i o n t o h e r o w n s e m a n t i c a p p r o a ch , f o r w h i c h t h e t w os t r e s s - p o i n t s o f t h e p h r a s i n g w e r e s e e n t o c o r r e s p o n dt o t w o i n f o r m a t i o n po i n t s. I n t h e ~ e a n t i m e I h a d b e e nl e d b y t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e t o c o n s i d 6 r t h e ~ i f f i c u l t yo f f o r e i g n l e z r n e r s w i t h a d e q u a t e v o c a b u l a r y a n da d e q u a t e s y n t a x b u t n o a de q u a t e s p e e c h - e x p e r i e n c e o fE n g l i s h . T h e y w e r e u n a b l e t o r e a d a p i e c e o f c u r r e n tE n g l i s h ( e. g . a " T i m e s " l e a d i n g a r t i c l e ) w i t h u n d e r -s t a nd i n g, w h e r e a n t h e n a t i v e E n g l i s h r e a d e r, e v e n i fm o m e n t a r i l y p u z z l e d b y p e r h a p s a h a s t i l y - w o r d e d s e n -t e n ce , w o u l d i m m e d i a t e l y f e e d b a c k i n t o h i s r e a d i n go f it ( i .e . " i n h i s m i n d ' s e a r " ) t h e n a t u r a l s p e e c hf o r m ( i. e. t h e p h r a s i n g ) w i t h w h i c h t h e w r i t e r h a dw r i t t e n i t .7 . F r o m t h i s t h e c o n c e p t i o n o f " s t r e ss - p o i n t " b e c a m ed i f f e r e n t i a t e d f r o m p r e c i s e s y l l a b i c l o c a t i o n o f s t r e s s( w h i c h i s i t s e l f a c o m p l e x o f a m p l i t u d e , f r e q u e n c y , a n dd u r a t io n ) a n d w a s d e f i n e d a s t h e w o r d o r w o r d s c e n t r e d,i n s t r e s s - a n d - t o n e p r o m i n e n c e , on t h e n u c l e a r t o n e ,~ nd t h e w o r d o r w o r d s c e n t r e d (in t h e s a m e s e n s e o f, p r o m i n e n c e ) o n t h a t h e a d t_ on e w h i c h p r e d o m i n a t e sa b o v e a n y o t h e r h e a d o r h e a d s w h i c h m i g h t f o l l o w t h ep r e c e d i n ~ n u c l e u s .

.2.


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r Th i s me thod o f de a l i n g wi th t one g roups wh ichappa ren t l y have more t han one head p roves t o beo p e r a t i o n a l l y s a t i s f a c t o r y. I t g i v e s u s a c o n s i s -t e n t p h r a s i n g o f t w o b e at s , t h e s e c o n d o f w h i c h c o n -s i s t s , i n c e r t a i n c a s e s , o f a " s i l e n t s t r e s s ~ (p h e n o m e n o n v o u c h e d f o r b y m a n y p h o n e t i c i a n s l O) , a I ta l s o h e l p s t o m e e t ~ t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f d i f f e r e n t l y t i m edlan@nla~es, ref err ed to in para. 13 below.8 . I t f o l l o w s f r o m t h e t r e a t m e n t o f s t r e s s - p o i n t s i n -d i c a t e d i n p ar a . 7 a b o ve , t h a t s p r e a d s t r e s s w i l l o c c u ri n r e g u l a r c o m p o u n d s , s u c h a s " s e m i + r e a d i n e s s " , a n d i ta l s o o c c u r s v e r y f r e q u e n t l y i n c a s e s o f a n o u n w i t h i t sq u a l i f i er , w h e t h e r t r u e a d j e c t i v e o r n o u n a ct i n g a sa d j e c t i v e , e . g . " p o l i t i c a l + r e q u i r e m e n t s " , o r " s t a f f +p l a n n i n g" , a n d i n g ~ n e r a l w h e r e w e f i n d i n t i m a t e l ya s s o c i a t e d w o r d s o n w h i c h t h e s t r e s s f a l l s w i t h v i r -t u a l l y e q u a l e m p h a s i s .9 . T h e s i l e n t b e a t m a y o r m a y n o t b e a p e r c e p t i b l ep a u s e , b u t t e n d s t o o c c u r i n c e r t a i n t y p i c a l l o c a t i o n s ,e . g . w h e r e s o m e e x p r e s s i o n o f s i g n i f i c a n t s e m a n t i cc o n t e n t i s a b o u t t o f o l l ow . I t w o u l d a l s o b e p o s s i b l ei n m a n y c a s e s t o i m a g i n e t h e p h r a s i n g r e - w r i t t e n u s i n gr e l e v a n t s y l l a b l e s i n s t e a d o f t h e s i l e n t b e a t , e . g ." i n a r e v i e w o f p r o g r e s s " i n s t e a d o f

"in a rev iew () ".I n m a r k i n g p h r a s i n g s o n t e xt t w o s y m b o l s a r e u s e d i na d d i t i o n t o t h e + s i g n f o r s p r e a d s t r e s s a n d t h e ()s i g n f o r s i l e n t be a t . T h e y a r e t h e w e l l - k n o w n t o n e t i om ~ r k e r ~ ( o r i g i n a l l y r e p r e s e n t i n g a h i g h f a l l i n g t o n e )u s e d f o r t h e n u c l e a r s t re s s , a n d t h e s t r e s s - m a r k ' u s e df o r t h e h e a d s t r e s s . T h e s e m a y a l s o be r e f e r r e d t o a sp r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y s t r e s s - p o i n t s , t h e n u c l e u s b e i n gp r i m a r y b e c a u s e i n g e n e r a l i t i n d i c a t e s t h e ~ o ft h e u t t e r a a c e a n d t h e h e a d b e i n g s e c o n d a r y b e c a u s e i ng e n e r a l i t i n d i c a t e s t h e c q m m e nt . T h u s r e a d i n g d o w na l l t h e n u c l e a r s t r e s s - p o i n t s o f a te x t p r i n t e d a s as e r i e s o f p h r a s i n g s o n e b e l o w t h e o t h er , w e h a v e a ni n d e x o f t h e t o p i c o f t h e w h o l e t e x t .1 0. A p i e c e o f t e x t r e a d i n g" P o l i t i c a l l y C a n a d a i s d i v i d e d i n t o t e n p r o v i n c e s a n dt w o t e r r i t o r i e s " c a n b e p h r a s e d - u p e i t h e r a s

.3.


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~o l i t i c a l l~ ( ) ~ Canada i s d iv i de~ in to ' t en P rov in ce6a n d ' t wo ~ e r r l t o r i e ' s TM o r a s~ o l i t i c a l l y )' C a n ad a i s d i v i d e di n t o ' t e n ~ p r o v i n c e 8a n d ' t w o ~ t e r r i t o r i e s .The qua t r a in fo rm in to wh ich t h i s f a l l s p roves t o bev e r y f r e q u e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t t h e b U i n n i n g o f ap a s s a g e . T h i s p a s s a g e c o n t i n u e s i n tw o m or e q u a t r a i n s :' E a c h + p r o v i n c e i s ~ s o v e r e i g ni n i t s ' wn sphereand ' ad min is t e rs i t s ~own' n a t u r a l ~ r e s o u r c e 8 ,and upon ' suc h r e so u rcesa s ' r e l a t e d t o ~ t o p o g r a p h y ,

' pos i t i on and c l i l a t ei 8 ' b a s e d t h e e c o n o m y o f t h e p r o v i n c e .A s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d t e x t o f t h i s k i n d o f f e r s i f n o t a w o r d .f o r - w o r d , a t l e a s t s o m e t h i n g l i k e a p h r a s i n g - f o r -p h r a s i n g p o s s i b i l i t y i n t r a n s l a t i o n . B ut t h e t r a n s -l a t i o n c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , f o r F re n c h f o r ex a m p le , i s o f t e nno t d i r ec t bu t expanded ( e .g . 2 o r more F rench fo r 1E n g l i s h ) , o r t r a n s p o s e d i n o r d e r . A p a rt f r o m t h e s eo c n s i d e r a t i o n s , t h e r e a r e ma ny c a s e s i n w hi c h t h ep h r a s i n g s t r u c t u r e r e s o l v e s s y n t a c t i c o r s e m a n t i c u n -ce r t a in ty . He re i s a ca se whe re t he l ack o f such am ea ns o f s e g m e n t a t i o n l e d t o a s e r i o u s m l s t r a n s l a t i o n :I t 'may be assumedt h a t a n ' i n t e r n a t i o n a l ~ f o r c e

on a ' s t an dby ~ bas i swi l l ' t ake+ shape a s a deve lopmen to u t o f ' p r a c t i c e w h ic h h a s a l r e a d y b e g u n .T he p u b l i s h e d t r a n s l a t i o n h a s t u r n e d t h e l a s t t wo l i n e si n t op r e n d r a u n e f o r ~ e a s s e z s i n g u l i ~ r e , c e q u ' e l l e a d 6 J hconeno6 h faire".1 1 . P a s s a g e s o f te x t A n v a r i o u s s t y l e s a n d o f v a r i o u sl e n g t h s h a v e b e e n a n a l y s e ~ b y h a n d, a n d s h o w a c o n -sistent t e n d e n c y f o r t h i s ~ h y t h m t o b e f o u n d . T h er em ay b e p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e a s o n s f o r t h i s . N e u r o l o g i c a ls t u d i e s e s h o w p e r s i s t e n c e o f t one and rhy thm in ca se swhere no rma l a r t i c u l a t i on i s impa i r ed1 1 . ~ood reasonsf o r t h i s r h y th m t o be b i n a r y i n c l u d e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e

* F o r n e u r o l o g i c a l l i t e r a t u r e I a m i n d e b t e d t o D r .Violet MacDermot.. 4 .


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r h y t h m o f t h e m otk ~M s h e a r t - b e a t i s p r e s e n t e v e n t ot h e u n b o r n c h i l d , a n d t h e i n / o u t r h y t h m o f r e s p i r a t i o na n d t h e l e f t / r i g h t r h y t h m o f w a l k i n g a r e b a s i c t o h ~ a nl i f e i n g e n e r a l. S t u d i e s i n a r t i c u l a t o r y p h o n e t i c ss u p p o r t t h e b e l i e f t h a t s o m e f o r m o f k i n a e s t h e t i ca c t i v i t y i s i n v o l v e d i n s i l e n t r e a d i n g , a s w e l l a s i nl i s t e n i n g t o l i v e s p e e c h , w h i c h i s w h y w e c a n l e g i t i -m a t e l y r e f e r t o " t h e r h y t h m o f t h e p r o s e " i n s p i t e o ft h e l a c k , u p t o t h e p r e s e n t , o f a c o u s t i c i n s t r u m e n t a ld o c u m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s .1 2 . T h ou g h i n t o n a t i o n s u p p l i e s t h e c o n t o u r o n w h i c h t h ep h r a s i n g i s f o u n d ed , t h e r h y t h ~ o f s t r e s s i s t h e m o r ee s s e n t i a l f a c t o r . A s T i b b i t t s ' ~ s a y s s T h e c o r r e c tb a s i c s t r e s s i n g i s m a n d a t o r ~ w h i l e t h e i n t o n a t i o n i sv a r i a b l e w i t h i n a s y e t u n d e f i n e d l i m i t s . T h i s i s t h er e a s o n wh~ S he p h r a s i n g h y p o t h e s i s i s u n a f f e c t e d b yd i f f e r e n c e s o ~ d i a l e c t o r a c c e n t . T he q u e s t i o n o fi s o c h r o m i c i t y i n E n g l i s h p r o s e h a s a l i t e r a t u r e s t r ~ t c h -i n ~ b a c k t o J o s h u a S t e e l e i n 1 7 7 5 , t h r o u g h C o v e n t r y P a t -m o r e i n 1 8 5 6 , a n d o n t o i t s t h o r o u g h e x p e r i m e n t a l . .( t h o u g h n o t i n s t r u m e n t a l ) e x a m i n a t i o n b y A n d r T ~ C l a s s ei n 1 9 39 a n d d i s c u s s i o n b y A b e r c r o m b i e i n 1 95 1 o . T h e r ei s e v i d e n c e f o r a t l e a s t a s t r o n g t e n d e n c y t o w a r d s an o r m a l r e g u l a r p e r i o d i c i t y o f s t r e s s - p o i n t s . O u ro b s e r v a t i o n s s u g g e s t t h a t a s p e a k e r t e n d s t o s e l e c ta n d o r d e r h i s w o r d s s o a s t o d i s t r i b u t e t h em a b o u tt h e s e p u l s a t i o n s o f s t r e s s i n s u c h a w a y t h a t p o i n t so f e m p h a s i s f a l l n a t u r a l l y u p o n t h e m .1 3 . T h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r t h e p h r a s i n g c a n b e e q u a l l yw e l l o b s e r v ed i n l a n g u a g e s o t h e r t h a n E n g l i s h i s n o ti n c l u d e d i n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r , e x c e p t b y t h e o b s e r v a -t i o n t h a t w h e n p a r a l l e l t e x t s i n E n g l i s h a n d ~ r e n c h a r ea n a l y s e d i n t h i s w a y , t h e F r e n c h e q u i v a l e n t o f t h eE n g l i s h p h r a si n g , a s c l e a r l y d e l i m i t e d b y t h e F r e n c hn u c l e a r t o n e ( a nd n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e b T~t w e e n a s y l l a b l e - t i m e d a n d a s t r e s s - t ~ e d l a n g u a g e )s u p p l i e s a f o r m o f t r a n s l a t i o n u n i t ' l w i t h l ~ m e a s u r -a b l e r a t e o f c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h t h e E n g l i s h .1 3. E x a m i n a t i o n o f g i v e n p h r a s i n g s i n a t e x t o f 3 7 7p h r a s i n g s a f o l l o w e d b y a n o t h e r o f o v e r 9 0 0 p h r a s i n g s ,l e d D o l b y ' 9 t o s ay : " P h r a s i n g l e n g t h, a s m e a s u r e d b yt h e n u m b e r o f s y l l a b le s , a p p e a r s t o b e a r e a s o n a b l yb e h a v e d s t a t i s t i c w h e n v i e w e d i n i s o l a t i o n w i t h r o u t i n es t a t i s t i c a l t o o l s " . ( S e e A p p e n d i x I )1 4 . A m e t h o d o f o b s e r v i n g t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l c o n f i g u r a -t i o n o f p h r a s i n g s i s t o t u r n w r i t t e n t e x t i n t o s p o k e np r o s e o n m a g n e t i c t a p e , p a s s t h i s t h r o u g h a s u i t a b l ep i t c h d e t e c t o r a n d i n t e n s i t y d e t e c t o r ( s u c h a s t h a t o f

. 5 .


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t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f G r e n o b l e o r th e U n i v e r s i t y o fC o p e n h a g e n ) , a n d r e c o r d t h e r e s ul t o n m l n g o g r a p hs c r o l l s . R e s e a r c h n o w b e i n g s t a r t e d a t C . L . R . U . i sc o m p a r i n g t h e o u t p ut o f t h e se t w o s e t s o f a p p a r a t u sw i t h t h a t o f a p p a r a t u s d e v e l o p e d i n E ng l an d, w i t h av i e w t o f i n d i n g t h e b e s t s e l e c t i o n o f a c o u s t i c d a t ab y w h i c h t o o b s e r v e t h e t e r m i n a l p o i n t o f t h e p h r a s i n g( f r e q u e n t l y a s t e e p f a l l o r r i s e i n p i t c h ) , a n d t h e t w os t r e s s - p o i n t s a s p e a k s o f f r e q u e n c y - p l u s - a m p l i t u d e - p l u s -d u r a t i o n .1 5. A n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f t h i s u n i t o fs e g m e n t a t i o n c a n b e s e e n i n a l g o r i t h m i c p r o d u c t i o n b yc o m p u t e r o f a f o r m o f p h r as i n g , b a s e d o n o b s e r v a t i o no f t h e c r i t e r i a u s e d i n m a k i n g a r t i c u l a t o r y p ~ a s i n g s .T h i s h a s b e e h d o n e at 0 .L . R . U . b y J. E . D o b s o n = V i n af o r m w h i c h w h i l e n o t i n e v e r y s i n g l e c a s e i d e n t i c a lw i t h h a n d - m a r k e d p h r a s i n g s n e v e r t h e l e s s p r o v i d e s an e w a n d o p e r a t i o n a l s e g m e n t a t i o n o f c o n t i n u o u s t e x t .A s p a r t o f t h e w o r k d o n e u n d e r c o n t r a c t t o t h e N a t i o n a lR e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f C a n ad a , t h i s p r o g r a m m e i s n o w b e i n ga p p l i e d t o t h e p h r a s i n g o f a t e x t o f 2 0 , 0 0 0 w o r d s f r o mt h e 0 ~ u a d a Y e a r B o o k o f 1 9 6 2 .1 6. T h e n o r m a l r h y t h m i c a l s t r e s s c a n a l s o b e p r o v i d e da l g o r i t h m i c a l l y . T h i s m a k e s p o s s i b l e a c o m p u t e r i z e do r d e r i n g o f t h e p h r a s i n g s o f a t e x t a l p h a b e t i c a l l ya c c o r d i n g t o f o u r d i f f e r e n t v a l u a t i o n s , i . e .(i) the pri mar y Snuclear) stress( i i ) t h e s e c o n d a r y ( = h ea d ) s t r e s s ,( i l l ) p e n d a n t s ( = u n s t r e s s e d s t r i n g s a t t a c h e d ) t op r i m a r y s t r e s s ;( iv ) p e n d a n t s ( = u n s t r e s s e d s t r i n g s a t t a c h e d ) t os e c o n d a r y s t r e s s .T h i s g i v e s a s e ma n t i c c o n c o r d a n c e ( c a l l e d S E ~ O ) f r o mw h i c h s t a t i s t i c a l a n d o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e d e r i v e d .T h e c o m p u t e r c a n p r o c e s s t e x t i n t h i s w a y a s i t c o u l dn o t d o u s i n g t h e s e n t e n c e a s a u n i t , a n d b o t h m o r ee c o n o m i c a l l y a n d w i t h m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a n i t c o u l db y m e r e l y c u t t i n g t h e t ex t i n t o l i n e s o f t h e l e n g t ho f t h e c o m p u t e r p r i n t - o u t .1 7. T h e p a t t e r n i n g o f s t r e s s e d a n d u n s t r e s s e d w o r ds ,i . e . o f s t r e s s - p o i n t s a n d u n s t r e s s e d w o r d s c a n b e e x -p r e s s e d a s a c a l c u l u s o f o r d e r e d p a i r s , o n w h i c hr e s e a rc h i s p r o c e e d i n g .

. 6 .


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Pm m c sI. C.C. Fries: "The Struct ure of English"; Harcou rtBrace, 1952, Longman s Green, 1957.R. Quirk, A. Dmckworth, J. Svartvik, J.P.L.Rusiecki, A.V.T. 0olin: "Studie s in the corres-pondence of p rosod ic to g rammat i ca l f ea t u re s i nEngl i sh ; IXth In t e rna t iona l Congress o f L ing u i s t i c s1962.2. See I.3. D. Cryst al & R. Quirk: "Systems of proso dic andparali nguis tic features in English"; Mouton, 1964,. Armst rong & Ward: "Ha ndbook of Engli sh intonation";

Heffer, 1931.W . Stannard Allen: "Living English Speech"; Long-mans Green, 1954.0'0onnor & Arnold: "Intonation of colloquialEnglish"; Lo ngmans Green, 1961.Arnold & Gimson: "English Pronunciation Practice",Lona on Univ. Press, 1965.J.T. Pring: "Colloquial Engli sh Pronuncia tion",Longm ans Green, 1959.R.A. Close: "Pattern s of Spoken English"; K enyu sha(Tokyo), 1954.R. K ingdon: "The Groundwork of English Intonation";Loh~mans Green, 1958.Lado & Fries: "Engli sh Pronunciati on"; Ann Arbor,1954.L.A. Hill: "Stress and Intonat ion step by step";Oxford, 1965.W.R. lee:"An English intonation reader"; Macmillan,1963.P. MacCarthy: "Endlish Pronuncia tion", Heffer,1944/50.D. Shillan: "Sp oken English", Lo ngman s Green,1954/65.

5. e. g. R. Gunter: in Journal of Linguistics 2,2 Oct. 1966.. M.A.K . H alliday: "Some aspects of the thematicorganisation of the English clause"; RandMemorandum, Jam. 1967.. A. Baird: "Transf ormatio n and sequence in pro-nunciation", English Languag e Teaching XX, 2, J~n.1966.

8 . S e e 4 .

.7.


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9. Margar et Masterman: Commentary oK th e Guberinahypothesis.; Methodos 57-58, XV, 196310. e .g .D. Jones : Out l ine of Engl i sh Phone t ic s ;Cambridge, 1932.D. Abercrombie: Stud ies in Phon etics andLingu/stics", Oxford, 1965.11. e .g . T . AlaJouanine: Verba l r ea l iza t io n iaapha sia ; Brain 79, pa rt I , March 1965.12. R.H. St et so n: Motor Pho net ic s ; Amsterdam, 1951.13. E.L. Ti bb it te : in En glis h Language Teaching XXI,1, Oct. 1966.14. A. Olasse: "The Rhyt hm of E~glish Prose";Blackwell, 1939.1 5 . S e e 1 0 .16. K.L. Pike: "The Intonation of Am er ic " English";Ann Arbor, 1946.17. D. Shill- -: i n Me ta (Montreal) X I, 3, Sept. 1966.D. Shill--: in E n g l i e h ~ e Teaching XXI, 2,Jan. 1967.18. J.Y. Dolby: Reports to O.L.R.U. 1965-66.1 9 . S e e 1 8 .20. J. E. Dobson: O.L.R.U. work paper ML 185, andla t er developments . (see Appendix I I ) .

. 8 .


9/11

APPENDI X IA: Histog ram of phrasing frequencyversus phra sing lengt h in words.

2 8 02 6 0~ 02 2 0

2 O 01 8 0

1 4 0. ~ 1 2 0o 1 0 0

3 oooo 6 0o

g 2 oo

0

r -| l

1 2 3 4

m

I w

5 6 7 8 9 10

Phrasing length in words

.9.


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APPENDIX IB: Histogram of phrasing frequencyversus phrasing length in syllables.

ma l[O'l0

m0Q

0000

g

1 PO140130120110IO0

9 08O7060504O302O10

00

--1

i

m

i i . - I1 2 3 i 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 t 1 213 141 51 6 1 718~hrasim~ len&~h in syllables.

. t O


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A P P E N D I X II: 0omputer outpmt from ph ra sl ~ program.

WH ILE T H Ey ARE W ELL KNOWN AND ESTABLISHED ,,I THOU3HT IT W OUL BE APPRO PiATE:To DRA'~ YOUR ATTE~TIO~TO C ER TA IN OF THE DEPARTM ENTAL PROBRAM~ESTH AT AXE ~E S S WE LL KNE~WNIN RELATIOrJSHIP TC SERVICESFOR THE ABED,BuT wH iCH NEvERTH~ESSCAN CONTRIBUTE SIG NiFiC AN TLYTO THEIR WELL BE I~6 .

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. 1 1 .

segmenting natural language by articulatory featurespdf

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