seerah of the prophet islam in medinah the era of military confrontations

Seerah of The ProphetSeerah of The Prophet

Islam in MedinahIslam in Medinah

The Era of Military ConfrontationsThe Era of Military Confrontations

The Situation in The Situation in MedinaMedina

• The direct danger of Quraysh• The danger from the Pagans of Medina• The risk of conflict with Jewish Tribes in

Medina• The danger of the Hypocrites


• The Relationship with Quraysh–Continuous threats–Clear and present danger–Confiscation of wealth and property–Expulsion from Mecca–Preventing Muslims from performing

worship in the Sanctuary


–Continuous threats–Clear and present danger

من • األوثان معه يعبد كان ومن أبي ابن إلى كتبوا قريش كفار أنيومئذ وسلم عليه الله صلى الله ورسول والخزرج األوس

صاحبنا آويتم إنكم بدر وقعة قبل لتقاتلنه بالمدينة بالله نقسم وإناونستبيح مقاتلتكم نقتل حتى بأجمعنا إليكم لنسيرن أو لتخرجنه أو

عبدة نساءكم من معه كان ومن أبي بن الله عبد ذلك بلغ فلماذلك بلغ فلما وسلم عليه الله صلى النبي لقتال اجتمعوا األوثانقريش وعيد بلغ لقد فقال لقيهم وسلم عليه الله صلى النبي

به تكيدوا أن تريدون مما بأكثر تكيدكم كانت ما المبالغ منكممن ذلك سمعوا فلما وإخوانكم أبناءكم تقاتلوا أن تريدون أنفسكم

تفرقوا وسلم عليه الله صلى النبيداوود • أبو مسند


• Expulsion from Mecca• Preventing Muslims from performing worship in

the Sanctuaryبن • سعد عن حدث عنه الله رضي مسعود بن الله عبد عن

مر إذا أمية وكان خلف بن ألمية صديقا كان قال أنه معاذعلى نزل بمكة مر إذا سعد وكان سعد على نزل بالمدينة

المدينة وسلم عليه الله صلى الله رسول قدم فلما أميةألمية فقال بمكة أمية على فنزل معتمرا سعد انطلق

قريبا به فخرج بالبيت أطوف أن لعلي خلوة ساعة لي انظرمن صفوان أبا يا فقال جهل أبو فلقيهما النهار نصف من

جهل أبو له فقال سعد هذا فقال معك تطوف هذا أراك أالتنصرونهم أنكم وزعمتم الصباة أويتم وقد آمنا بمكة

إلى رجعت ما صفوان أبي مع أنك لوال والله أما وتعينونهمسالما لئن أهلك والله أما عليه صوته ورفع سعد له فقال

على طريقك منه عليك أشد هو ما ألمنعنك هذا منعتني) البخاري........... ) المدينة


• The need for Muslims to arm–Self-defense. –Restoration of confiscated wealth and

property–Protect their rights to worship freely

The Permission to The Permission to FightFight

Permission to fight (against disbelievers) is given to those (believers) who are fought against, because they have been wronged; and surely, Allah is Able to give them (believers) victory .Those who have been expelled from their homes unjustly only because they said: "Our Lord is Allah." For had it not been that Allah checks one set of people by means of another, monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques, wherein the Name of Allah is mentioned much would surely have been pulled down. Verily, Allah will help those who help His (Cause). Truly, Allah is All-Strong, All-Mighty.Those who, if We give them power in the land, enjoin Salat, pay the Zakat, and they enjoin Al-Ma‘ruf and forbid Al-Munkar And with Allah rests the end of (all) matters (of creatures).

The Campaigns

• Campaigns and Expeditions

– Campaign (Ghazwah) الغزوة: Led by the Prophet himself. Regardless if fighting occures.

– Expedition (Sariyyah) السرية: Ordered by the Prophet and led by a companion.

• Goals:– Control the area around Medina including trade

routes.– Protection of Medina against attacks.– Establishing Muslims as a strong defensible state.– Forming non-aggression and mutual defense

treaties around Medina– Pressuring Quraysh and repel their aggression.

The Campaigns

• Expedition of Sayf Al-Bahr البحر سيف : سرية– Led by Hamza (1 AH) Intercepting a caravan. No

fighting.

• Expedition of Rabegh رابغ : سرية– Led by Ubaydah bin Al-Harith (1 AH).– “First arrow shot” for the sake of Allah by Sa’d bin Abi

Waqqas

• Expedition of Kharrar الخرار : سرية– Led by Sa’d (1 AH) Intercepting a caravan. No fighting.

The Campaigns

• Campaign of Waddan) األبواء ) ودkان : غزوة– (Safar, 2 AH) The First Campaign of the Prophet– Intercepting a caravan. – No fighting.– Non-aggression treaty with Bani Dhumrah

• Campaign of Buwatt بواط : غزوة– (Rabi I, 2 AH) – Intercepting a caravan. – No fighting.

The Campaigns

• Campaign of Sefwan (Lesser Badr)– ) الصغرى ) بدر سفوان غزوة– (Rabi I, 2 AH)– Kirz Al-Fihri raided Medina and took cattle. – The Prophet chased him close to Badr (Sefwan) ~100 miles.– No fighting. But showed the tribes around Medina the

seriousness of Muslims in defending themselves. No tribal attacks after this.

• Campaign of Al-’Ashirah العشيرة ذي : غزوة– (Jumada I, 2 AH) – Intercepting a caravan led by Abu Sufian to the Levant– Same caravan that caused Badr– Muslims missed it. No fighting.– Non-aggression treaty with Bani Mudlej

The Campaigns

• Expedition of Nakhlah نخلة : سرية– Led by Abdullah bin Jahsh (Rajab, 2 AH)– Scouting a caravan. 12 men only.– Muslims attacked on the last day of the sacred

month of Rajab. Violating the customs of the Arabs.

– Killed the leader of the caravan (Amr bin Al-Hadhrami), seized the loaded camels, and imprisoned two of Quraysh.

The Campaigns

The Violation of The The Violation of The SacredSacred

They ask you concerning fighting in the Sacred Months (i.e. 1st, 7th, 11th and 12th months of the Islamic calendar, Muharram, Rajab, Thu-Al-Qi’dah, Thu Al-hijjah) . Say "Fighting therein is a great (transgression) but a greater (transgression) with Allah is to prevent mankind from following the Way of Allah, to disbelieve in Him, to prevent access to Al-Masjid-Al-Haram (at Makkah), and to drive out its inhabitants, and Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And they will never cease fighting you until they turn you back from your religion if they can.

Exposing double standards

– All the campaigns and Expeditions before Badr, were from Al-Muhajiroon (the Immigrants) None of the Ansar.

– Gave Muslims control of the area around Medina including trade routes.

– Protection of Medina against attacks of the bedwin tribes.

– Established Muslims as a power to be reckoned with, not a weak prey.

– Forming non-aggression and mutual defense treaties around Medina

The Campaigns

The Obligation to The Obligation to Defend IslamDefend Islam

Sha’ban, 2 AHAnd fight in the Way of Allah those who fight you, but transgress not the limits. Truly, Allah likes not the transgressors.And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out. And Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-Al-Haram (the sanctuary at Makkah),

unless they (first) fight you there. But if they attack you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers.But if they cease, then Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.And fight them until there is no more Fitnah (persecution)and all religion is (dedicated) for Allah (Alone). But if they cease, let there be no transgression except against oppressors.

– After this revelation, the Ansar started to volunteer in the campaigns and Expeditions.

– This was revealed in Sha’ban, and Badr immediately followed in Ramadhan.

The Campaigns

– News of the returning caravan from Shaam reached the Prophet (pbuh)

– The Muslims moved to intercept the caravan. No intention to face the army of Quraysh.

– Many Shahaba stayed in Medina. These were voluntary expeditions. No anticipation of battle.

The Battle of Badr

• The Muslim Army:– 313-317 men

• 82-86 Muhajir, banner carried by Ali bin Abi Talib• 231 Ansari (61 Aws, 170 Khazraj) banner carried by Sa’d

bin Mu’ath

– Two horsemen only• Az-Zubayr leading the right side.• Al-Miqdad leading the left side.

– 70 Camels

The Battle of Badr

As your Lord caused you (O Muhammad) to go out from your home with the truth; and verily, a party among the believers disliked it,

Disputing with you concerning the truth after it was made manifest, as if they were being driven to death, while they were looking (at it).

And (remember) when Allah promised you (Muslims) one of the two parties (of the enemy i.e. either the army or the caravan) that it should be yours; you wished that the one not armed (the caravan) should be yours, but Allah willed to justify the truth by His Words and to cut off the roots of the disbelievers.

That He might cause the truth to triumph and bring falsehood to nothing, even though the Mujrimun (disbelievers, polytheists, sinners, criminals) hate it.

األنفال

The Battle of Badr

seerah of the prophet islam in medinah the era of military confrontations

Documents