seed industry of pakistan - 20-8-07

SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Muhammad Boota [email protected]

https://www.facebook.com/BootaSarwar

FEDERAL SEED CERTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION DEPARTMENTMINISTRY OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE & LIVESTOCK

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTANMAUVE AREA, SECTOR G 9/4, ISLAMABAD – 44000

(Tel. +92 51 9260126-9261822, 9260150, Fax +92 51 9260234)www.minfal.gov.pk

AUGUST 2007

http://www.minfal.gov.pk/

https://www.facebook.com/BootaSarwar

mailto:[email protected]

SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Muhammad Boota Sarwar*

Introduction

Pakistan occupies a land area of 880,000 square kilometer and forms part of the South Asian Sub-continent. It is bordered by India on the East, China on North-East, Iran on West and Afghanistan on North-West. The Country is characterized by significant variation in altitude and topography across its territory. Pakistan’s diversity extends to its climatic, socio-economic and environmental characteristics that differ significantly from region to region. The Country has four provinces, Punjab, North Western Frontier Province (NWFP), Sindh, Balochistan, and the two federally administered territories: The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Northern Areas. In addition the territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is under the administration of the Government of Pakistan. The landscape of the country has seven major distinct physical regions.

1. The North High mountainous region.2. The Western low mountainous region.3. The Salt range or Potohar uplands.4. The Plateau of Balochistan.5. The upper Indus or Punjab plains.6. The lower Indus or Sindh plains.7. The Coastal Area.

Pakistan a land of many splendors has continental type of climate characterized by the extreme variations of temperature.

Agriculture is single largest sector and dominant driving force for growth and development of the national economy. It has grown at an average rate of 4% per annum in the past two decades. The future programme in agriculture have been focused on attaining higher growth rate by providing the recent shift in Government policies and institutional support especially to horticulture, livestock, fisheries, drip irrigation and plastic house technology so that the sector can move forward and enhance its contribution to the economy. The concept of corporate farming is being promoted by Government of Pakistan, for effective implementation of its market oriented economic policy under the emerging scenario of WTO regime.

A. Agriculture Sector:Pakistan has a geographical area of 79.61 million hectares. Out of which 59.48 million hectares is reported. Table-2 shows the land use and agricultural area is about 22.15 million hectares. The population is estimated to be 153.96 million (2005) but at the time of independence it was only 32.5 million, so we added hundred million more people during the last 59 years (Table-1).__________________________________________________________________*Director, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Sector G-9/4, Mauve Area, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

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Over the last five years agriculture growth has witnessed a mixed trend. During the first two years (2000-01 and 2001-02), the country experienced the crippling drought, which badly affected its agriculture and eventually overall growth in agriculture turned negative for these two years. In the preceding years (2002-03 to 2004-05), relatively better availability of irrigation water had positive impact on overall agricultural growth and this sector exhibited modest to strong recovery.

Table-1 Population Estimates of Pakistan:

Year Total Population Agriculture Labour Force(million) (million) Percentage

2001-02 146.0 41.8 28.632002-03 146.8 43.2 29.432003-04 149.7 44.1 29.462004-05 152.5 45.7 29.97

2005-06 (P) 155.4 46.8 30.12 Source: Pakistan Economic Survey, 2006-07

The land utilization scenario and farm size area of Pakistan are given in Tables 2 & 3, respectively.

Table-2 Land Utilization Scenario of Pakistan:

Land Use Area (million ha.)Total Geographical Area 79.61Total Reported Area 59.48Forest 4.01Not Available for Cultivation 24.32Cultivable Waste 9.00Cultivated Area 22.15

Total cropped area 22.51Source: Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2006-07

Table-3 Farm Size Area of Pakistan:

Farm size Farm No. (%) Farm Area (%)Under 0.5 ha. 19 2

0.5 to under 1 ha. 17 41 to under 2 ha. 22 102 to under 3 ha. 15 113 to under 5 ha. 13 (86%) 17 (44%)5 to under 10 ha. 9 1910 to under 20 4 1620 to under 40 1 1040 to under 60 - 360 and above - 8

Source: Agriculture statistics of Pakistan, 2006-07

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Table-3 reveals that fragmentation of land due to traditional inheritance has caused very small land holding i.e. 86% of farms are less than 5 hectares and only 9% farms are from 5 to 10 hectares and 4% farms are 10-20 hectares etc. Similarly 44% of the area belongs to small holding i.e. less than 5 hectares. The country has 67.3% population in rural area.

Table. Agriculture Growth (Percent):

Year Agriculture Major Crops Minor Crops2000-01 -2.2 -9.9 -3.22001-02 -0.1 -2.5 -3.72002-03 4.1 6.9 0.42003-04 2.3 1.9 4.02004-05 6.7 17.8 3.0

2005-06 (P) 2.5 -3.6 1.6Source: Source: Pakistan Economic Survey, 2006-07

B. Contribution of Agriculture Sector:

Pakistan economy has undergone considerable diversification over the years, yet the agriculture sector is still the largest sector of the country. With its contribution to GDP is 23.09% and is the largest source of foreign exchange earning by serving as the base sector for countries major industries like textile and sugar etc. The estimate of GDP is given in the (Table-4). Agriculture growth rate has been increased significantly during last three years. Agriculture growth rate reported for the year 2004-05 was 3.1% (Pakistan Economic Survey, 2004-05).

Table-4 Estimate of % Share in GDP at Constant Factor Cost (2000-06)

Major sector 1969-70 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06Agriculture 38.90 25.14 24.10 24.00 22.90 22.50 21.60Major crops 23.40 8.56 8.00 8.20 7..80 8.40 7.60Minor crops 4.20 3.39 3.10 3.00 2.90 2.80 2.70Livestock 10.60 12.05 12.00 11.80 11.20 10.60 10.70Fisheries 0.50 0.43 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30Forestry 0.10 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.40 0.30

Source: Source: Source: Pakistan Economic Survey, 2006-07

C. Field Crops:

There are two main crop growing season i.e. kharif (summer) and rabi (winter). The food grain like wheat, rice and maize occupy 56% while cash crop like cotton, sugarcane and tobacco etc. occupy 19% of the cropped area. Other crops such as oilseeds fruits, vegetables, pulses, others and condiments are grown on 25% area. The area, production and yield of major crops are presented in (Table-5). It is apparent from the table 5 that there is continuously upwards trend in yield in maize and rice along with expansion of area under these crops. The yield performance of all other crops is either static or decline and this invites serious attention of breeders, agronomists, seed agencies and stakeholders to arrest the situation.

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Table-5 Area, Production and Yield Statistics of Some Major Crops, Vegetables & Fruits in Pakistan during 2003-06.

Crop Area (000’ hectares)

Production (‘000’ tons)

Yield(kg/hec)

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

Wheat 8216 8358 8448 195 21612 21277 2373 2586 2519Maize 947 982 1042 1897 2797 3110 2003 2849 2984Rice 2461 2520 2621 4848 5025 5547 1970 1994 2116

Barley 102 93 90 98 92 87 961 983 973Cotton 2989 3193 3103 10048* 14265* 13019* 572 760 714

Pearlmillet 539 343 441 274 193 221 508 563 501Sorghum 393 308 254 238 186 153 607 606 600

Gram 982 1094 1029 611 868 480 622 794 466Mungbean 256 225 209 141 130 114 550 577 546

Mash 49 38 35 25 18 17 505 491 477Lentil 52 43 34 31 26 18 602 597 528

Rapeseed & Mustard

280 257 217 238 216 172 851 839 792

Sunflower 256 264 -- 359 328 -- 298 220 --Groundnut 102 106 94 115 76 69 1121 722 737

Sesame 60 66 82 25 30 35 413 448 428Linseed 6172 5448 5816 3091 2558 2781 501 470 478

Peas 97 84 90 58 47 52 591 563 580Onion 109 128 149 1449 1765 2056 13810 13810 13825Garlic 6.9 6.6 7.0 57 56 57 8.2 8.5 8.2Chilies 56 49 65 96 91 123 1858 1858 1902

Coriander 5.7 5.6 5.7 3.1 2.9 2.8 500 500 491Turmeric 4.1 4.0 3.8 38.40 38.10 35.60 9525 9525 9368Ginger -- 0.11 0.11 -- 0.04 0.05 -- 423 459Potato 109.7 112 117 1938 2025 1568 17900 18079 13355

Tomato 39.0 41.4 46.2 426.2 426.2 468.1 10620 10295 10132Vegetables -- 238.7 246.3 -- 3048.4 3124.8 -- -- --

Fodders 2469 2359 -- 56324 54403 -- 22.8 23.1 --Fruits 734.6 795.4 814.50 5691.7 6636.6 7147.6 -- -- --

* 000 bales of cottonSource: Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2005-06

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D. Horticultural Crops:

The country is endowed with a wide range of agro-ecological zones and diverse climatic conditions that make it possible to grow a large variety of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate climate fruits and vegetables. Due to various technological and infrastructure constraints, the performance of horticulture sector is below its potential. The poor farming practices and inappropriate storage conditions for planting/seed material, lack of Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures in orchard management affect the productivity of horticultural crops. In order to meet local consumption and to become export competitive, horticultural production needs to be enhanced along with improvement of quality, proper processing, grading, packaging etc. Area and production of major fruit crops is given in tables-6&7.

Table-6. Area of Major Fruit Crops in Pakistan (Area ‘000’ hectares)

Crop 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

Citrus 194 182 177 184 192

Mango 99 103 103 151 157

Apple 49 48 111 112 112

Dates 79 78 75 82 82

Almond 10 9 10 10 10

Guava 64 63 62 64 62

Banana 31 30 32 33 33

Source: Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2005-06

Table-7 Production of Major Fruit Crops in Pakistan (Production ‘000’ tones)

Crop 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06Citrus 1830 1702 1760 1944 2458Mango 1037 1035 1056 1674 1754Apple 367 315 334 352 351Dates 630 625 427 622 497

Almond 26 24 24 23 23Guava 539 532 550 572 552

Banana 150 143 154 158 164

Source: Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2005-06

F. Seed Industry of Pakistan:

Until 1961 multiplication and distribution of seeds of improved varieties was not systematized on generation limitations system. So the seed production level did not meet the farmer needs for the seed of new improved varieties.

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On the recommendations of food and agriculture commission in 1961, the West Pakistan Agricultural Development Corporation (WPADC) was created. It continued seed procurement and distribution till 1972. After dissolution of WPADC in 1972 all relevant activities of seed including production, multiplication, procurement and distribution were transferred to the provincial governments. Since the objectives of production, processing and distribution of quality seeds were not being met adequately, the government of Pakistan initiated “Seed Industry Development Project” on the recommendation of World Bank Appraisal Mission’s Report which was provided legislative support through Seed Act, 1976. This enactment provided regulatory mechanism for controlling and regulating the quality seed through setting up of necessary institutional infrastructure which included National Seed Council (NSC), Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department (FSC&RD) and Provincial Seed Councils (Figure 1). Table-9 shows the list of 29 seed testing laboratories of FSC&RD working at various locations in the country.

Wheat, cotton, paddy and maize are major crops grown and distributed in Pakistan by public seed sector. Marketing of various kinds of seeds by different sources is given in Table-10.

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Fig.1. Institutional Infrastructure of Seed Industry of Pakistan under Seed Act, 1976

Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock (MINFAL)

↕

National Seed Council (NSC)

↕ ↕

Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department (FSC&RD)

Four Provincial Seed Councils (PrSCs)

↕

1 Punjab Seed Councils → Punjab Seed Corporation (PSC)

2 Sindh Seed Councils → Sindh Seed Corporation (PSC)

3 NWFP Seed Councils → Department of Agriculture, NWFP

4 Balochistan Seed Councils → Department of Agriculture, Balochistan

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Composition & Functions of National Seed Council (NSC):

Composition of National Seed Council is as followed;

1. Federal Minister of Agriculture (FAM), MINFAL (Chairman)2. Secretary, MINFAL (Member)3. Chairman, Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) (Member)4. Secretary Agriculture (All Provinces)5. Director General, FSC&RD6. Managing Director, Punjab and Sindh Seed Corporations7. Director Generals, Agriculture Department, NWFP & Balochistan8. Seed Grower Representative from each province9. Progressive Grower from each province10. Four representatives of private seed sector

Functions of National Seed Council include;

Agricultural Development Commissioner (ADC), MINFAL (Member, Secretary)

1. Advice on policy for development, operation and regulation of provincial seed industry2. Direct initiation of provincial seed projects 3. Protect/ensure investment in seed industry, approve/ sanction seed standards, regulate inter- provincial seed movement, advice on seed imports.

Composition & Functions of Provincial Seed Councils (PrSCs):

Composition of Provincial Seed Council is as followed;

1. Provincial Minister of Agriculture (Chairman)2. Secretary Agriculture, Provincial Government (Member)3. Agricultural Development Commissioner (ADC), MINFAL (Member)4. Director General, FSC&RD (Member)5. Director General, Agriculture Extension/Research (Member)6. Vice President, Pakistan Central Cotton Committee (PCCC)- Member7. Director General, National Agricultural Research Council (NARC) – Pakistan Agricultural

Research Council (PARC) - Member8. Managing Directors, Punjab & Sindh Seed Corporations (Member Secretary)9. Representative of Seed Growers (Member)10. Representatives of private seed companies (Member)

Functions of Provincial Seed Council include;

1. Advice on policy for development, operation and regulation of provincial seed industry2. Recommend changes in seed law, advice on seed standards and quality control, advice on

maintenance, multiplication, supply of pure and healthy seeds of new varieties, advice on development of seed production farms, recommend and preparation of selected new varieties, recommend or withdrawal of certain deteriorated varieties

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Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department (FSC&RD):

Composition and Functions of FSC&RD:

Composition of FSC&RD is shown below that reveals that Headquarter/Central seed testing laboratories of FSC&RD are located at the capital city Islamabad with four regional offices at each provincial headquarter. The number of field stations/ seed testing laboratories in province is outlined in the table 9.

Table-9 List of Seed Testing Laboratories of Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department (FSC&RD)

Islamabad Punjab Sindh NWFP B.tan AJK** NAs**1 14 6 5 2 2 2

Central Seed Testing

Laboratories, Islamabad

Lahore Hyderabad Peshawar Quetta Muzafar -abad

Gilgit

Bahawalpur* Karachi Abbotabad* Usta Muhammad*

*Mirpur *Skardu

Bahawalnagar* Larkana* D.I.Khan - - -Bhakkar* Mirpur

Khas*Mingora (Swat)

- - -

D.G.Khan* Sakrand - - - -Faisalabad Sukkur - - - -

Gujranwala* - - - - -Khanewal - - - - -

Multan - - - - -R.Y.Khan - - - - -Sahiwal - - - - -

Sargodha - - - - -T.T.Singh* - - - - -

Vehari* - - - - -1 14 6 4 2 2 2

Total 31 * 11 newly established laboratories/offices during, 2005-06 ** AJK & NAs means Azad Jammu Kashmir and Northern Areas

Various functions of FSC&RD as given in Seed Act, 1976 include;

1. Controlling the quality of seed2. Registration of seed growers3. Certification of seeds4. Field crops inspection5. Seed sampling and testing of seed lots6. Issuing of certificates in respect of seeds which meet the prescribed standards7. Carrying out post control trials on pre-basic, basic and certified seeds8. Arranging training courses for seed sectors

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9. Registration of crop/fruit plant varieties10. Seed quality control through enforcement of Seed Act/Rules11. Miscellaneous

Staff Strength of FSC&RD:

Table 10: Regular staff strength of FSC&RD.

Sr. No. Name of post BPS No. Sanctioned Strength

1. Director General 20 012. Directors 19 033. Regional Directors 19 034. Deputy Directors 18 175. Officers 17 576. Superintendent (Admn) 16 017. Sealing Inspectors/ Stenographers 15 068. Artist-cum-Photographers 14 019. Stenotypists 12 1310. Assistants/ Drafts/Artist/ Lab. Tech. 11 0611. Field Assistants/ Tech. Assistants 10 1112. Upper Division Clerks (UDCs) 07 1113. Lower Division Clerks/ Lab. Asstt. 05 9014. DMO/DR/Drivers 04 3315. Others 01 83

Total: 307

Sr Posts Sanctioned Filled In Vacant1 Officers 81 66 152 Supporting Staff 226 214 12

Total 307 280 27

Budget Position of FSC&RD:

The position of budget for the years 1998-2007 is given below.

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Table 11: The position of budget for the years 1998-2007.

Year Establishment (Rs.)

%age Operation (Rs.)

%age Total (Rs.)

Expenditure (Rs.)

1998-99 19,880,514 86 3,339,000 14 23,219,514 20,638,508

1999-00 20,000,000 86 3,162,000 14 23,162,000 22,676,292

2000-01 21,998,000 86 3,613,000 14 25,611,000 2,314,864

2001-02 22,028,000 86 3,615,000 14 25,643,000 25,618,903

2002-03 27,684,000 88 3,837,000 12 31,521,000 31,039,762

2003-04 29,557,000 87 4,241,000 13 33,798,000 33,464,145

2004-05 33,951,000 88 4,687,000 12 38,638,000 38,638,000

2005-06 40,193,000 84 7,477,000 16 47,670,000 47,362,865

2006-07 47,042,000 78 13,190,000 22 60,232,000 57,410,000(Unconciled)

2007-08 48,641,000 80 11,870,000 20 60,511,000

Source: Account Office, FSC&RD, Islamabad

Registration of Seed Companies:

An inter-ministerial ‘Working group’ was constituted under ECC declaration that is responsible for the registration of new seed companies in all the provinces of the country and it comprises of the following;

1. Secretary, Agriculture of each province2. Chief Food & Agriculture – Planning Division3. Managing Directors, Punjab & Sindh Seed Corporations 4. Secretary Agriculture – AJK5. Director General, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department

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According to Seed Act 2007 “No person shall conduct seed business in Pakistan unless such person is registered to do so under section 22B, 22C 0r section 22D”.

So far 639 seed companies have been registered in Pakistan. Most of them are very small companies engaged in a business of a few metric tons of seed only. Most of others are dormant while about 250 companies are more or less actively engaged in seed production/business in various parts of the country. Position of seed companies registered so far is given in table 11. Province wise situation of seed companies is given in table 12. All the national seed companies are multiplier of public sector crop varieties and don’t invest in research and development.

The multinational seed companies still keeping the country dependence on imported seed and then trading seed without serious efforts of local seed production. Their main concern is Plant Breeders Rights.

Table-12. Province wise placement of private sector seed companies in Pakistan

Number of Companies up to 2006Sector Punjab Sindh Balochistan Federal Area TotalPublic 1 1 1 1 4Private 555 56 14 6 631

Multinational 4 - - - 4Total: 560 57 15 7 639

Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

Various kinds of Seeds and Planting Material:

Seeds of Major crops include wheat, cotton, paddy, maize etc. while minor crops include pulses, fodders, oilseeds etc. Seeds of about more than fifty various kinds of vegetables are common. Sector wise popularity of seeds is briefed in table 10. Table-13 Marketing of Seed & Planting Material in Pakistan.

Sector Seed Source CropsFormal Public Sector Wheat, Cotton, Rice, Maize, Gram, Vegetables

Private Sector Wheat, Cotton, Rice, Maize, Gram, Vegetables

Multinationals Hybrid Seeds of Maize, Sunflower, Fodders etc.

Seed Importers Maize, Sunflower, Fodders, Potato, Vegetables

Fruits Nursery Plants

(Public & Private)

Citrus, Mango, Apple, Walnut, Date palm, Guava, etc.

Informal Farmers Own Source

Wheat, Cotton, Rice, etc.

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a. Seed Sectors:

The Seed Supply System in Pakistan depends on plant breeding, variety development, registration and release which at present exist in public sector. So far, no plant breeding programme exists in the private sector.

Seed Industry of Pakistan comprises of both public and private sector specifically confined to public sector varieties of wheat, cotton, rice, chickpea, mungbean and very little vegetable crops. The Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department provides certification services to the following public and private sector seed agencies.

b. Public Sector Seed Organization:

1. Punjab Seed Corporation (PSC), Lahore.2. Sindh Seed Corporation (SSC), Hyderabad 3. Production of pre-basic seed has been initiated by Foundation Seed Cell, under Director

General, Agricultural Research Institute, Tandojam.4. Agriculture Extension and Research, Peshawar, NWFP.5. Department of Agriculture (DA) Quetta, Balochistan.

c. Private Sector Seed Companies (National):

Currently, 620 national seed companies have been registered for taking up seed production and distribution in the country. These companies concentrate mainly on public sector varieties. Province wise distribution is given in the (Table-11). Private sector consists of national and multinational seed companies.

d. Multinational Seed Companies:

There are four multinational seed companies engaged in seed business of various agricultural crops mostly low volume high cost crops. Some other small multinational companies also do business in Pakistan through their local distributors/dealers.

Sr Name of company Year of Advent

Headquarter ProductionTerritory

Crops/Seeds

1 Monsanto Agritech Pakistan Private Limited

1984 Lahore Okara Maize, Sunflower Sorghum

2 Pioneer Pakistan Private Seed Limited

1989 Lahore Sahiwal Maize, Sunflower, Sorghum, Pearlmillet

3 Syngenta Pakistan Private Limited

1991 Karachi Sahiwal Maize, Sunflower Vegetables

4 ICI Pakistan Private Limited 1996 Karachi Sahiwal Maize, Sunflower, Sorghum, Canola

e. Performance of Public Sector:

Except Punjab Seed Corporation, the remaining three public sector organizations did not reveal the satisfactory performance either due to lack of resources, lack of independent organization for seed

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purpose, managerial problems and weaker breeding programme and inadequate supply of pre-basic seed from research system.f. Performance of Private Sector:

Realizing the limitation of the public sector the government encouraged the induction of private sector in to the seed industry and as further step the government declared seed business as industry in 1994.

The private sector no doubt is gathering momentum but the impact is still not of desired level. The seed activities are limited to mainly cotton and wheat whereas crops like vegetables, pulses, fodders and oilseeds have been neglected.

Seed Act, 1976 was predominantly public oriented to provide quality control cover to public sector organization with main thrust on four major crops. Yet it has succeeded in creating a growthful awareness among the private seed business companies and farming community. The demand of certified seed rose steadily and farmers started demanding certified seed of other field and vegetable crops also. The public sector organization due to their limitation could not meet the demand of quality seed therefore the government allowed the induction of private seed sector. Resultant to the change in the policy the private sector welcomed the initiative and about 616 national and four multinational companies have been registered and allowed to produce and market certified seed in the country.

g. The Formal Seed Sector in Pakistan:

Seed sector in Pakistan is composed of formal and informal sectors. The formal seed sector comprises four public sector organizations, four multinational and 616 national seed companies as mentioned in Table 11. The over all picture of seed of some important crops provided by the formal seed sector comprising both public and private sector seed companies during the year 2005-06 follows (Table-12 &13). This goes to prove that the marketing of seed by the seed corporation and seed companies needs immediate improvement. There is a strong feeling that the small farmers do not get quality seed in the far flung areas as most of formal seed sector market the seed in and around the cities and local markets.

Tables 12 & 13 show that the availability of major crops seed remained around 22.04 % for wheat, 63.96% for cotton, 38.51% for paddy, 1.19% for pulses, 26.31% for maize, 11.78% for oilseeds, 17.01% for Fodders, +100% for Vegetables and 3.09% for Potato.

The position of seed for fodder & forages is not impressive and every year thousands of tons of seed is imported because there is no hybrid seed production programme and the imported seed meets most of the seed demand. There is an urgent need that seed production of fodder is organized to save precious foreign exchange. The public sector has failed to produce fodder seed on commercial scale in the country.

The pulses seed production programme has not been systematized to produce sufficient quantities of certified seed resulting in massive imports of the pulses for food consumption. Therefore there is an urgent need that the public and private seed companies organize the seed production programme of pulses immediately.

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h. Informal Seed Sector:

The informal seed sector, which is currently the major source of seed supply, comprises of farmer to farmer seed exchange, farmers keep their own seed or they buy seed from the local market (mandi).

The informal sector, which has a great potential to exert influence on crop production and usage of good quality seed, needs to be organized or tuned to adopt systematic seed production. Therefore, a system needs to be devised where the small farmer could improve the quality of his seed.

No serious efforts have in the past been made to improve seed supply of the informal seed sector and the poor quality seed continues to flow, seriously affecting crop production and farm profitability. The informal seed sector, however, is liable to continue playing dominant role in the future particularly for supplying seed of crops like wheat, rice, maize, gram, mungbean, potato and vegetables etc. Small farmers constitute the majority of this seed sector. Thus there is a great need and potential to organize informal seed sector which may become formal after the passage of time. To create quality seed awareness in general masses particularly small farmers in villages, the extension and media can play a vital role which at present is weaker component of seed campaign.

Field Crop Inspection:

Field inspections of the various crops and vegetables are carried out in both the seasons by the field station of the department. Crop-wise acreages inspected are given as under;

Table. 14: Field crop inspections carried out during 2000-07

Sr Crop/Seed Area of the Seed Crops Inspected (Acres)2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07*

1 Wheat 231383 223407 282335 348446 321791 2745842 Paddy 6201 7011 14560 27332 26345 212173 Maize 665 715 441 545 1854 2546

Cereals 30249 231133 297336 376323 349990 2983474 Cotton 204506 136654 182540 178066 194312 1807365 Gram 1525 1528 1656 1153 536 7916 Mungbean 6181 6343 5028 0 1916 44487 Lentil 0 0 35 0 6 68 Mash 0 0 0 0 3 0

Pulses 7706 7871 6719 1153 2461 52459 Sunflower 256 36 41 0 1 010 Canola 145 35 49 0 404 38911 Brassica/R&M 816 412 231 0 167 43212 Groundnut 0 0 0 0 2 1413 Soybean 311 575 5 0 1 014 Sesamum 0 0 0 0 123 0

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Oilseeds 1528 1058 326 312 698 83515 Fodders 578 858 867 0 154 114416 Vegetables 569 1613 1508 2459 838 110217 Potato 0 0 0 0 367 425

G.Total 4,53,136 3,79,187 4,89,296 5,58,313 5,48,820 4,87,833* Data for 2006-07 is under progress

Seed Sampling & Testing:

Seed sampling and testing of the various crops and vegetables seeds is carried out in both the seasons by the field station of the department. Crop-wise quantities tested (in metric tones = 1000 kg) are given as under;

Table. 15: Seed testing carried out during 2000-07

Sr Crop/Seed Quantity of Seed Tested (MT)*2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07**

1 Wheat 185613 182591 240147 282673 2610252 Paddy 6121 7891 11906 20812 201033 Maize 4061 4125 5198 236 8906

Cereals 195795 194607 257251 303721 2900344 Cotton 46728 39059 42221 52116 481965 Gram 1048 1934 1342 653 1296 Mungbean 469 497 874 439 4517 Lentil 0 0 16 0 38 Mash 0 0 0 0 1

Pulses 1517 2431 2232 1092 5849 Sunflower 502 476 41 4 161810 Canola 173 103 49 1 10211 Brassica/R&M 4 4 28 93 7212 Groundnut 0 0 0 0 113 Soybean 71 0 5 21 114 Sesamum 0 0 0 0 15

Oilseeds 750 583 123 119 180915 Fodders 6000 11338 5603 69 989016 Vegetables 3100 3095 4027 3681 724917 Potato 4667 4914 1920 1201 8543

G.Total 2,56,290 2,53,013 3,11,022 3,60,788 3,66,3051* Includes both locally tested as well as imported seeds ** Data for 2006-07 is under progress

Seed Availability:

Crop-wise quantities of certified seed available and distributed to the various seed markets during the years 2001-07 are given below. The available seed also included the quantities imported during the respective years and distributed after testing under truthful labeling rules.

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Table-16. Seed Availability position during 2000-05

Sr Crop/Seed Seed Availability (MT) = Accepted in Testing + Imported2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

1 Wheat 1,42,302 1,36,250 1,43,977 1,93,977 2,22,7182 Paddy 4,830 4,864 10,282 10,239 11,5263 Maize 3,974 3,320 4,038 5,398 8,867

Cereals 1,51,106 1,44,434 1,58,297 2,99,614 2,43,1114 Cotton 31,370 39,870 34,523 37,923 40,756

Pulses* 758 782 2,234 2,107 1,048Oilseeds** 746 530 583 1,174 1,566

15 Fodders 10,646 5,942 11,395 5,604 4,11116 Vegetables 3,583 3,016 3,096 4,021 5,04417 Potato 1,536 4,579 5,029 1,920 6,228

G.Total 1,99,745 1,99,153 2,15,157 2,62,363 3,01,864*Pulses include gram, lentil, mungbean & mash.** Oilseeds include sunflower, canola, brassica, and sesame

Table-16. Seed Availability position during 2005-06

Sr Crop/Seed Seed Availability (MT) = Accepted in Testing + Imported2005-06 2006-07* 2007-08 2008-09 2009-2010

1 Wheat 2126352 Paddy 158133 Maize 10645

Cereals 2390934 Cotton 398455 Gram 2256 Mungbean 4177 Lentil 38 Mash 3

Pulses 6489 Sunflower 161810 Canola 9011 Brassica/R&M 7012 Groundnut 113 Soybean 014 Sesamum 14

Oilseeds 179315 Fodders 988916 Vegetables 723917 Potato 8543

G.Total 3,07,05018

* Data for 2006-07 is under progressTable. 17: A summary of estimated total seed requirements of various crops and vegetables in Pakistan during the year 2006-07

Sr# Category Crops/SeedsPakistan

Area TSR Target(Hac) (MT) (MT)

1 Cereals Wheat 84,59,000 10,15,080 2,03,016Paddy 25,94,200 39,972 11,992Maize 10,10,000 30,300 9,090

2 Fibre Crops Cotton 32,50,000 65,000 65,0004 Oilseeds Sunflower, Rapseed

& Mustard, Soybean, Safflower, Sesame, Linseed, Groundnut

9,81,488 16,040 5,636

5 Pulses Gram 10,51,100 42,044 8,409Lentil 40,100 1,203 241Mung 2,58,990 5,180 1,036Mash 38,050 761 152

13,88,240 49,188 9,8386 Fodders Sorghum,

Pearlmillet, Oat, Guar, Berseem, Lucerne etc.

24,41,883 73,378 14,676

7 Vegetables More than 53 Vegetables, excluding Garlic

4,22,374 5,500 5,500

8 Others Potato 1,24,600 3,11,500 3,11,500All Crops & Vegetables Seeds 2,06,71,785 16,05,958 6,36,247

19

Table-19 Total Seed Requirement, Availability and Distribution Status of Various Crops Seeds in Pakistan, 2005-06.

Crop/Seed

Total / Target Seed Requirement

Total Seed Availability & Distribution (MT)

(MT) Public Private Local Imported Total Distribution(Pub+Pvt) Local+Import

Wheat 10,08,840

%age of TSR

57,603.57 1,53,091.22 2,10,694.79

(20.88%)

0.00

(0.00%)

2,12,634.79

(21.08%)

169865.19

(16.84%)Paddy 39,645

%age of TSR

3455.56 11996.45 15452.01

(38.97%)

360.49

(0.91%)

15,812.50

(39.89%)

12518.13

(31.58%)Maize 30,888

%age of TSR

261.68 2,939.43 3201.11

(10.36%)

7443.61

(24.10%)

10644.72

(34.46%)

9063.01

(29.34%)Cotton 62000

%age of TSR

4,165.87 35,678.89 39,844.76

(64.27%)

0.00

(0.00%)

39,844.76

(64.27%)

29098.23

(46.93%)Gram 42580

%age of TSR77.00 148.00 225.00

(0.53%)0.00

(0.00%)225.00(0.53%)

225.00(0.53%)

Lentil 1,659%age of TSR

1.53 1.00 2.53(0.15%)

0.00(0.00%)

2.53(0.15%)

2.53(0.15%)

Mungbean 5,246%age of TSR

94.92 322.00 416.92(7.95%)

0.00(0.00%)

416.92(7.95%)

416.92(7.95%)

Mash 690%age of TSR

1.00 2.00 3.00(0.43%)

0.00(0.00%)

3.00(0.43%)

3.00(0.43%)

Pulses 50,175

%age of TSR

174.45 473.00 647.45

(1.29%)

0.00

(0.00%)

647.45

(1.29%)

647.45

(1.29%)Sunflower 2,265

%age of TSR0.00 0.00 0.00

(0.00%)1618.02

(71.44%)1618.02

(71.44%)1618.02

(71.44%)Canola 655

%age of TSR72.45 0.00 72.45

(11.06%)18.00

(2.75%)90.45

(13.81%)90.45

(13.81%)Rapseeds

&Mustards

1,286%age of TSR

34.30 35.20 69.50(5.40%)

0.00(0.00%)

69.50(5.40%)

69.50(5.40%)

Soybean 17%age of TSR

0.00 0.00 0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

Sesame 333%age of TSR

1.00 13.00 14.00(4.20%)

0.00(0.00%)

14.00(4.20%)

14.00(4.21%)

Linseed 82%age of TSR

0.00 0.00 0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

Groundnut 10,580%age of TSR

1.00 0.00 1.00(0.01%)

0.00(0.00%)

1.00(0.01%)

1.00(0.01%)

20

Oilseeds 15,216

%age of TSR

108.75 48.20 156.95

(1.03%)

1636.02

(10.75%)

1792.97

(11.78%)

1792.97

(11.78%)Fodders 58,129

%age of TSR

95.00 43.00 138.00

(0.24%)

9751.00

(16.77%)

9889.00

(17.01%)

9889.00

(17.01%)Vegetable

s5,500

%age of TSR

133.34 579.83 713.17

(12.97%)

6526.14

(+100%)

7239.31

(+100%)

7239.31

(+100%)Potato 2,76,250

%age of TSR

556.40 1475.50 2,031.90

(0.74%)

6511.03

(2.36%)

8542.93

(3.09%)

8542.93

(3.09%)Total 15,46,643

%age of TSR

66,554.42 2,06,325.70 2,72,880.12

(17.64%)

32,228.69

(2.08%)

3,05,108.81

(19.73%)

248656.60

(16.08%)


Commercial Market Size of Seed Industry of Pakistan:

Total size of Pakistan seed industry that reflects the commercial value of the available seed in the country during 2005-06 is about 128 million US Dollars as mentioned in table 14.

Table-20 Estimated Value of the Commercial Markets for Seed based on Seed Availability during 2005-06

Crop/Seed Seed Availability

Price (Average)

Internal Commercial Market (Estimates)*

(MT) (Rs/Kg) (Mill.PKR) (Mill.US$)Wheat 2,20,695 16 3,402.160 56.703Paddy 15,813 21 332.073 5.535Maize 10,645 16 170.316 2.839Cotton 39,845 28 1,115.660 18.594

Sunflower 1,618 400 647.208 10.787Canola 90 30 2.714 0.045

Rapeseed&Mustard 70 30 2.085 0.035Soybean 0 16 0.000 0.000Sesame 14 200 2.800 0.047Linseed 0 150 0.000 0.000

Groundnut 1 25 0.025 0.000Gram 225 23 5.175 0.086

Mungbean 417 32 13.341 0.222Lentil 3 28 0.071 0.001Mash 3 30 0.090 0.002

Fodders 9,889 60 593.340 9.889Vegetables 7,239 127 917.905 15.298

21

Potato 8,543 38 324.631 5.411Total 3,05,109 `` 7,529.594 125.493

Table-20 Estimated Value of the Commercial Markets for Seed based on Estimated Total Seed Requirement during 2005-06

Crop/Seed Seed Requirement

Price (Average)


(MT) (Rs/Kg) (Mill.PKR) (Mill.US$)Wheat 10,08,840 16Paddy 39,645 21Maize 30,888 16Cotton 62,000 28

Sunflower 2,265 400Canola 655 30

Rapeseed&Mustard 1,286 30Soybean 17 16Sesame 333 200Linseed 82 150

Groundnut 10,580 25Gram 42,580 23

Mungbean 5,246 32Lentil 1,659 28Mash 690 30

Fodders 58129 60Vegetables 5,500 127

Potato 2,76,250 38Total 15,46,643 ``

Table-19 Total Seed Requirement, Availability and Distribution Status of Various Crops Seeds in Pakistan, 2006-07

Crop/Seed

Total / Target Seed Requirement

Total Seed Availability & Distribution (MT)

(MT) Public Private Local Imported Total Distribution(Pub+Pvt) Local+Import

Wheat 10,08,840

%age of TSR

57,603.57 1,53,091.22 2,10,694.79

(20.88%)

0.00

(0.00%)

2,12,634.79

(21.08%)

169865.19

(16.84%)Paddy 39,645

%age of TSR

3455.56 11996.45 15452.01

(38.97%)

360.49

(0.91%)

15,812.50

(39.89%)

12518.13

(31.58%)Maize 30,888 261.68 2,939.43 3201.11 7443.61 10644.72 9063.01

22

%age of TSR (10.36%) (24.10%) (34.46%) (29.34%)Cotton 62000

%age of TSR

4,165.87 35,678.89 39,844.76

(64.27%)

0.00

(0.00%)

39,844.76

(64.27%)

29098.23

(46.93%)Gram 42580

%age of TSR77.00 148.00 225.00

(0.53%)0.00

(0.00%)225.00(0.53%)

225.00(0.53%)

Lentil 1,659%age of TSR

1.53 1.00 2.53(0.15%)

0.00(0.00%)

2.53(0.15%)

2.53(0.15%)

Mungbean 5,246%age of TSR

94.92 322.00 416.92(7.95%)

0.00(0.00%)

416.92(7.95%)

416.92(7.95%)

Mash 690%age of TSR

1.00 2.00 3.00(0.43%)

0.00(0.00%)

3.00(0.43%)

3.00(0.43%)

Pulses 50,175

%age of TSR

174.45 473.00 647.45

(1.29%)

0.00

(0.00%)

647.45

(1.29%)

647.45

(1.29%)Sunflower 2,265

%age of TSR0.00 0.00 0.00

(0.00%)1618.02

(71.44%)1618.02

(71.44%)1618.02

(71.44%)Canola 655

%age of TSR72.45 0.00 72.45

(11.06%)18.00

(2.75%)90.45

(13.81%)90.45

(13.81%)Rapseeds

&Mustards

1,286%age of TSR

34.30 35.20 69.50(5.40%)

0.00(0.00%)

69.50(5.40%)

69.50(5.40%)

Soybean 17%age of TSR

0.00 0.00 0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

Sesame 333%age of TSR

1.00 13.00 14.00(4.20%)

0.00(0.00%)

14.00(4.20%)

14.00(4.21%)

Linseed 82%age of TSR

0.00 0.00 0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

0.00(0.00%)

Groundnut 10,580%age of TSR

1.00 0.00 1.00(0.01%)

0.00(0.00%)

1.00(0.01%)

1.00(0.01%)

Oilseeds 15,216

%age of TSR

108.75 48.20 156.95

(1.03%)

1636.02

(10.75%)

1792.97

(11.78%)

1792.97

(11.78%)Fodders 58,129

%age of TSR

95.00 43.00 138.00

(0.24%)

9751.00

(16.77%)

9889.00

(17.01%)

9889.00

(17.01%)Vegetable

s5,500

%age of TSR

133.34 579.83 713.17

(12.97%)

6526.14

(+100%)

7239.31

(+100%)

7239.31

(+100%)Potato 2,76,250

%age of TSR

556.40 1475.50 2,031.90

(0.74%)

6511.03

(2.36%)

8542.93

(3.09%)

8542.93

(3.09%)Total 15,46,643

%age of TSR

66,554.42 2,06,325.70 2,72,880.12

(17.64%)

32,228.69

(2.08%)

3,05,108.81

(19.73%)

248656.60

(16.08%)


23

Commercial Market Size of Seed Industry of Pakistan:

Table-20 Estimated Value of the Commercial Markets for Seed based on Seed Availability during 2006-07

Crop/Seed Seed Availability

Price (Average)


(MT) (Rs/Kg) (Mill.PKR) (Mill.US$)WheatPaddyMaizeCotton

SunflowerCanola

Rapeseed&Mustard

SoybeanSesameLinseed

GroundnutGram

MungbeanLentilMash

FoddersVegetables

PotatoTotal

Table-20 Estimated Value of the Commercial Markets for Seed based on Estimated Total Seed Requirement during 2006-07

Crop/Seed Seed Requirement

Price (Average)


(MT) (Rs/Kg) (Mill.PKR) (Mill.US$)WheatPaddyMaizeCotton

SunflowerCanola

Rapeseed&Mustard

24

SoybeanSesameLinseed

GroundnutGram

MungbeanLentilMash

FoddersVegetables

PotatoTotal

Total size of Pakistan seed industry that reflects the commercial value of the available seed in the country during 2006-07 is about ------ million US Dollars as mentioned in table.

1. WHEAT SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Wheat Varieties:

Detail of released and registered varieties of wheat is as under. This indicates a significant number of varieties of wheat that were released by the provincial research institute for general cultivation from 1971-2007. There is still a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of wheat that are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of wheat:

Sr.

Province

No. of Varieties Released

Number of varieties under Cultivation

Remarks

1 Punjab 50 132 Sindh 18 153 NWFP 27 244 B.tan 7 9

Total 102 61

Table-2. Wheat seed testing 2005-06

Variety-wise wheat seed testing and accepted quantity of seed out of total seed offered for testing (before processing) during the year is given as follows;

Sr.

Province Varieties Total Tested (MT)

Accepted (MT)

Acceptance %age

1 Punjab Inqilab-91 114038 108484 47.48Bhakkar-2002 82252 77263 33.82

25

AS-2002 27022 25206 11.03Uqab-2000 14972 13108 5.74Ufaq-2002 2339 2242 0.98SH-2002 1643 1595 0.70

Manthar-2003 299 299 0.13GA-2002 192 192 0.08Punjnad 41 41 0.02

Iqbal-2002 27 27 0.01Shahkar-2000 25 25 0.01

Pasban-90 1 1 0.00Chakwal-97 1 1 0.00Total (13) 2,42,851 2,28,484 100

2 Sindh TJ-83 6674 6242 48.28Kiran-95 4245 4104 31.75TD-01 1989 1682 13.01

Sarsabz 910 754 5.84Bhattai 54 54 0.42

Indus-79 39 24 0.18Abadgar-93 38 22 0.17Mehran-89 37 18 0.14Marvi-2000 9 9 0.07

SKD-1 9 9 0.07Moomal-02 6 6 0.05

Khirman 2 2 0.01Anmol-91 1 1 0.01

Sassai 1 1 0.01Total (15) 14,015 12,929 100

3 NWFP Saleem-2000 1249 1080 29.96Nasir 435 420 11.64

Auqab-2000 380 352 9.76Bhakkar-2002 374 303 8.41

Fakhr-e-Sarhad

308 305 8.47

Bakhtawer-92 275 253 7.02Inqulab-91 225 225 6.24

Tatara 203 192 5.33Khyber-87 180 180 4.99AS-2002 163 163 4.52Naseer 29 19 0.53

Raj 25 25 0.68Daman-98 22 22 0.60

Pirsabak-05 20 20 0.56AS-2002

Ghaznavi-98 15 15 0.42

26

Pirsabak-04 11 11 0.31KT-2000 8 8 0.23

Suleman-96 6 6 0.17KT-2003 2 2 0.06

J-03 1 1 0.03Zam 1 1 0.03J-01 1 1 0.03

Dera-98 1 1 0.03Total (24) 3,933 3,603 100

4 Balochistan Bhakkar-2002 148 133 35.90AS-2002 124 107 28.88

TJ-83 80 80 21.60Zardana-89 22 18 4.77Inqilab-91 11 9 2.97Fakhr-e-Sarhad

9 8 2.43

Zarlishta-99 8 3 2.22Raskoh-2005 4 1 0.85

Zarghoon 2 0 0.31Sariab-92 1 11 0.07Total (9) 409 370 100

Pakistan G.Total 2,61,208 2,45,386 ---

Wheat Seed Requirement & Availability:

During the year 2005-06, public and private Sector seeds agencies produced and made available to the growers about 2,12,634.79 mt wheat seed that makes about 21.08 % of total wheat seed requirements (1008840 mt). Out of the total procurement about 1, 71,783.69 mt (17.03% of total seed requirement) were distributed.

The figures indicate a satisfactory availability and distribution of wheat seed during the season Rabi–2006. Little decrease in distribution during Rabi-2005 was due to susceptibility of the most popular variety Inqilab-91 to leaf rust infestation and its ban to the NWFP and Northern areas during the season.

Table-3. Procurement and Distribution of wheat seed (2005-07) Province/Region

Sector Total Seed Requirement (TSR) in MT

Procurement(MT)

Distribution After

Shifting(MT)

(Rabi-2005) (Rabi-2006)Punjab Pubic 375000 53225.00 46147.00

27

Private 383640 140528.82 79682.00Shifting 27103.00Total 758640 1,91,753.82 125829.00

%age of TSR 25.54 16.59

Sindh Pubic 20000 1572.29 1572.11Private 91960 11356.50 11350.90Shifting 14134.00Total 111960 12928.79 27057.01

%age of TSR 11.55 24.17

NWFP Pubic 60000 4013.00 4013.00Private 29160 1546.00 1524.50Shifting 9732.00Total 89160 5559.00 15269.50

%age of TSR 6.23 17.13

Balochistan

Pubic 20000 43.28 41.28

Private 17080 349.90 349.90Shifting 1258.00Total 37080 393.18 1649.18

%age of TSR 1.06 4.45

AJK Shifting from Pb

12000 0 229.00

%age of TSR 0 1.91

Pakistan Pubic 475000 58853.57 51773.39Private 533840 153781.22 92907.30Shifting 27103.00Total 1008840 212634.79 171783.69

%age of TSR 21.08 17.03

Vs 2004-05

Total 1010520 222718.44 166545.14

%age of TSR 22.04 16.48

Table-4. Wheat seed shifting (MT) from Punjab to other provinces during Rabi- 2006

Shifted from Shifted toProvin

ceStation Sector Sindh NWFP B.ta

nAJK Export Total

28

Punjab PSC Public 73 1136 140 229 1750 3328Khanewal Private 0 0 0 0 0 0R.Y.Khan “ 13795 1806 875 0 0 1647

6Sahiwal “ 266 6790 243 0 0 7299Total (Pub+

Pvt)1413

49732 1258 229 1750 2710

3

Wheat seed problems, solution and action plan:

Various problems associated with wheat seed industry of Pakistan are given as under along with the solutions and proposed action plan.

Sr.

Problems Solution Action Plan

1 Less availability of productive varieties like Inqilab-91

Breeding high yielding varieties

Meeting of wheat group under the chair of National Coordinator

2 Lack of genetic diversity

Use of germplasm of diverse origin

Collection of diversified germplasm and more number of crosses/hybridization to yield a wide range of segregants

3 Pathological diseases Breeding and development of resistant varieties

-do-

4 Less availability of high quality early generation seed

Increased availability of Pre-Basic and Basic seed

- Stressing PSC- Foundation seed cells in private sector- Early generation seed production project of MINFAL.

2. COTTON SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Cotton Varieties:

Detail of released and registered varieties of cotton is as under. This indicates a significant number of varieties of cotton that were released by the provincial research institute for general cultivation from 1971-2007. There is still a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of cotton that are resistant to cotton boll worms, tolerant to cotton leaf curl virus (CLCV) and other biotic and abiotic stresses.

29

Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of cotton:

Sr.

Province



Remarks


Total 78 25

Table-2. Variety-wise cotton seed testing 2005-06

Sr.


Accepted (MT)

Acceptance

%age

1 Punjab CIM-496 18490 15363 53.03CIM-506 6688 5630 19.43BH-160 3217 2755 9.51CIM-499 1982 1660 5.73NIAB-111 2075 1579 5.45CIM-473 1642 1338 4.62FH-901 568 518 1.79FH-1000 76 40 0.14CIM-446 48 43 0.15NIAB-999 24 24 0.08CIM-707 23 18 0.08HA-151 4 4 0.01

Total (12) 34,836 28,970 100

2 Sindh NIAB-78 12097 9860 93.93CRIS-134 598 308 2.93CIM-473 319 197 1.88CRIS-473 117 102 0.97CRIS-9 21 15 0.14FH-901 10 9 0.09

Shahbaz 3 2 0.01Chandi 1 1 0.01

CRIS-467 1 1 0.01Sophni 1 1 0.01FH-901 1 1 0.01

Marvi(CRIS-5A)

1 1 0.01

Total (12) 13,169 10,496 100

30

4 Balochistan NIAB-78 195 195 100.00

Pakistan G.Total (25) 48,200 39,661 --

Cotton Seed Requirement & Availability:

During 2005-06, public and private sector seed agencies procured and made available to the growers about 39,844.76 mt fuzzy and delinted cotton seed that makes about 64.27 % of total cotton seed requirements (62000 mt). Out of the total procurement about 29098.23 mt (46.93% of total seed requirement) were distributed during the year. Reason for less distribution/ more left over quantity of certified seed was due to more distribution of the seed of cotton variety CIM-496 that was approved late in the season (on 17-2-2005, in the 30th

meeting of Provincial Seed Council) and was not provided the certification coverage by the department.

Table-3. Procurement and distribution of cotton seed (2005-06) Province/Region


Procurement(MT)

Distribution After

Shifting(MT)

(2005-06) (Kharif, 2006)

Punjab Pubic 15000 4144.00 3285.00Private 33600 24826 17010.56Shifting 1476Total 48600 30446.09 20295.56

%age of TSR 62.65 41.76

Sindh Pubic 3000 21.87 21.87Private 9400 10739.80 8667.80Shifting 97.00Total 12400 10,761.67 8786.67

%age of TSR 86.79 70.86

NWFP Pubic 200 0.00 0.00Private 0 0.00 0.00Shifting 208.00Total 200 0.00 208.00

%age of TSR 104.00

Balochistan

Pubic 0 0.00 0.00

Private 800 113.00 113.00Shifting 183.00

31

Total 800 113.00 296.00%age of TSR 14.13 37.00

Pakistan Pubic 18200 4165.87 3306.87Private 43800 35678.89 25791.36ShiftingTotal 62000 39,844.76 29,098.23

%age of TSR 64.27 46.93

Cotton seed problems, solution and action plan:

Various problems associated with cotton seed industry of Pakistan are given as under along with the solutions and proposed action plan.

Sr.


1 Lack of biologically diverse and more productive varieties with quality fibre traits and bollworms and CLCV resistance.

Collection and utilization of diverse germplasm and development of high yielding varieties having quality fibre traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.

Pakistan Central Cotton Committee (PCCC) and Provincial cotton research system

2 There is a serious demand for checking of pre-mature release of newly developed cotton varieties by the public sector research institutes as well control on indiscriminate spread of unapproved cotton varieties by the private sector as well.

Strict following of variety release protocols and avoiding leakage of premature varieties from research institutes/breeders.

PCCC/Provinces Cotton System

3 Illegal spread of Bt cotton

Regulation of biotech varieties

- Strict regulation of Government

- Immediate approval/promulgation of revised seed act/Plant Breeders Rights

- Joint Ventures with

32

multinational stakeholders for R&D and commercial seed production

3. RICE/PADDY SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Rice Varieties:

Detail of released and registered varieties of cotton is given in Table-1. This indicates that no significant number of rice varieties were developed and released by the federal/ provincial research institute for general cultivation. There exists a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of rice that are resistant to insects, diseases and other biotic and abiotic stresses.

Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of rice:

Sr.

Province



Remarks


Total 34 24

Table-2. Variety-wise before processing paddy seed testing 2005-06

Sr.


Accepted (MT)

Acceptance

%age

1 Punjab B.Super 9483 7212 52.16KS-282 3859 3541 25.61IRRI-6 2102 1716 12.41IRRI-9 632 350 2.53B-2000 993 700 5.06B-385 549 306 2.21B-Pak 1 1 0.01B-198 1 1 0.01B-370 1 1 0.01

Total (9) 17,621 13,827 100

2 Sindh IRRI-6 1462 1040 77.08KS-282 308 308 21.05

33

Sarshar 81 81 5.53DR-92 16 16 1.09Shua 11 11 0.78

Shadab 5 5 0.37Khanewal-95 1 1 0.04

Khushboo 1 1 0.04Total (8) 1,885 1,463 100

3 NWFP IRRI-6 185 0 0.00JP-5 28 28 50.98

Fakhr-e-Malakand

21 21 39.41

B-385 2 2 4.10Swat-1 1 1 1.84Swat-2 1 1 1.84

Dilrosh-97 1 1 1.84Total (7) 239 54 100

Pakistan G.Total (24) 19,745 15,345 --

Paddy Seed Requirement & Availability:

During 2005-06, public and private Sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers about 15812.50 mt fine and coarse varieties of paddy seed that makes about 39.89% of total paddy seed requirements (39645 mt). This included an imported quantity of 360.49 mt hybrid seed of paddy. Out of the total procurement about 12518.13 mt (31.58% of total seed requirement) were distributed during the year.

Table-3. Procurement and distribution of paddy seed (2005-06) Province/Region


Procurement(MT)

Distribution After

Shifting(MT)

(2005-06) (Kharif, 2006)

Punjab Pubic 8000 1641.00 1192.60(Fine) Private 9760 6149.90 4690.08

Total 17760 7790.90 5882.68%age of TSR 43.87 33.12

Punjab Pubic 2000 1199.00 784.00(Coarse) Private 2720 4482.05 3581.90

Total 4720 5681.05 4365.90%age of TSR 120.36 92.50

34

Punjab Pubic 17760 2840.00 1976.60(Fine+Coars

e)Private 4720 10631.95 8271.98

Total 22480 13471.95 10248.58%age of TSR 59.93 45.59

Sindh Pubic 3000 388.56 425.56Private 8860 1354.50 1246.50Total 11860 1743.06 1672.06

%age of TSR 14.70 14.10

NWFP Pubic 500 227.00 227.00(Fine+Coars

e)Private 685 10.00 10.00

Total 1185 237.00 237.00%age of TSR 20.00 20.00

Balochistan

Pubic 2000 0.00 0.00

Private 2120 0.00 0.00Total 4120 0.00 0.00

%age of TSR 0.00 0.00

Pakistan Pubic 23260 3455.56 2629.16(Fine+Coars

e)Private 16385 11996.45 9528

Total 39645 15,452.01 12,157.64%age of TSR 38.98 30.67

Import 360.49 360.49G.Total 39645 15812.50 12518.13

39.89 31.58

Paddy seed problems, solution and action plan:

Various problems associated with paddy seed industry of Pakistan are given as under along with the solutions and proposed action plan.

Sr.


1 Lack of biologically diverse and more productive varieties with improved quality and resistance to

Collection and utilization of diverse germplasm and development of high yielding varieties having quality fibre traits and

- Federal/Provincial rice research system

35

traditional pathological complex.

resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.

2 Increasing demand/import of hybrid rice

Well managed and coordinated hybrids paddy seed production programmmes need to be initiated in provincial research institutes. Each institute should release a few most promising hybrids and its contract production in private sector should be promoted.

- Federal/Provincial rice research system

- Joint ventures for hybrid seed R&D and commercial hybrid seed production

4. MAIZE SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Maize Varieties:

Detail of released and registered varieties of maize is given in Table-1. This indicates that no significant numbers of maize varieties were developed and released by the federal/ provincial research institute for general cultivation especially the hybrid maize varieties. There exists a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding hybrid varieties of maize that are resistant to insects, diseases and other biotic and abiotic stresses.

Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of maize:

Sr.

Province


Number of varieties under

Cultivation

Remarks

1 Public (OPV)

Punjab 8 4

Sindh 0 0NWFP 10 5B.tan 0 0

2 Private

(Hybrid)

Punjab 2 0

36

Total 20 9

Table-2. Variety-wise before processing maize seed testing 2005-06

Sr.


Accepted (MT)

Acceptance

%age

1 Punjab SRG-2202 1190 1140 89.35SWL-2002 148 134 10.50

Sadaf 1 1 0.08Agaiti-2002 1 1 0.08Total (4) 1340 1276 100

2 NWFP Jalal-2003 69 69 55.20Azam 53 53 42.40

Kissan-90 1 1 0.80Pahari 1 1 0.80

Sarhad White 1 1 0.80Total (5) 125 125 100

Pakistan Total (OPV) 1464 1401 --

Maize Seed Requirement & Availability:

During 2005-06, public and private Sector seed agencies produced locally and made available to the growers about 3201.11 mt of corn seed (1398.11 mt open pollinated and 1803.00 mt hybrid varieties). 7443.61 mt of hybrid maize seed was imported during the year by national, multinational seed companies and importers. Total maize seed availability during the year including both imported and locally produced seed was 10644.72 mt that was about 34.46% of total seed requirement (30888 mt).

Out of this total procurement about 9063.01 mt (29.34% of total seed requirement) were distributed during the year with a leftover quantity of about 1581.71 mt for the year.

Due to recent crisis in poultry industry the demand and use of commercial maize was reduced significantly that resulted in less distribution of maize seed in the corn growing belts of the country and more left over.

37

Efforts are on the way to monitor, coordinate and strengthen the local hybrid seed production programmmes of both national and multinational private seed companies and reducing the import of hybrid maize seed.

Multinational companies should be bound to strengthen their indigenous hybrid seed production programmmes and increase their local hybrid production. Provincial maize research institutes should manage contract production through coordination with private seed companies to increase local hybrid seed production.

Table-3. Procurement and distribution of maize seed (2005-06) Province/Region

Sector Total Seed Requirement (TSR)

in MT

Procurement

(MT)

Distribution After Shifting

(MT)

Punjab Public (OPV) 138.13 138.13Private (OPV) 1136.43 1136.43

Pvt Hybrid MNSCs 1414.00 1414.00Pvt Hybrid NSCs 334 334.00

MNSCs+NSCs+Importers

6383.61 4875.90

Total 15900 9406.17 7898.46%age of TSR 59.16 49.68

Sindh Total 105 0.00 0.00%age of TSR 0.00 0.00

NWFP Public (OPV) 123.55 123.55Private (OPV) 0.00 0.00

Pvt Hybrid MNSCs 0.00 0.00Pvt Hybrid NSCs 55.00 55.00

MNSCs+NSCs+Importers

1060.00 986.00

Total 14760 1238.55 1164.55%age of TSR 8.39 7.89

Balochistan

Total 123 0.00 0.00

%age of TSR 0.00 0.00

Pakistan Public (OPV) 261.68 261.68(Local

Production)

Private (OPV) 1136.43 1136.43

38

Pvt Hybrid (MNSCs) 1414.00 1414.00Pvt Hybrid (NSCs) 389 389

Local OPV (Pub+Pvt) 1398.11 1398.11Local Hybrids

(MNSCs+NSCs)1803.00 1803.00

Imported MNSCs+NSCs+Importers

7443.61 5861.90

Total (Local+Imported)

10644.72 9063.01

%age of TSR 34.46 29.34

Table-4. Split up of local hybrid maize production by multinational and national seed companies during 2005-06

Sr.

Name of Company Carried over

Local Productio

n

Import Total Availabilit

y

Distribution

1 ICI Pakistan Limited, Lahore

0.00 91.00 100.00 191.00 128.00

2 Monsanto Agritech Pvt Ltd., Lahore

16.50 1113.00 1567.50 2727.00 1182.00

3 Pioneer Pakistan Seed Limited

200.00 210.00 5022.00 5232.00 2500.00

4 Syngenta Pakistan Limited

0.00 0.00 304.00 304.00 275.00

Total (Multinationals) 246.50 1414.00 6993.50 8454.00 4485.005 National Seed Companies

(18)0.00 389.00 0.00 389.00 389.00

G.Total Hybrid Maize (National+Multinational)

246.50 1803.00 6993.50 8843.00 8843.00

Table-5. Availability of Maize Seeds During, 2000-06

Year Total Seed Seed Availability (MT) Import Import

39

Requirement Value Price(MT) Local Imported Total (Mill.

Rupees)(Rs./Kg)

1998-9928,866

1900.396.58 %

1518.615.26 %

341911.84 %

168.23 49.21

1999-00 28,851 14114.89 %

342911.89 %

484016.78 %

242.90 50.19

2000-01 28,323 6292.22 %

23008.12 %

292910.34 %

416.41 142.17

2001-02 28,248 9083.21 %

22277.88 %

313511.10 %

223.87 71.41

2002-03 28,065 1470.785.24 %

3536.5012.60 %

5007.2817.84 %

443.44 97.45

2003-04 28,413 1572.005.53 %

3749.0013.19 %

5321.0018.72 %

441.00 93.85

2004-05 29,454 1987.336.75 %

4318.0714.66 %

6305.4021.41 %

798.17 184.84

2005-06 30,888 3201.1110.36%

7443.6124.10%

10644.7234.46 %

1338.24 179.78

2006-07

Maize seed problems, solution and action plan:

Various problems associated with paddy seed industry of Pakistan are given as under along with the solutions and proposed action plan.

Sr.


1 Increasing demand/import of hybrid maize

Well managed and coordinated hybrids maize seed production programmmes need to be initiated in provincial research institutes. The institute should release a few most promising hybrids and its contract production in private sector should be promoted.

- Federal/Provincial maize research system

- Joint ventures for hybrid seed R&D and commercial hybrid seed production

40

5. PULSES SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

5-1. Position of Gram Seed:

Gram Varieties:

Detail of released and registered varieties of gram/chickpea is as under. There is still a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of gram that are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of gram:

Sr.

Province



Remarks

1 Islamabad

1 1


Total 27 9

Gram Seed Requirement & Availability:

Procurement & distribution of gram seed is highly fluctuating. Being a rainfed area crop, its distribution and marketing targets are never predictable for any year. During good crop seasons farmers retain their own seed and companies are unable to market the procured seed according to their expected targets.

During 2005-06, public and private Sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers about 225 mt gram seed that makes about 0.53 % of total gram seed requirements (8516 mt) and the same quantity was distributed as a whole.

These pulses have very high prices in the market but there are serious marketing problems in case of seeds of pulses. A huge amount is expended every year on the import of major pulses.

Both public and private sector can be encouraged to promote the procurement and distribution of Rabi & kharif pulses crops seed including gram through increase in minimum support prices of these pulses and sustainable procurement by PASSCO & Utility Stores Corporation of Pakistan (USCP).

41

Table-3. Procurement and distribution of gram seed (2005-06) Province/Region


Procurement(MT)

Distribution After

Shifting(MT)

Punjab Pubic 15000 60.00 60.00Private 22108 148.00 148.00Total 37108 208.00 208.00

%age of TSR 0.56 0.56


%age of TSR 0.00 0.00

NWFP Pubic 900 17.00 17.00Private 1060 0.00 0.00Total 1960 17.00 17.00

%age of TSR 0.87 0.87

Balochistan

Pubic 600 0.00 0.00

Private 852 0.00 0.00Total 1452 0.00 0.00

%age of TSR 0.00 0.00

Pakistan Pubic 17500 77.00 77.00Private 25080 148.00 148.00Total 42580 225.00 225.00

%age of TSR 0.53 0.53

5-2. Position of Mungbean Seed:

Mungbean Varieties:

Detail of released and registered varieties of mungbean/green-gram is as under. There is still a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of mungbean that are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of mungbean:Sr.

Province



Remarks

42

1 Islamabad

0 0


Total 18 7Mungbean Seed Requirement & Availability:

Procurement & distribution of mungbean (green gram) seed is also highly fluctuating like gram.

During 2005-06, public and private Sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers about 416.92 mt mungbean seed that makes about 7.95 % of total mung seed requirements (5246 mt) and the same quantity was distributed as a whole.

Table-3. Procurement and distribution of mungbean seed (2005-06) Province/Region


Procurement(MT)

Distribution After

Shifting(MT)

Punjab Pubic 400 94.82 94.82Private 539 288.00 288.00Total 639 382.82 382.82

%age of TSR 8.16 8.16


%age of TSR 17.00 17.00

NWFP Pubic 20 0.10 0.10Private 30 0.00 0.00Total 50 0.10 0.10

%age of TSR 0.04 0.04

Balochistan

Pubic 10 0.00 0.00

Private 10 0.00 0.00Total 20 0.00 0.00

%age of TSR 0.00 0.00

Pakistan Pubic 440 94.92 94.92

43

Private 609 322.00 322.00Total 1049 416.92 416.92

%age of TSR 7.95 7.95

6. VEGETABLES SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Vegetable Varieties:

Detail of released and registered varieties of vegetables is as under. It has been observed that most of these varieties are either introduction or selection from introduction. There is still a huge scope for the development and release of high yielding varieties of various vegetables that are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Table-1. Status of released & registered varieties of vegetables:

Sr.

Province



Remarks

1 Islamabad

0 0


Total 49 26

Vegetables Seed Requirement & Availability:

During 2005-06, total seed requirement of various summer and winter vegetables was estimated as 5500 mt.

Both public and private sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers on local basis only 713.17mt vegetables seeds that makes about 12.97% of total vegetables seed requirements while 6526.14 mt seed was imported.

Thus a total availability of vegetables seed is about 7239.31mt which is more than our total vegetables seed requirement. Around 10-15% of the imported vegetables seed is re-exported to Afghanistan.

44

Strengthening Indigenous Vegetables Seed Production:

We lack some strong and well managed vegetables breeding programme in any province so far. Research system of Punjab province provided quite significant number of vegetables varieties but most of them are either introductions or selection form the introduction.

The success of vegetables seed production depends on the availability of elite genetic resources for breeding programme, technology, capital resources, human resources and appropriate climate and soil conditions and also marketing efficiency of vegetables produce. Regulatory frame, Government policies and sound vegetable breeding programmmes are extremely essential to lead sound national programmmes.

Vegetable variety development programme in Pakistan could not get appropriate attention, as priority to Government for human resources development, allocation of resources, support price infrastructure and investment in agro based industry specifically confine to major crops like wheat, cotton, rice & sugarcane. Hence vegetable crop variety development remained at low profile and consequently coaching was supposed to depend on imported costly hybrid seed.

Vegetable seed production programme could be strengthened by joint venture for seed production between top local seed companies and multinational seed companies of good repute. Some novel recent activities in seed sector like management of vegetables seed import by Monsanto Company under the brand of Seminis seed and setting up of AVRDC office at NARC, Islamabad are more appreciating to establish a proper quality vegetables seed marketing/production in the country.

Two following mega projects of vegetables seed production have been recently initiated by the Federal government. Their particulars are as followed;

Table-2. Particulars of two vegetables seed production projects

Sr.

Name of Project Worth

(Million

PKR)

Duration

Objectives

1 “Establishment of Seed Certification System for Vegetables seed production in N.A.s and AJK (ESCS-VSP-NA&AJK).”

37.545

3 years

2005-06

2008-09

With the aim to increase the supply of high quality certified seeds of vegetables in N.A.s and AJK. Four vegetables seed testing labs have been set up in AJK and Northern area to provide

45

seed certification services to both public and private sector. Two training programmmes on vegetables seed production and vegetable seed health testing have recently been conducted to develop and strengthen the professional human resources.

2 Establishment of Facilitation Unit for Participatory Vegetable Seed and Nursery Production Program (EFUPVSNP)”

450 5 years2006-

072010-

11

The basic objective of this project is to provide sound technological basis for Vegetable Seed & Nursery Production in Pakistan, particularly production of High-Tech and Hybrid Seeds and production and certification of fruit plant nurseries through acquiring and transfer of Advance Technologies and by creating Enabling Environment for Seed Industry in this field.

Table-3. Availability of Various Vegetables Seeds During, 2000-06

Year Total SeedRequirement

Seed Availability (MT) Import Value

(MT) Local Imported Total (Mill.Rupees)1997-98 5000 1.00

(0.02%)2271.9

(45.43%)2272.9

(45.46%)188.90

1998-99 5000 59.34(1.18%)

4583.30(91.66%)

4642.64(92.85%)

363.20

1999-00 5085 107(2.10%)

3553.54(69.88%)

3660.54(71.93%)

347.10

2000-01 5085 211.90(4.16%)

3445.72(67.76%)

3657.62(71.92%)

314.68

2001-02 5150 592.82(11.51%)

2635.20(51.16%)

3228.02(62.67%)

309.81

2002-03 5156 645.50(12.53%)

2450.63(47.52%)

3087.13(60.05%)

393.97

2003-04 5268 861.06(16.34%)

3151.32(59.82%)

4012.38(76.16%)

434.13

2004-05 5270 408(7.74%)

4631.68(87.89%)

5039.68(95.62%)

599.54

46

2005-06 5500 713.17(12.97%)

6526.14*(+100%)

7239.31*(+100%)

803.80

*Note: Some unknown quantity of vegetables seeds is re-exported to Afghanistan after import to Pakistan from last few years.

Regarding vegetable seed production, the situation is quite depressive due to lack of a strong and well managed vegetables breeding programme in any province. Research system of Punjab province provided quite significant number of vegetables varieties but most of them are either introductions or selection form the introduction.

Vegetable seed production is highly technical and labour intensive process. Proper handling of seed at pre/post harvesting stages is very essential. The success of vegetables seed production depends on the availability of elite genetic resources for breeding programme, technology, capital resources, human resources and appropriate climate and soil conditions and also marketing efficiency of vegetables produce. Regulatory frame, Government policies and sound vegetable breeding programmes are extremely essential to lead sound national programmes.

Vegetable variety development programme in Pakistan could not get appropriate attention, as priority to Government for human resources development, allocation of resources, support price infrastructure and investment in agro based industry specifically confine to major crops like wheat, cotton, rice & sugarcane. Hence vegetable crop variety development remained at low profile and consequently coaching was supposed to depend on imported costly hybrid seed.

Vegetable breeding programme was previously based on indigenous genetic resources or either selection or introduction of very common old traditionally grown varieties which are not competitive with the imported hi-tech hybrid seeds. During last five years vegetables variety development programme is restricted to only 50 varieties out of which only 4-5 varieties developed through hybridization otherwise all others are low yielding open pollinated varieties.

Vegetable seed production programme could be strengthened by joint venture for seed production between top local seed companies and multinational seed companies of good repute. Some novel recent activities in seed sector like management of vegetables seed import by Monsanto Company under the brand of Seminis seed and setting up of AVRDC office at NARC, Islamabad are more appreciating to establish a proper quality vegetables seed marketing/production in the country.

47

7. OILSEEDS INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Sunflower, canola, rapseeds & mustards, soybean, Sesamum, linseed and groundnut are important oilseed crops of Pakistan. Major oilseed crops include sunflower and canola.

Oilseed Requirement & Availability:

During 2005-06, total seed requirement of various oilseeds was estimated as 15,216 mt.

Both public and private sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers on local basis only 156.95 mt oilseeds that makes about 1.03 % of total oilseeds requirement while 1636.02 mt of the seeds including sunflower & canola were imported during the year. Thus a total availability of oilseeds is about 1792.97 mt which is about 11.78 % of the total oilseeds requirement of the country.

Strengthening Indigenous Oilseed Production:

There is no strong and well managed breeding programme for oilseeds production in any province and most the seed requirements are fulfilled

48

through import by multinational seed companies, national seed companies and importers.

Provincial research institutes should release the most productive sunflower and canola hybrids and through coordination of private sector seed companies the local hybrid seed production of oilseeds should be geared up.

Table-1. Availability of Sunflower Seeds During, 2000-06


Seed Availability (MT) Import Value Import Price

(MT) Local Imported Total (Mill.Rupees) (Rs./Kg)2000-01 1250 224.80

(17.98%)257.20

(20.58%)502

(40.16%)50.27 195.45

2001-02 1350 432.36(32.03%)

359.90(26.66%)

468.35(34.69%)

70.01 194.93

2002-03 1612 7.88(0.49%)

468.00(29.03%)

475.88(29.52%)

94.40 201.71

2003-04 1730 4.00(0.20%)

1093.00(63.18%)

1097(63.41%)

213.14 195.01

2004-05 2025 4.00(0.20%)

1436.36(70.93%)

1440.36(71.13%)

315.42 219.60

2005-06 2265 0.00(0.00%)

1618.02(71.44%)

1618.02(71.44%)

358.18 221.37

2006-07

Table-1. Availability of canola seeds during, 2000-07


Seed Availability (MT) Import Value Import Price

(MT) Local Imported Total (Mill.Rupees) (Rs./Kg)2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-052005-062006-07

49

8. FODDERS SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Important Summer Fodders of Pakistan include Sorghum, Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrid, maize, Pearlmillet, mothbean and other summer grasses. Winter Season Fodders include Berseem, Oats, Alfalfa, Persian Clovers, Brassica, Barley and other winter grasses.

Fodders Seed Requirement & Availability:

During 2005-06, total seed requirement of various summer and winter fodders seed was estimated as 158,129 mt.

Both public and private sector seed agencies produced and made available to the growers on local basis only 137.98 mt fodders seed that makes only 0.24% of total fodder seed requirement while 9751.40 mt fodders seeds were imported during the year.

50

Thus a total availability of fodders seeds is about 9888.38 mt which is about 17.01% of the total fodders seed requirement of the country.

Strengthening indigenous fodders seed Production:

There is no strong and well managed breeding programme for fodders seeds production in any province and most the seed requirements are fulfilled through import by multinational seed companies, national seed companies and importers.

Provincial research institutes should release the most productive fodder varieties and through coordination of private sector seed companies the local hybrid seed production of various fodders (sorghum, mazenta, bajra-napier grass hybrid etc.) should be geared up.

There is no strong and well managed breeding programme for fodders seed production in any province and most the seed requirements are fulfilled through import my multinational seed companies, national seed companies and importers.

Provincial research institutes should release the most productive sorghum-sudan grass and other fodder hybrids and through coordination of private sector seed companies the local hybrid seed production of fodders should be geared up.

Table1. Import of fodders seeds, 2002-06

Year/MT

Alfalfa(Million US $)

Berseem(Million US $)

Sorghum/SSG

(Million US $)

Millets

(Million US $)

Grasses (Million US $)

Total (MT)

(Million US $)

2002-03 87(0.11)

9929(790)

1367(0.93)

00(0.00)

00(0.00)

11338(8.90)

51

2003-04 5.0(0.02)

4348(3.00)

1203(1.00)

00(0.00)

00(0.00)

6325(4.00)

2004-05 0.00(0.00)

2374.60(1.79)

1395(0.84)

2.31(0.16)

1.67(0.01)

3773.58(11.61)

2005-06 67.00(0.12)

5740(3.43)

3925.09(1.71)

18.01(0.02)

13.0(0.01)

9751.40(5.29)

9. FRUITS CERTIFICATION SCHEME:

52

Fruit Certification Programme is aimed to provide disease free/ healthy and true to type/genuine certified fruit plants to fruit growers through registered fruit nurseries. It is also ventured to expand the coverage of this programme throughout the country.

There is no fruit plant certification programme in the country except in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) where a proactive programme of registration of fruit nurseries and certification of fruit plants specifically of pome and stone fruits has been initiated.

Three Germplasm Units (GPUs) for certification of fruit plants/ propagating material were set up in NWFP for certification of tropical (D.I.Khan), sub-tropical (Dargai, Swat), and temperate fruits/pome & stone fruits (Baikan, Swat). More than 300 nurseries have been registered while about 3000 certified plants were distributed through these nurseries during 2006-07.

Other provincial governments have also initiated this project through assistance of Asian development Bank (ADB) on citrus, peaches, mango and date palm etc.

Joint ventures with foreign seed companies like Monsanto have been advocated for research & development work and commercial hybrid seed production of vegetables.

Table-8 Particulars of Fruit Germplasm Units (GPUs) established in NWFP

Sr. Type of Germplasm

Unit

Location Group of Fruits Fruits Crops

1 Temperate Baikan, Swat, NWFP

Pome & Stone Fruits Apple, Cherry, Peach, Plum, Apricot etc.

2 Sub Tropical Durgai, NWFP Citrus & Guava Citrus & Guava

3 Tropical D.I.Khan, NWFP Mango & Date Palm Mango & Date Palm

53

10. FLOWER/ ORNEMENTAL PLANTS SEED CERTIFICATION:

In Pakistan the flower seeds, bulk and other planting material of ornamental plants are produced by many private companies. The production of hybrid seeds of flowers was taken up by a few companies few years ago but it could not be sustained due to lack of Intellectual Property Rights, lack of elite genetic material for inbred lines etc. Production and export of open pollinated flower seeds has, however been taken up by some private nurseries dealing with indoor/outdoor ornamental plants.

Unfortunately, flower seed production and trade is very little in volume and demand is very much higher. However, with the increasing emphasis on healthy environment for human living in cities, the demand of quality flower seeds and bulbs is expected to go up. Although the export of flower seeds is not substantial at present, there is an immense potential to increase it considerably. Unfortunately, seeds/bulbs or propagating material of flowers have not been brought under certification cover due to least attended public sector breeding programme in flouriculture.

54

Import and Export of Seeds:

A significant quantity of hybrid seeds of maize, sunflower and fodders is imported in Pakistan by national and multinational seed companies, seed dealers and importers etc. Similarly surplus seeds of wheat, potato and vegetables are also exported to Afghanistan etc. by the public and private seed companies. Brief information on seed import and export during last few years is given in the following table.

Table-24. Year-wise trend of import of various crops seeds in Pakistan.

Year of Import Vegetable SeedsOther Crops

SeedsTotal (MT)

Value(Million PKR)

2006-07

2005-06 6526 25703 32229 3117

2004-05 4632 14977 19609 2111

2003-04 3151 10369 13520 1396

2002-03 2451 18655 21106 1904

2001-02 2635 11697 14332 910

2000-01 3446 15387 18833 1377

* Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

Table-26 Export of Certified Seeds to Various Countries

Year Crop /SeedQuantity

(MT)Exported To By Orders

Exporting Agency

2000-01 Sesamum 10 Iraq FAO Bias SC,Multan

2000-01 Wheat Inq.91 500 Afghanistan FAO PSC

2001-02 -do-306135001000

AfghanistanAfghanistanAfghanistan

FAO,ICARDADACAAR

-do-

2001-02 -do- 430* Afghanistan FAO-FSI* Bias SC,Multan

2002-03 -do- 365 Afghanistan

CIMMYT 300mt M/s

German Action, Peshawar 65

mt.

PSC, Lahore

55

2002-03 Peas seed

84.414240

166.41

MoroccoCasablanca

UKItaly

PrivatePak . Agri. Services,

Gujranwala

2003-04Potato

Card./Desiree50 Afghanistan AKRSP/AKDN

AKRSP/North South SC

2004-05 Vegetables12.3353.265.53

AfghanistanAfghanistan

PrivateHaji Nathu

Khan, PeshawerSher Ali &

Bros., Peshawer

2005-06 Wheat (Inqilab) 469 AfghanistanFAO, Rome,

ItalyPSC, Lahore

2006-07 Wheat (Inqilab) 1750 AfghanistanFAO, Rome,

ItalyPSC, Lahore

Seed Health Testing:

Formal seed health testing is carried out by Central Seed Health Testing Laboratory (CSHTL) situated at headquarter. Samples are tested for the detection of fungi, bacteria and viruses through ELISA and other sophisticated seed health testing techniques. Seed health testing progress during the years 1999-2007 is briefed as under.

Table -27 Seed Health Testing Progress 1999-2007

Years Number of Samples of Seed

Wheat Paddy Mungbean Cotton Vegetable Potato Fruit Total

1999-00 158 6 7 68 13 34 1008 1294

2000-01 125 39 8 50 23 24 10762 11031

2001-02 445 8 7 9 43 1540 436 2488

2002-03 285 30 4 20 45 1146 5001 6531

2003-04 402 18 5 30 60 2561 6451 9527

2004-05 242 47 23 12 14 367 1026 1731

2005-06 413 45 35 2 120 385 460 1460

2006-07

56

Seed Act Enforcement and Monitoring:

Enforcement activities to monitor and regulate the seed quality in the seed markets are carried out by nominated Seed Inspectors/Seed Analysts under the various provisions of Seed Act, 1976 and Seed (Truth in Labeling) Rules, 1991. Particulars of seed act enforcement activities during the years 2000-07 are given in the following table.

Table-29: Summary of Seed Act Enforcement Activities during 2000-07

Year Total Number of Cases Quantity of Seed Stock FineSubmitte

dDecided Pending Sampled Confiscated Imposed

(Bags) (Kg) (Kg) (PKR)

2000-01 240 89 151 4576 290922 290922 836002001-02 223 69 154 6954 2590 2590 481502002-03 217 80 137 7343 3356 3356 524202003-04 385 230 155 10477 58325 58325 1516092004-05 295 99 196 41962 1221983 46185 67100

2005-06 439 94 345 18571 300164 77912 72000

2006-07

Note: All years figures are under progress and updated regularly after the reported decision of each pending case

Table-32: Potato seed requirement and availability 2002-07


Seed Availability (MT.) Value of Imported

Seed(MT) Local Imported Total Million Rs.

2002-03 2,89,500 818.2(0.28%)

4210.42(1.45%)

5028.62(1.73%)

133.284

2003-04 2,74,300 1115(0.41%)

805.4(0.29%)

1920.4(0.70%)

26.103

2004-05 2,74,300 1025.90(0.37%)

5027.00(1.83%)

6052.90(2.20%)

186.80

2005-06 2,76,250 2031.90(0.74%)

6511.03(2.36%)

8542.93(3.09%)

229.19

2006-07


57

Table-33 Import of fodders seed in MT during 2002-07

Year

AlfalfaQuantity (mt)

Value (Mil. US$)

Berseem Sorghum Total

2002-03Quantity (mt)

Value(Mil.US $)87

(0.11)9,929(7.90)

1,367(0.93)

11,383(8.90)


Value(Mil.US $)5.0

(0.02)4,348(3.00)

1,203(1.00)

6,325(4.00)


Value(Mil.US $)0.00

(0.00%)12,503(10.60)

1,395(0.84)

13,898(11.40)


Value(Mil.US $)67

(0.12)5,740(3.43)

3,925.09(1.71)

9,751.40(5.29)


Value(Mil.US $)


Table-34 Fodders seeds availability 2005-06

Crop/ Seed

Total Seed Seed Availability (MT)

Requirement Public Private Import Total%age of

TSR

Berseem 6150 5.70 4.56 5740.00 5750.26 93.50

Alfalfa 2146 0.13 2.62 67.00 69.75 3.25

Shaftal 4589 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Seinji 14350 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Sorghum 2522 11.07 0.00 1139.47 1150.54 45.62

SSG-Hybrid 1765 0.28 0.00 2785.62 2785.90 157.84

Pearlmillet 3153 31.29 22.00 18.01 71.30 2.26

Oats 9458 3.28 0.00 0.00 3.28 0.03

Guarseed 4414 43.05 14.00 0.00 57.05 1.29

Grasses 755 0.00 0.00 1.30 1.30 0.17

Total 49,302 94.80 43.18 9751.40 9889.38 20.06

Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad.

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Table-35 ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE COMMERCIAL MARKET OF SEED, 2005-06

Crop/SeedTotal Seed

Requirement (MT)

Seed Availability

(MT)

Av. Price(Rs./Kg)

Internal Commercial

Market(Mill. PKR.)

Internal Commercial

Market(Mill. US $)

Wheat 1010520 202104 16 3233.66 53.89

Cotton 62,000 39658 28 1110.42 18.51

Paddy* 39,645 15627 21 328.17 5.47

Maize* 41,184 10837 300 3251.10 54.19

Pulses 49,115 585 --- 18 0.30

Oilseeds* 15,218 1793 --- 655 10.92

Sunflower* 2,265 1618 400 647.20 10.79

Canola 131 90 30 2.70 0.05

Fodders* 58,129 9889 60 593.34 9.89

Vegetables* 5,500 7239 --- 918 15.30

Potato* 2,76,250 8543 38 324.63 5.41

Total (2005-06)

15,57,561 316889 --- 10432.32 173.88

. also include imported quantities Source: FSC&RD, Islamabad** Reflects the commercial value of the available seed in the country during 2005-06 ( 1 US $= 60 Rs)

Table-36 PRICES OF LOCAL SEEDS, 2002- 06*

CROP/SEED SALE PRICE (Rs./Kg)

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Wheat 12.00 12.50 15.00 16.25

Cotton Fuzzy 30.00 41.00 37.50 34.00

Cotton Delinted 43.00 52.50 48.00 44.00

Paddy Coarse 13.50 13.50 16.00 17.00

Paddy Fine 25.00 26.00 27.50 27.00

Gram 31.50 18.00 21.00 22.50

Mung 25.00 25.00 25.00 33.00

Source: Punjab Seed Corporation, Lahore

Table-37 IMPORT PRICE (C&F) AND SALE PRICES (Rs./Kg) DURING THE YEAR 2005-0659

CROPIMPORT PRICE(Rs./Kg)

EXPENDITURE BY IMPORTER

(13%)TOTAL

SALE PRICE(Rs/Kg)

LOCAL PRICE(Rs/Kg)

Maize 184 23.92 207.92 325-330 200

Sunflower 219 28.47 247.47 450-475

Potato 38 4.94 42.94 64-68 26-28

Canola 286 37.18 323.18 575

Berseem 49 6.37 55.37 100 50-60

Sorghum 33 4.29 37.29 70 22-26

• Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

Table-38 FRUIT PLANTS GERMPLASM UNITS (GPUs)

Sr Type of GPU Group Location Crop/Fruit

Numberof varieties

1 Temperate Pome/Stone Fruits

Baikan, Swat Swat ApplePear

CherryPeachPlum

ApricotRootstock

21090605060413

2 Tropical Various D.I.Khan DatapalmMangoGuava

BerFalsalitchi

221405110104

3 Sub-Tropical Various Dargai,Swat

CitrusLitchiGuavaLouqat

Rootstock

4407100107

• Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

Table-40 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS OF FSC&RD

60

Sr# Title of Project SponsorDuration(Years)

Worth (PKR) Remarks

1Establishment of National Variety Data Bank

MINFAL 3 006.749 Completed

2Up-gradation of Seed Testing Laboratories to meet WTO Requirement

MINFAL 2 006.791 Completed

3

Agri -Business Development Project, Fruits & Vegetables Certification Project

ADB 5 175.800 Ongoing

4

Establishment of cultivar, Adaptability testing &Registration System.

MINFAL ASPL-II

3 003.500 Ongoing

5

Establishment of Seed Testing Laboratories and Rehabilitation of existing Laboratories for Strengthening of FSC&RD.

MINFAL 3 081.284 Ongoing

6

Establishment of Seed Certification System for Vegetables Seed Production in Northern areas & A.J.Kashmir.

MINFALASPL-II

3 037.545 Ongoing

7Accreditation of Central Seed Testing Laboratory for ISO certification.

MINFALASPL-II

3 028.206 Ongoing

8

National Animal and Plant Health Information Service (NAPHIS) Project

VARIETY RELEASE AND REGISTRATION SYATEM OF PAKISTAN:

61

Variety Development: Development and release of superior crop varieties is necessary for sustainable agriculture production which requires investment in genetic and human resources and technology to strengthen the national crop breeding programmes. Currently the main source of crop varieties is the public sector plant breeding and research programme of federal and provincial research institutes. Variety development programme is carried out at various crop research institutions (13 multi-disciplinary and 31 mono-commodity research institutes) and four agricultural universities (Faisalabad, Peshawar, Rawalpindi and Tandojam). Fig-2 shows the components of variety development, evaluation and release in Pakistan.

To breed new plant varieties, elite germplasm is necessary for which Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad keeps a close liaison with the international institutes like International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) - Philippine, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) - Mexico, International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria and International Crop Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India, etc.

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) arranges new germplasm for field crop except cotton, which is the mandate of Pakistan Central Cotton Committee (PCCC) for adaptability testing under local agro-ecological conditions or using the same in research programme. PARC has also set up Plant Genetic Resources Programme (PGRP) to present all available germplasm accessions in the form of elite genetic material, biotypes, land races, wild relatives and available exotic lines of field and horticultural crops to the provincial research Institutes.

Variety TestingThe crop breeders test and evaluate at research centers, a large number of strains in micro-varietal trials (MVTs), for sufficient number of years and then the promising material emerging from these micro varietal trials is further tested in the out-station zonal varietal trials (ZVT). When a breeder selects a variety on the basis of a wide range of tests and considers it having sufficient merit, he submits seed sample to the Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department to determine the Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characteristics for establishing description for registration. Simultaneously, the seed samples are also provided to the Variety Evaluation Committees of Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) for crops other than cotton. For cotton seed samples are submitted to Pakistan Central Cotton Committee. Both these organizations evaluate the candidate varieties for Value and Cultivation and Use (VCU). A variety that meets the requirements of VCU and DUS is then accepted for registration and release as defined in the Seed Act that a released variety means a registered variety having agricultural value for growing and approved by the Provincial Seed Council.

Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU)VCU is the only criteria for which a commercial variety is developed. Initially the variety is tested locally by adopting a well planned testing procedure covering suitable field plot

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VCU: Value for Cultivation and UseDUS: Distinctness, Uniformity, StabilityFSRC: Federal Seed Registration CommitteePARC: Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilPCCC: Pakistan Central Cotton CommitteeFSC&RD: Federal Seed Certification & Registration DepartmentMINFAL: Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock

Fig.2. Components of Variety Development, Evaluation and Release in Pakistan

63

NOTIFICATION

PARC PCCCGERMPLASM

GERMPLASMALL CROPS EXCEPT COTTON

ONLY COTTON

BREEDER MAKES CROSSES

SELECTS PROMISING STRAIN

MICRO VARIETAL TRIALS

ZONAL VARIETAL TRIALS

SELECTS PROMISING STRAIN

SUBMITS

PARC PCCC

FSC&RD

VCU VCU DUS

PROVINCIAL SEED COUNCILAPPROVAL & RELEASE

RRRELEASE RRRRELEASENATIONAL SEED COUNCIL

BREEDING STATIONS

SUB-STATIONS GOVT. FARMSENLIGHTENED FARMERS

2 Year2 Years

FSRC

VARIETYREGISTRATION

MINFAL

techniques and adequate number of replications and experimental design. Performance of VCU of the candidate variety is expressed relative to control variety/ varieties used as check. The most important aspect of testing for VCU perhaps is the yield performance, quality and resistance to insect/pests and diseases etc.

Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) RequirementsIn addition to the value of a cultivar for cultivation and use, the cultivar must be suitable for pure seed production which requires the cultivar to be Distinct, Uniform and Stable in its characteristics.

Distinctness (Novelty)The new variety must be defined and clearly distinguishable from all other existing varieties by one or more morphological characteristics. In the absence of distinctness, it will not be possible to distinguish and identify the new variety for seed production and certification.

Uniformity (Homogeneity)The new variety must be reasonably uniform within its stand so that individual plants could be identified. Uniformity or homogeneity relates to the degree of variability within the variety. The degree of uniformity that is attainable depends on the breeding system.

Stability The new variety must be stable in its essential characteristics, that is to say it must remain true to its description after repeated reproduction or propagation. A stable cultivar is always credited because it can be increased and distributed without many problems.

Registration of New Crop Varieties The variety registration is based on the confirmation of DUS characteristics through FSC&RD and simultaneously testing for VCU by the PARC/PCCC. Registration is granted initially for 10 years and if variety remains on recommended list, its registration can further be extended for another period of 5 years provided that an application for renewal is made before the date of expiry of validity.

Variety Release and ApprovalAt provincial level, the Provincial Seed Councils (PrSCs) receive the proposals of candidate varieties submitted by the breeders which are already recommended by Technical Experts Sub-Committees (TESC) constituted by Provincial Seed Councils (PrSC) chaired by respective Director General (Research). These TESCs are represented by FSC&RD, Pathologists, Entomologists, Directors of both Federal & Provincial Agriculture Research Institutes, , Pubic sector seed corporations, concerned crop Professors of department of Plant Breeding and Genetics (PBG), University of Agriculture of respective province, representatives of textile and All Pakistan Textile Mills Association (APTMA), progressive growers, etc.

These TESCs evaluate the candidate crop varieties by evaluating the proposals and through Spot Examination. The data of breeders’ along with the reports of FSC&RD regarding DUS characteristics and PARC/ PCCC regarding VCU is critically evaluated by the committee.

The varieties having high yield with superior traits are then recommended to the Provincial Seed Council or may be rejected. The decisions of the councils regarding approval and release of varieties are usually unanimous. In case, of a difference of opinion among the members, the cases are

64

referred to the National Seed Council. In such cases, the FSC&RD furnishes the views of the crop specialists and submit the cases to the National Seed Council for final decision.

It is also the responsibility of the breeder/ institution to maintain the variety according to requirements and continuously make available high genetic purity pre-Basic seed to respective Provincial Seed Corporation, through continuous seed renewal system. The public sector provincial seed corporations multiply pre-basic seed to produce basic seed which is made available to the private companies for further multiplication to produce certified seed for distribution to the growers. An update of registered and released crop varieties in Pakistan is given in Table-15.

Tabl Released and Registered Crop Varieties in Pakistan (1980-2006)

Crop/seed Punjab Sindh NWFP B.tan Islamabad Public Private TotalWheat 49 18 27 7 1 102 0 102Cotton 57 17 1 0 0 75 3 78Rice 15 13 6 0 0 34 0 34

Maize 8 0 10 0 0 18 2 20

Barley 3 0 2 3 0 8 0 8

Sugarcane 13 5 14 0 0 32 1 33

Oilseeds 14 4 20 0 7 45 5 50

Pulses 34 4 16 1 4 59 0 59

Fodder 19 0 6 1 0 26 1 27

Vegetables 29 1 11 8 0 48 0 49

Total 241 62 113 20 12 448 12 460


H. National Seed Policy and Seed Regulations:

The national seed policy has been designed within the existing seed regulatory framework i.e. Seed Act of 1976. This legislation established the requisite infrastructure to evaluate, approve/ release high yielding crop varieties, regulate and control the quality seed being offered for sale in the country and enforcement of seed act through market monitoring by the notified seed inspectors. The Act provides mechanism for controlling and regulating the quality of seeds of various crop varieties mainly based on crop inspection and laboratory testing, to ensure that seed met minimum standards prescribed under rules/regulations.

65

Following Seed rules/ Regulations have been notified to address the issues of seed and propagating material of fruit plants.

Sr Title of Seed Act/Rules Date of Notification

1 Seed Act, 1976 19762 Seed (Registration) Rules, 1987 19873 Amendments in Seed (Registration) Rules, 1987 5-6-20034 Amendments in Seed (Registration) Rules, 1987 19885 Pakistan Fruit Plants Certification Rules, 1998 28-2-19986 Amendment in Pakistan Fruit Plants Certification Rules, 1998 6-5-20037 Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991 12-3-19918 Amendment Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991 19-1-19989 Amendment Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991 12-10-199310 Seed Amendment Bill – 2007 Under Process

11 Plant Breeders Rights Bill – 2007 Under Process

Seed Amendment Bill – 2007

The bill has been drafted to broaden the scope of regulation business, enhance participation and investment of private sector in seed industry and safeguard farmers interest. It will provide for;

1. Availability of Pre-basic seed to the private sector2. Establishment of Accredited Seed Testing Laboratories in private sector3. Registration of Seed Companies/ Dealers and Processing Plants4. Enhancement of penalties/fines for effective seed act enforcement5. Restriction on sale of unapproved/banned varieties and misbranding 6. Registration of the Persons/ Organizations associated with Seed Business

Seed Amendment Bill - 2007 after getting authorization from provincial assemblies has been submitted to Law, Justice and Human Rights Division for vetting and after vetting it will be submitted to cabinet for final approval

Plant Breeders Rights Bill – 2007

Plant Breeders Rights will provide for;

1. To encourage plant breeders/ seed organizations/multinational seed companies to invest in research and plant breeding

2. Development of superior varieties of field, vegetable and ornamental/horticultural crops3. Healthy competition for variety development in public and private sector4. Improvement of an excess to protected foreign varieties5. Protection of local varieties abroad6. Encourage state plant breeders through financial incentives as royalty on their protected

varieties and revenue generation for research institutes 7. Discipline in seed industry

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Plant Breeders Rights (PBR) draft after seeking authorization from provincial assemblies has been approved by cabinet division (13-2-2007) and now being submitted to Law, Justice and Human Rights division for vetting before placing to the parliament.

Following “Institutional Set Up” exists under seed act 1976 which provides basis for seed policy framework as well as for seed industry:-

i) National Seed Council with well defined functions including seed policy, regulation, import, seed movement, seed standards and investment issues.

ii) Federal Seed Certification and Registration Agency along with seed registration, certification and regulatory functions for quality control.

iii) Provincial Seed Councils functioning under the delegated powers of federal government i.e. advice on seed standards, recommended changes in seed laws, development of seed production farmers etc.

These councils had a wider representation of major institution and stakeholders concerned with the seed industry, such as institutes, registration/certification agencies, seed producers and farmers. The Truth-in-Labeling (Seed), Rules 1991 were also introduced under the same Seed Act, to encourage the emerging private sector. Under the Truth-in Labeling (Seed) Rules of 1991, import and export of seed were allowed subject to the following requirement.

a. All imported seed had to be labeled with information concerning crop/species, variety, quantity, lot number, purity percentage, germination percentage, other seed percentage, month/year of production and date of expiry.

b. Seed import was allowed only of those varieties that were approved in the National register for seed and crop production in Pakistan.

c. Seed lots up to 10Kg were imported for experimental use upon approval of the Ministry.

d. The importer needed to inform FSC&RD of probable date of arrival of the shipment, and notify FSC&RD for drawing sample for testing.

So these rules allowed the marketing of seed by declaring and correct labeling of quality attributes and related information.

I. Seed Production:

67

Pakistan’s Seed Certification system recognizes the following categories of seed.

Category/Class of Seed

Particulars Identification

Breeder Nucleus Seed (BNS)

The purest seed of a particular variety prepared by the breeder of a particular research station/institute

Not certified by FSC&RD so labels are not issued

Pre-basic seed Progeny of Breeder/Nucleus Seed (BNS), highest genetic purity seed produced by the respective research institutes/breeders

White colour labels with diagonal violet line

Basic Seed Progeny of pre-basic seed and produced by an organization set up by the provincial government

White colour labels of FSC&RD

Certified Seed Progeny of basic seed and is produced with the registered growers of the seed producing agencies

Blue colour labels with diagonal violet line

Approved Seed

Seed true to species as approved by the FSC&RD Yellow colour labels with diagonal violet line

Truthfully Labeled Seed

As imported by the importer and assurance of the quality lies on the importers

Pink colour labels with diagonal violet line

Pre-basic seed is produced by the breeders at their research centers and supplied to Punjab Seed Corporation for further multiplication at Punjab Seed Corporation farms. The seed produced at the corporation farms (by planting pre-basic seed) is termed as basic seed. This seed is then supplied to registered growers for producing certified seed. Export of certified seeds to various countries through various international agencies during the years 2000-06 is given in the (Table-16).

Seed is the primary and essential input in any crop programme and there is no substitute for quality seed. To produce the right quality seed it is important that great care should be taken right from the crop research and development programme through all subsequent seed production operation namely, selection of sites and farmers, proper fertilization, adequate water, sufficient isolation, adequate rouging, timely harvest, proper threshing, drying and adequate storage. Furthermore, care should be taken to avoid admixtures of seeds or plant material at various stages and to produce a typical crop of the cultivar so that its genetic quality or trueness to type can be fully achieved.

Plant breeder produces pre-basic seed at his research station in small quantity and after certification process on this seed of highest genetic purity it is passed on to the public sector seed corporation for further multiplication as basic seed. It has been observed that the plant breeders at the research station are not fully equipped to under take seed production according to the demand. They neither have sufficient land to produce seed nor controlled environment and seed storage facilities to store seed for a longer period. While in the private seed companies place their demand with the seed corporations for basic seed at least once year in advance, so that seed corporation could make arrangement accordingly.

68

The private seed sector does not feel satisfied with the quality and quantity of basic seed supplied by the seed corporation. Therefore, in order to meet the demand of expanding private seed sector, it is proposed to allow basic seed production to private sector seed companies, which are suitably equipped to under take the responsibility.

Table- A Summary of Export of Various Crops Seeds from Pakistan during 2000-06.

Sr#

Year Crop /Seed Quantity (MT)

Exported To By Orders Exporting Agency

1 2000-01 Sesamum 10 Iraq FAO Bias SC, Multan2 2000-01 Wheat Inq.91 500 Afghanistan FAO PSC3 2001-02 -do- 3061

35001000

AfghanistanAfghanistanAfghanistan

FAOICARDADACAAR

-do-

4 2001-02 -do- 430* Afghanistan FAO-FSI* Bias SC, Multan5 2002-03 -do- 365 Afghanistan CIMMYT 300mt

M/s German Action, Peshawar

65 mt.

PSC, Lahore

6 2002-03 Peas seed 84.414240

166.41

MoroccoCasablanca

UKItaly

Private Pak . Agri. Services, Gujranwala

7 2003-04 Potato Card./Desiree

50 Afghanistan AKRSP/AKDN AKRSP/North South SC

8 2004-05 Vegetables 12.33

53.265.53

Afghanistan

Afghanistan

Private

“

Haji Nathu Khan, Peshawer

Sher Ali & Bros., Peshawer

9 2005-06 Wheat (Inqilab)

469 Afghanistan FAO, Rome, Italy

PSC, Lahore

10 2006-07 Wheat 1750 Afghanistan FAO, Rome, Italy

PSC, Lahore

* Frontier Seed Industry (FSI). Source: Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad

There is a significant quantum of seed imported in Pakistan from other countries. Reason is that a comprehensive breeding work is scarce for the crops like hybrid maize, sunflower, fodders and vegetables. The Import summary for the year 2005-06 is given in Table-17.

69

Table- A Summary of Import Quantities and Values of Various Crops Seeds in Pakistan during the Years 2000-06.

Year Vegetables Other Crops Total Import(MT) (Mill. Rs.) (MT) (Mill. Rs.) (MT) (Mill. Rs.)

2000-01 3445.72 314.68 15387 1062.22 18832.71 1376.912001-02 2635.2 309.81 11696.59 600.38 14331.79 910.22002-03 2450.63 393.97 18654.67 1510.23 21105.3 1904.192003-04 3151.32 434.13 10369.25 962.17 13520.57 1396.32004-05 4631.68 599.54 14977.39 1511.59 19609.07 2111.132005-06 6526.14 803.8 25702.54 2313.46 32228.68 3117.26


J. Seed Processing Facilities:

In Pakistan seed processing facility is provided by public seed corporation and private national and multinational seed companies.

Public Sector Seed Corporation

(a) Punjab Seed Corporation (PSC):

Punjab Seed Corporation had a big seed farm (6000) acres at Khanewal which has now been reduced to only 474 acres due to tenancy problem and another small seed farm on 512 acres at Sahiwal adjacent to its seed processing plant, where a tissue culture laboratory has been set up to produce pre-basic seed of potatoes. Punjab Seed Corporation (PSC) at this farm has also a cold storage facility to store 1200 tons of potatoes seed. PSC with its own resources has also installed a seed processing unit at Piplan farm, Mianwali.

The seed processing, ginning and delinting facilities and capacities available with PSC are given as under:

Table- Seed processing capacity of the PSC, Punjab

Location Plant Cereals (MT) Cotton (MT)Ginning Delinting

Sahiwal 24000 - -Khanewal 24000 10000 7200Rahim Yar Khan 24000 6700 3600Piplan 6000 - -Mobile Seed Unit 14400 - -

Total 92400 16700 10800

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b) Sindh Seed Corporation:

Sindh Seed Corporation has installed its seed processing plant at Sakrand and a cotton ginning unit at Tandojam. The available seed processing and ginning capacity of SSC is reported to be as under:

Table-. Seed processing capacity of the SSC, Sindh

Location Wheat Cotton RiceSakrand 10000 5400 1600

Tandojam - 1200 -Dokri - - 1200Total 10000 6600 2800

c) Agricultural Development Authority (ADA) NWFP:

In NWFP, an inputs distribution agency was given the task of seed procurement and distribution in the Province. Facilities of seed processing now stands transferred to the department of Agriculture. The department of agriculture has a number of seed farms covering over 2800 acres. The following seed processing facilities are available in the province are given as under:

Table-Seed processing capacity available in NWFP

Processing Plants/ Units Seed ProcessingCapacity (MT)

Seed Crops

PODP, Peshawar 6400 Cereals and OilseedsAgri. Department 10800 Cereals and Oilseeds

Total 17200 Cereals and Oilseeds

d) Department of Agriculture, Balochistan :

The department of Agriculture, Balochistan could not develop a systematic seed program despite of having many big seed farms covering about 6500 acres of fertile land in different parts of the Province and having vegetable and cereal seed processing plants available for this purpose. All the seed processing plants so installed in the province remained unutilized. The following seed processing capacity is reported to be available with the department of agriculture:

Table- Seed processing capacity available in Balochistan

Location of the plant Crop/Seed No. Processing CapacityUsta Muhammad Cereals 2 1200Usta Muhammad Vegetables 1 200Gandhawa Cereals 1 1200

Total 4 2600

Private Sector Seed Companies

Private Seed Sector is composed of two types of seed companies: National Seed Companies and ii) Multinational Seed Companies.

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a) National Seed Companies:

The national seed companies are playing important roles in distribution of various crop seeds. Some 73 national seed companies responded regarding installation of seed processing plants/seed cleaning /cotton ginning and delinting units. The available seed processing capacity with the national seed companies is given as under:

TableAvailable processing units with National Seed Companies

Province No. of Plants/units for Cotton/Cereals

Seed Processing/Cotton Ginning Delinting Capacity

(MT)Punjab 166 439920Sindh 26 33936NWFP 2 2800Balochistan 1 800Islamabad 1 400

Total 196 477856

b) Multinational Seed Companies:

Four multinational seed companies i.e. M/S Monsanto Agritech Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd, Pioneer Pakistan Seed Limited, ICI Pakistan (Pvt.) Limited and Syngenta Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. are working in Pakistan. These multinational seed companies mostly import hybrid seed of corn, sunflower, fodders, canola, alfalfa and sorghum. The available estimated seed processing capacity with various seed companies is given below:

Table- Seed processing capacity available with Multinationals

Company Name No. of Units Seed Processing Capacity

(MT)

Seed being Processed

Pioneer 1 6400 CerealsMonsanto 1 4800 Cereals

ICI 1 1000 -Syngenta 1 1800 Cereals & Cotton

SeedTotal 4 14000

K. Seed Quality Control and Certification:

In order to regulate the quality of various crop seed the government has already enacted Seed legislation in 1976, which is enforced by Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department. This act controls the quality of various crop seeds which have been notified by the government. For this purpose Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department has the mandate of variety registration, seed certification and quality control. The department provides registration cover to all

72

new crop varieties being developed by public and private sector, research institution and organizations through its 30 field stations/laboratories. So the quality control through seed certification can be soundly based when varieties are multiplied for distribution to farmers and to provide basis for administering the plant breeder’s rights (when legislated). Seed certification is compulsory for notified varieties. It is carried through field seed crop inspection, seed sampling, seed testing and issuance of tags and labeling etc. The genetic purity of the notified varieties of the seed crop is ascertained through a crop inspection and the physical purity of the seed lot is checked through a seed analysis in the laboratories. In Pakistan almost, the same seed generation system is practiced as by international seed testing association (ISTA) and organization for European Community Development (OECD) member countries. For certification five classes of seeds are recognized in seed certification programme (1) pre-basic seed, (2) basic seed (3) Certified seed (4) approved seed and (5) truthfully labeled seed.

To provide efficient and effective quality control to the private sector and market monitoring, establishing new seed testing laboratories now has been necessary. In Pakistan to extend seed certification cover to the private seed companies, which are scattered through the country, Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department needs substantial strengthening in technical manpower, training, mobility and up gradation of equipment of the existing laboratories.

L. Enforcement of Seed Regulations:

For this Purpose Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department (FSC& RD) controls the quality of seed being offered for sale in the local market and seed consignment meant for import and export. A total of 30 seed inspectors have been appointed to enforce seed laws in major market areas of the country.

Under the Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991, 32229 MT of various crop seeds imported at Karachi and Lahore from overseas, were tested for physical purity and germination during 2005-06. It is the responsibility of the seed importers/traders to comply with the prescribed seed standards under Seed (Truth- in- Labeling) Rules, 1991. The department only monitors the quality of seed in the market. The rules envisage labeling of all packets/container the quality of seed, specifying the information like lot number, crop/species, variety, pure seed percentage, germination percentage, other crops seeds percentage, weed seeds percentage, inert matter, month/year of production and date of expiry etc.

The situation of market monitoring has been much improved due to establishment of 11 new laboratories with more enforcement staff, transportation facilities and better handling of court cases and computerized data and record of enforcement in each newly established lab/station. A summary of seed act enforcement cases during the year 2000-07 is given in table as followed.

Table-24 Summary of Seed Act Enforcement, 2000-2007

Year of Enforcement

Total Number of Quantity of Seed Stock Fine Imposed(PKR)Samples

CollectedCases

SubmittedCases

DecidedCases

PendingSampled

Bags(Kg)

Confiscated(Kg)

1995-96 154 127 85 42 5,147 3,312 65,200

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(------)1996-97 278 240 112 128 7,214

(------)1,500 76,700

1997-98 191 163 88 75 3,631(------)

1833 78,100

1998-99 378 350 101 249 9,620(------)

2,136 63,000

1999-00 581 542 118 424 4,506(------)

2,894 88,500

2000-01 259 240 89 151 4,576 2,902 83,600

2001-02 242 223 69 154 6,954 2,590 48,150

2002-03 229 217 80 137 7,343 3,356 52,420

2003-04 395 385 230 155 10,477 5,832 15,1609

2004-05 307 295 99 196 41,962(1222983)

46,185 67,100

2005-06 694 471 136 335 46,339(1438960)

1,23,220 1,05,300

2006-07 300 265 0 265 2671(23026)

0 0

Figures are provisional and updated with receipt of new progress reports (Updated 20-6-2007)


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SWOTS ANALYSIS OF SEED INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN:

1. Strengths of Pakistan Seed Industry:

i- Suitable and diverse agro-climatic conditions for the production of high quality seeds of various crops, fruits and vegetables.

ii- high percentage share of private seed sector in the seed availability

iii- well established infrastructure both in public and private sectors for quality seed production.

iv- highly favorable and flexible government policies for seed industry

2. Weaknesses of Pakistan seed Industry:

i- lack of research and development in private seed sector

ii- least attended variety breeding programme in vegetables, fodders and oilseeds.iii- most liberal seed import policy

iv- lack of training opportunities for public/private seed sector in seed business management.

v- lack of elite genetic material

vi- financial and technical constraints

3. Opportunities in Pakistan Seed Industry:

i- existence of high potential for the production of quality vegetables, oilseeds and fodders seeds in specific geographical area of the country.

ii- possibility of huge joint venture for production of hybrid seed with private sector having sufficient financial resource, manpower and marketing network.

iii- a very liberal seed policy can be taken as an opportunity to enter into seed business in Pakistan

4. Threats in Pakistan Seed Industry:

i- Most free and liberal seed import policy is a threat for local seed production projects especially in case of vegetables and hybrid seeds.

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ii- unpredictable natural calamities like windstorms, hailstorms, frost, heat waves, etc.

5. Solutions/Action Plan/ Strategy:

Following proposals/action plan has been devised for progress of seed industry of Pakistan.

A. Improved Plant Variety R&D Activities - Variety development, evaluation, release and registration:

Development, evaluation and release system of various crop varieties is becoming more significant under the new WTO scenario of Intellectual property rights. Following weaknesses exist in this system which need to be addressed properly and effectively by all stakeholders.

1. Collection of biologically diverse germplasm of various agricultural crops and vegetables and development of genetically diversified varieties.

2. Development of varieties which are more productive, superior in quality and are resistant/ significantly tolerant to all biotic and abiotic stresses. A significant number of varieties of each crop/vegetables must be maintained for seed production as well as maintained as a valuable genetic resource. This needs a comprehensive variety maintenance programme in the form of seed bank etc.

3. Development of varieties according to standardized breeding protocols

ensuring its meeting to the standards of Novelty, Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability. Varieties prior to release still have not attained uniformity and are released as such. Such varieties need 2-3 additional years attain desired uniformity before entering to formal seed production system.

4. Pre-mature deliberate release of newly developed varieties without passing through registration and certification system need to immediately checked by the concerned breeders/institutes which is upsetting the formal seed certification system.

5. Variety evaluation system that is usually carried out through the coordination of various stakeholders should be standardized and strengthened for more effective and efficient evaluation the candidate varieties offered for release and registration. Adaptability testing of the varieties as well as their performance under various agro-environmental conditions as well as stress conditions for proper scientific evaluation of the varieties.

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B. Research & development of Non-conventional/modern seed technologies:

1. Hybrid Seed Technology:

More emphasis should be given to the research and development of hybrid seeds of maize, sunflower, canola, fodders (sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, mazenta hybrid, bajra-napiergrass hybrid, hybrid Pearlmillet etc.) and vegetables etc. This will include the following;

1. development of pure lines/ inbred lines2. Induction of male sterility in parental lines3. Improvement of these lines4. multiplication of lines and their seed production 5. registration and protection of parental lines6. classification/ designation of lines 7. utilization of these parental lines in production projects etc.8. in-vitro development of inbredlines/ purelines

Joint ventures for R&D (basic and applied) of hybrid seed production need to be developed and encouraged between public sector research institutions and foreign stakeholders to popularize this technology in the best public interest.

2. Biotech/ Genetically modified seed:

Joint ventures for R&D of biotech seed production need to be developed and encouraged between public sector research institutions and foreign stakeholders to popularize this technology in the best public interest.

C. Strengthening indigenous seed production programmes:

1. There is a daring need to strengthen the local entrepreneurs through initiation of indigenous seed production programmes for almost all the crops especially vegetables, oilseeds, fodders and pulses. This should include all types of seeds like Open-pollinated, hybrid and biotech varieties. Prioritized program for private sector led seed and nursery production according to international best practices need to be initiated.

2. Hybrid seed production projects of maize, sunflower, canola, fodders (sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, mazenta hybrid, bajra-napiergrass hybrid, hybrid Pearlmillet etc.) and vegetables etc. should be initiated. Joint ventures of public research institutes and private sector seed companies are a good option to promote hybrid seed.

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3. Production of biotech seeds of various crops on local basis independently as well as through joint ventures with foreign stakeholders should be promoted to encourage and popularize the biotech seed industry.

4. Fruit seed certification system should be extended throughout the country for production and distribution of true to type and disease free fruit plants of improved varieties.

5. Flower/ Ornamental seed certification system should also be initiated to regulate and promote the local production and distribution of ornamental crop/plant varieties

D. Strengthening FSC&RD:

1. Streamlining Seed Regulations:

All prevailing seeds rules and regulations should be critically reviewed and amended according to the requirements of international/regional environment. The work is already in active progress and a comprehensive National Seed Policy is being prepared.

2. Extension of seed registration and certification services:

Establishment and strengthening of regular field stations and seed testing laboratories down to the district levels of each province/region, to extend the variety registration, seed certification and seed act enforcement activities/services of the department will be helpful for overall promotion of seed industry and agricultural development of the country as well.

3. Seed quality control in the market:

No stone should be left unturned to check the illegal spread of seed throughout the research, production and marketing system. For this purpose effective enforcement of Seed Acts/Rules need to be followed quite from research stations to seed markets. Immediate approval, promulgation and more effective enforcement of Seed Amendment Act, 2007 and Plant Breeders Rights, 2007 will ensure guaranteed development of seed industry of Pakistan and will bring about a disciplinary revolution that is actually need of the time.

Establishment of a separate directorate for seed act enforcement activities, with all requisite facilities, under FSC&RD is strongly suggested, to

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effectively tackle those involved in chronic illegal seed business activities and promote certified seed business.

E.Others:

1. Development of well regulated and organized seed markets

2. Incentives for international investment & joint venture

3. Establishment of quarantine infrastructure – Sanitary & Phytosanitary measures.

4. Facilitating the establishing of seed industry especially in NWFP, Balochistan, AJK and Northern Area.

5. Retaining existing policy for duty free import of seed other than cotton seed and then gradual reduction in import with the improvement in local production.

6. Multilateral arrangements with regional organizations like SAARC and ECO and participation in CWANA seed network and OECD seed schemes.

REFERENCES:

1. Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2004-05. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Economic Wing, Islamabad. www.minfal.gov.pk

2. Ahmad, S.I.(1993) Crops and Seeds Certification Standards, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

3. Ahmad, S.I. (1996) Seed Industry Development in Pakistan, Proceedings of three days National Seminar on Seed Industry Development, held from 4-6 June, 1996 at Islamabad, Pakistan, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

4. Ahmad, S.I. (1999) Seed Industry in Pakistan, Focus on Seed Programmes, Vol.13 (July) Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

5. Hussain, A., and A.R. Bhutta. 2002. The Pakistan Seed Industry. Seed Info No.13. Focus on Seed Programmes. Seed Unit of International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Area (ICARDA).

6. National Directory of Seed Companies, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad, Pakistan.

7. Hussain A. 1985. Variety sources and evaluation, registration, listing and release. First FAO/DANIDA seminar on design and implementation of seed programmes, Islamabad, Pakistan: 75-100.

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http://www.minfal.gov.pk/

8. Hussain A, and M.A. Tajammal. 2005. National Directory of Seed Companies, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad, Pakistan.

9. Hussain A, and M.A. Tajammal. 2005. Cotton Varieties of Pakistan, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad, Pakistan.

10. Hussain A, and M.A. Tajammal. 2005. Wheat Varieties of Pakistan, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad, Pakistan.

11. Annual Report for the year 2005-06, Data Management Cell, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Islamabad www.pakseeds.gov.pk

12. Bhutta A.R., and A.S.Irfan (1997) National Seed Programme Development in Pakistan, Science Technology and Development, 16(3)-July-September.

13. Federal Bureau of Statistics (National Accounts), 2004-05, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

14. Pakistan Economic Survey, 2004-05, Government of Pakistan, Finance Division, Economic Advisor’s Wing, Islamabad www.finance.gov.pk

15. Proceedings of “International seminar on Seed” held on 14-16 December at Islamabad, Pakistan.

16. Seed Act, 1976. Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

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http://www.finance.gov.pk/

http://www.pakseeds.gov.pk/

seed industry of pakistan - 20-8-07

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