seeking modernity brain gain and brain drain_ the historical ev

8/20/2019 Seeking Modernity Brain Gain and Brain Drain_ the Historical Ev

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Loyola University Chicago

Loyola eCommonsMaster's ssThe Thessnda ssertationsDi

2013

Seeking odernity,MrainBain, GAndrainrain:BDTheistoricalHol!tion"hineseo#t!de'$ S

%erased!cation" nitedinatesSheinceS&Modern hina$Di!oLoyla niversityU hicagoC ,l!o1(l!cd)ed!

*eco++endeitaion$!o, ,DiSeeking odernity,MrainBain,GraiAnain:dDrBTheistoricalHo!tion" hineso# t!dents'$S erseas%d!cation" in the&nited tatesS inceS odernM hina$ -2013.Master's)seTh./aer 1)htt:44eco++ons)d!4l!c)eses41the

This siThes io!ght5ro o!ty #oreenda #noeccssa y5 thessndTheassertationsDit oyolaa o++onse$)tas6hen5eccteda #or incl!sion in Maste

ssThey5na!thori7eda d+inistraora oylao# o++onse$)or8 e+orin#aton,leaser ontactc eco++ons(l!c)ed!)

http://ecommons.luc.edu/http://ecommons.luc.edu/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://ecommons.luc.edu/


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Ta5le 1) ;!+5ers o# $hinese St!dents St!dying in A+erica #ro+ 10 to 1 1E

Ta5le 2) ;!+5ers o# $hinese St!dents St!dying in A+erica #ro+ 10 to 2012 1

Ta5le 3) S!5ects St!died 5y $hinese St!dents #ro+ 2010 to 2012 23

Ta5le ) $hinese S4" Doctorates ear, 12200F 2F

Ta5le ) ;!+5ers o# *et!rned %erseas"d!cated $hinese St!dents

#ro+ 1F to 200 2


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ABST*A$T

$hina is c!rrently the largest roider o# international st!dents to the &nited

States) According to the ne9ly released %en Doors *eort, in 2012, $hina sent

1,02 st!dents to the &)S), re+aining the leading lace o# origin #or st!dents co+ing

to the &nited States)1 The history o# $hinese st!dents st!dying in A+erica co!ld date

5ack to the +idnineteenth cent!ry) 6t then eCerienced icissit!des #ollo9ing the

historical eol!tion o# +odern $hinese history) This thesis is an historical research

roect that eCa+ines +aor 9aes o# $hinese st!dents st!dying in the &nited States

since the +idnineteenth cent!ry) 6t 9ill also eCa+ine the i+act o# ret!rned, A+erican

ed!cated $hinese st!dents to the +oderni7ation o# $hinese society) 6t in the end 9ill

disc!ss the trend and attern o# the c!rrent 9ae a#ter 1F and co+are it 9ith the

reio!s 9aes) The analysis and eCa+ination o# this thesis is 5ased on a 9ide ariety

o# 9ritten doc!+ents in 5oth $hinese and "nglish, incl!ding historical literat!res,

acade+ic articles, dissertations, s!reys, goern+ent !5lications, statistical data #ro+

5oth ri+ary and secondary so!rces, as 9ell as ed!cational organi7ation records)

1 6nstit!te o# 6nternational "d!cation -66"., 8act Sheets 5y $o!ntry: $hina, 2012, %en Doors *eort

2012, htt:44999)iie)org4*esearchand/!5lications4%enDoors4Data48actSheets5y$o!ntry42012


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Introduction

The history o# $hinese st!dents st!dying in A+erica has al9ays +aintained a

signi#icant osition in the history o# $hinese st!dents oerseas ed!cation #irst e+erged

in the +idnineteenth cent!ry) Many scholars and historians tend to diide this history

into di##erent eriods or 9aes 5ased on the critical historical eol!tion in +odern

$hinese history: The ate Iing /eriod: 1FJ111, The "arly *e!5lican /eriod: 112J

12, The ;ationalist Goern+ent /eriod: 12J1, and the *e#or+ and %en Door

/olicy /eriod: /ost 1F -According to %en Door *eort, $hina sent no st!dents to the

&)S) #ro+ the 10s !ntil 1F4F.)


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2

ost 1F 9ae, the sel#Js!orted st!dents acco!nted a signi#icant ortion in the oerall

A+ericaned!cated $hinese o!lation, and the ret!rn rate in this 9ae grad!ally

red!ced) 6n addition, there 9as a disroortionally high a+o!nt o# st!dents !rs!ing the

s!5ects categori7ed as ST"M -Science, Technology, "ngineering, and Mathe+atics.)


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3

necessity #or this old e+ire to learn #ro+ the

Adised and assisted 5y *ong Hong, the Iing Goern+ent sent altogether 120

yo!ng st!dents -the st!dents aged 5et9een 10 to 1E. to st!dy in A+erica #ro+

1F2 to 1F in 5atches)

This goern+entsonsored rogra+ did not go thro!gh 9ell at the

5eginning) At that ti+e, +ost o# the $hinese arents had ery li+ited kno9ledge

a5o!t !ng


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E 65id, 13)


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st!dying o# traditional $hinese $on#!cianis+) A#ter all, the Iing Goern+ent !st

enco!raged the st!dents to learn #ro+ the &nited States the kno9ho9 to

strengthen the co!ntry in Military, B!siness, and Science, not er+itted the+ to

9esterni7e the+seles in ideology 5y ind!lging in A+erican c!lt!res) The

rincile o# this #irst goern+ents!orted st!dying a5oard rogra+ 9as that

$hinese learning as an essence, and the


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5e !sed to strengthen the 9eak e+ire)

Another #actor that +ight also ca!se the early ter+ination o# this rogra+

9as the oor #inancial sit!ation s!##ered 5y the Iing Goern+ent) Since the de#eat

in the oi!+ 9ars starting #ro+ the 10s, the Iing Goern+ent had 5een #orced to

sign the !neO!al treaties to sto the 9ar, and ay large s!+s o# siler as

rearations to the !#a, *et!rned $hinese St!dents #ro+ A+erica and the $hinese eadershi, 1E1,


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Chinese Studies in History , 3)3 -March, 2002., E)


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E

attended the $ol!+5ia &niersity, and 5eca+e the #irst /ri+e Minister in the *e!5lic o#

$hina in 112)

Nhan Tianyo! -1E111., 9ho 9as sent 5y the Iing goern+ent in the #irst

5atch, grad!ated #ro+ >ale &niersity) A#ter ret!rning to $hina, he sered as

constr!ction engineer #or +any railroads, and 5eca+e a ho!sehold na+e #or residing

oer the constr!ction o# $hinas #irst sel#5!ilt rail9ay, the ing Nhang *ailroad in 10F)

8ro+ 11 to 100, the Iing goern+ent sent no st!dents to st!dy in A+erica)10

Ho9eer, 5eginning #ro+ 100, the goern+ents o# ario!s leel -the central, roincial. and

other organi7ations res!+ed selecting st!dents to st!dy in A+erica) The Iing goern+ent

held three screening eCa+inations in 10, 110, and 111, to select st!dents and sent

the+ to A+erica, 9hich #ollo9ed the &nited States olicy to ret!rn the BoCer 6nde+nity11

to

$hina) According to the data, in 10, F st!dents had 5een selected, in 110, F0 st!dents,

and in 111, E3 st!dents)12

6n 111, the Tsingh!a School 9as #o!nd 9ith the BoCer 6nde+nity

Scholarshi /rogra+, and it #!nctioned as the rearatory school #or st!dents 9ho 9ere to

5e sent to A+erica) Ho9eer, in the sa+e year, the Iing Goern+ent 9as oerthro9n 5y

111 *eol!tion -in $hinese: Pin Hai Ge Ming., and the $hinese society 9as a5o!t to enter

a ne9 era o# "arly *e!5lican)

8ro+ 100 to 111, it 9as esti+ated that +ore than 00 st!dents -not incl!ding

1065id, F)

11 A roision in the BoCer /rotocol signed in 101, 9hich #orced Iing goern+ent to ayrearations to #oreign o9ers #or the losses in the BoCer *e5ellion o# 100)

12 $hen P!eC!n and Tian Nhenging, Zhongguo Jin Dai Jiao Yu Shi Zi Liao Hui ian! Liu "ue


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Jiao

Yu -Shanghai: Shanghai iao >! $h! Ban She, 11., 110, 1F1, 200201)


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F

the sel#s!orted st!dents. 9ere sent to st!dy in A+erica)13

Many o# the+ 9ere a5le to

achiee a higher acade+ic o!tco+e co+ared 9ith the 120 st!dents sent 5y the Iing

Goern+ent, as +any o# the+ o5tained a college degree -in 111, there 9ere

323 $hinese st!dents o5tained college degree in A+erica.1

, and so+e een

o5tained Master and /hD Degrees)

The st!dents selected 9ide range o# s!5ects to st!dy, so+e een +aored in

$hinese St!dies) Ho9eer, in the goern+entsonsored rogra+ 9ith BoCer 6nde+nity,

+ore st!dents st!died the s!5ects in ;at!ral Science) &sing the year o# 10 and 110

as eCa+les, in 10, o# the F st!dents sent to A+erica, 3 selected +aors in Science,

Technology, Mining, and Agric!lt!re, 9ith only st!dying "d!cation, iterat!re,

/sychology, and "cono+y) 6n 110, o# the F0 st!dents sent to A+erica, only st!died

H!+anities, and others all selected "ngineering, /hysics, $he+istry, Medicine,

Agric!lt!re, and other Science +aors) According to the ro!gh esti+ation #ro+ Tsingh!a

School on the BoCer 6nde+nity Scholarshi /rogra+, E2)FL st!dents selected +aors in

Science and Technology, B!siness, Agric!lt!re, and Medicine -o# 9hich 31)3L st!died

"ngineering, L st!died Science, 11L st!died B!siness, and 10)L st!died Medicine

and Agric!lt!re., F)2L selected iterat!re and /hilosohy, 2)L st!died s!5ects

related to /olitics, "cono+ics, a9s, "d!cation, and o!rnalis+ etc)1

This disroortional inclination to the Science and Technology +ight 5eca!se that on

one hand, the Tsingh!a school designated that 0L o# the st!dents selected +!st st!dy

13Nhang, 2002, *et!rned $hinese St!dents #ro+ A+erica and the $hinese eadershi, 1E1, )

1


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15 65id, E0)


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Science and Technology, and, on the other, +any st!dents sent to st!dy in A+erica 9ere

ery i+ressed and in#l!enced 5y the rag+atis+ 9idely racticed in the &)S)

ed!cational syste+) Many o# the+ 5elieed that the s!ccess#!l eCerience o# A+erica as

a yo!ng co!ntry deended on contin!o!sly adancing the Technology and "ngineering

to the to+ost leel, th!s 9as caa5le o# discoering the rich nat!ral reso!rces 5!ried in

the co!ntry) 6n addition, according to the olitical sit!ation at that ti+e, the Iing

Goern+ent 9as on the erge o# collase, and a ne9 *e!5lican Goern+ent 9as

a5o!t to 5e #o!nd) There#ore, +any st!dents st!dying in A+erica hae a co++on and

o!lar tho!ght that the deelo+ent o# a ne9 co!ntry deends on the deelo+ent o#

the 6nd!stry and $o++erce, th!s introd!cing the Technology and Science 9as critical to

the #o!nding o# a ne9 *e!5lic) 6t +ight 5eca!se o# that, the st!dents st!dying Science,

Technology, and "ngineering acco!nted a signi#icant roortion in the 9hole o!lation

o# $hinese st!dents st!dying in A+erica)

D!ring that eriod, the $hinese st!dents st!dying in A+erica had a high

desire to ret!rn a#ter grad!ation, 5eca!se they tended to regard their ed!cation in

the &)S) as a lat#or+ to #!l#ill the !rose o# ret!ning and contri5!ting to the

national econo+ic constr!ction in $hina) As a st!dent, 9ho 9as sent 5y Tsingh!a

School, recalled: generally, $hinese st!dents st!dying in A+erica all 9anted to

learn so+ething, and reared to ret!rn to sere #or $hina) There 9ere ery #e9 -6

cannot say none. reare to stay in A+erica a#ter grad!ation) There#ore, at that

ti+e, $hinese st!dents in A+erica all had a !rose, 9hich 9as to learn so+e ne9

kno9ledge, and ret!rn to +ake contri5!tion to the society and co!ntry)1E


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1E 65id, E1)


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The ret!rned st!dents 9orked in ario!s ro#essions -s!ch as Dilo+acy, 8inance

and "cono+y, !stice, and etc)., and +ade great contri5!tions to $hina, as she

9as trans#or+ing #ro+ an old #e!dal e+ire to a ne9 +odern re!5lican co!ntry)

Many 5eca+e the high achieers) 8or eCa+le, @ong PiangCi -101EF., 9ho

9ent to A+erica in 103 and receied 5achelor #ro+ %5erlin $ollege and Master

#ro+ >ale &niersity, 5eca+e the Minister o# 8inance #or the ;ationalist

Goern+ent in 12E) ale &niersity, 5eca+e the Minister o# !stice in 112

and 12) He 9as regarded as one o# the #o!nders o# $hinese +odern la9)

The Early Republican Period: 1912 – 1928

6n 111, the Iing Goern+ent 9as destroyed 5y the *e!5lic *eol!tion,

and the rein o# $hina 9as act!ally controlled 5y the Beiyang Goern+ent -also

called Beiing Goern+ent 11212. led 5y the 9arlord >!an Shikai) Ho9eer,

the Tsingh!a School and the BoCer 6nde+nity Scholarshi /rogra+ re+ained)

Altho!gh there 9as a o9er trans#or+ation o# goern+ent in 112, the

Tsingh!a School contin!o!sly sent st!dents to A+erica) According to the data, #ro+

10 to 12, the total n!+5er o# st!dents sent 5y Tsingh!a School 9as 1,031)1F

Moreoer, the n!+5ers o# sel#s!orted st!dents also increasedK in 121, F sel#

s!orted st!dents 9ent to A+erica, in 122, FF, in 123, 2, in 12, 130K and in

12, there 9ere 1,0F sel#s!orted $hinese st!dents st!dying in A+erica)1

The s!5ects selected 5y $hinese st!dents in A+erica d!ring this eriod 9ere

1FNhang, 2002, E1)


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18 65id, E2)


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10diersi#ied, o# 9hich "ngineering 9as still the +ost o!lar s!5ect st!died 5y $hinese

st!dents) &sing the data o# the st!dents sent 5y Tsingh!a School #ro+ 10 to 12E as

an eCa+le, 32)33L st!died "ngineering, 23)L st!died Social Science, 11)2L

st!died B!siness, 10)L st!died ;at!ral Science, 10)3L st!died "cono+ics, )1L

st!died /olitical Science, )L st!died H!+anities, )1L st!died Medicine, )0L

st!died "d!cation, 3)E3L st!died Agric!lt!re, 2)FFL st!died a9, 1) st!died Military

A##airs, 1)L st!died Sociology, 0)2L st!died M!sic)1

The ret!rned st!dents #ro+ A+erica d!ring this eriod +ade great contri5!tion to

the +odern trans#or+ation o# the $hinese society) 8or eCa+le, Mao >isheng -1E

1., 9ho 9as sent 5y Tsingh!a School in 11E, o5tained Masters degree in Bridge

"ngineering #ro+ $ornell &niersity in 11F, and /hD #ro+ $arnegie Mellon &niersity

in 11 -he 9as the #irst doctorate grad!ate in the &niersity, and the $M&, %n Aril 1,

200E, set ! a stat!e honoring his achiee+ent20

.) He ret!rned to $hina in 120, and

resided oer the design and constr!ction o# the Iian Tang iang Bridge #ro+ 13 to

13F) 6t 9as the #irst +odern steel 5ridge designed and constr!cted 5y $hinese) 6n

13F, in order to reent the aanese inading #orces attacking the city o# Hang7ho!,

he ersonally inoled in the destr!ction o# the 5ridge, and in 1, he 9as a!thori7ed

to lead the reair 9ork o# the 5ridge) 6n 1, he 9as selected as the Acade+ician o#

$hinese Acade+y o# Science) 6n 12, he 5eca+e the #oreign Acade+ician o# ;ational

Acade+y o# "ngineering -&nited States.)

H! Shi -111E2., 9ho 9as sent 5y Tsingh!a School in 110, #irst st!died

165id, E3)


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20 See isheng)


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11 Agric!lt!re in $ornell &niersity, and later o5tained the /hD in /hilosohy #ro+

$ol!+5ia &niersity) o!th 9as an in#l!ential $hinese +aga7ine in the 110s and 120s that layed an i+ortant role in

initiating the ;e9 $!lt!re Moe+ent and sreading the in#l!ence o# the Moe+ent)

22*edology is the acade+ic st!dy o# $ao P!eOins Drea+ o# the *ed $ha+5er, one o# the 8o!r Greatest

$lassical ;oels o# $hina)

23 ;e9 $!lt!re Moe+ent 9as a literat!re reol!tion la!nched in 11 to reolt against the $on#!cianis+)


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12

1E, he alied a attern #or inenting the $hinese tye9riter in the &nited States)

Nh! @e7hen -101F. 9ent to A+erica in 110) He grad!ated #ro+ the $ollege o#

Agric!lt!re in &niersity o# 6llinois in 113) 6n 11, he o5tained the Doctorate degree in

Meteorology #ro+ Harard &niersity) A#ter ret!rning to $hina, he ta!ght in ;aning

&niersity #ro+ 120 to 12, d!ring 9hich he reared to esta5lish the +eteorological

o5seration) This 9as regarded as the starting oint and +ark o# esta5lishing and #o!nding

the +odern +eteorological ind!stry in $hina) 8ro+ 12 to 13E, he acted as the director in

the 6nstit!te o# Meteorology o# Acade+ia Sinica -$entral *esearch Acade+y.) He sered as

the resident o# Nheiang &niersity #ro+ 13E to 1) 6n 1, he 9as selected as the

Acade+ician in $hinese Acade+y o# Science)

The ationali!t "o#ern$ent Period: 1928 – 1949

Another signi#icant 9ae 9as in the ;ationalist Goern+ent eriod #ro+ 12

to 1) 6n this eriod, the olitical and social eniron+ent in $hina 9as eCtre+ely

!nsta5le d!e to the aanese inasion -1311. and the ciil 9ar 5et9een

;ationalist Goern+ent and $o++!nist /arty -12F13F, 1E1.) Altho!gh the

a+o!nt o# $hinese st!dents st!dying in the &nites States in this eriod eCerienced

!s and do9ns, +any A+ericaned!cated $hinese st!dents d!ring this critical

eriod still 5ro!ght a signi#icant i+act on $hinas +oderni7ation on Technology,

Science, Military A##airs, Military 6nd!stries, and etc) S!ch in#l!ence co!ld also 5e

seen in ario!s asects o# the $hinese society at the resent ti+e)

6n 12, the ;ationalist Goern+ent 9as esta5lished 9ith the s!ccess o# ;orthern

"Cedition)2

The ne9 goern+ent contin!ed the olicy o# Beiyang Goern+ent to send


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2 The ;orthern "Cedition 9as a +ilitary ca+aign led 5y the @!o+intang -@MT. #ro+ 12E to 12) 6ts


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13$hinese st!dents to st!dy a5road) 6n 12, the Tsingh!a School 5eca+e the Tsingh!a

&niersity -Iingh!a &niersity., and contin!ed to select st!dents to st!dy in A+erica)

Ho9eer its role see+ed 9eakened 5y the increase o# sel#s!orted st!dents and other

goern+ents!orted rogra+s) 8or eCa+le, according to the statistics released in

12, there 9ere aroCi+ate 2,00 $hinese st!dents st!dying in A+erica, and aro!nd

00 9ere sent 5y Tsingh!a School ann!allyK2

ho9eer, in 132, only 2 st!dents 9ere

selected 5y Tsingh!a School) 6n 13, only 1 st!dents 9ere selected)2E

8ro+ 12 to 13F, 1,3 st!dents 9ere sent 5y the goern+ent to st!dy in

A+erica, 5!t, this n!+5er 9as greatly red!ced a#ter the o!t5reak o# the Sinoaanese

! $h! Ban

She, 12., 2)

28 65id, 31)


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1

st!dying in A+erica, and this n!+5er increased 0L in 1, as there 9ere

recorded +ore than 3FF st!dents st!dying in &)S) !niersities and colleges)2

The s!5ects st!died 5y $hinese st!dents d!ring this eriod 9ere co+rehensie)

&sing the data o# 13E13F -5e#ore Sinoaanese


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31 65id, F)


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1

e+loyed in "d!cation, and 2)3L #o!nd e+loy+ent in Goern+ent)32

Altho!gh a signi#icant a+o!nt o# $hinese st!dents decided to stay in A+erica

a#ter the #o!nding o# the /eoles *e!5lic o# $hina in 1, so+e ro+inent ret!rned

st!dents 5eca+e the 5ack5one in the sector o# Science and Technology) 8or eCa+le,

Iian P!esen -111200, co++only kno9n in the &)S) as Hs!eShen Tsien or H)S)

Tsien., 9ho 9as sent 5y Tsingh!a &niersity in 13 to st!dy Aerodyna+ics in A+erica,

o5tained Masters degree #ro+ Massach!setts 6nstit!te o# Technology in 13E, and /hD

#ro+ $ali#ornia 6nstit!te o# Technology in 13 -Beca+e the st!dent o# Theodore on

@Qr+Qn.) He ret!rned to $hina in 1,33

and 9as a!thori7ed to esta5lish the #irst rocket

and +issile research #acility in $hina the 8i#th *esearch 6nstit!te a##iliated to the

Ministry o# De#ense -6t 5eca+e the $hina Aerosace Science and Technology

$ororation in 1.) 6t 9as 5eca!se o# his contri5!tion to the constr!ction o# $hinas

Dong#eng Ballistic Missiles and ong March Sace *ocket, he 9as regarded as the

8ather o# $hinas Missile /rogra+) 6n 1, he articiated in the esta5lish+ent o# the

&niersity o# Science and Technology o# $hina)

Deng iaCian -121E., 9ho 9ent to A+erica in 1, o5tained /hD in

/hysics #ro+ /!rd!e &niersity in 10) He ret!rned to $hina in 10, and 5eca+e

the leading organi7er and key contri5!tor to the $hinese n!clear 9eaon rogra+s)

His contri5!tion earned hi+ the title Hero o# T9o Bo+5s in $hina)

%u$$ary

*e#er to ta5le 1 a5o!t the n!+5ers o# st!dents #ro+ $hina to st!dy in A+erica

3265id, FE)

33 As the eCchange o# releasing the &)S) ilots 9ho 5eca+e the 9ar risoners in the @orean


34/68

1E

#ro+ 10 to 1)3

Ta5le 1) ;!+5ers o# $hinese St!dents St!dying in A+erica #ro+ 10 to 1

>ear St!dent ;!+5er >ear St!dent ;!+5er 10 1 1F 2

1F 1 1FE 11F 1F 1310 12 11 13 2 1 1

1E 1 12 21 1 1F

1 3 1 1100 3 101 1102 103 10 21 10 2

10E E0 10F F110 FF 10 E

110 10F 111 0112 F 113 1311 10 11 21311E 11 11F 1F3

11 22 11 2E1120 3 121 3F

122 03 123 2E

12 33 12 312E 31 12F 30212 30E 12 30

130 31E 131 22F

132 1 133 1013 1F2 13 21213E 230 13F 21

13 23 13 1

10 20E 11 22012 10 13 21

1 2F0 1 31E E 1F 1,11 1,2F 1 1,01E

This ta5le does not contain the 120 st!dents sent 5y Iing goern+ent #ro+ 1F2 to 1F)

3


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1F

The Current Wave in the eform and !"ening u" #eriod$ #ost 19%&

6n 1, the ;ationalist Goern+ent lost the ciil 9ar, and had to +oe to

Tai9an) The $hina 9as there#ore searated to t9o arts, 9ith the Mainland controlled

5y $o++!nist /arty, and Tai9an -*e!5lic o# $hina. controlled 5y ;ationalist

Goern+ent) A#ter the #o!nding o# the /eoles *e!5lic o# $hina controlled 5y the

$o++!nist Goern+ent in the Mainland, the &)S) Goern+ent c!t relationshis o# any

tye 9ith the Mainland) 6n this case, #ro+ 10 !ntil 1F41F, $hina -Mainland. sent

no st!dents to A+erica)3

Ho9eer, in the island o# Tai9an, st!dents 9ere contin!ally

sent to st!dy in A+erica) 6n 10, there 9ere 3,E3F st!dents #ro+ Tai9an st!dying in

A+erica, in 1E0, ,E, in 1F0, 12,02, in 10, 1F,E0, and this n!+5er reached

historical height to 3F,0 in 1 -Tai9an #ig!re roided here only #or re#erence.)3E

6n 1F1, Mainland $hina oined &nited ;ation, and the /eoles *e!5lic o#

$hina -/)*)$. 5eca+e the sole legal reresentatie o# $hina in the international

co++!nity) 6n 1F, the $o++!nist Goern+ent 5egan the econo+ic re#or+ 5y

la!nching the *e#or+ and %ening ! roect)3F

This ended al+ost 30 years o#

Mainland $hinas isolation #ro+ the international co++!nity since 1) 6n 1F,

a#ter the esta5lish+ent o# dilo+atic relation 5et9een $hina and the &nited States,

st!dents #ro+ Mainland $hina 5egan to st!dy in A+erica)

36nstit!te o# 6nternational "d!cation, -en Doors! #eort on /nternational 0ducational 01change$ %*&),22

-;e9 >ork, ;)>): 6nstit!te o# 6nternational "d!cation, 200.)

3EB!rea! o# 6nternational $!lt!ral and "d!cational *elations *)%)$, Tai


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1

The %oar o& the 'hine!e %tudent Population in ($erica

D!ring the #irst t9o years a#ter 1F, st!dents #ro+ $hina 9ere care#!lly

selected 5y the goern+ent and other organi7ations to st!dy in A+erica) The

o!lation o# the $hinese st!dents st!dying in A+erica 9as s+all co+ared 9ith

the ones #ro+ other "ast Asian co!ntries and regions) 6n 1F41F, a+ong to

st!dent senders to A+erica, 1,E0 st!dents 9ere #ro+ Tai9an, 10,20 9ere #ro+

Hong @ong, 10,0 9ere #ro+ aan, and ,0 9ere #ro+ *e!5lic o# @orean) 6n

1F41F, a+ong to st!dent senders to A+erica, 1F,E0 st!dents 9ere #ro+

Tai9an, 12,2E0 9ere #ro+ aan, ,00 9ere #ro+ Hong @ong, and ,0 9ere

#ro+ *e!5lic o# @oreanK ho9eer, d!ring these t9o years, the n!+5ers o# st!dents

#ro+ $hina in A+erica 9ere all co!nted less than 1,000)3


37/68

39 65id)


38/68

1

thro!gh 20040) 6n 200410, $hina again 5eca+e the to sending co!ntry, and retained

that lace #or the third year in a ro9 in 2011412)0

See ta5le 2

1

a5o!t the n!+5ers o# st!dents #ro+ $hina to st!dy in

A+erica #ro+ 10 to 2012)

Ta5le 2) ;!+5ers o# $hinese St!dents St!dying in A+erica #ro+ 10 to 2012

>ear St!dent ;!+5er >ear St!dent ;!+5er

10411 2,FF0 11412 ,30

12413 E,230 1341 ,10

141 10,100 141E 13,0

1E41F 20,030 1F41 2,1F0

141 2,00 1410 33,30

10411 3,E00 11412 2,0

12413 ,12E 1341 ,31

141 3,03 141E 3,E13

1E41F 2,03 1F41 E,

141 1,001 142000 ,EE

200042001 ,3 200142002 E3,211

200242003 E,FF 20034200 E1,FE

2004200 E2,23 2004200E E2,2

200E4200F EF,F23 200F4200 1,12F

2004200 ,23 20042010 12F,E2

201042011 1F, 201142012 1,02

According to ta5le 2, starting #ro+ 10, the n!+5ers o# $hinese st!dents

st!dying in A+erica 9ent thro!gh a sta5le increase, 9ith only occasional decrease in

06nstit!te o# 6nternational "d!cation -66"., 8act Sheets 5y $o!ntry: $hina, 14E2011412, %en Doors

*eort 2012, htt:44999)iie)org4*esearchand/!5lications4%enDoors4Data48actSheets5y$o!ntry42012

41 65idK Data #ro+ 1041 to 14 9ere collected #ro+ 6nstit!te o# 6nternational "d!cation, 200)


39/68

20

1341, 141, and 20034200) This attern re#lected a corresonding

trend to $hinas econo+ic gro9th) 8ro+ 1F !ntil resent, $hinas econo+y

re+ained one o# the #astest deeloing rates in the 9orld) 8ro+ 1F to 2012,the aerage GD/ -Gross Do+estic /rod!ct. gro9th rates o# $hina 9ere a5oe

L ann!ally)2

6n 2011, $hina 5eca+e the second largest econo+y in the 9orld)

There#ore, $hinese Goern+ent al9ays enco!raged st!dents, 5oth sel#

s!orted and goern+ents!orted, to st!dy a5oard, th!s to take adantage

o# the 5rain gain to gie contin!o!s i+et!s to the co!ntrys econo+ic gro9th)

6t 9orth ointing o!t that #ro+ 200F4200 to 201142012, the n!+5ers o#

st!dents #ro+ $hina to st!dy in A+erica soared) 6n 200F4200, 1,12F $hinese

st!dents 9ent to st!dy in A+erica, increased 1)L) 6n 2004200, )23 $hinese

st!dents 9ent to st!dy in A+erica, increased 21)1L) 6n 20042010, 12F,E2

$hinese st!dents 9ent to st!dy in A+erica, increased 2)L) 6n 201042011,

1F, $hinese st!dents 9ent to st!dy in A+erica, increased 23)L) 6n

201142012, 1,02 $hinese st!dents 9ent to st!dy in A+erica, increased 23)1L)3

The #actors that gae rise to s!ch dra+atic increase +ight 5e generali7ed

#ro+ the #ollo9ing sectors)

6n the sector o# econo+y, other than the #ast GD/ gro9th a5oe stated, the G;6

-Gross ;ational 6nco+e. gro9th o# $hina 9as also signi#icant) According to the statistics

#ro+


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Doors *eort 2012, htt:44999)iie)org4*esearchand/!5lications4%enDoors4Data48actSheets5y$o!ntry42012


41/68

21200 to 2011, the G;6 o# $hina 9as resectiely E,230U /er $aita -200., E,20U /er

$aita -200., F,30U /er $aita -2010., and ,0U /er $aita -2011.) The gro9th

9as relatiely +ani#est) Another econo+ic #actor 9as a stronger c!rrency) Starting #ro+

200, the $hinese c!rrency J >!an -*MB. 9as contin!ing the areciation) %n !ly 1st

200, the eCchange rate 5et9een $;> and &SD 9as aro!nd 100:12, ho9eer, on

;oe+5er th 2010, that rate 9as aro!nd 100:1, reresenting a gro9th o# 2)2L)


42/68

22There#ore, 9hile the +aority o# $hinese st!dents st!dy at the grad!ate leel, the &)S)

contin!es to eCerience an !s!rge in the n!+5er o# !ndergrad!ate st!dents co+ing #ro+

$hina) 8ro+ 2010 to 2012, the ercentage o# !ndergrad!ates a+ong $hinese st!dents

st!dying in A+erica 9as resectiely 31)3L -2010., 3E)2L -2011., and 3)L -2012.)F

%ther #actors like high !ne+loy+ent rates a+ong college grad!ates in

$hina and the increasing isaaroal rates in the &)S) e+5assy and

cons!lates in $hina +ight also contri5!ted to the soar o# the n!+5ers o# $hinese

st!dents st!dying in A+erica 9ithin the recent years)

The )nclination to %TE* %ub+ect!

6n the c!rrent 9ae o# $hinese st!dents st!dying in A+erica started #ro+ 1F,

+any st!dents selected +aors 9ithin the #ields o# Science, Technology, "ngineering,

and Mathe+atics -ST"M.) This +ight 5eca!se, on one hand, $hina 9as eCeriencing a

#ast econo+ic gro9th, and the $o++!nist Goern+ent 9as in higher de+and o#

st!dents st!dying the s!5ects o# Science and Technology that co!ld contri5!te +ore

directly to the co!ntrys +oderni7ation constr!ction in econo+y co+ared 9ith the

st!dents st!dying the s!5ects o# i5eral ArtsK on the other hand, the instit!tes and

organi7ations in the &)S) 9ere actiely recr!iting the #oreign talents in the #ields o#

Science and Technology to contri5!te to the &nited Sates)

&sing the data #ro+ %ak *idge 6nstit!te #or Science and "d!cation as an eCa+le, o#

the 1E,31 #oreign doctorate reciients in Science and "ngineering -S4". #ro+ &)S)

!niersities in 12413, there 9ere ,010 st!dents #ro+ $hinaK o# the F,0 #oreign

F 6nstit!te o# 6nternational "d!cation -66"., 8act Sheets 5y $o!ntry: $hina, 2004102011412, %en Doors *eort 2012, htt:44999)iie)org4*esearchand/!5lications4%en


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Doors4Data48actSheets5y$o!ntry42012


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23

doctorate reciients in Science and "ngineering -S4". #ro+ &)S) !niersities

in 2002, 2,13 st!dents 9ere #ro+ $hina)

According to a s!rey, d!ring the closing decades o# the 20th cent!ry,

ro!ghly 0L o# the $hinese and 6ndians 9ho earned &)S) /hDs in Science,

Technology, "ngineering, and Mathe+atics -ST"M. #ields hae stayed in the

&nited States and roided a critical 5oost to the &)S) econo+y)

Ta5le 30

resents a recent trend o# the s!5ects st!died 5y $hinese st!dents

d!ring the soar o# $hinese st!dents st!dying in &)S) !niersities #ro+ 2010 to 2012)

Ta5le 3) S!5ects St!died 5y $hinese St!dents #ro+ 2010 to 2012

S!5Bects -L. 20042010 201042011 201142012

B!siness4Manage+ent 2)3L 2F)L 2)FL

∗"ngineering 20)2L 1)2L 1)EL

∗/hysical4 'i#e Sciences 12)EL 11)L )L

∗Math4 $o+!ter Science 10)FL 10)EL 11)2L

Social Science E)FL F)0L F)FL

6ntensie "nglish )L )3L 2)L

8ine4 Alied Arts 2)L 3)L 3)LHealth /ro#essions 2)1L 2)0L 1)L

"d!cation 1)L 2)1L 1)FL

H!+anities 1)1L 1)2L 1)3L

&ndeclared 2)EL 2)3L 2)2L

∗%ther 10)1L )L )EL

∗ ST"M S!5ects

∗ %ther incl!des ri+arily Agric!lt!re, $o++!nications, a9, GeneralSt!dies and M!lti4interdiscilinary St!dies)

Michael G) 8inn, Stay #ates o3 4oreign Doctorate #eciients 3ro5 U.S. Universities$ ,22( -T;: %ak *idge

6nstit!te #or Science and "d!cation, 2010.)

?iek


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2004102011412 %en Doors *eort 2012, htt:44999)iie)org4*esearchand/!5lications4%en

Doors4Data46nternationalSt!dents48ieldso#St!dy/laceo#%rigin


46/68

2

According to ta5le 3, in site o# a signi#icant a+o!nt o# st!dents st!dying B!siness

4Manage+ent, the ST"M s!5ects 9ere still the to o!lar areas, 9hich +aor

ortion o# $hinese st!dents in A+erica constantly st!died)

,uge -rain .rain and e/ Trend to Return in Tran!national )dentity


47/68

a5o!t Tianan+en SO!are /rotest o# 1)


48/68

2

st!dents)

Bet9een 1F and 1F, aroCi+ately E3,000 st!dents and scholars #ro+

/eole *e!5lic o# $hina hae co+e to st!dy in the &)S), 9ith only 20,000 o# those

9ho ret!rned)3

6t 9as esti+ated in 2003 that since $hinese Goern+ent allo9ed

st!dents and scholars to st!dy a5oard in the late 1F0s, +ore than 320,000 st!dents

hae gone oerseas to st!dy, nearly hal# to the &nited States, and 9ith only less than

one third hae ret!rned, and +ost o# the+ 9ho ret!rned 9ere o##icially sonsored)

According to t9o searate O!estionnaire s!reys cond!cted in 1 and

10, o# the oer 1000 $hinese st!dents and scholars st!dying or 9orking in the

&)S) 9ho articiated in the s!rey, only a s+all +inority o# st!dents -3L. 9o!ld

like to ret!rn to $hina i++ediately, 1FL o# those s!reyed 9o!ld neer go 5ack,

and 0L 9o!ld chose to ret!rn in to 10 years)

8ro+ the #indings o# the s!rey,

the $o++!nist Goern+ents tight olitical control and the olitical insta5ility in

$hina 9ere the ri+ary concerns #or the s!reyed $hinese st!dents)

6n another interie9 s!rey 9ith 2F3 $hinese st!dents, scholars, and others

residing in the &nited States cond!cted in 13, less than L o# the interie9ees had

concrete lans to ret!rn, and oer 32L 9ere ositiely disosed to ret!rning in the

53$ho!, , 1, A S!rey o# $hinese St!dents in the &nited States, 1F1F, 1)

54!o, @eren, 8ei G!o, and H!ang /ing, $hina: Goern+ent /olicies and "+erging Trends o#

*eersal o# the Brain Drain, #eturn Migration in the 7sia 6aci3ic , edited 5y *) *) 6redale, 8ei G!o

and S) *o7ario, -2003.: 111)

55 Nhang Piaoing, 12, *esidential /re#erences: A Brain Drain St!dy on $hinese

St!dents in the &nited States, )


49/68


50/68

2E

#!t!re)E

6ll!strated #ro+ the s!rey, the econo+ic ga 5et9een "ast and


51/68

2Fand others) And it +ight 5eca!se o# these, $hina lost +any to st!dents and scholars)

See ta5le

a5o!t ercentage o# $hinese st!dents on te+orary isas receiing

Science4"ngineering Doctorates 9ho 9ere in the &nited States to

years a#ter grad!ation #or selected year, 12200F)

Ta5le ) $hinese S4" Doctorates ear, 12200F

1F4 Doctorate 1041 Doctorate 1243 Doctorate 14 Doctorate

*eciients in 12 *eciients in 1 *eciients in 1F *eciients in 1

EL L 2L 1L

1E Doctorate 1 Doctorate 2000 Doctorate 2002 Doctorate*eciients in 2001 *eciients in 2003 *eciients in 200 *eciients in 200F

E L 0 L 2L 2L

6ndicated #ro+ ta5le , the stay rates o# to $hinese st!dents and scholars

in the &)S) a#ter grad!ation 9ere contin!ingly increasing, 9hich resented a ital

reso!rces loss o# $hina)

6n order to co!nteract the serio!s 5rain drain ro5le+ o# the co!ntry, #ro+ +id

10s, the $o++!nist Goern+ent in $hina 5egan to i+le+ent a series o# #aora5le

olicies to attract oerseased!cated $hinese st!dents to ret!rn) There#ore, the ret!rn

rates o# $hinese st!dents hae increased since late10s 9ith the steady econo+ic

re#or+ and social deelo+ent in $hina) The ret!rn rates increased 13L ann!ally a#ter

1)

Ta5le E0 resents the n!+5ers o# ret!rned oerseased!cated $hinese st!dents

8inn, 2010, Stay #ates o3 4oreign Doctorate #eciients 3ro5 U.S. Universities$ ,22( )

59 i!, 200, Mo5ility, $o++!nity and 6dentity: $hinese St!dent4/ro#essional Migration to the &nited


52/68

States since 1F and Transnational $iti7enshi)


53/68

2

#ro+ 1F to 200)

Ta5le ) ;!+5ers o# *et!rned %erseas"d!cated $hinese St!dents #ro+ 1F to 200

>ear ;!+5er o# St!dents ;!+5er o#

St!dying A5oard *et!rned St!dents1F E0 210 2,12 1E21 , 1,21E ,EFE 1,31F ,F03 1,E01 3,FE 3,0001 3,32 1,F310 2,0 1,3

11 2,00 2,0E12 E,0 3,E1113 10,F2 ,121 1,0F1 ,2301 20,31 ,F01E 20,0 E,F01F 22,10 F,1301 1F,E22 F,3F1 23,F F,F2000 3, ,1212001 3,F3 12,232002 12,1F 1F,2003 11F,30F 20,12200 11,E2 2,F2E200 11,1 3,F200E 13,000 2,000200F 1,000 ,000200 1F,00 E,300200 22,300 10,300S!+ 1,F,31 3,E2


54/68

E0 ;ational B!rea! o# Statistics o# $hina$ Zhongguo Tong9i :ian9ian, -Beiing: Nhong G!o Tongi $h! Ban She, 2010.)


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2

Based on a s!rey on international st!dents 9ho grad!ated in the &)S) in 200, only 10L

o# $hinese st!dents reealed a strong desire to stay er+anently, and +any

ret!rned A+ericatrained $hinese 9ere er#or+ing the +ost sohisticated *VD

roects in $hina) 6n addition, according to the interie9s 9ith the eCec!ties and

h!+an reso!rces +anagers in $hina, the n!+5er o# res!+es they receied #ro+

the &)S) has increased as +!ch as 10#old d!ring the ast #e9 years)E1

Altho!gh the ret!rn rates o# oerseased!cated $hinese st!dents 9ere on an

increase streak in the ast #e9 years, a ne9 heno+enon o# the ret!rnees in a

transnational identity 9as 9orth noticed) 6t has 5een reorted 5y +any ne9s +edias in

$hina that +any ret!rned $hinese st!dents #ro+ oerseas hae t!rned i++igrants

-incl!ding o5tained either the #oreign citi7enshi or the er+anent residency o# a #oreign

co!ntry.) These ret!rnees ca+e 5ack 9itho!t settling do9n in $hina, and they trael

5et9een $hina and the co!ntry o# their i++igration) There#ore, a ne9 ter+ has 5een

generated in $hina to de#ine s!ch gro! o# eole as Seag!ll -6n $hinese: Hai %!.)

According to a s!rey cond!cted in 2000 5y $hina Ministry o# "d!cation,

o# 1 oerseased!cated $hinese st!dents 9ho hae set ! enterrises in 13

ind!strial arks, only L resided in $hina on a reg!lar 5asis)E2

6n another s!rey did in Silicon ?alley 9ith Mainland $hinese acade+ics, +any o#

the Mainlands to researchers and entrerene!rs are c!rrently liing in a diasora

otion) 6t is di##ic!lt #or the+ to ret!rn ho+e co+letely) The longer they stay a5road, the

+ore di##ic!lt #or the+ to ret!rn) 8a+ily o5ligations and ro#essional a##iliations are not

E1


56/68

62 i!, 200, 21)


57/68

30easily set aside) There#ore, the diasora otion o# 5!ilding a transnational scienti#ic

co++!nity 5eco+es one +ore 9ay


58/68

31$hina in 1) He started his o9n co+any J the 6nternet Technologies $hina -6T$. in

1E 9ith t9o M6T ro#essors and 9ith the hel o# ent!re caitals) 6t 9as the #irst ?$

#o!nding o# $hinese 6nternet $o+any) 6n the sa+e year, he esta5lished the 6nternet

Search "ngine J Soh! -Soh!)co+., and changed his co+anys na+e #ro+ 6T$ to Soh!)

Soon, Soh! 5eca+e a ho!sehold na+e in $hina) 6n 2000, Soh! 9as listed on ;ASDAI)

i >anhong -*o5in i. attended &niersity at B!##alo, the State &niersity o# ;e9

>ork -S&;>. in 11) He receied a Masters degree in $o+!ter Science in 1) He

ret!rned to $hina in 1, and #o!nd the co+any Baid! -Baid!)co+.) Baid! is

c!rrently the +ost o!lar 6nternet Search "ngine in $hina, and has 5eco+e the largest

$hinese 6nternet Search "ngine in the 9orld) 6n 200, Baid! 9as list on ;ASDAI)

Conclusion

6n general, 5e#ore 1, +any A+ericaned!cated $hinese st!dents 9ere

goern+ents!orted, and a signi#icant a+o!nt o# the+ ret!rned to $hina a#ter

grad!ation) As o# the s!5ects, altho!gh there 9as a high ercentage o# st!dents

st!dying in "ngineering, st!dents in the 9aes 5e#ore 1 aid a relatiely

5alanced attention to the 9ide range o# s!5ects s!ch as /olitical Science, Social

Science, Sociology, "d!cation, "cono+ics, B!siness, H!+anities, a9, M!sic,

Military A##airs, Medicine, Agric!lt!re, ;at!ral Science, and etc)

Ho9eer, in the ost 1F 9ae, the sel#Js!orted st!dents acco!nted a signi#icant

ortion in the A+ericaned!cated $hinese o!lation, and 9hile the n!+5ers o# st!dents

#ro+ $hina st!dying in A+erica contin!ed to increase dra+atically, the ret!rn rate grad!ally

red!ced) *egarding to the s!5ects, a disroortionally high a+o!nt o# st!dents st!died the

s!5ects categori7ed as ST"M -Science, Technology, "ngineering,


59/68

32

and Mathe+atics.)

These di##erentials 5et9een the 9aes 5e#ore 1 and the one ost 1F

+ay re#lect that the trend and attern o# $hinese st!dents st!dying in the &)S) has a

5earing on the social and olitical eniron+ent in each corresonding eriod) 8or

eCa+le, the st!dents in the 9aes 5e#ore 1 st!died a 9ider range o# s!5ects in

the &)S), and reealed a stronger desire to ret!rn) This +ight 5eca!se that the

9aes 5e#ore 1 9ere all in the critical eriod 9hen $hina 9as going thro!gh the

trans#or+ation #ro+ an old #e!dal e+ire to a +odern nation) D!ring those eriods,

the +ainstrea+ intellect!als and elites enco!raged the yo!nger generation to learn

a 9ide range o# s!5ects #ro+ the 9estern co!ntries in order to contri5!te to the

+oderni7ation in eery asect o# the $hinese society)

6n contrast, the st!dents in the ost 1F 9ae 9ere +ore inclined to st!dy the

s!5ects 9ithin ST"M, this +ight 5eca!se the $o++!nist Goern+ent esecially

enco!raged the st!dents to gain 5rain #ro+ #oreign co!ntries on Science and Technology,

and ca+e 5ack to +ake the direct and i+ortant contri5!tion to the co!ntrys econo+ic

re#or+ and +oderni7ation) Ho9eer, +any $hinese st!dents, a#ter st!dying in the &)S),

9ere +ore aealed to the olitical eniron+ent in the &)S) characteri7ed 9ith +ore

#reedo+ and +ore de+ocracy) There#ore, +any A+ericaned!cated $hinese tend not to

ret!rn) This sit!ation #irst 5eca+e dra+atic in the +id10s 9ith the increase o# sel#

s!orted $hinese st!dents st!dying in the &)S, and #!rther aggraated a#ter Tianan+en

SO!are /rotest o# 1) The conseO!ence o# this trend 9as that $hina s!##ered a seere

5rain drain ro5le+ 5y losing +any o# its to st!dents)

Ho9eer, the ret!rn rates o# A+ericaned!cated $hinese st!dents hae increased


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since late10s, as $hinese goern+ent started to i+le+ent a series o# ne9 olicies to

deal 9ith co!ntrys 5rain drain ro5le+) 6t had een #!rther increased d!ring the

glo5al econo+ic recession in the recent years, as $hina still +aintained a relatiely

#ast deeloing econo+y, and its do+estic +arket 9as contin!ing the eCansion)

>et, a ne9 trend o# +any ret!rnees in a transnational identity sho!ld also 5e noted)

As o# the i+act 5ro!ght 5y the ret!rned A+ericaned!cated $hinese st!dents, they

layed i+ortant roles to $hinas trans#or+ation in each critical eriod in the +odern

$hinese history) Generally, in the ateIing /eriod, the Iing Goern+ent sent 120 st!dents

to st!dy in A+erica in order to strengthen its rein o# $hina 5y learning #ro+


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3 Aerodyna+ics, and Deng iaCian in /hysics) The i+act re+ained in $hinese Science

and Technology thro!gh to the resent ti+e) 6n the *e#or+ and %ening ! eriod

a#ter 1F, altho!gh $hina s!##ered a h!ge 5rain drain ro5le+, those ret!rned #ro+

A+erica still layed an i+ortant role in connecting the +odern $hinese society

closely 9ith the raid technological deelo+ent in the 9orld) The 5loo+ o# $hinas 6T

ind!stry in $hinese Silicon ?alley co!ld 5e seen as a reresentatie eCa+le)

Altho!gh the attern o# c!rrent 9ae o# $hinese st!dents ed!cation in the &)S)

st!died in this thesis #aored a high 5rain drain o# $hinese st!dents to the &)S), a

disroortional !rs!it o# the s!5ects 9ithin ST"M, and a #ast gro9th in 5oth alication

and enroll+ent n!+5ers, it is not static) The attern +ay change according to the

corresonding social and olitical eniron+ent) 8or eCa+le, 5ased on the latest data

released 5y $o!ncil o# Grad!ate Schools, as #or the #all 2013, the international alication

to the &)S) grad!ate schools increased +ere 1L, #ollo9ing a L gain in 2012 and an 11L

increase in 2011) This red!ced gro9th in oerall international alication 9as ri+ary the

res!lt o# the L decline in alications #ro+ $hina)E

Based on the reort #ro+


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B6B6%G*A/H>

/n Chinese

$hen, P), V Tian, N) -11.) Zhongguo Jin Dai Jiao Yu Shi Zi Liao Hui ian! Liu

"ue Jiao Yu. Shanghai: Shanghai iao >! $h! Ban She) -Historical

Doc!+ents $ollection o# Modern $hinese "d!cation: %erseas "d!cation.

@ong, 8) -200.) Zhongguo Jin Dai Liu "ue Shi Gao. Beiing: Nhong >ang o!ng St!dents St!dying in A+erica.

i, P) -1F.) Jindai Zhongguo De Liu1uesheng ) Beiing: /eoles /ress)

-St!dents o# +odern $hina st!dying 5road.

i, P) -200E.) Jin Dai Liu "ue Sheng Yu Zhong ) -1.) Hua Zu Liu Mei Shi! %+2 :ian De "ue "i Yu Cheng Jiu! Guo Ji "ueShu Yan Tao Hui Lun ork: ;i! >!e Tian


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3E

i G!an) -%erseas "d!cation: Historical Data o# $hinas%erseas "d!cation.

ang Bian

>i $h! Ban She)

in Sh!

G!an) -Historiette o# $hinese St!dying A5road.

Sh!, P) -12.) Jin Dai Zhong Guo Liu "ue Shi ) Shang Hai: Nhong H!a Sh!

!) -The Modern History o# $hinas %erseas "d!cation.

Tian, ) -2003.) Zhongguo Gao Deng Jiao Yu Dui : M)") Share)

$hina 6nstit!te in A+erica) -1.) 7 Survey o3 Chinese Students in 75erican

Universities and Colleges in the 6ast -ne Hundred Years! /n Co55e5oration o3

the -ne Hundredth 7nniversary o3 the Graduation o3 the 4irst Chinese 3ro5 an

75erican University$ Yung ork)

$hiang, >)$) -March 01, 2003.) $hinese St!dents in A+erica in the "arly

T9entieth $ent!ry) Chinese Studies in History , 3E)3)


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3F

$ho!, ) -1.) A s!rey o# $hinese St!dents in the &nited States, 1F

1F) "d)D) Dissertation, $ol!+5ia &niersity Teachers $ollege)

"stein, ")H) V @!o,) -1.)The #ise o3 Modern China$ +th 0d ) ;e9 >ork:%C#ord &niersity /ress)

6nstit!te o# 6nternational "d!cation -;e9 >ork, ;)>).) -200.) -en doors$%*&),22! #eort on international educational e1change) ;e9 >ork, ;)>):6nstit!te o# 6nternational "d!cation)

6nstit!te o# 6nternational "d!cation -66"., %enDoors Data, 2012)

htt:44999)iie)org4en4*esearchand/!5lications4%enDoors

a, 8) T) ") -1F.) China's 4irst Hundred! 0ducational Mission Students in the

United States$ %&(,)%&&%) /!ll+an,


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/an, S)>) -!ly 01, 2010.) $hanges and $hallenges in the 8lo9 o#6nternational H!+an $aital $hina's "Cerience) Journal o3 Studies in/nternational 0ducation, 1)3, 22)

Iin,


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N9eig, D) -an!ary 01, 1F.) To *et!rn or ;ot to *et!rnR /olitics s)"cono+ics in $hina's Brain Drain) Studies in Co5arative /nternationalDevelo5ent , 32)1, 212)

N9eig, D), 8!ng, $) S), V Han, D) -May 01, 200.) *ede#ining the Brain Drain:

$hina's 'Diasora %tion') Science Technology ; Society , 13)1, 133)


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?6TA

Di !o 9as 5orn and raised in Beiing, $hina) He earned a Bachelor o#

Arts in "nglish #ro+ Beiing ang!age and $!lt!re &niersity in 2003) 8ro+

2003 to 2010, he 9orked as a senior rogra+ +anager in the ro#ession o#

6nternational "d!cation "Cchange in $hina)

Di receied his Master o# Arts in $!lt!ral and "d!cational /olicy

St!dies #ro+ oyola &niersity $hicago, 9here his research e+hasi7ed on

$o+aratie and 6nternational "d!cation)

0


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seeking modernity brain gain and brain drain_ the historical ev

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