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Page 1: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Seed Industry DevelopmentIn Pakistan

Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department

G-9/4, Islamabad, Ph: 051-9260126, Fax: 051-9260234

Page 2: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

CONTENTS

1. CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE AND SEED INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN

2. CHAPTER-II: SEED REGISTRATION AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN

3. CHAPTER-III: SEED PRODUCTION AND PROCUREMENT AGENCIES/COMPANIES

4. CHAPTER-IV: MAN POWER ENGAGED IN SEED SECTOR

5. CHAPTER-V: SEED PROCESSING CAPACITY AND INVESTMENT

6. CHAPTER-VI: SEED STORAGE CAPACITY OF PAKISTAN SEED INDUSTRY

7. CHAPTER-VII: SEED MARKETING NETWORK AND PRICING STRUCTURE

8. CHAPTER-VIII: SEED REQUIREMENT, PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION IN PAKISTAN

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE AND SEED INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Pakistan is located on a great land mass north of tropic of cancer, between latitude 23° and 37° and longitude 61° and 75° east. It is bounded in the north west of Afghanistan, in the north by China, in the east by India and in the south by Arabian Sea. Administratively, Pakistan is divided into four provinces i.e. Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan plus the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and several federally administrated tribal areas located in north west. The land escape of the country has four major distinct physical regions, i) Mountains, ii) Indus Plains iii) Sand Plains and iv) Plateau of Balochistan and Potohar. The population is estimated to be 140.50 million with a density of 176 person per km sq. Population growth per year rate is about 2.2 per cent. The literacy rate is around 59 per cent (Anonymous, 2001).

1.2 AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Pakistan has a geographical area of 796095 sq. km. Out of this area, about 58.50 million hectares is under cultivation. Land holding is very small in Pakistan. About 54296 families in the rural area are land less. The country has 67.3 per cent population in rural area. The total number of farmers in Pakistan is less than five million majority of which are under five hectares (Table-1.1).

Table-1.1 Land utilization and farm distribution

Land use Area (Million hectare)

Farm size (Hectares) No. of farmers (Millions)

Total area reported

59.28 Small Farm (under 5 ha.) 4.10

Cultivated area 21.99 Medium Farm (5-10 ha.) 0.62Forest area 3.66 Large farm (10 ha. and

above)0.35

Source: Agricultural Statistic of Pakistan, (1999-2000) MINFAL, Islamabad.

Pakistan is a region of diversified agro-ecological climate from extreme cold to tropical and semi-tropical. Indus river is the largest river in Pakistan, covering approximately 80,000 sq. miles. Agriculture mostly depends on irrigation from canal. Pakistan has the largest canal irrigation system in the world. It irrigates

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about 70 per cent of the total agriculture land. Rest of the land is irrigated by tube-well (27%) and by other means. The north slopes of the Himalayas and sub-mountain tracts receive annual rainfall varying between 30 to 50 inches. Balochistan and part of Sindh provinces are the desert parts of the country where normally not more than 10 inches rainfall is registered. Pakistan has mainly kharif (winter) and Rabi (summer) seasons for agricultural crops. Food grains dominate the cropping system. They occupy 12.55 million hectares. Almost all types of crops can grow successfully in country. However, major crops grown are wheat, cotton, rice, maize, sugarcane and potato. Good prospect exist for enhancing productivity as only one third of the established genetic potential is realized from existing crops varieties.

1.3 CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the largest sector of Pakistan’s economy. It provides an employment to about 50 per cent of the labor force. It contributes about 25.0 per cent to GDP (Table-1.2).

Table-1.2 Sectoral shares (%age) in GDP (at constant factor cost)Major Sectors Years

1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000

2000-01

Agriculture 26.0 25.7 25.9 24.7Major crops 10.7 10.4 10.9 9.9Minor crops 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.2Livestock 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3Forestry 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4Trade (Whole sale & Retail)

15.4 15.2 14.9 15.2

Other Services 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.6Source. Economy Survey (2000-01) Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan

The performance of agriculture sector depends to a large extent on the vagaries of nature. Despite all the factors, the agriculture sector registered a growth rate of 5.84 per cent as compared to 1.95% last year (1998-99). During current fiscal year (1999-2000), Pakistan has harvested 21.079 million tons of wheat. The investment in agriculture sector has increased from 22 billion (Pak. Rs.) in 1997-98 to 45.90 billion in 1998-999. To mobilize the agricultural resources and to increase the availability of various agricultural inputs, the government has increased credit limit from Rs.40 billion in 1998-99 to 50 billion in 2000-2001, (Anonymous,2000).

1.3.1 Agriculture’s Share in Trade

Agriculture is the major foreign exchange earning sector. Pakistan’s export grew at an average rate of 7.6 per cent per annum during the first eight years from

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1990-91 to 1997-98 but later on, it has fluctuating trend. Cotton and rice are the main export commodities (Table-1.3).

Table-1.3 Export of major agricultural commodities (Figs. in Rs. million)Years Fish & Fish

preparationCotton yarn Rice Raw

Wool1997-98 7374 49988 24562 2931998-99 6175 47421 26825 1341999-2000 7191 55815 27944 612000-01 (P)

6223 44800 23085 50

Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan (2000-01) Finance Division, Islamabad.

Private sector has liberty for export/import of agricultural commodities after getting clearance from the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Commerce. Agriculture sector has major share in total export of various industrial products (Table-1.4).

Table-1.4 Major export of agricultural commodities and their share (% age) in total export

Commodity/ crops

Years

1994-95 1995-96

1996-97 1997-98

1998-99

1999-00

Cotton 58.7 64.1 61.3 58.7 59.1 61.0Leather 8.0 7.2 7.7 6.7 6.9 6.3Rice 5.6 5.8 5.6 6.5 6.9 6.3Synthetic textile

7.1 5.2 6.1 7.2 5.1 5.3

Sport goods 3.2 2.8 3.7 4.4 3.3 3.3Others 17.4 14.9 15.6 16.5 14.4 13.1

Source: Pakistan’s Foreign Trade Key Indicators, Ministry of Commerce.

1.3.2 Agro based industries

Pakistan has agro-based economy. To raise the economic status of farmers, agricultural raw material have to be exported in manufactured or semi manufactured form. Although, this sector is developing fast but proper documentation is not available. Any how, 2913 agro-based industries have been documented during 1990-91 (Table-1.5, Anonymous, 1998-99). This sector has absorbed millions of people for employment.

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Table-1.5 Number of agro-based industries with value of production (Rs. Million)

S. Industries 1987-88 1990-91No No. of

establish-ment

Value of productio

n

No. of establishme

nt

Value of productio

n1. Dairy products

except ice cream12 821 14 1462

2. Canning of fruits and vegetables

9 118 14 595

3. Vegetable ghee 49 11034 54 127744. Cotton seed oil 108 1356 83 11545. Other vegetable oils 16 1212 17 13666. Rice milling 184 1038 208 12987. Wheat and grain 214 6658 259 117948. Refined sugar 40 13516 45 194739. Tobacco

manufacturing15 9074 19 8767

10.

Cotton spinning 113 17177 177 48623

11.

Cotton weaving 51 5087 77 11503

12.

Woolen textile 52 11814 53 1994

13.

Finishing of textile 266 2375 305 5409

14.

Carpets and rugs wool

25 513 19 714

15.

Silk and silk textile 307 6947 250 13474

16.

Ginning and bailing fibers

302 12095 343 19838

17.

Manufacturing of furniture

54 305 59 562

18.

Manufacturing of paper

56 2952 74 5576

19.

Fertilizer 9 6929 11 9927

20.

Pesticides and insecticides

17 730 18 3046

Source: Agricultural Statistics, 1998-99, MINFAL, GOP, Islamabad.The new emerging, seed industry is developing very fast. More than 376 seed companies have been registered. The manpower, no. of seed processing plants, their cost and production value of seed produced by various seed companies could not be documented so far in the Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan under

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the heading agro-based industries. This is the main purpose of this book “Seed Industry of Pakistan”. This document will help the planners and seed investors to put more attention on the seed sector.

1.4 AGRICULTURE SECTOR POLICY

Agriculture remains a high priority area and the government policies place special emphasis on rapid promotion and development of this sector. The government as a policy measures has intensified on support prices of various commodities, some relief in prices of key agricultural inputs, larger agricultural credit, improvement in irrigation and drainage, steps against adulteration in fertilizer, pesticides and seeds of various crops. Support price committee has given special task to review the whole system of pricing and marketing of agricultural commodities. All these steps have been initiated to move forward for self reliance.

1.5 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT

Agricultural development in the country is primarily concerned with the development of land, water resources, mechanization and enhanced/assured availability of modern inputs to conform to prescription of free market economy. The process of technical changes depends on the business and economic culture of the country. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, at the federal level, acts as supreme body responsible for policy planning and monitoring the whole agricultural management system in the country (Fig.1.1). All the administrative and policy decisions are taken by the supreme body i.e. Federal Committee on Agriculture (FCA) headed by Federal Minister of Agriculture and all the provincial ministries/secretaries and provincial heads of various institutions are represented there. Food security and price stabilization of crops is the function of PASSCO and APCOM. Agricultural research, development and education is under way in the country at four agricultural universities, 17 multidisciplinary institutes, 21 mono crop research institutes and 5 Agricultural Colleges and 4 Agricultural Universities (Table.1.6).

Table-1.6 Agricultural Research & Education Infrastructure in Pakistan-2000

S.No Type of Institution Number1. Multidisciplinary Research Institute. 172. Mono crop commodity institute. 21

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Fig.1.1 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN

AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL

ALLIED ORGANISATIONS AT FEDERAL LEVELS

1. Agricultural Development Bank Ltd., Ministry of Finance.2. Federal Bank for Cooperatives, Ministry of Finance (has been wind up since 2001-02).3. Pakistan Tobacco Board, Ministry of Production and Industries.4. Water and Power Development Authority, Ministry of Water and Power.5. University education system controlled by Higher Education Commission. 6. Centre of Excellence and High Technical Institutes, Ministry of Science and

Technology.7. Board of Investment and SAMEDA.8. Export Promotion Bureau.

S.No Type of Institution Number3. Agricultural Universities. 44. Agricultural Colleges. 5

Grand Total: 47

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MINISTRY OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE & LIVESTOCK

SECRETARY FOOD & AGRICULTURE

CROP WING

WATER MANAGEMENT

WING

FOOD WING

ECONOMIC WING

LIVESTOCK, FISHERY

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH SYSTEM

PASSCO

PCCC-COTTON RESEARCH &

DEVELOPMENT

CROP COMMISSIONERS

INPUTS DEPTT. FERTILIZER SEED PLANT PROTECTION AGRICULTURE

ENGINEERING

COMMODITY RESEARCH

PROGRAMMES

CENTRAL & REGIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTES

(PARC)

MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE

SECRETARY AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURE EXTENSION SERVICES

AGRICULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTES

TRAINING INSTITUTES

Page 9: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

BREEDER’S SEED

FOUNDATION SEED

REGISTERED SEED

CERTIFIED SEED

Fig. 1.2

WEST PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION AND SEED SYSTEM

(1961-1972)

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FIELD WING SUPPLY WING FINANCE WING ADMINISTRATION WING

FERTILIZER & AGRI. INPUTS

SEED PROCURE -MENT AND

DISTRIBUTION

SEED FARMS SEED TESTING AND

CERTIFICATION

WPADC

Page 10: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Fig. 1.3

ORGANIZATION OF SEED SECTOR

PCGA = Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association.FSC&RD = Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department.* = Agriculture Development Authority has closed its seed activities and now seed

production & multiplication has been taken over by various components of NWFP Department of Agriculture from 2001.

10

MINISTRY OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK

NATIONAL SEED COUNCIL

PROVINCIAL SEED COUNCIL

SEED MULTIPLICATION, PROCESSING AND

STORAGE

DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING

PCGA FOR COTTON ONLY

(Now out)

DIRECT SALES BY SEED AGENTS

PRIVATE AGENTS OF

SEED CROPS

PRIVATE SEED COMPANIES

(372 NO.)

PUBLIC SECTOR SEED AGENCIES

(4 NO.)

SEED EXTENSION

SEED QUALITY CONTROL,

REGISTRATION, CERTIFICATION

& TRAINING

MULTI-NATIONAL

(5 NO.)

NATIONAL(367 NO.)

PUNJAB SEED CORPORATION

(Punjab)

SINDH SEED CORPORATION

(Sindh)

AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

AUTHORITY(NWFP)*

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

(Baluchistan)

FSC&RD

Page 11: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

* Quality control by FSC&RD

Fig.1.4: SEED PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY IN PAKISTAN

11

NATIONAL SEED SECTOR*

INFORMAL SECTORFORMAL SECTOR

PUBLIC SEED SECTOR PRIVATE SEED SECTOR

4 372

PUNJAB SINDH NWFP BALO-CHISTAN

MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES (5)

NATIONAL SEED COMPANIES

367

ISLAMABAD, FEDERAL CAPITAL

(3)

SINDH(27)

NWFP(5)

BALO- CHISTAN

(3)

PUNJAB(328)

NORTHERN AREA (1)

FARMER SAVED SEED FARMER EXCHANGE

LOCAL TRADERS/ MARKET

Page 12: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

1.6 DEVELOPMENT OF SEED INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN

1.6.1 Historical perspective

Seed is the carrier of the genetic potential for higher crop production. The seeds of improved varieties can enhance the production by 10-20 per cent. The systematic seed supply demands appropriate arrangement for variety registration followed by certification and distribution etc. After independence in 1947, the farmers of Pakistan often have to use their own saved seed or exchanging seed with other farmers. The seed sector remained almost unorganized upto fifties. During 1961, government established WPADC with the responsibility to produce and distribute seed in addition to heavy mandate of other agricultural development activities (Fig-1.2). Although this was first step towards the organization of seed program but it could not give desired results because of weak linkages with research and plant breeding activities. So in early 1970’s, it was dissolved.

In 1973, the Government of Pakistan established a more broad based seed industry project with the assistance of FAO/IBRD. Although, in the initial proposal, it was envisaged to give more active role to private sector but participation of private sector was not considered appropriate at that stage due to their very low profile. Later on, this seed program was given constitutional support in the form of the Seed Act, 1976. The Seed Act provides a regulatory mechanism for variety release and controlling the quality of seeds of various crops through establishing requisite infrastructure. With the enactment of Seed Act, 1976, National Seed Council at federal level and Provincial Seed Councils at provincial level were established.

Federal Seed Certification Department and National Seed Registration Departments were established as an executive arms of National Seed Council. For seed production, multiplication, processing and distribution, the responsibilities were assigned to public sector seed corporations through their own network in their respective province (Fig. 1.3). The National Seed Council is the supreme body concerned with all pursuits of seed both from public and private seed sectors. It provides guidelines for all seed policies, seed projects, planning, seed import/export, inter provincial seed movements, seed standards and investment in seed industry. It is chaired by the Federal Minister for Food, Agriculture and Livestock.

1.6.2 Present status

The public sector seed agencies established foundations for production of quality seeds of major crops and have created awareness among farming community to use certified seed. It is a fact that public sector could not meet even the replacement rate of seeds of major crops. The seed availability remained in public sector between 7 to 10 per cent. Realizing the fact, government adopted liberal policy regarding induction of private sector into seed business. The first

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private seed company was granted permission to do seed business in 1981, but the process of induction of private seed sector into seed business remained at low profile until 1990. The government adopted, more vigorous liberal privatization policy and declared the seed business at par with other industries during 1994. Due to liberal attitude in granting permission to do seed business and free services of seed quality control by the government, now 376 seed companies including four public sector seed agencies and five multinational have commenced their business in the country. Year wise induction of private seed companies in the different provinces of Pakistan is given in table-1.7.

Present day seed industry is a combination of public and private seed sector. This is called as formal seed system. Farmers in Pakistan also save their own seed and exchange seed with each other or buy seed from the local traders and market under the informal seed system (Fig-1.4). With the induction of private seed sector, the availability of quality seed has increased up to 18 per cent. The total investment in installation of 143 seed processing plants/units, is about Rs. 818.655 million and share of private sector is Rs.639.783 million. The processing capacity has increased from 12.24 to 35.43 per cent. Total employment generation in seed industry according to the data available so far is 24716. The storage capacity has been increased up to 18.17 per cent against the total estimated seed requirement (1340719 mt.) for all crops (Table1.8 and 1.9). It is expected that seed industry will become one of the leading employment generating sector for our economy.

There is no restriction on private sector to distribute or export/import of any crop seed. Presently, private sector mainly trade in low volume high profit seeds. Where as the public sector has the mandate to produce high volume low cost seeds like wheat and pulses. The multinationals deal in hybrid seeds of oilseed, corn and forages but these companies mainly import the seeds of these hybrid crops. There is strong desire from the farming community that main emphasis should be given on local hybrid seed production, so that it could be made available at appropriate price.

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Table.1.7 Year wise induction of private seed sector (excluding public sector and multinationals) upto 32nd meeting of Working Group-2002Years No. of seed companies granted permission*

Punjab

Sindh NWFP Baloch-istan

Islamabad (Federal Capital)

N.A (Gilgit)

Total

1981 2 - - - - - 21982 3 - - - - - 31983 - - - - - - -1984 2 - - - - - -1985 - - - - - - -1986 - - - - - - -1987 2 - - - - - 21988 - - - - - - -1989 - - - - - - -1990 - - - - - - -1991 3 - - - - - 31992 2 - - - - - 21993 11 - - - - - 111994 11 - - - - - 111995 33 - - - - - 331996 40 3 - - - - 431997 24 4 - 1 - - 291998 49 2 2 1 - - 541999 95 10 2 - 2 - 1092000 9 1 - - 1 1 122001 19 2 1 - - - 222002 23 5 - 1 - - 29Total: 328 27 5 3 3 1 367

* Excluding 22 seed companies which have been de-registered up to Jan.2002.

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Table-1.8 Seed processing plants/units, cost, processing and storage capacity of seed sector in Pakistan-2000

Seed sector Seed processing Seed storage No. of plants/ units

Cost Rs. (Pak.) million

Processing capacity (mt.)

capacity(mt.)

Public sector seed agencies

36 178.872 216150 50623

National private seed companies

103 229.783 239496 178772

Multinational seed companies

4 410.00 19408 14325

Total (Pakistan):

143 818.655 442654 243720

Percentage of seed processing and storage capacity against the estimated seed requirement. (35.43%)

(18.17%)

Table-1.9 Manpower engaged in public and private seed sector agencies in

Pakistan-2000

S.No

Seed sector Agricultural Graduates

Other technical and supporting staff

Seed marketing network.

1. Public sector 76 740 2003

2. National Private Seed companies

426 1521 7902

3. Multinational Companies

177 255 702

4. FSC&RD 82 225 -

Total (Pakistan) 761 2741 10607

Summary

- Total Agriculture Graduates = 761- Total Technical and Supporting Staff = 2741- Total manpower with seed dealers =10607 x 2= 21214

Grand Total = 24716

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1.7 RECENT DEVELOPMENT

To produce high quality seeds of various crops, the Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department has started many new activities. In the new era of globalization and international trade of seed across the border, we have to fulfill the obligation of WTO/TRIP etc. In this scenario, our seed products need to meet the international standard. It can only be possible if we strengthen our quality control system. Some of the recent development made in seed industry are as follow:

1. Seed Act enforcement.2. Monitoring of seed quality during export and import.3. Seed health programme.4. Rules for horticultural fruit plant.5. Establishment of variety data bank.

1.7.1 Seed Act enforcement

In order to monitor the quality of seed in the market and safeguard the interest and rights of farming community, Seed Act, 1976 has been enforced. Seed samples are drawn from the seed stores and checked in the laboratory. If the quality is not matched with label of containers, challans are made and submitted to the Court. A total amount of Rs. 3,71,500/- fine imposed by the Court, has been deposited in the government treasury (Table-1.10).

Table-1.10 Seed Act Enforcement from 1995-96 to 1999-2000 by FSC&RD

Years No. of challans

No. of bags

seized

No. of cases

decided

Pending cases

Fine imposed (Rs.)

1995-96 127 5147 58 69 65,2001996-97 240 7214 112 128 76,7001997-98 163 3631 88 75 78,1001998-99 350 9620 101 249 63,0001999-2000

542 4506 118 424 88,500

2000-2001

240 4576 89 151 83600

Total: 1662 34594 566 1096 455100Note:- The confiscated stock auctioned during 1999-2000, was about 1,41,578

kg. worth Rs. 7,09,320/- deposited to Govt. Treasury.

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1.7.2. Monitoring of seed quality during export/import

Movement of seed and exchange of germplasm across geographical boundaries has manifold importance of high quality seed. Likewise, the problem of seed-borne diseases has assumed great significance in agriculture. Now the quality of seed during export and import is regulated under Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991. The importer must have to inform the FSC&RD on the prescribed application form, the probable date of arrival of the seeds and other propagating material, so that seed samples could be drawn to test for purity and germination etc. to conform the information given on the annexed labels of the container/bags. There is a need to test all the seed consignment for their health status. It will help our agriculture to save from disease epidemics.

1.7.3. Seed health testing

Seed health programme within the quality control system provide a scientific basis for disease management. Pakistan is lucky to develop seed health programme during 1985 in collaboration with FAO/DANIDA. Later on, during 1995, seed health facility was further extended to legume crops with the assistance of ICARDA. Although seed testing facility is available at the Headquarters of the FSC&RD but it should be extended to regional offices located in various agro ecological regions. All the seed lots of pre-basic and basic category should be tested 100 percent while the 10% of the certified seed lots be tested under seed health certification programme(Bhutta et al, 1992).

1.7.4. Rules for horticultural fruit plants

Pakistan earns millions rupees of foreign exchange from export of various fruits. It can be further expanded by improving the quality of fruits. The certification of nursery stocks has been considered essential for improving and establishing uniform, true to type quality orchards. Disease free nursery can boost up production and quality of fruits for export purpose.

National Seed Council has recently approved the rules for certification of fruit plants. A project entitled, establishment of seed testing laboratory at Mingora, Swat, is developing mechanism for registration of private fruit nursery for the production of certified fruit plants.

1.7.5. Establishment of variety data bankVariety protection system is being practiced in many countries of the world as a requirement of WTO. Now the Plant variety will move very fast in different regions of the world. It has increased the necessity of data bank more than previous. The FSC&RD has established a computerized variety data bank for all the registered varieties. The data base covers the descriptive morphological details on Distinctness Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characteristic along with value for cultivation and use, information on breeding history parentage and

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pedigree etc. Up till now 364 varieties of different crops have been registered and computerized in variety data bank. (Table.1.11).

Table-1.11 No. of crop varieties registered and released from 1947 to 2000 in Pakistan.

S.No

Crop No. of varieties registered and released*

Total

Public sector Private sector1. Barley & Oat 11 - 112. Cotton 61 - 613. Fodder &

Forages11 1 12

4. Maize & Millet 22 2 245. Oilseeds 38 5 436. Potato 11 - 117. Pulses 41 - 418. Rice 29 - 299. Sugarcane 22 - 22

10. Vegetable 32 - 3211. Wheat 78 - 78

Total: 356 8 364

1.8 CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS

Seed Industry of Pakistan is developing very fast. In future, it will not be so easy to give 100 per cent services by the government. Moreover international flow of material will be increased many times. So it is urgently, needed to develop basic infrastructure to handle new situation. FSC&RD which is the focal point of Pakistan seed industry, has already initiated good work under the supervision of Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The following steps are being taken for further improvement of seed industry.

1.8.1 Plant Breeder’s Rights (PBRs)

This system deals with the protection of plant variety against their commercial exploitation. There are merits and demerits of this system but private sector especially, the multinational seed companies are strongly in favour of its early introduction. It is also an obligation of WTO/TRIP to make such rules to facilitate the international trade. The department has prepared the draft of the Plant Breeder’s Rights for enactment. It will help both the public and private sector to accelerate their breeding programmes. It will also help generating revenue for public sector research institutes through commercialization of their protected varieties.

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1.8.2. Training and authorization of seed technicians in private sector

Seed production itself is a very technical profession. Therefore, seed professionals both from public and private seed sector need continuous training and refresher courses. More over huge volume of private sectors need special training for their internal quality control system. Department is planning to work on regular basis for training of Seed Inspectors/Seed Analysts in private sector so that they may be allowed to carry out controlled certification and seed testing work under the authorized license to be given by the department on behalf of the MINFAL, but it will depend on the infrastructure, expertise, research and development level of private sector industry as in practice in developed world.

1.8.3. Seed technology research and training centre

Present setup of Pakistan seed industry in the international scenario, needs sound research backup. It must be linked with research and development and educational institutions. Unfortunately, there is no broad based research programme in seed technology. FSC&RD has to get the training of its professionals from abroad. Although more than 100 scientific publications have been contributed by different workers of the department (Hussain and Bhutta, 1999) but still, there is acute shortage of literature on different aspects of seed technology. Therefore, it is the present and future requirement to establish seed science and technology training and research centre under the umbrella of the FSC&RD.

1.8.4. Amendment proposed in Seed Act, 1976

Although, there was provision to include private seed sector in to seed industry but this act predominantly supports to the public sector. Penalties regarding violation of Seed Act by the unscrupulous seed distributors, became meager with the passage of time. In addition to these, many other new requirements cannot be fulfilled especially in line with the WTO/TRIPs and UPOV convention. Therefore, department has proposed some amendment in the act which is actively under consideration by the government.

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CHAPTER-II

SEED REGISTRATION AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN

2.1 INTRODUCTION

National seed programme has passed through many transitional phases in Pakistan from 1947-61. The seed of improved varieties used to be multiplied and distributed by Department of Agriculture. Most of the farmers often practiced to use their own saved seed or they exchanged seed with other fellow farmers. West Pakistan Agricultural Development Corporation (WPADC) was established in 1961, to initiate systematic seed production and its distribution through its own mobile marketing network. This system remained highly inefficient due to excessive procurement than the actual sale. Though due to such inefficiency, the WPADC was dissolved but it created seed quality awareness though the establishment of seed testing laboratories in the country. Realizing the importance of seed quality control, variety registration, seed production and multiplication programme, the government launched a seed industry project during 1976 with the assistance of FAO/IBRD. This has provided sound basis for quality seed production programme based on scientific lines (Fig.2.1). The seed system was given legal coverage through promulgation of Seed Act, 1976. Necessary institutional infrastructure was established as under:-

1. National Seed Council (NSC) at Federal Level.2. Provincial Seed Councils (PSC) at each provincial level.3. Federal Seed Certification Department (FSCD).4. National Seed Registration Department (NSRD).

Under the economic austerity measures, the FSCD and NSRD were merged together during 1997 and the new organization has been designated as Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department (FSC&RD).

2.2 SEED PRODUCTION AGENCIES

Seed multiplication, production, processing, storage and marketing is done by the public and private seed sector in provinces. Private seed companies take basic seeds of various crop varieties from public sector seed agencies (statutory obligation) and multiply and market through their own network as certified seed.

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2.2.1 Public sector seed agencies

Public sector seed agencies are obliged to get pre-basic seeds of various crop varieties from research institutes and multiply to produce basic seed for private seed companies and for their own requirement in their respective province. Anyhow, Punjab Seed Corporation has also developed a mechanism for the production of Breeder’s Nucleus seed and pre-basic seed at its own farms in collaboration with respective Plant Breeders and Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department.

1. Punjab Seed Corporation (PSC), Lahore.2. *Sindh Seed Corporation (SSC), Hyderabad.3. ** NWFP Agricultural Development Authority (ADA), Peshawar.4. Balochistan Department of Agriculture (BDA), Quetta.* From 2001-2002, Sindh Seed Corporation has ceased to function and

seed programme has been assigned to Foundation Seed Cell.** From 2000-2001, ADA has ceased to function and seed programme has

been assigned to various components of NWFP Department of Agriculture.

Balochistan and North West Frontier Province have no full-fledged seed corporation in public sector. The activities of seed are carried out by the department of Agriculture Extension in Balochistan and by the various components of NWFP, Department of Agriculture.

2.2.2 Private seed sector

Pakistan seed industry has large volume of private seed companies. It comprises of 372 national seed companies including five multinational seed companies. Government has very liberal policy to encourage further induction of private seed sector into seed business.

2.3 QUALITY CONTROL AGENCY

Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department provides quality control cover through registration of crop variety, crop inspection and seed testing. This system is being implemented at federal level under the Seed Act, 1976.

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2.4 INSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND SALIENT FEATURES OF SEED ACT, 1976

Seed Act provides mechanism for controlling and regulating the quality of seeds of various crop varieties. Its salient features include:-

i. National Seed Council with well defined functions including policy regulations, standards and investment issues..

ii. Federal Seed Certification and Registration agency alongwith its regulatory and quality control functions.

iii. Establishment of provincial seed councils (Section-9).iv. It empowers the Federal Government to notify in the official gazette, the

varieties or species of seed for production, the minimum limits of germination and purity standards for which such seed conforms with the mark and label.

v. It regulates sale of seed of notified varieties and species.vi. Appointment of registered growers to produce seed in the prescribed

manner;vii. It prescribes the period for which registration and certification shall remain

effective (the registration of a grower for producing seed shall be effective for such period not exceeding five years, as may be prescribed).

viii. It empowers the Federal Seed Certification Agency to appoint by notification in the official gazette a Seed Analyst to test the quality and purity of seed;

ix. It authorizes the Federal Seed Certification Agency to appoint the Seed Certification Officer and Seed Inspector by notification in the official gazette;

x. The Act delegates powers to Seed Inspectors to inspect and take samples of any seed in labeled containers purporting to contain seed of a notified variety or species of seed from any person producing, selling, delivering, stocking or distributing seeds and send such samples for analysis to the nearest laboratory of the Federal Seed Certification Agency; and

xi. It prescribes offenses and penalty for a person which contravenes any provision of this Act or any rule. For the 1st offense, a fine not exceeding Rs.1000/- and where the offense continues after conviction, a fine of Rs.100/- for each day during which the offense continues and for a subsequent offense with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months and with fine or with both.

The amendment draft of Seed Act, 1976 is being finalized for submission of Federal Government.

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2.5 NATIONAL SEED COUNCIL (NSC)

National Seed Council is the supreme body concerns with all pursuits of seed both in public and private sectors. It works under the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Government of Pakistan.

2.5.1 Composition of NSC

1. Federal Minister for Food, Agri. & Livestock. Chairman2. Federal Minister of State for Food, Agri. & Livestock. Vice

Chairman3. Secretary, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock.

“4. Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council. “5. Secretary Agriculture, Department of Agriculture, Government of “

Punjab, Lahore.6. Secretary, Agriculture Department, Government of NWFP, Peshawar

“7. Secretary, Agriculture Department, Govt. of Sindh, Karachi

“8. Secretary, Agriculture Department, Government of Balochistan, “Quetta.9. Director General, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department. “10. Managing Director, Punjab Seed Corporation.

“11. Managing Director, Sindh Seed Corporation.

“12. Managing Director, Agriculture Development Authority. “13. One representative of each for the seed grower from the Punjab,

“Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan.

14. One representative of Progressive growers each from the Punjab, Sindh “ NWFP and Balochistan.

15. Four representative (Two local and two multinationals) of seed “

processing and trading companies of private sector.14. Agricultural Development Commission/Additional Secretary.

Member/Secretary

(Notification No.SRO.313(1)/91, dated 1st April, 1991)

2.5.2 Functions of NSC

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The functions of the National Seed Council interalia shall be:-

i) to advise on policy for the development, operation and regulation of the Provincial Seed Industries;

ii) to maintain a watch on the operation of the provisions of this Act;iii) to guide in administering the seed quality control service;iv) to direct initiation of Provincial Seed Projects; v) to ensure and protect investment in the seed industry;vi) to approve and sanction seed standards;vii) to regulate inter-provincial seed movement;viii) to advise on import of seeds;ix) to co-ordinate the arrangements for the maintenance of genetic potential;x) to co-ordinate multiplication and supply of seeds of approved varieties;xi) to assist in developing approved seed production farms.

2.6 FEDERAL SEED REGISTRATION COMMITTEE (FSRC)

FSRC work on behalf of National Seed Council and prepare necessary data and record pertaining to registration of different crop varieties.

In order to meet the requirement of the seed industry especially after the merger of Federal Seed Certification Department and National Seed Registration Department into Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department, the composition and functions of FSRC has been revised by the NSC in its 14 th

meeting held on 28-10-2002.

2.6.1 Composition of FSRC

a The Secretary, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock Chairmanb The Agricultural Development Commissioner, Ministry of

Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Islamabad.Member

c The Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.

Member

d Director General, AARI, Faisalabad.e The Director General, Agricultural Research Institute,

Tandojam.Member

f The Director General, Agricultural Research Institute, Sariab Road, Quetta.

Member

g The Director General, Agricultural Research System NWFP, Agricultural University, Peshawar.

Member

h Director General, FSC&RD, Islamabad. Member/ Secretary

i One Agronomist, to be nominated by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Islamabad.

Member

2.6.2 Functions of FSRC

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a) To assess suitability of varieties for registration in regard to inter alia, distinctness, uniformity, stability and value for cultivation and use based on recommendations of the provincial government.b) To recommend the registration of new varieties and areas for their suitability.c) Procedures for registration of seed growers and nurseries.d) Modification and amendments in seed standards.e) Review of seed policies and making recommendations for production of early

generation seeds in public and private sector.f) Propose guidelines for testing of transgenic varieties etc. and g) Make recommendations for cancellation of registration of crop varieties.

The committee shall, for the performance of its functions, meet at least once a year,, preferably in mid May, (at the end of Rabi and before the start of Kharif season) and when it is so desired by the Federal Government.

2.7 VARIETY EVALUATION COMMITTEE (VEC)

This committee also works on behalf of the National Seed Council but under the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council. It makes arrangements for National Uniform Yield Trial (NUYT) and evaluates performance of candidate crop varieties for regional suitability/adaptability and disease reaction. Such evaluation is carried out through traveling seminar. Seed Act, 1976 does not mention about VEC.

2.7.1 Composition of VEC

1. Member Plant Sciences, PARC.Chairman

2. Director Research (Crops).Convener

3. Director, CDRI, PARC. Member4. Concerned Commodity Specialist from Provinces. “5. Concerned breeders submitting variety for approval. “6. Director General, FSC&RD. “7. Concerned Commodity Coordinator in PARC. “8. Any other Cooperative member. “

2.8 PROVINCIAL SEED COUNCILS (PSCs)

Provincial Seed Councils have been established under section 9 of the Seed Act, 1976. Work on the same lines as National Seed Council but in their respective province. They can approve the variety but notification is issued by the Federal Government after registration process.

2.9 PLANT VARIETY REGISTRATION SYSTEM

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It is a legal system to register the crop variety. FSRC is responsible to evaluate the report of DUS and VCU prepared by FSC&RD and recommend the registration of variety to NSC.

2.9.1 Variety development and testing

Crop variety development is the main domain of public sector organization in the provinces. At a federal level, PARC coordinates for all research pertaining to variety evaluation and testing and provides funding to some specific projects which are unique and not carried out by provinces previously. Research on cotton crop is exclusively carried out by PCCC. No doubt multinational seed companies after conducting local trials started submitting their hybrid varieties of sunflower, maize, sorghum for registration etc. but they enjoy privilege of trading seed under Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991.

Plant breeders test their promising strains in micro varietal trials, breeding stations, sub-stations and the zonal varietal trials for a sufficient number of years. When a breeder selects a variety after sufficient years of testing, he submits it to PARC for evaluation of its value for cultivation and use. Simultaneously, breeder submits a seed sample of that variety to FSC&RD for evaluation of distinctness, uniformity and stability (statutory obligation for registration).

2.9.2 Variety registration and release

A variety that meets the requirements of VCU and DUS is accepted for registration by the FSC&RD. The department submits its DUS report to Federal Seed Registration Committee. The committee evaluates the report regarding DUS and VCU and recommends its registration. The National Seed Council approves the registration and release of a variety. Notification is issued by Federal Government. All the decisions are made based on consensus of opinion by the experts. A number of agencies are involved in the process of variety development, evaluation, maintenance, registration and release (Fig.2.2).

Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department keeps the record of variety registration alongwith all morphological characters. The varieties registered, released and notified through the process, can be multiplied under seed certification system.

AGENCIES INVOLVED ACTIVITIES

26

Plant exploration and introduction

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PARC -------------------------------------------------

PARC/PCCC ----------------------------------------

PARC, PCCC, PAEC, Provincial ResearchInstitutions and Universities

PARC, PCCC, Provincial Research Institutions

National Seed Council through FederalSeed Certification Registration andDepartment.

PARC, PCCC, PAEC, Provincial ResearchInstitutions, Universities and ProvincialSeed Councils.

PCCC, PAEC & Provincial ResearchInstitutes.

Seed Corporation/Government Farms

Contracted growers

Quality control at all stages of seed production and after harvest by the Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department (FSC&RD).

Fig. 2.2 AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR VARIETY DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION AND MAINTENANCE

2.10 SEED CERTIFICATION SYSTEM

27

Germ plasm bank

Variety development

Crop variety testing and approval

Variety registration

Crop variety testing and approval

Basic seed production

Certified seed production

BNS & Pre-basic seed

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Seed certification system is a legal and regulatory mechanism. It is performed by the Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department, an attached department of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. To maintain and make availability of genetically pure seeds of improved varieties, the whole process is done at two main stages.1. The crop raised for the production of seed is inspected by FSC&RD for

genetical purity.2. The seed samples are drawn after harvest of the crop and analyzed in the

laboratory for evaluation on the basis of prescribed seed standard (analytical purity).

In addition to this, pre and post control plots are laid out to ascertain the genetic purity of the seed and seed-borne diseases. In Pakistan, seed certification system has four recognized categories.

1. Pre-basic seed. 2. Basic Seed. 3. Certified seed. 4. Approved seed

2.10.1 Crop Inspection

The purpose of crop inspection is to determine whether or not the crop is suitable for the production of seed of the standard required. The genetic purity of seed crop is assessed through field crop inspection. Inspection is carried out only for notified varieties based on physio-morphology characteristics develop through DUS studies. Before carrying out crop inspection, the following preliminaries are verified:i) Verification of the source from the labels, seals, bags or receipt of seed

purchased.ii) Acreage and location of the seed field.iii) Cropping history of the field where the seed crop is grown.iv) Isolation distance of seed crops from other crops.v) Condition and health of the crop to carry out crop inspection properly. Crop

must not be very much weedy or damaged.vi)Application from grower or seed agency, requesting for crop inspection.

If all the above conditions are found satisfactory then a detailed assessment of the crop is carried out to determine the following factors:a) Admixture with other cultivars.b) Admixture with other species.c) Presence of weeds particularly obnoxious weed plants.d) Presence of seed-borne diseases.

After the crop inspection, the grower or seed company is informed about the decision/recommendations or other measures, necessary to bring the crop up to the prescribed standards. At final inspection, a certificate is issued by the department on the prescribed form.

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2.10.2 Seed Testing

Seed testing is carried out to assess the analytical purity of seed lot. The following steps are taken to ensure quality of seed lot.

2.10.2.1. Submission of application for sampling

Seed samples are drawn from the produce whose fields have been certified subject to the prescribed written request by the grower. Three samples are drawn from each seed lot by the officer of the FSC&RD according to the method as prescribed in ISTA rules (1990). One sample is given to the respective seed testing laboratory and 2nd is handed over to the grower or seed agency. The 3 rd

sample is submitted to the central seed testing laboratory for post control check.

2.10.2.2. Requirement for seed lots to be sampled

It should be ensured before seed sampling that seed lot must be homogeneous. Credibility of results depends on the representative samples. Number of seed samples are drawn according to the size of seed lot.

2.10.2.3. Seed analysis

Working samples are made from the submitted samples in the laboratory. Each seed of the working seed samples is physically examined using magnifying lens. Doubtful seeds are further examined under stereo-microscope. Every crop seed is examined for purity on the basis of morphological characters of particular crop variety. Seed sample is analyzed for the assessment of the following factors.

i) Purity (pure seed).ii) Mixture of the crop seed (other distinguishable varieties).iii) Presence of weeds.iv) Inert matter.v) Seed-borne diseases.vi)Moisture test.vii) Thousand seed weight.viii) Germination.ix)Seed lots are rejected or accepted on the basis of seed standards prescribed

by the National Seed Council for individual crops.

2.10.2.4. Issuing of seed analysis certificate and temporary labels

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After the seed analysis in the laboratory for the above mentioned factors, certificate of fitness is issued by the department and temporarily labels are also issued. These labels carry the following information printed on it:

i. Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department.ii. Reference number.iii. Species.iv. Cultivar.v. No. of bags/containers.vi. Approximate weight of seed lots.

2.10.2.5. Seed sampling during processing and issuing of final labels and seals

All the seed lots are processed at processing plants/units by the seed agency. During processing, seed samples are drawn and analyzed in the laboratory. After this, a certificate is issued on the prescribed form and final labels and seals are also issued on the spot.

2.10.2.6. Re-testing of seed lots

To assess any deterioration during storage, a re-test sample is drawn from each lot at two months prior to its actual distribution/sale. Seed samples are analyzed for all the factors as mentioned above. Finally, the seed agencies are allowed to offer seed lots cleared by the FSC&RD.

2.11 CHECKING OF SEED LOT DURING MARKETING AND IMPORT OR EXPORT

To check the sale of deteriorated, inferior and low quality seed, the Federal Seed Certification Department monitors the quality of seed during distribution and marketing.

The department has established a system of seed testing under the Seed (Truth-in-Labeling) Rules, 1991 and also in accordance to the guidance of import policy 1999. Seed samples are drawn from all the seed consignments and tested for their analytical purity and germination. The label placed on the containers is verified. If the seed lot does not match with the information given on the label, the consignment is not allowed to sale as seed in Pakistan.

CHAPTER-IV

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MAN POWER ENGAGED IN SEED SECTOR

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The establishment of present infrastructure of Seed Industry in Pakistan is a new horizon in agricultural development. At the beginning in 1976, seed sector was predominantly regulated by public sector. So there was no formal training program on seed technology and seed research at local level. Such situation necessitated the training of senior professionals of the seed industry in public sector from abroad. Still in Pakistan, there is no any comprehensive research program on seed technology. No degree program is available in seed technology in any university of the country.

Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department is the pioneer and primary institution dealing with various activities of seed in collaboration with public and private seed sector. Although the department has limited resources and manpower (Table-4.1) but still it has been able to pursue and disseminate the importance of seed among various stake holders of seed industry and policy planners and administrators.

Table-4.1 Technical manpower available with FSC&RD

S.No Qualification No of manpower1. Ph. D 72. M.Phill/M.Sc. (Hons) Agri./Botany 743. B.Sc. (Hons) Agri. 14. Technical and Supporting Staff 225

Grand Total: 307

4.2 MANPOWER IN TEACHING AND RESEARCH OF SEED

The department has conducted many training programmes on the various aspects of seed in collaboration with FAO/DANIDA, ICARDA, Netherlands and UPOV. More than 150 professionals from teaching, research, public sector seed agencies and private seed companies have been trained. In universities and research institutes, about 200 professionals have initiated some courses and research work on various aspects of seed. But the manpower engaged in these institutes need intensive training. Some of the agricultural universities have recently initiated seed technology and seed pathology courses at graduate and post graduate level. But no degree program is available in seed technology at any university in the country.

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4.3 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SEED SECTOR

Liberal policy of the Government of Pakistan in granting permission for seed business in the country has generated new employment opportunity in Pakistan. Now, a total of about 25000 professionals, technical and supporting staff of different level are directly engaged in both the public and private seed sector (Table-4.2).

Table- 4.2 Manpower engaged in public and private sector seed companies (Province wise).

A. PUBLIC SECTOR SEED AGENCIES

S. Seed Agencies No. and Qualification TotalNo Ph.

DM.Phill/ M.Sc

B.Sc

Tech-nical Staff

Suppor-ting Staff*

No. of seed dealers

1. Balochistan Dept. of Agriculture, Quetta

- 10 - 20 38 26** 94

2. NWFP, Agri. Development Authority, Peshawar.

- - 1 5 6 53** 65

3. Punjab Seed Corporation, Lahore

1 38 19 4 611 1849 2522

4. Sindh Seed Corporation, Hyderabad

- 4 3 4 52 75 138

Total (Pubic Seed Agencies)

1 52 23 33 707 2003 2819

* Including Engineers and Diploma holders (Agriculture/Engineering).** Sale points.

B. MULTINATIONAL SEED COMPANIES

S.No

Seed Agencies No. and Qualification Total

Ph. D

M.Phill/ M.Sc

B.Sc

Tech-nical Staff

Suppor-ting Staff*

No. of seed dealers

1. ICI Pakistan Seeds, Lahore

- 5 - 44 3 230 282

2. Aventis Crop Science Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. Karachi

1 80 36 40 131 154 442

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S.No

Seed Agencies No. and Qualification Total

Ph. D

M.Phill/ M.Sc

B.Sc

Tech-nical Staff

Suppor-ting Staff*

No. of seed dealers

3. Monsanto Pakistan Agri. Tech. Lahore.

1 30 2 6 26 167 232

4. Novartis Pakistan Seed, Karachi.

1 6 1 - 2 123 133

5. Pioneer Pakistan Seeds, Lahore.

4 7 3 - 3 28 45

Total (Multinationals): 7 128 42 90 165 702 1134

C. NATIONAL PRIVATE SEED COMPANIES

S.No

Seed Agencies No. and Qualification Total Sale Points

Ph.D M.Phill/ M.Sc

B.Sc

Tech-nical Staff

Suppor-ting Staff*

No. of seed dealers

1. Punjab* 7 186 192 274 1136 7672 9467 63

2. Sindh* - 14 6 10 41 192 263 6

3. NWFP* - 2 1 11 6 12 32 8

4. Balochistan* - 4 4 6 9 17 40 1

5. N.A. (Gilgit).* - 4 4 4 18 - 30 -

6. Islamabad (Federal capital)*

3 2 - - 6 9 20 -

Total National Seed Companies

10 212 207 305 1216 7902 9852 78

* 1. Punjab: Information given about 143 seed companies out of 289

2. Sindh: Information given about 7 seed companies out of 20

3. N.W.F.P. Information given about 2 seed companies out of 4

4. Balochistan. Information given for 2 seed companies out of 2

5. Northern Areas. Information given for 1 seed companies out of 1

6. Federal Capital. Information given for 3 seed companies out of 3

SUMMARY: MANPOWER ENGAGED IN PUBLIC & PRIVATE SECTOR

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S.No

Seed Agencies* No. and Qualification Total

Ph. D M.Phill/ M.Sc

B.Sc Tech-nical Staff

Suppor-ting Staff

**No. of seed dealers

1. Public Seed

Agencies

1 52 23 33 707 2003 2819

2. Multinational Seed Companies.*

7 128 42 90 165 702 1134

3. National Private Seed Companies

7 212 207 305 1216 7902 9849

4. FSC&RD*** 7 74 1 38 187 - 307

Grand Total: 22 466 273 466 2275 10607 14109

* Information available for 158 seed companies out of 328.** Normally two employees work with each seed dealer shop. So total

manpower will be 2 x 10607= 21214.*** Seed quality control department (Federal Seed Certification and

Registration Department).

Note: Total agricultural graduates: 761Total Technical and Supporting Staff: 2741Manpower engaged with seed dealers: 21214

Grand Total: 24716

4.4 CONCLUSIONS

Although in some of the sectors, qualified professionals are apparently seem to be sufficient but actually there is acute shortage of trained professionals in the following areas.

1. Vegetable seed production specialists.2. Fodder & Forages seed production specialists.3. Pulses seed production specialist.4. Seed Economists.5. Seed processing engineers.6. Seed bacteriologists.7. Seed virologists.8. Fungal seed pathologists.9. Legal seed experts.10. Seed extension specialists.11. Seed storage specialists.12. Teaching professionals in seed science & technology.13. Research scientists in seed science and technology.14. Seed physiologists.15. Plant variety protection system (Intellectual Property Rights).4.5 SEED ASSOCIATIONS/SOCIETIES

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Due to awareness of quality seed and its emerging market, the private seed sector is consolidating its activities through the establishment of their associations to play a competitive roll with public sector in the market. Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department has played catalytic role in interaction between the public and private sector seed agencies (Table-4.3).

Table-4.3 Seed development organisations/societies in Pakistan

S.No

Name of organisation/societies Composition

1. Pakistan Society of Seed Technologists (PAKSSET), C/o Director General, Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department , G-9/4, Islamabad.Ph. #. 051-4449117, E.mail. syed99isb.paknet.com.pk

Public and private seed sectors, Pakistan

2. Seed Companies Association of Pakistan (SCAP),C/o Pioneer Pakistan Seeds Pvt. Ltd., 14-L, Model Town Extension, Lahore. Ph. #. 042-5164978, Fax.No. 042-5166458

Multinational Seed Companies, Pakistan.

3. Chamber of Private Seed Industries (CPSI), K.L.P. Road, Chowk Bahadurpur Road, R.Y.Khan. Ph. #. 0731-674141-42, Fax No.674148.

National Private Seed Companies, R.Y.Khan

4. Chamber of Private Seed Industries, Pothohar (CPSIP), P.O.Box No.1903, Islamabad. Ph. and Fax Nos. 051-2297821. E.mail. [email protected]

National Private Seed Companies, Islamabad.

5. All Sindh Private Seed Companies Organisation(ASPSCO), Kamal Khan Market, Nasirpur Road, Tando Allahyar, Distt. Hyderabad. Ph. #. 02231-891622.

National Private Seed Companies, Sindh.

6. Chamber of Private Seed Industries (CPSI), 22-A, Mumtazabad, Multan. Ph. #. 061-529069-524210, Fax. 230017.

National Private Seed Companies, Multan.

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S.No

Name of organization/societies Composition

7. Seed Association of Pakistan (SAP),C/o Robert Cotton Associates, Sir William Roberts Road, Civil Lines, Khanewal. Ph. #. 0692-53551,51191, Fax. 0692-53531.

National Private Seed Companies, Khanewal.

8. Association of Seed Companies of Pakistan (ASCP),110-A, Government Officers Co-operative Housing Society, Farid Town, Sahiwal. Ph. and Fax Nos. 0441-51049, E.mail. [email protected]

National Private Seed Companies, Sahiwal.

9. Chamber of Private Seed Industries (CPSI) C/o Mehr Muhammad Dins and Sons, M.M.Din plaza,Sheikhupura Road, Gujranwala. Ph # 0431-273163-64, Fax No.0431-273165E.mail: [email protected]

National Private Seed Companies, Gujranwala.

10. All Pakistan Seed Merchants Trade Association (APSMTA)C/o Ch. Muhammad Siddique & Sons, P-167, New Grain Market Dijkot Road, Faisalabad. Ph # 092-041-612232, 634943Fax No. 092-041-614175

Seed Merchants and Traders, Faisalabad.

These associations are currently functional as an individual chapter at district level but with the passage of time and after gaining of expertise and consistency in seed business, it is envisaged to consolidate their activities at regional and then at national level. The department has also planned to link them through inter net with international network for seed activities.

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CHAPTER-V

SEED PROCESSING CAPACITY AND INVESTMENT

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Seed processing is a very essential component of seed quality after production and harvesting. In many countries, like Pakistan, small farmers still clean their food crops seed by winnowing. In modern seed production, this method is quite inadequate on commercial scale. To obtain clean, graded and packed seeds of high quality, it is a pre-requisite parameter to have a full range of processing machinery equipped with cleaner, grader, dryer, gravity separator, seed treater, weighing and packaging etc. Principally, seed processing has become an integral part of the national seed programme to translate the technology embodied in the quality seed of superior crop varieties. Obviously due to significance of processing components, the private sector has started endeavoring in the indigenous manufacturing of seed processing plants. There are two main aspects to successful seed production:-

a) Development of an appropriate, improved and high yielding crop varieties.

b) Efficient quality control during production to marketing and build up confidence of the farmers.

Processing is a value addition activity which improves the physical purity and health of seed stock by removing various contaminants including undersized and shriveled grains, inert matter and seeds of other crops.

5.2 THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF UNDESIRABLE MATERIALS IN SEED LOTS

The harvested seeds from a Sheller or thresher or a combined harvesting machine contain many types of undesirable materials.

1. Plant parts and inert matter (stem, leaves, stone, soil etc.)2. Weed seeds (Noxious and obnoxious).3. Other crop seeds (other cultivars).4. Seeds of the variety which are immature, broken, damaged and deteriorated.Therefore, uncleaned seed has to be processed to remove the above mentioned contaminants to upgrade the quality of seed and to apply seed treatment with chemicals.5.3 BASICS OF SEED CLEANING AND PROCESSING

Seed processing is basically a physical separation of undesirable seed and contaminants to improve the quality of seed for ensured productivity. Seed and contaminants which do not differ in some physical characteristics can not be

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separated easily. Some important basis of separation during seed processing is given below:

1. Size of seed (length, width and thickness).2. Weight (heavy and light).3. Shape (round and flat).4. Texture (smooth and rough).5. colour (coloured or off coloured).6. Terminal velocity.7. Affinity for liquids (rate of absorption of liquids through seed surface).8. Electrical conductivity.

5.4 TYPES OF SEED PROCESSING PLANTS

There are two types of seed processing plants.

5.4.1. Mobile.

It consists of one or two combined machines. Generally, it is an air screen cleaner above or combined with an indented cylinder. A separate treater may accompany the processing machine.

5.4.2. Fixed

It has two types of layout which are used for processing of large quantity of seed:

a) Vertical-Processing machines are put in different floors in a multistoried building. The incoming seeds are first elevated to bins from machine on one floor to the other machine for the next operation. The ground floor is used for seed packaging and storage.

b) Horizontal-In this type of lay out, seeds are elevated in to surge bins and pass on through machine by gravity and then re-elevated for the next cleaning operation. The construction and supervision of this type of arrangement is economical than fixed type of lay out.

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5.5 SELECTION OF PROCESSING FACILITIES

Seed processing activities in large enterprises are usually capital intensive. Processing is therefore, a value adding activity which seeks to improve the physical purity and health of seed stock by removing various contaminants including undesired and shriveled grains, inert matter and seeds of other crop. Processing provides the link between seed multiplication and distribution. It is a part of the process where raw seed from growers is brought together for transformation into final processed seed (Kugbei, 2000).

Link between seed multiplication and seed distribution is shown as under:

Seed production and multiplication

Raw seed

Processing

Clean seed

Distribution and marketing

The choice of processing equipment to use, may depend on the kind and nature of contaminants to be removed. Since, it is usually a large capital investment for a seed enterprise; therefore, wrong type of processing plant may have a serious effect on profitability of the enterprise. So the following criteria may be kept into consideration:1. Name of manufacturer.2. Designing features of plant.3. Capacity and size required according to potential market.4. Repair and maintenance facility and efficiency.5. Easy in operation and handling.

5.6 STEPS IN SEED PROCESSING

It involves the physical movement of seed through different types of processing machinery which perform specific operations to separate the desirable seeds from the contaminants. The efficiency and effectiveness of this operation depends on the integration of all machine in a symmetry, proper seed flow, execution and coordination in operation as a whole. A typical seed processing flow diagram developed by Gregg (1977) is given below (Fig-5.4):

39

RECEPTION

HOLDING CONDITIONING

PRECLEANING

BASIC CLEANING

SECONDARY SEPARATION

SEED TREATMENT

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Fig. 5.4 SEED PROCESSING FLOW SYSTEM

5.6.1 Machines and adjustment

Seed processing plant is not a simple and single machine. The whole process of seed processing in a processing plant is adjusted or combined with different types of machines. The choice of the operations and machines depend on the kind of seed being processed, the nature and kind of contaminants in the seed lot and quality of standard. The names of the following seed processing units are given below:

1. Pre cleaner.2. Air screen cleaner.3. Indented cylinder.4. Width thickness separator.5. Density separate.

In addition to this machinery, the following machines are also used for cleaning, finishing and seed treatment.1. Spiral separate.2. Inclined draper.3. Roll mill.4. Magnetic separator.5. Color separator.6. Seed treater.7. Bagger weigher.

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STORAGE

PACKAGING

STORAGE DESPATCH

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5.7 SEED PROCESSING IN PAKISTAN

After the establishment of seed industry project in 1976, the commercial scale seed production was undertaken by the two public sector seed corporation set up in the two provinces viz. Punjab and Sindh.1. Punjab Seed Corporation.2. Sindh Seed Corporation.

Under these seed corporations, four seed processing plants were set up. These seed processing plants were installed, one each at Sahiwal, Khanewal and R.Y. Khan and one at Sakrand in the province of Punjab and Sindh respectively. These plants have been installed with a capacity of 10300 tones annually for crops like wheat, cotton, rice and maize (Table-5.1).

Table-5.1 Seed processing capacity of public sector

Locality of seed Crop seed processing capacity (mt.)processing plant

Wheat Cotton Rice Maize Other

Khanewal, Punjab

17100 12000 - - 150

Sahiwal, Punjab 17100 - 1410 2620 150Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab

17100 16000 - - 150

Sakrand, Sindh 9400 8500 1100 - 3000Total: 60700 36500 2510 2620 750

Grand Total (Pakistan) for all crops = 103080 mt.

For other crops like pulses, millets, oilseed, fodder and forage, it was assumed that seeds of these crops would be processed with possible diversification of the project activities at later stages.

After 1980, the Government of Pakistan initiated its privatization policy. Consequently, private seed sector was persuaded by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock and vigorous contact was developed by the Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department. Within 10 years more than 328 private seed companies were given permission to do seed business. No doubt, the public sector helped a lot to private sector by making availability of basic seed and processing facilities with the increasing demand of seed processing from 75000 mt. (1985-80) to 1340719 mt. (1999-2000) both the public and private seed sector have developed their processing capacity from 12.24 to 35.43 per cent by installing 36 and 103 seed processing plants/units with a total investment of about 178.872 million Pak. rupees and 639.783 million Pak. rupees respectively (Table-5.2).

Table-5.2 Seed processing plants/units, cost and capacity

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S.No

Province Seed agencies No. of plants/ units

Cost (Pak. Rs. million)

Full seed processing capacity @ 16 hr. daily (100 days) mt.

Crops

A. PUBLIC SECTOR SEED AGENCIES1. Punjab Punjab Seed

Corporation, Lahore

11 21.321 146800 cotton, wheat, paddy, maize, potato

2. Sindh Sindh Seed Corporation, Hyderabad

17 141.173 47600 Cereal and cotton

3. NWFP Agri. Development Authority, Peshawar

6 14.647 15350 Cereal and oilseed

4. Balochistan

Department of Agriculture, Quetta

2 3.663 6400 cereal, oilseed and vegetable.

Grand Total (Pub. Sec.) 36 178.872 216150

Source: National Directory of Seed Companies Published by FSC&RD, Government of Pakistan, 2000 P.61. (Edited by Bhutta and Rehman).

B. MULTINATIONAL SEED COMPANIES 1. Punjab ICI Pakistan

Seeds, Lahore.- - - -

2. Sindh Aventis Crop Science Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd., Karachi

- - - -

3. Punjab Monsanto Pakistan Agri Tech. Lahore

1 260 4800 wheat, paddy and maize.

4. Punjab Novartis Pakistan (Pvt.) Sahiwal.

1 - 1808 cotton and wheat

5. Punjab Pioneer Pakistan Seeds Ltd., Sahiwal

1 150 6400 wheat, paddy and maize.

6. Sindh *Lever Brothers (Pvt.) Ltd.

1 - 6400 Cereals

G. Total (Multinationals) 4 410 19408

* The company has been wind up its seed business program.

C. NATIONAL PRIVATE SEED COMPANIES

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1. Punjab 65 95 226.144 229216 Cereal, cotton, pulses & oilseeds.

2. Sindh 4 4 0.500 4720 Cereals.

3. NWFP 3 3 1.958 5000 Cereals and oilseeds.

4. Balochista

n

- - - - -

5. Islamabad (Federal Capital)

1 1 0.032 400 Canola, Maize & Wheat

6. Northern Area, (Gilgit)

1 1 0.600 160 Vegetable and Potato

G. Total Private

companies

National seed

69 103 229.783 239496

G. Total (Pakistan) (A+B+C)

77 143 818.655 475054

Available seed processing capacity against the total estimated seed requirement (1340719 mt.)= 35.43%

5.7.1 Manufacturing of local seed processing plants/units and seed equipments

Seed business is entirely a new industry with special reference to manufacturing of seed processing plants/units etc. Although, imported seed processing plants are very sophisticated and multi purpose but of course, these are very costly. At this stage, a total of 28 imported seed processing plants/units in public sector, 3 in multinational seed companies and 8 in national private seed sector are functioning. Rest of 74 seed processing plants/units have been locally manufactured. In a recent survey thirteen manufacturing units or agricultural industries are involved in manufacturing or assembling of various types of seed processing plants/units and other seed equipments in the country (Table-5.3).

Table-5.3 Manufacturers of seed processing plants/units and seed equipments in Pakistan - 2000-01

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S.No

Name of firm/industry and address

Name of proprietor

Year of business established

Name of seed equipment manufacturing

1. Hafeez Engineering Works, Mianwali, Banglow, District Sialkot. Ph. #. ( 0432 ) 20355

Mr. Abdul Hafeez 1970 -Paddy dryers-Pre cleaner-Seed cleaners

2. Kaneko Agricultural Machinery (Pakistan), G.T.Road, Behind Wazirabad Chungi, Gujranwala. Ph. and Fax Nos. 092-431-710908, E.mail. [email protected]

Mr. Saleem Akhtar

1977 -seed grader-seed cleaner-rice sheller

3. Hafeez Industries,Vehari Road, Multan.Ph. #. 061-61377

Mr. Muhammad Hafeez

1985 Ginning Machine

4. Aftab Taj Engineering Works,Multan.

Mr. Muhammad Taj

1980 Cotton seed delinting unit.

5. Jamal Industries,Main Channu, Distt. Khanewal.Ph. #. 3699-3299

Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Mughal

1990 -Wheat seed processing unit.-Seed sampler

6. Pakistan Weighing Scale,Gujranwala

Mr. Khalid 1995 Weighing scale

7. Al-Hamra Mechanical Works, Bahawalnagar Road, Qaboola, District Pakpattan.Ph. #. 04446-51110

Haji Taj Muhammad

1980 -Seed processing plant.-Seed cleaner.-Seed delinter.-Thresher

8. Malik Enterprises,Multan Road, Mailsi

Malik Muhammad Ramzan

1993 Cotton ginning factory

9. NWFP/SIDB Agric Light Engineering Programme, Small Industrial Estate, Nowshera Road, Mardan, P.O.Box 53.Ph. #. 0931-68237 Fax.68250

Engineer Haji Nazir GulProject Director

1984 -Motorised seed cleaner-Manual seed drill-Solar dryer for seed.

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S.No

Name of firm/industry and address

Name of proprietor

Year of business established

Name of seed equipment manufacturing

10. Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute (AMRI), P.O. Box-416, Old Shujabad Road, Multan. Ph. #. 061-9200786, Fax No.061-9200313

Dr. Rafiq-ur- Rehman, Director

1976 -Seed cleaner cum grader, corn cobs dryer, seed treater, seed delinter and light separator.

11. Farm Machinery Institute, NARC, Islamabad. Ph. #. 92-051-9255012

Director 1981 Wheat and Rice reaper, Groundnut Digger and Thresher, Zero Tillage Drill, Sunflower Thresher, Rice Trans Planter.

12. Bhatti Industries, G.T.Road Mian Channu, Distt. Khanewal, Ph. #. 0448-660676, Mobile 0303-7568185.

Mr. Muhammad Ashraf Bhatti

1980 Seed processing plants/units for wheat, rice and cotton.

13. Sharif Agricultural Industry, Fatima Jinnah Road, Sargodha. Ph. #. 0451-710242, 710742. E.mail [email protected]

Mr. Shabbir Hussain

1984 -wheat thresher,-cultivator-combined thresher

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CHAPTER-VI

SEED STORAGE CAPACITY OF PAKISTAN SEED INDUSTRY

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Seed is seldom planted immediately after harvest, it is stored for a few weeks, months or some times years, before planting. An appropriate conditions during storage to protect seed from deterioration and damages in order to maintain its germination, vigour, identity, physical conditions and purity, is very essential. The storage life of seed varies with the conditions of both seed and storage itself. The viable and vigorous instinct of seed can be kept intact by careful handling, planning and management of seed storage. There are generally three types of storage of seed.

1. Short term storage of seeds from 6-8 months (Generally for one planting season).

2. Medium term storage of seed from 12-14 months (stored normally as reserved seed stock).

3. Long term seed storage from 5-20 years. (Seed samples of germplasm, breeder seeds and tested seed samples of the laboratory for certification purposes are stored for long term storage).

6.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE VIABILITY OF SEED DURING STORAGE

The losses to the quality and quantity and affect on viability of seed during storage, are caused due to following reasons/factors;

- Storage on plants (pre-harvest field conditions).

- Immaturity at harvest.

- High moisture contents/relative humidity.

- Temperature.

- Pathological infestation.

- Insects and pests.

From the above mentioned factors relative humidity and temperature are the most important factors effect the viability of seed during storage.

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6.2.1 Relative Humidity

The amount of moisture absorbed by seeds depends upon relative humidity (RH) as seeds being hygroscopic in nature lose or gain moisture. In principle, when air temperature increases, the water holding capacity of air increases. Each kind of seed attains a characteristic moisture content at a given relative humidity at a particular temperature. This is called equilibrium moisture content. An equilibrium of seed moisture content and relative humidity for various crops is given below (Table-6.1).

Table-6.1 Seed moisture equilibrium at various levels of relative humidity (at 25°C)

S. Crop Moisture level at Relative Humidity (%)No 15 30 45 60 75 90 1001. Barley (Hordeum vulgar L.) 6.0 8.4 10.

012.1

14.4

19.5

26.5

2. Corn, field (Zea mays L.) 6.5 8.5 9.9 12.2

13.6

18.3

23.0

3. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) - 6.0 7.5 9.1 11.5

18.0

-

4. Flax (Linum usitatissiumum L.) - 5.6 6.3 7.9 10.0

15.2

21.4

5. Oat (Avena sativa L.) 5.7 8.0 9.6 11.8

13.8

19.5

24.1

6. Groundnut (Arachis nypogaea L.) 2.5 4.2 5.6 7.2 9.8 13.0

-

7. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 6.8 8.6 10.7

12.6

14.4

18.4

23.6

8. Rye (Secale cereale L.) 7.0 8.7 10.5

12.2

14.8

20.6

26.7

9. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

6.4 8.6 10.5

12.0

15.2

18.8

21.9

10. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Mew) 4.3 6.5 7.4 9.3 13.1

18.8

-

11. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) - 5.1 6.5 8.0 10.0

15.0

-

12. Wheat, white (Triticum aestivum L.)

6.7 8.6 9.9 11.8

15.0

19.7

26.3

13. Wheat, durum (Triticum durum Dest.)

6.6 8.5 10.0

11.5

14.1

19.3

26.6

Source:- Seed Production Technology, ICARDA, 1986(Sri vastava & simarski),Syria.

6.2.2. Temperature

Normally seed moisture and storage temperature interact in affecting seed viability. Low temperature especially between 0-5°C is considered better for proper storage. Mites do not develop below 5°C (41°F) and insect below 15°C

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(60°F). Most of the storage fungi do not grow below 0°C (32°F). Harrington and Douglas (1970) devised two simple rules:

1. For every decrease of one per cent in seed moisture content the life of the seed is doubled.

2. For every decrease of 5°C in storage temperature the life of the seed is doubled.

These rules operate with moisture contents between 5 and 14 per cent, and with temperatures from 0°C to 50°C and are independent of one an other.

6.3 STORAGE OF GERM PLASM

In germplasm storage, loss of viability is associated with chromosomal damage and mutations in the surviving seeds. Therefore, storage of germplasm for longer period requires special attention. Suggested conditions (Agrawal, 1988) for storing breeder seed and germplasm is given in table-6.2.

Table-6.2: Suggested conditions for storing breeder seed and germplasm material

Duration of storage year

Temperature range (C°)

Relative humidity (%)

5-7 15-20 45-5020-25 2-4 40-45

50 or more - 10 40-45

6.4 STORAGE OF VEGETABLE SEEDS

Vegetable seeds are normally packed in small containers/packets and are offered for sale in moisture vapor proof containers e.g. in cans, polythene bag of 700 gauge or more and aluminum foil pouches. Different vegetable seeds can be best stored at specific level of. moisture content (Table-6.3).

Table-6.3 Seed moisture levels for various vegetable seeds packed in moisture vapor proof containers.

Moisture (%)

Vegetable crops seeds

4 Pepper, onion, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, turnip.

5 Lettuce, tomato, cucumber, brinjal, musk melon, pumpkin, squash

6 Watermelon, carrot, celery, pea, spinach

Source:- Quality seed production by Gastel and Kerley (1988) ICARDA,Syria. P-185

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6.5 FOOD GRAIN STORAGE FACILITY IN PAKISTAN

Two major crops wheat and paddy are stored in Pakistan, for 1-2 years or more in case of wheat grains. Although, Pakistan has reasonable capacity of food grain storage but their quality is not good. Food grain storage availability in Pakistan is about 5.57 million mt. in public sector and 0.14 million mt. in private sector (Bhutta et al, 2001).

6.5.1 Types of storage facilities

Seed is often stored in the field, on farm, in the processing plant, during transportation/marketing at distribution centre. There are two main types of seed storage.

6.5.1.1 Controlled storage

In this type of storage, temperature and relative humidity are fully controlled. Such types of stores are used for long term seed storages.

6.5.1.2 Open storage

No mechanical equipments are needed except ventilation fan etc. Such types of stores are mainly used for short term storage. Stocks for grains and seeds are always built on separate lines as seed storage needs more accuracy. But in Pakistan, stores meant for food grains, are also some times used for seed storage. The major types of stores available with public and private sectors (Bashir et al, 1994) are as follows.

1. House type.2. Hexagonal concrete bins.3. Binishells.4. Concrete silos.5. Steel silos.6. Lahore type sheds.7. Shed type.8. Open bulk heads (An Australian Technology).9. Open storage.

In Pakistan, seed of various crops is stored in house type and shed type stores packed in jute, gunny or cotton bags.

6.6 FOOD GRAIN LOSSES IN PAKISTAN

The total wheat losses during harvesting, threshing, handling, transportation and storage are estimated about 9% (Anonymous, 1991). By saving these losses, more than 10 million persons can be fed.

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The major factors causing losses of store grains and even seeds are:-i. Insect pest.ii. Rodent and birds.iii. Moisture damage.iv. Spillage and pilferage.v. Inadequate storage management.

6.7 EXISTING STORAGE FACILITY IN SEED INDUSTRY

6.7.1 Public sector seed agencies

In the past few years, the seed storage and marketing was predominantly handled by public sector. But with the induction of private sector into seed business, quite healthy competition has commenced between the public and private seed sectors. At this stage, both public and private agencies have more than 12000 seed dealers. This scenario has positive effect in increasing the storage capacity of both public and private seed sector agencies.

At the beginning, seed production and processing was started in public sector seed agencies especially in Punjab and Sindh. Sufficient storage facilities were developed on the site of each seed processing plants at Sahiwal, Khanewal, R.Y. Khan and Sakrand. With the passage of time and in accordance to the magnitude of demand, the public sector has attempted to increase its storage capacity (Table-6.4).

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Table-6.4 Seed storage facility available with public sector seed agencies-2000

S.No

Province

Seed Agencies Locality Crops Seed storage facility (mt.)

Own Hired1. Punjab Punjab Seed

Corporation Lahore

Sahiwal Wheat,Paddy,Maize, Mung, Potato

11600 -

Khanewal Wheat,Paddy,Maize, Mung, Cotton

13223 -

R.Y.Khan -do- 13050 -Gujranwala Wheat, Paddy - 3000Sargodha Wheat, Paddy,

Gram- 1700

Jhang Wheat, Paddy, - 1700Total Punjab Public

Sec.37873 6400

2. Sindh Sindh Seed Corporation, Hyderabad

Sakrand Wheat and cotton 3000 -

Total Sindh Public Sector

3000 -

3. NWFP Agri. Development Authority* (ADA), Peshawar.

Mardan Wheat 300 -

4. Balochis-tan

Department of Agriculture, Quetta

Nasirabad Division, Quetta Division, Gandhawa Farm.

WheatWheatWheat, Oilseed

12001500250100

----

Total Baluchistan 3050 -

Grand Total (Pakistan) Public Sector: 44223 6400

Grand Total (owned and hired): 50623 (3.77%)**

* Agri. Development Authority (ADA) has stopped its working from 2001.** Percentage of storage capacity over seed requirement = 1340719 mt.

6.7.2 Private sector seed companies

With the induction of private sector into seed business, the availability of various crops seed has increased from 7-15 per cent during last 10 years. Simultaneously, storage facilities both in the public and private sector has also increased up to 18.17 per cent against the total estimated seed requirement of all crops (Table-6.5). Although, seed storage facilities available with private sector is not on desired scientific level, so as to increase the shelf life of seed. But many

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seed companies have realized this fact to maintain the viability of seed. Seed storage facilities available with individual companies in different provinces is given in Annexure 6.1.

Table-6.5 Seed storage capacity available with private sector - 2000

Province Seed agency Storage owned (mt.)

Storage hired (mt.)

Multinational Seed Companies.Punjab Pioneer Pak seeds (Pvt.) Ltd.

Sahiwal8000 00

Novartis seeds (Pvt.) Ltd. Sahiwal.

300 00

Monsanto Pak. Agri Tech., Lahore

2000 3000

Agro chemicals and seeds business (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore (ICI seeds).

525 500

Total (Multinationals): - 10825 3500G. Total: (owned + hired): - 14325 (1.07%)

National Private seed companies (NPSC):Punjab - 130087 39725Sindh - 3600 500NWFP - 3280 600Balochistan - 380 00N.A(Gilgit) - 50 00Islamabad(Federal Capital)

- - 100

Total (National Private Seed Companies) 137847 40925Grand Total: (owned + hired) NPSC 178772

(13.33%)Total (Public + Multinational + National Private) 192895 50825

Grant total seed storage capacity in Pakistan (owned + hired) 243720 mt. (18.17%)

6.8 STORAGE REQUIREMENT AND SCOPE OF INVESTMENT

The development of storage facilities is basically related to marketing network and pricing system while investment in this sector is related to reasonable return. Although private sector is investing to increase its storage capacity in sugar, potato, fruits and vegetable industries but in food grains and seed industry, investment is at low profile. Any how, the following table-6.6 shows the scope of investment at current storage requirement of the country (Bhutta et al, 2000).

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Table-6.6 Current storage requirement and investment 1999-2000(Figs. in million MT)

Storage commodity

Storage facility available

Food grain requirement

Storage capacity required

Investment required Rs. (US$) in million

Major food grains*

5.71 22.00 5.29 18091.80 (282.68)

Major crop seeds

0.24 1.34** 0.26 889.20 (13.89)

Total: 5.95 23.34 5.55 18981.00 (296.57)

* Rice and wheat. ** Seed requirement for all crop.

6.9 CONSTRAINTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The existing storage facilities for both the food grains and seed industries are inadequate to meet the present requirement. There is a need to develop storage facilities keeping in view of food requirements for increasing population pressure in the country.

1. Joint efforts for development of storage facilities, among engineers, entomologists, storage specialists and seed technologists should be made for future guidance.

2. Farmer and procurement agencies are required to be educated and trained about modern storage technology.

3. Since construction of storage houses need heavy investment, therefore, private sector should be encouraged to invest in this sector. Loans with subsidized rate may be given particularly.

4. To reduce post harvest losses, certified seed duly tested for their health status should be sown. Similarly, food grains/seed must be tested before storage for moisture contents, mechanical injury, fungal or insect pest infestation.

5. There is a need to establish liaison with the international agencies and donors for construction/maintenance/rehabilitation of storage and seeking specialized advanced training in post harvest technology.

6. To attract the investors, tax rebate incentive may be given in proportionate to investment in construction of new store houses and on import of materials used in storage.

7. Storage policy must be a part of food security policy.

Annexure-6.1

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Seed storage facility available province wise with private sector in Pakistan

S.No

Province Name of seed agencies Seed storage capacity (mt.)

Owned Hired

A. MULTINATIONAL SEED COMPANIES1. Punjab Agro. Chemical and Seed

Business (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore.525 500

2. Sindh Aventis Crop Science Pakistan, Karachi*.

- -

3. Punjab Monsanto Pakistan Agri. Tech. Lahore.

2000 3000

4. Punjab Novartis Seeds Ltd., Sahiwal. 300 -5. Pioneer Pak. Seeds Ltd., Sahiwal. 8000 -

Total (Multinational): 10825 3500* Information not available.

B. NATIONAL PRIVATE SEED COMPANIES1. Sindh Agri. Cola Seed Services, Sukkur. 150 -2. Bhanbhore Seed & Agro

Services, Ghotki.500 500

3. Gizri Cotton (Pvt.) Ltd., Daharki. 1000 -4. Hygro Seed Product, Mirpurkhas. 1000 -5. Mehran Seed Corporation,

Sukkur.150 -

6. Tassco Seed Corporation, Hyderabad.

800 -

Total Sindh (Private Sector): 3600 5001. NWFP Sarhad Seed Supplies Ltd. Swat. 3000 2002. Swat Seeds and Farm, Swat. 280 400

Total NWFP (Pvt. Sector): 3280 6001. Balochista

nBalochistan Seed Corporation, Quetta

350 -

2. “ Khushali Associates, Quetta. 30 -Total Balochistan: 380

1. Islamabad Pak Agro Services and Seeds, Islamabad.

- 100

Total Islamabad (Federal Capital):

- 100

1. N.A. (Gilgit)

North South Seed Company, Gilgit

50 -

1. Punjab A.R. & Company, Sargodha 1200 -2. Abad Agri Seeds Ltd., T.T.Singh. 300 10003. Adeel Seed Corp., T.T.Singh 1000 -

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4. Aftab Seed Corp., 1000 -5. Agrotech Seed Corporation,

Sadiqabad.1500 -

6. Agroz International, Sahiwal. - 5007. Ahmad Seed Corp., Pakpattan 1000 -8. Ahmadabad Seed Corporation,

Vehari.200 -

9. Ahsan Seed Corporation, Faisalabad.

180 -

10. Al-Barkat Seeds & Agro Chemicals, Sahiwal.

- 400

11. Al-Haider Seed Corporation, Muzaffargarh

500 -

12. Al-Hammad Seed Corp., Chichawatni.

320 -

13. Al-Meezan Seed Corp.,Kabirwala 200 28514. Al-Mukhtar Seed Corp.,

Sadiqabad.1000 -

15. Al-Nadeem Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 400 -16. Al-Noor Seed Corporation,

Multan.200 200

17. Al-Qadir Seed Corp., Sahiwal. 600 200018. Al-Qaim Seeds Ltd., Multan 3000 -19. Al-Sadiq Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 120 80020. Al-Shamas Seeds & Agri

Services, Liaquatpur.200 -

21. Aman Seed & Agri Services. Depalpur.

500 -

22. ASKK, Multan. 2500 -23. Atom Seed Corp., Khanpur - 800024. Awami Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 500 -25. Azam Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 35 35026. Baba Seed Corp., Sadiqabad 400 -27. Badal Seed Corp., Sadiqabad - 22028. Badar Seed Corp., Sadiqabad - -29. Baloch Seed Corporation,

Lodhran.400 -

30. BAMS, Multan 600 -31. Best Asia (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore. 8 -32. Bilal Agro Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 170 23033. Burhan Chemicals & Seed

Services, Multan500 -

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S.No

Province Name of seed agencies Seed storage capacity (mt.)

34. Punjab Chaman Seed Corporation, Sadiqabad.

1200 -

35. Chawan Seed Corp., Multan 50 5036. Cheema Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 200 -37. Cheeta Seed Corporation,

Rajanpur600 -

38. Cotmax Seed Corporation, Muzaffargarh

300 -

39. Cotton Growers Services, R.Y.Khan

2000 -

40. Dada Seed Corp., Bahawalpur. 200 -41. Data Agro (Pvt.) Ltd., Khanewal 10000 -42. Daultana Seed Corporation,

Lahore2500 -

43. Dawood Seed Corp., Sahiwal. 6000 -44. Diamond Seed Corp., Sahiwal. 200 40045. Dost Seed Corporation, Multan. 300 -46. Eley Seed Corporation, Burewala. 2000 -47. Evergreen Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 2000 -48. Fareed Seed Corporation,

Bahawalpur.135 -

49. Farm Services Syndicate, Lahore. 1000 -50. Farmers Utility Seed Corporation,

Multan150 -

51. Fine Seed Corporation, R.Y.Khan 200 -52. Food Tech Associates, Lahore. 100 -53. G.A. International, Bahawalpur. 1600 -54. Gaurd Seed Corporation, Multan 600 -55. Ghausia Seed Corporation, Okara 2000 -56. Gill Seeds & Agro Services,

Khanewal- 108

57. Gohar Seed Corp., Multan - 250058. Golden Fibre Seed Corporation.,

R.Y.Khan- 280

59. Green Star Seed Farms, Bahawalnagar.

204 -

60. Haji Sons Seed Corp., Jhang 330 -61. Hamdard Seed Corporation,

T.T.Singh- 1000

62. IBI International, Lahore. 1000 120063. Ikram Seed Corporation, Vehari. 4000 -64. Izhar Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan - 290

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65. J.B.Seed Corp., Khanpur, R.Y.Khan

- 4500

66. Johar Seed Corporation, Burewala.

- 100

67. Jullundhar Seed Corp., Arifwala 20000 -68. Kashan Brothers Ltd., Khanewal. 2000 -69. Kashmir Seed Corporation,

R.Y.Khan1000 -

70. Khagga Seed Corporation, Khanewal

200 -

71. Khawar Baloch Seed Corp., Rajanpur

500 -

72. Khushal Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 320 40073. Khyber Seed Industry, Khanewal. - 40074. Kissan Agro Chemicals, Lahore. 400 -75. Kissan Seed Corp., Sahiwal 450 30076. Kissan Supply Services, Lahore. 2000 200077. Larr Seed Corporation, Multan. 350 -78. Leader Seed Corp., Pakpattan 800 -79. Liaqat Seed Corporation,

Bahawalpur.1000 -

80. Lucky Seed Corporation, 600 -81. Lucky Star Seeds Ltd., - 50082. Madni Agro Services,

Muzaffargarh2000 -

83. Manthar Seed Corporation, Sadiqabad

600 -

84. Maroof Seed Corp., Bahawalpur 200 -85. Marral Seed Corporation, Multan. - 30086. Master seed Corporation,

Bahawalpur400 -

87. Mehtab Seed Corporation, R.Y.Khan

600 -

88. Mian Seed Corp., Sadiqabad 250 -89. Millat Seed Corporation,

R.Y.Khan400 -

90. Mumtaz Seed Corporation, R.Y.Khan

260 -

91. N.T.L Seed Corp., Kamoke. 150 5092. Nasir Complex Ltd., Multan 100 -93. National Seed Corporation,

Sadiqabad.1200 -

94. Naya Daur Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan.

256 -

95. Neelum Seed Corporation, 600 -

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Multan.96. Noble Seed Corp., Sadiqabad 800 -97. Nokon Seeds (Pvt.) Ltd., Sahiwal. 300 40098. Olympic Seed Corporation,

R.Y.Khan100 300

99. Pak. Agro International Ltd., Mianwali.

500 -

100. Pasban Seed Corp., Sadiqabad 250 -101. Peasant Marketing Ltd.,

Bahawalpur90 -

102. Pechan Pak Seeds Ltd., Mailsi. 100 800103. Prime seed Corp., R.Y.Khan - 712104. Punjnad Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 1000 -105. Punjnad Seeds Ltd., Bahawalpur. 100 -106. Qarni Rid Seed Corporation,

R.Y.Khan140 -

107. R.C.A. Ltd., Khanewal 5000 -108. Rachna Agri Business,

Gujranwala400 -

109. Rahim Yar Khan Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan

- 700

110. Raie Agro International, Khanewal - 300111. Ramday Seed Corporation,

T.T.Singh1000 -

112. Ravi Seed Corporation, Multan 400 -113. Rawal Seed Corporation,

R.Y.Khan.1600 -

114. Rehman Trading Company, Vehari

1000 -

115. Rehmat Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 500 -116. River Gold Seed Corp.,

Sadiqabad- 200

117. Rohi Seed Corp., Rajanpur 400 -118. Roshan Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan - 1600119. Sardar Jhandir Seed Corporation,

Mailsi1500 -

120. Searani Seed Corporation, R.Y.Khan

200 -

121. Shahbaz Seed Corporation, R.Y.Khan

4500 -

122. Shahid Kissan Seed Corp., Sadiqabad

500 -

123. Shan Seed Industry, Khanewal. 40 -124. Soghat Seed Corp., Sadiqabad 220 -125. Sohna Agri Concern Ltd., 1200 -

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126. Soldier Seed Corporation, T.T.Singh

250 -

127. Sutlej Seeds, Hasilpur, Bahawalpur

743 -

128. Tareen Seed Farms, Multan 500 -129. Tristar Seed Corporation,

R.Y.Khan200 5000

130. Uni Seed Corp., Lahore 2016 -131. United Seed Corporation,

Pakpattan.500 -

132. Wahid Seed Corp., Pakpattan 6500 -133. Warind Seed Corp., Sadiqabad. - 400134. Wel Gro Seed Industries,

Jehanian.- 950

135. Zaheerabad Seed Corp., Burewala.

1500 -

136. Zahid Seed Corp., R.Y.Khan 500 -137. Zamindara Seed Corp., Depalpur 600 -138. Zarai Seed Corporation, Multan. 900 -

Total Punjab Private Sector: 130087 39725

Grand Total (Punjab) Owned + Hired (Private Sector) = 169812

(12.66%)

Total(Sindh+NWFP+Balochistan+Northern Areas+Islamabad) = 137847

40925

G.Total (owned + hired) NPSC: = 178772 13.33%

Total (Public + Multinational + National Private) = 192895

50825

Grand total seed storage capacity in Pakistan (owned+hired) = 243720 mt.

(18.17%)

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CHAPTER-VII

SEED MARKETING NETWORK AND PRICING STRUCTURE

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Seed marketing is one of the key component in seed industry which provides the successful basis for plant variety originating institute, seed producers, distributors and farmers as well. Seed marketing involves to make the business sustainable and rewarding. It needs a lot of promotional activities i.e. advertisement, public relations, brochures, sales aids, field days, seminars, demonstration plots and roadway signs. Therefore, seeds of improved crop varieties should be of the good quality and available at the right time in a sufficient quantity. Marketing management has some basic elements.

i. The product.ii. The distribution system.iii. The price structure.iv. Promotional activities.

Marketing for quality seed includes those processes, involved in converting a product into commercially valuable commodity. These processes are transportation delivery system, storage and packing and technical support.

7.2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF SEED MARKET

Following are the basic requirements for a stable seed industry capable of supplying seed for market demands:-

1. An adequate supply of pre-basic and basic seed.2. An efficient and strict certification system.3. Reliable market intelligence to predict demand of cultivars.4. Seed processing facilities near to seed production area.5. Storage facilities available with distribution agency.6. Documentation system.7. Registration system of dealership.8. Promotional activities about the benefit of certified seed.

The success of seed programs largely depends on the determination of consumer needs based on actual assessment for seed demand. It also restricts over production or under production. So information for actual seed demand determined through market research is needed by seed enterprises, seed sellers and government to plan and implement effective seed program. Marketing research is the systematic gathering of information concerning:-a) the consumers needs, desires and buying habits,b) the numbers of potential consumers with needed buying power and

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c) The alternatives available to each of the potential consumers.The success of a distribution network depends largely on the selection of competent retail dealer. The seed marketing strategy is based on two important factors:-

A. Seed demand.B. Seed supply.

7.3 SEED DEMAND

The total quantum of seed requirement is assessed on the basis of acreage, seed rate and renewal rates. But the assessment of demand for high quality seed is rather difficult. In this case, seed extension and promotion system and credit facility and price of respective crop commodity play major role in increasing the demand of certified seed among the farming community.

7.3.1 Rate of variety introduction and adoption

Diffusion of new varieties on farmers field greatly depends on:-i. Agronomic superiority.ii. Farmer’s education.iii. Relationship of cost and benefits.iv. Type of crop.

The variety which has superior agronomic characteristics is often adopted soon by the farmers. Educated and progressive growers quickly adopt new varieties as compared to subsistent farmers. Therefore, increased yield must cover the extra price for the seed and induce the farmer to use high quality seed.

7.3.2 Seed replacement rate

Many farmers usually save seed from the subsequent harvest of their commercial crop. If the seed promotional activities are effective, then farmers awareness for the quality seed of the new variety will be fast. In self pollinated crops, the farmers normally replace seeds after 2-3 years, in cross pollinated crops, 1-2 years and for hybrids every year. With the induction of private seed sector, awareness for quality seed is increasing fastly.

7.3.3 Seed extension and promotion

Seed extension program is an important component of seed marketing of improved varieties. Farmer is often convinced better by actual demonstration of certified seed crop and its superiority over common farmer crop. In Pakistan, Agriculture Department in public sector is responsible for all types of agricultural extension activities. Unfortunately, in seed sector, no well elaborated extension program exists in Agriculture Department. Public and private seed sector

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agencies have not paid due attention in seed promotional activities like well documented publicity of quality seed, seed demonstration plots or seed melas (show), seed literature or any other relevant activities. Very nominal publicity through TV aids is carried out by only Punjab Seed Corporation at the on set of sowing season of wheat and cotton.

7.3.4 Credit facility

Many farmers do not use certified seed due to the reason that they can not afford to purchase. Effective and soft term credit facility by the banks will help the farmer to purchase seed and other inputs. Successful credit program also needs good advisory services for the use of quality seed as is being practiced by pesticide and fertilizer companies for their products. It ensures the effective use of input for better crop yield. Good return in terms of yield will help in easy return of loan.

7.4 SEED SUPPLY SYSTEM

Seed should be produced in an area suitable for high quality crop seed but it should not be far from potential consumers. Seed supply system is based on effective marketing and transportation network. Good packing attracts the attention of consumer. Storage is also an important factor in supply of seed at right time.

In Pakistan seed supplies in the market can be categorized as follows:1. Formal sector comprising of public sector seed corporations and private

registered seed companies both national and multinationals.2. Informal sector where seed flows from farmer to farmer or farmer buys seed

from local market.

Under the seed supply, the seeds of various crops pass through different channels. Public sector and private sector seed agencies have their own seed dealers and sale depots. Pre-basic seed is produced by breeders and handed over to public sector agencies or private seed sector especially multinationals produce their own seed. Basic seed produced by the authorized seed agencies, is distributed to private sector seed companies and to registered seed growers. Certified seed is produced on the farms of registered growers of seed agencies under the supervision and quality control of Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department. The department also supervises the quality of the pre-basic and basic seed. Certified seed so produced is distributed or marketed by the seed companies either direct by their own sale depots or through their seed dealer network. Farmers buy this seed from the local seed dealer or some time from the village shop keepers (Fig. 7.1).

In the past few years, the seed marketing in the country was dominated by public sector only. But now with the rapid induction of private seed sector in to seed

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business. The share of private sector is increasing. Punjab seed Corporation distributes seed through a total of 1864 out lets. Sindh Seed Corporation with 82 sale out lets and the Agricultural Development Authority with 53 sale points and sale depots throughout their respective provinces. In Balochistan, there is no organized seed distribution system and the seed is sold by the Agricultural Extension department and research institutes direct to the farmers. However, agriculture department has established 26 sale points under the offices of the Deputy Director of Agriculture. Similarly, the national private seed companies and multinationals have 8682 seed out lets through out the Pakistan (Table-7.1). About 25000 personals are directly engaged in seed production/marketing system in Pakistan.

Table-7.1 Seed marketing network of various agencies/companiesS.No Province Name of seed agency Own sale

pointsNo. of seed

dealers

Total

A. PUBLIC SECTOR SEED AGENCIES1. Punjab Punjab Seed Corporation. 15 1849 18642. Sindh Sindh Seed Corporation. 7 75 823. NWFP Agri. Development Authority. 53 - 534. Balochistan Department of Agriculture. 26 - 26

Total (Public Sector): 101 1924 2025

B. NATIONAL PRIVATE SEED COMPANIES1. Punjab 63 7672 77352. Sindh 6 192 1983. NWFP 8 12 204. Balochistan 1 17 185. Islamabad

(Federal Capital)

- 9 9

6. N.A.(Gilgit) - - -Total (National Private Sector): 78 7902 7980

C. MULTINATIONAL SEED COMPANIESS.No

Province Name of seed agency Own sale points

No. of seed

dealers

Total

1. Punjab Agro. Chemicals & Seed Business, (ICI) Lahore.

- 230 230

2. Sindh Aventis Crop Science Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd., Karachi

- 154 154

3. Punjab Mansanto Pakistan Agri. Tech., Lahore.

- 167 167

4. Punjab Novartis Pakistan Seeds, Sahiwal - 123 1235. Punjab Pioneer Pakistan Seeds, Lahore. - 28 28

Total (Multinationals): - 702 702G.Total Pakistan (A+B+C): 179 10528 10707

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Fig. 7.1 Seed distribution and marketing network in Pakistan.

7.5 PRICING STRUCTURE OF SEED

The sale price of quality seeds is always higher as compared to grain because quality seed production is a highly technical and institutional activity. In case of hybrid, the price of seed is even many time more than self pollinated and cross pollinated crop seed variety. Although the cost of certified seed is the result of a number of interacting factors, but the following factors have direct bearing on the price of seed.1. Production cost including all inputs etc.2. Harvesting, threshing and processing.3. Storage cost.4. Transportation and local taxes if any.5. Retailing incentive including premium to the seed grower.6. Risk cost from procurement to marketing.

64

SEED DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

PUBLIC SEED SECTORPRIVATE SEED SECTOR

INFORMAL SEED SECTOR

*FARMER TO FARMER EXCHANGE *FARMER KEEPS OWN SEED *FARMER BUYS SEED FROM LOCAL MARKET

MULTINATIONAL SEED COMPANIES

5 NOS.

NATIONAL PRIVATE SEED COMPANIES

319 Nos.

BDAADASSCPSC

OWN SALE POINTS

SEED DEALERS

SEED DEALERS

OWN SALE POINTS

SEED DEALERS

OWN SEED DEALERS

Page 65: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

7. Import of seed i.e. vegetable, oilseeds, forage fodder.

Healthy competition between public and private sector and among a number of seed companies and dealers network may determine and ensure the fair prices for both the producer and consumer of seed.

The seed pricing system is not very systematic in the country. Various seed agencies both public and private work out seed prices differently based upon their specific seed production and procurement circumstances and competition among each other on demand and supply basis. The costs of production, processing, marketing, incidental charges and other overhead expenses are reflected in price. However, imported seed has higher price than locally produced seed. The seed of various vegetables, potato, clover, fodders, hybrid, maize and sunflower are imported in Pakistan.

The Government no longer controls the pricing of seed in the market. Private seed sector has edge over market tactics than public sector. The sale officials of public sector agencies can not bargain as the price has already been fixed. The pricing structure of various crops seed vary from year to year (Table-7.3).

7.5.1 Grain/seed price ratio

The grain and seed price ratio of various crops both by public and private sector is as given in table-7.2:-

Table-7.2 Grain/seed price ratioCrop Public Sector Private

PSC, Punjab

SSC, Sindh

Wheat 1: 1.38 1: 1.65 1: 1.54Cotton 1: 5 1: 6 1: 5

7.6 CORPORATE SEED FARMING

Under the new policy of corporate farming, private seed companies can act as corporate seed farming entrepreneur. All the seed companies have their own contract seed growers. So under the new scenario of corporate farming, farmers could have further contract with the same seed company for all the supply of inputs and assistance for farm operations and then handling and marketing of their produce. It will help the seed company to invest more in seed production, processing and storage etc. Simultaneously, the seed growers will get more profit with ensured marketing and reasonably at high price. In this scenario, seed marketing and pricing network will be developed in more competitive way. As an incentive packages, Board of Investment has also announced certain incentives

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for corporate farming to attract investment in this sector in 2001. Some of the important incentives and opportunities are given below:-

There is no upper limit for land holding for the corporate farming company.

No regulatory duty on import of new or used agricultural equipments, implements and machinery (not manufactured locally), to be used in corporate farming system.

Local or foreign, private or public limited companies to invest in corporate farming.

Tax relief, first year allowance @ 75% of PME cost.

State land can be purchase or leased for 50 years and extended for another 49 years.

Corporate Agricultural Farming (CAF) declared as industry.

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CHAPTER-VIII

SEED REQUIREMENT, PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION IN PAKISTAN

8.1 INTRODUCTION

Generally, the public and private seed sector organization are handling seed procurement and distribution of major crops like, wheat, cotton, rice, maize and gram. Federal Committee on Agriculture allocates target to seed sectors and urges to meet the annual requirement of various crop seeds at the replacement rate. Multinational seed companies emphasize predominantly on hybrid seed of maize, sunflower, canola, forage and fodder. The reason for involvement in hybrid seed production is due to high return and biological protection of hybrid crops against commercial exploitation.

8.2 SEED REQUIREMENT

Seed production, multiplication and marketing system depend on the total requirement of various crops seed in the country, which is calculated keeping in view the following factors:1. Type of variety.2. Sowing time.3. Seed rate of a crop variety.4. Sowing method.5. Agro-ecological zone.6. Type of agriculture land.7. Number of acreage sown.8. Farmers confidence in new product.

Keep in view the above mentioned factor, the plant breeder and agronomist establish seed rate per acre for each crops. The total seed requirement of each crop is calculated by multiplying the seed rate with actual acreage sown. The target for seed procurement/availability is fixed keeping in view the level and infrastructure of seed production and certification system in the country. Every year, FCA fixes the seed target on the requisite replacement rate of the total estimated seed requirement (Table-8.1).

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Table-8.1 Total seed requirement and seed distribution target at the annual replacement rate (1999-2000)

Crops Seed rate

(kg/acre)

Area (acre) Total estimated

seed requirement

(mt.)

Annual replacement

rate (%)*

Seed distribution

target at replacement

rate (mt.)Wheat 40 20854210 834168.00 20 166833.60Cotton 9 7237100 65133.90 100 65133.90Paddy 10 6212050 62120.50 20 12424.10Gram 16 2400840 38413.44 20 7682.69Maize 16 2223000 35568.00 33 11737.44Canola oilseed

2 163500 327.00 50 163.50

Sunflower 2.50 290000 725.00 100 725.00Safflower 3 550 16.50 50 8.20Soybean 25 530 13.25 50 6.52Mustard & rape

2 698000 1396.00 50 279.20

Potato 1000 272935 272935 10 27293.50Moong 8 500669 4005.35 20 801.70Mash 8 107198 857.57 20 131.51Lentil 8 135850 1088.00 20 217.36Fodder and Forages

10 145000 14500.00 20 2900

Vegetables 12.50 983477.43 5085.49 20 1017.09* Source: 9th five year plan, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

8.2.1 Seed requirement for pre-basic, basic and certified classes of various crops (province wise)

All the four provinces of Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, NWFP) have different cropping pattern. The seed requirement of their crops with respect to different categories of seed is also different (Table-8.2). The known quantity of various crops seed for each category is essential for programme planning regarding availability of seed. It will also help in establishing the seed channel right from breeder to certified seed producer.

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Table-8.2 Seed requirement for pre-basic and basic classes of various crops province wise (1999-2000)

Crop Province Pre-basic (mt.) Basic (mt.)Wheat Punjab 191.15 4778.72

Sindh 35.41 885.12NWFP 27.12 692.96Balochistan 13.78 344.40

Total Pakistan: 267.46 6701.20Cotton Punjab 174.00 872.00

Sindh 87.50 350.00Total Pakistan: 261.50 1222.00

Paddy Punjab 0.07 15.30Sindh 2.57 128.45NWFP 0.003 0.73

Paddy Balochistan 0.01 1.47Total Pakistan: 2.653 145.95

Gram Punjab 29.37 459.00Sindh 2.85 44.54NWFP 3.77 59.06Balochistan 0.63 10.03

Total Pakistan: 36.62 572.63Maize Punjab 5.50 27.50

Sindh 0.52 26.40NWFP 35.04 140.13Balochistan 2.64 13.20

Total Pakistan: 43.70 207.23Moong Punjab 0.59 20.81

Sindh 0.33 11.55NWFP 0.26 9.25Balochistan 0.22 8.00

Total Pakistan: 1.40 49.61Mash Punjab 0.26 7.31

Sindh 0.01 0.18NWFP 0.01 0.32Balochistan 0.01 0.28

Total Pakistan: 0.29 8.09Lentil Punjab 0.23 6.40

Sindh 0.06 1.70NWFP 0.04 1.05Balochistan 0.04 0.98

Total Pakistan: 0.37 10.13Potato Punjab 1968.75 7875.00

Sindh 18.75 75.00NWFP 246.87 987.50Balochistan 200.00 800.00

Total Pakistan: 2434.37 9739.50Rape & Punjab 0.007 1.23Mustard Sindh 0.010 1.66

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NWFP 0.002 0.27Balochistan 0.005 0.83

Total Pakistan: 0.024 3.99Canola Punjab 0.003 0.51

NWFP 0.002 0.28Total Pakistan: 0.005 0.79

Onion Punjab 0.06 1.60Sindh 0.11 2.62NWFP 0.02 0.54Balochistan 0.06 1.50

Total Pakistan: 0.25 6.26

8.3 SEED PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION

According to prevailing seed production and certification system, the seed is produced, multiplied and distributed by the public and private seed sector procurement agencies. Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department plays a key role in regulating the quality of seed at all stages right from pre-basic to certified level. Seed agencies request FSC&RD on the prescribed form alongwith list of growers stating the locality of seed farm, quantity of seed and acreage sown, seed lot number, name of variety and crop. Crop inspection is carried out by the FSC&RD to determine:- Admixture with other cultivars.- Admixture with other species.- Presence of weeds.- Presence of seed-borne diseases.

If the crop is accepted on the prescribed standards then the seed sample is taken after harvesting and threshing of crops. The seed sample is analyzed in the laboratory to determine the purity, germination, inert matter, moisture content, seed of weeds, seed of other crops. Crop inspection determines genetic purity whereas seed testing reveals analytical purity. The certificate is then issued for these lot number which meet the prescribed standard of various crops seed approved by the National Seed Council. The seed agencies initiate seed procurement programme after the seed is accepted in accordance to standards of National Seed Council (NSC). The seed agency after processing, offer their seed for sampling. Again the seed sample is tested in the laboratory and then label is issued by the department.

The seed is distributed by the seed agencies either directly by their own sale outlets or through the net work of their dealership. Estimated seed requirement, procurement and distribution of various crops seed both by public and private sector is given in Table-8.3 (A-H). It shows the sequential development of seed system and availability of certified seed to the farming community.

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SUMMARY PAKISTAN - 1993-94

Table-8.3-A REQUIREMENT, PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF QUALITY SEED OF VARIOUS CROPS DURING 1993-94

(Figs. in mt.)Crop Estimated seed

requirementQty. of seed

procured

%age Qty. of seed

distributed

% age

Wheat 725182 71979 9.92 56045 7.72Cotton 67806 29595 43.64 26499 39.08Paddy 43922 3311 7.54 2170 4.94Gram 39852 49 0.12 49 0.12Maize* 35896 1861 5.18 1631 4.54Moong 2948 120 4.07 120 4.07Potato 202750 1293 0.64 1293 0.60Sunflower* 408 270.70 66.35 270.70 66.35Soybean 458 34 7.42 34 7.42Safflower 40 8 20.0 8 20.0Forages* 13811 1440 10.42 1440 10.42Vegetables*

2398 328 13.68 328 13.68

Total: 1135471 110288.70 9.71 89888.70 7.92* Including imported seeds.

PROVINCE AND SEED SECTOR WISESeed requirement, procurement and distribution 1993-94

(Fig. in mt.)Crop Provinc

eAgency Estimated

seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Wheat Punjab Public 524142.00 57088.00 10.89 43719.00 8.34Private 5037.00 0.96 4411.00 0.84

Total: 524142.00 62125.00 11.85 48130.00 9.18

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Wheat Sindh Public 99504.00 5666.00 5.69 5058.00 5.08NWFP Public 75303.00 3367.00 4.47 2092.00 2.77Balochis- tan

Public 26233.00 821.00 3.12 765.00 2.91

Total Pakistan

725182.00 71979.00 9.92 56045.00 7.72

Cotton

Punjab Public 49482.00 10489.00 21.19 10000.00 20.20

Private 14322.00 28.94 11715.00 23.66Total: 49482.00 24811.00 50.14 21715.00 43.88

Sindh Public 18312.00 1260.00 6.88 1260.00 6.88Private 3514.00 19.18 3514.00 19.18

Total: 18312.00 4774.00 20.07 4774.00 26.07

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NWFP Public 5.00 10.00 200.00

10.00 200.00

Balochis- tan

Public 7.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan

67806.00 29595.00 43.64 26499.00 39.08

Paddy Punjab Public 26012.00 1806.00 6.94 963.00 3.70Private 237.00 0.91 205.00 0.78

Total: 26012.00 2043.00 7.85 1168.00 4.48Sindh Public 14058.00 1226.00 8.72 960.00 6.82NWFP Public 1254.00 42.00 3.34 42.00 3.34Balochis- tan

Public 2598.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan

43922.00 3311.00 7.54 2170.00 4.94

Gram Punjab Public 31666.00 - - - -Sindh Public 3276.00 - - - -NWFP Public 3788.00 49 1.20 49.00 1.20Balochis- tan

Public 852.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan

39852.00 49 0.12 49.00 0.12

Maize Punjab Public 14160.00 100.00 0.70 100.00 0.70Private 1556.00 10.98 1326.00 9.36

Total Punjab 14160.00 1656.00 11.69 1426.00 10.07Sindh Public 428.00 - - - -NWFP Public 21120.00 205.00 0.97 205.00 0.97Balochis- tan

Public 188.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan

35896.00 1861.00 5.18 1631.00 4.54

Moong

Punjab Public 2948.00 120.00 4.07 120.00 4.07

Sun-flower

Punjab Public 221.00 - - - -

Private - 215.20 97.37 215.20 97.37Total Punjab: 221.00 215.20 97.37 215.20 97.37

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Sun- flower

Sindh Public 132.00 - - - -

Private - 55.00 41.66 55.00 41.66Total Sindh: 132.00 55.00 41.66 55.00 41.66

NWFP Public 28.00 0.50 1.78 0.50 1.78Balochis-tan

Public 27.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan

408.00 270.70 66.35 270.70 66.35

Soy-bean

Punjab Public - - - - -

Sindh Public 38.00 - - - -NWFP Public 420.00 34.00 8.09 34.00 8.09

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Total Pakistan

458.00 34.00 7.42 34.00 7.42

Saff-lower

Sindh Public 40.00 8.00 20.00 8.00 20.00

Potato* Pakistan Private 202750.00 634.00 0.31 1293.00 0.64Forages*

Pakistan Private 13811.00 1440.00 - 1440.00 10.42

Vege-tables

Pakistan Private 2398.00 328.00 - 328.00 13.68

* In distribution, imported quantity is included.

SUMMARY PAKISTAN - 1994-95

Table-8.3-B REQUIREMENT, PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF QUALITY SEED OF VARIOUS CROPS DURING 1994-95 (Fig.

in mt.)Crop Estimated

seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Wheat 733545 98003 13.36 77697 10.59Cotton 58298 32511 55.76 27465 47.11Paddy 43498 3388 7.78 2662 6.12Gram 42540 123 0.28 122 0.28Maize 35580 2201 6.18 2201* 6.18Potato 213500 1055 0.49 1034* 0.48Moong 3594 165 4.59 165 4.59Lentil 1150 4 0.34 4 0.34Sunflower 580 359 61.89 359** 61.89Soybean 442 29 6.56 29 6.56

Crop Estimated seed requirement

Qty.of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Forages 13811 580 4.20 538** 3.90Vegetables 3757 601 15.99 601** 15.99

Total: 1150295 139127 12.09 112877 9.81* Including imported seeds.** All sunflower, forages and vegetable seeds distributed are imported.

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PROVINCE AND SEED SECTOR WISE

Requirement, procurement and distribution of different crop seeds during 1994-95(Figs. in mt.)

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Quantity procured

% age Quantity distributed

% age

Wheat Punjab Pub. Sect.

532467.00 75214.00 14.13 57671.00 10.83

Pvt. Sect.

10318.00 1.93 9183.00 1.72

Total Punjab: 532467.00 85532.00 16.06 66854.00 12.55Sindh Pub.

Sect.95490.00 6509.00 6.81 4881.00 5.11

NWFP Pub.Sect.

77463.00 3703.00 4.78 3703.00 4.78

Balochis-tan

Pub.Sect.

28125.00 2259.00 8.03 2259.00 8.03

Total Pakistan:

733545.00 98003.00 13.36 77697.00 10.59

Cotton Punjab Pub.Sect.

44900.00 13087.00 29.14 11039.00 24.58

Pvt.+ PCGA

- 13008+12624 =25632

34.82 10250+2624 =12874

38.67

Total Punjab 44900.00 28719.00 63.96 23913.00 53.25Sindh Pub.Sect

.13398.00 932.00 6.96 692.00 5.17

PCGA 2860.00 21.34 2860.00 21.34Total Sindh: 13398.00 3792.00 28.30 3552.00 26.51Total Pakistan

:58298.00 32511.00 55.76 27465.00 47.11

Paddy Punjab Pub. Sect.

26780.00 1949.00 7.27 1322.00 4.93

Pvt. Sect.

437.00 1.63 437.00 1.63

Total Punjab: 26780.00 2386.00 8.90 1759.00 6.56Sindh Pub.

Sect.11966.00 937.00 7.83 838.00 7.00

N.W.F.P Pub. Sect.

1266.00 35.00 2.76 35.00 2.76

Balochis- tan.

Pub. Sect.

2486.00 30.00 1.20 30.00 1.20

Total Pakistan:

43498.00 3388.00 7.78 2662.00 6.12

Gram Punjab Pub. Sect.

34236.00 61.00 0.18 61.00 0.18

Pvt. Sect.

8.00 0.02 7.00 0.02

Total Punjab: 34236.00 69.00 0.20 68.00 0.20Gram Sindh Pub.

Sect.3424.00 - - - -

NWFP Pub. 4080.00 54.00 1.32 54.00 1.32

74

Page 75: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Sect.Balochis-tan

Pub. Sect.

800.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan 42540.00 123.00 0.28 122.00 0.28Maize Punjab Pub.

Sect.13804.00 399.00 2.89 399.00 2.89

Pvt. Sect.

1736.00* 12.57 1736.00* 12.57

Total Punjab: 13804.00 2135.00 15.46 21.35 15.46Sindh Pub.

Sect.448.00 - - - -

NWFP Pub. Sect.

2112.00 64.00 3.03 64.00 3.03

Balochis-tan.

Pub. Sect.

160.00 1.50 0.93 1.50 0.93

Total Pakistan 35580.00 2201.00 6.18 2201.00 6.18Potato Punjab Pub.

Sect.177000.00 474.00 0.26 474.00 0.26

Pvt. Sect.

581.00* - 560.00* -

Total Punjab: 177000.00 1055.00 0.26 1034.00 0.26Sindh Pub.

Sect.1500.00 - - - -

NWFP Pub. Sect.

20000.00 - - - -

Balochis-tan

Pub. Sect.

15000.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan 213500.00 1055.00 0.49 1034.00 0.48

Pulses

Punjab Pub. Sect.

762.00 - - - -

Lentil Pvt. Sect.

4.00 0.53 4.00 0.53

Total Punjab: 762.00 4.00 0.53 4.00 0.53

Sindh Pub. Sect.

200.00 - - - -

NWFP Pub. Sect.

182.00 - - - -

Balochis- tan.

Pub. Sect.

6.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan 1150.00 4.00 0.34 4.00 0.34

Mung Punjab Pub. Sect.

3076.00 165.00 5.36 165.00 5.36

Sindh Pub. Sect.

214.00 - - - -

NWFP Pub. Sect.

176.00 - - - -

Balochis-tan.

Pub. Sect.

128.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan 3594.00 165.00 4.59 165.00 4.59

Rape & Mustard “ 1278.00 - - - -

Mash “ 964.00 - - - -

75

Page 76: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Quantity procured

% age Quantity distributed

% age

Sun-flower

Punjab Pub. Sect.

405.00 - - - -

Pvt. Sect.

359.00* 88.64 359.00* 88.64

Total Punjab: 405.00 359.00 88.64 359.00 88.64

Sindh Pub. Sect.

146.00 - - - -

NWFP Pub. Sect.

19.00 - - - -

Balochis-tan

Pub.Sect.

10.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan 580.00 359.00 61.89 359.00 61.89

Soy-bean

Punjab Pub. Sect.

- 4.00 - 4.00 -

Pvt. Sect.

- - - - -

Sindh Pub. Sect.

22.50 - - - -

NWFP Pub. Sect.

390.00 25.00 6.41 25.00 6.41

Balochis-tan

Pub. Sect.

30.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan 442.00 29.00 6.56 29.00 6.56

Fodder & Forage

Pakistan Pub. Sect.

13811.00 2.00 0.02 2.00 0.02

Pvt. Sect.

578.00* 4.18 536.00* 3.88

Total Pakistan 13811.00 580.00 4.20 538.00 3.90

Vege-tables

Pakistan Pub. Sect.

3757.00 - - - -

Pvt. Sect.

601.00* 15.99 601.00* 15.99

Total Pakistan

:

3757.00 601.00 15.99 601.00 15.99

Onion “ 20.60 - - - -Red Chilies

“ 75.50 - - - -

* Include imported seed.

76

Page 77: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

SUMMARY PAKISTAN - 1995-96

Table-8.3-C REQUIREMENT, PROCUREMENT AND ISTRIBUTION OF QUALITY SEED OF VARIOUS CROPS DURING 1995-96

(Figs. in mt.)Crop Estimated

seed requirement

Qty. of seed

procured

% age Qty. of seed

distributed

Achievement %age

Wheat 733545 94598.00 12.92 85383.00 11.64

Cotton 66000 39864.00 60.40 31295.00 47.42

Paddy 49000 3687.00 7.52 2974.00 6.07

Gram 41740 462.00 1.10 455.00 1.09

Maize 34920 1173.00 3.36 2032.00 5.82

Moong 3700 438.00 11.84 438.00 11.84

Sunflower 808 586.00 72.52 **586.00 72.52

Safflower 40 26.32 65.80 *36.32 90.80

Soybean 1784 312.00 17.49 *812.00 45.52

Rape &

Mustard

762 132.25 17.35 *332.25 43.60

Potato 197500 1382.00 0.85 *1540.00 0.78

Forages &

Sorghum

13000 1121.00 8.82 **1121.00 8.82

Vegetable

s

4940 4052.00 82.02 **4052.00 82.02

Total:- 1147739 145103.57 12.64 131052.57 11.41

* Including imported seed.** All the sunflower, fodder and forages and vegetable seeds distributed are

imported.

77

Page 78: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

PROVINCE AND SEED SECTOR WISE

Estimated seed requirement, procurement & distribution during 1995-96 (Figs. in m.tons) Crop Provinc

eAgency Estimated

seed requirement

Quantity of seed procured

% age Quantity of seed distributed

% age

Wheat Punjab PublicPrivate

532467 -

6908714249

12.97 2.68

5992114249*

11.25 2.68

Total: 532467 83336 15.65 74170 13.93Sindh Public 95490 6683 6.99 6434 6.74

NWFP Public 77463 4404 5.68 4404 5.68

Balochis-tan

Pub. Sector

28125 375 1.33 375 1.33

Total Pakistan: 733545 94798 12.92 85383 11.64Cotton Punjab Public

Private PCGA

48500 - -

1450818679 256

29.4537.91 0.46

881515690**

256

18.1732.35 0.52

Total: 48500 33443 67.82 24761 51.05Sindh Public

Private PCGA

17500 - -

2000 256

4165

11.42 0.4623.80

2113 256 4165

12.07 1.4623.80

Total: 17500 6421 36.69 5634 37.34Total Pakistan: 66000 39864 60.40 31295 47.42

Paddy Punjab PublicPrivate

33760 -

2174 371

6.45 1.09

1448 374

4.29 1.11

Total: 33760 2535 7.50 1822 5.40Sindh Public 14040 1126 8.02 1126 8.02

NWFP Public 1200 26 2.16 26 2.16

Total Pakistan: 49000 3687 7.52 2974 6.07Gram Punjab Public

Private 34236

- 47 13

0.13 0.03

40 13

0.12 0.04

Total: 34236 60 0.17 53 0.15Sindh Public 3424 329 9.60 329 9.60

NWFP Public 4080 73 1.78 73 1.79

Total Pakistan: 41740 462 1.10 455 1.09Maize Punjab Public

Private 13920

- 240 771

1.72 5.54

178 1781

1.2812 .79

Total: 13920 1011 7.26 1959 14.07NWFP Public 21000 162 0.77 73 0.35

Total Pakistan: 34920 1173 3.36 2032 5.82Moong Punjab Public

Private 3700

- 368.00 70.00

9.94 1.89

368 70

9.94 1.89

Total: 3700 438.00 11.83 438 11.83

78

Page 79: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Quantity of seed procured

% age Quantity of seed distributed

% age

Sun-flower

Punjab PublicPrivate

560 -

47.00 492.00

8.39 87.86

47 492

8.3987.86

Total: 560 539.00 96.25 539 96.25Sindh Public 176 - - - -

NWFP Public 48 40.00 83.33 40 83.33

Balochis-tan

Public 24 7.00 29.17 7 29.17

Total Pakistan: 808 586.00 72.52 586 72.52NWFP Pub.

Sector 48 40.00 83.33 40 83.33

Balochis-tan

Pub. Sector

24 7.00 29.17 7 29.17

Total Pakistan: 808 586.00 72.52 586 72.52Safflo- wer

Sindh Public 40 26.32 65.80 26.32 65.80

Private - - - 10.00** 25.00Total: 40 26.32 65.80 36.32 90.80

Soybean

Punjab Public 104 12.00 11.54 12 11.54

NWFP Public 1680 300.00 17.86 300 17.86

Private - - - 500** 29.76Total: 1680 300.00 17.86 800 47.62

Total Pakistan: 1784 312.00 17.49 812 45.52Rape/ Mustard

Punjab Public 450 107.80 23.96 107.8 23.96

Sindh Public 207 8.38 4.05 8.38 4.05

NWFP PublicPrivate

105 -

16.07 -

15.31 -

16.07200.0**

15.31 -

Total Pakistan: 762 132.25 17.35 332.25 43.60Potato Punjab Public

Private162500

- 445.00 937.00

0.27 0.58

603.00 937.00

0.37 0.57

Total Potato: 162500 1382.00 0.85 1540.00 0.95Sindh Public 20000 - - - - NWFP Public 15000 - - - -

Total Pakistan: 197500 1382.00 0.70 1540.00 0.78Vegeta- bles

Pakistan

Private 4940 4052.00 -

82.02 4052.00 82.02

Forages Sorghum

Pakistan

Private Public(Punjab)

13000 -

1096.00 24.63

8.43 0.19

1096.00 24.63

8.43 0.19

Total: 13000 1121.00 8.62 1121.00 8.62

* 2930 m.tons seed distributed to flood affected area. ** 4000, 10, 500 and 200 m. tons seed sold from farmer to farmers.

79

Page 80: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

SUMMARY PAKISTAN - 1996-97

Table-8.3-D ESTIMATED SEED REQUIREMENT, PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS CROP SEEDS DURING 1996-97

(Figs. in mt.)Crop Estimated

seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age of the seed

procured

Qty. of seed distributed

% age

Cotton 66000 34292.00 51.95 26635.00 40.35

Wheat 739000 92218.00 12.47 77023.00 10.42

Paddy 43000 2534.00 5.90 1751.00 4.07

Gram 43000 73.00 0.17 73.00 0.17

Maize 35000 568.00 1.62 *2011.00 5.74

Potato 184000 1357.00 0.73 *5324.00 2.89

Fodder & Forages

13500 668.00 4.94 **668.00 4.94

Oilseeds 2535 1361.50 53.71 *1361.50 53.71

Vegetables 5000 4603.00 92.06 **4603.00 92.06

Total (Pakistan):

1130235 137674.50 12.18 119449.50 10.56

* Including imported seeds.** All fodder and forages and vegetable seeds distributed are imported.

PROVINCE AND SEED SECTOR WISE

Estimated seed requirement, procurement and distribution of various crops during 1996-97

(Figs. in mt.)Crop Provinc

eSeed agency

Estimated Seed

Requirement

Qty. of seed

Procured

%age

Qty. of seed

Distributed

%age

Cotton Punjab Public(PSC 8772.00 18.27 6272.00 13.06Private 14256.80 29.70 9959.00 20.74Total(Pb.): 48000 23028.80 47.97 16231.00 33.81

Sindh Public(SSC 18000 1546.00 8.58 717.00 3.90Private 142.00 0.78 112.00 0.62PCGA 9575.00 53.19 9575.00 53.19Total Sindh

18000 11263.00 62.57 10404.00 57.80

Total Pakistan: 66000 34292.00 51.95 26635.00 40.35

80

Page 81: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Seed agency

Estimated Seed

Requirement

Qty. of seed

Procured

%age Qty. of seed

Distributed

%age

Wheat Punjab Public(PSC) 69081.00 13.00 54198.00 10.20Private 13976.50 2.63 13968.50 2.63Total(Pb.): 531300 83058.00 15.63 68166.50 12.83

Sindh Public((SSC)

3609.00 3.63 3305.00 3.32

Private 100.17 0.10 100.17 0.10Total(Sindh)

99400 3709.17 3.73 3405.17 3.42

NWFP Public(ADA) 77000 5076.00 6.59 5076.00 6.59Balochis-tan

Public(DA) 31300 375.00 1.20 375.00 1.20

Total Pakistan: 739000 92218.17 12.47 77023.00 10.42Paddy Punjab Public(PSC) 1240.00 4.51 1228.00 4.46

Private 393.00 1.43 131.00 0.47Total (Pb.): 27500 1633.00 5.94 1359.00 4.94

Sindh Public(SSC) 862.00 6.07 353.00 2.48Private 15.60 0.11 15.60 0.11Total(Sindh)

14200 878.00 6.18 369.00 2.60

NWFP Public(ADA) 19.00 1.47 19.00 1.46Private 4.00 0.30 4.00 0.30Total(NWFP) 1300 23.00 1.77 23.00 1.76

Total Pakistan: 43000 2534.00 5.90 1751.00 4.07Gram NWFP Public(ADA) 4000 73.00 1.82 73.00 1.82Maize Punjab Public(PSC) 14000 50.09 0.35 50.09 0.35

Private(Pak.)

- 466.00 3.33 *1909.00 13.63

Total(Pb.): 14000 516.00 3.68 1959.00 13.99NWFP Public(ADA) 21000 51.60 0.24 51.60 0.24

Total Pakistan: 35000 568.00 1.62 2011.00 5.74Potato Punjab Public(PSC) 425.00 0.23 425.00 0.23

Private(Pak.)

932.00 0.50 *4898.74 2.66

Total Pakistan: 184000 1357.00 0.73 5324.00 2.89Fodder & Forages

Pakistan

Private 13500 668.00 4.94 **668.00 4.94

Sun-flower

Pakistan

Private 954 781.5 81.91 **781.5 81.91

Canola

Pakistan

Private 781 390.00 48.93 **390.00 48.93

Soy-bean

Pakistan

Public 800 190.00 23.75 190.00 23.75

Total Pakistan: 2535 1361.5 53.71 **1361.5 53.71Vegetables

Pakistan

Private 5000 4603.00 92.06 **4603.00 92.06

* Including imported seed. ** All fodder & forages oil seeds and vegetable seeds distributed are imported.

81

Page 82: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

SUMMARY PAKISTAN - 1997-98

Table-8.3-E Estimated seed requirement, procurement and distribution of various crops during 1997-98 in Pakistan.

(Figs. in mt.)

Crop Estimated Seed requirement

Quantity procured

% age Quantity distributed

%age

Wheat 739000 85640 11.58 78544 10.63Cotton 67000 27928 41.68 23128 34.52Paddy 60200 2301 3.82 1734 2.88Grame 43592 200 0.46 192 0.44Maize* 35000 1731 4.94 1674 4.78Potato* 197500 7023 3.55 6824 3.45Pulses (Moong and Lentils)

4850 127 2.62 117 2.41

Fodder and Forages*

14500 1163 8.02 873 6.02

Sunflower* 1000 585 58.50 571 57.10Canola* 864 475 46.99 511 43.98Vegetables* 5000 3274 65.48 3181 63.62

Total: 1167606 130497 11.17 117349 10.05* Including imported seed.

PROVINCE AND SEED SECTOR WISE

Estimated seed requirement, procurement and distribution of various crops during 1997-98 (Fig. in mt.)

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of see distributed

%age

Wheat Punjab Pub.Sec. 531300 61418 11.56 54940 10.34Pvt. Sec. - 12706 2.39 12550 2.36

Total: 531300 74124 13.95 67490 12.71Sindh Pub.Sec. 99400 2780 2.79 2318 2.33

Pvt. Sec. - 204 0.21 204 0.21Total: 99400 2984 3.00 2522 2.54

NWFP Pub Sec. 77000 8000 10.39 8000 10.39Balochis-tan

Pub.Sec.Pvt. Sec.

31300-

50032

1.590.11

50032

1.590.11

Total: 31300 532 1.70 532 1.70Total Pakistan 739000 85640 11.58 78544 10.63

82

Page 83: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of see distributed

%age

Cotton Punjab Pub. Sec.

49000 6263 12.78 4382 8.94

Pvt. Sec. - 8417 17.17 6331 12.92Total: 49000 14680 29.96 10713 21.86

Sindh Pub. Sec.

18000 1530 8.50 968 5.37

Pvt. Sec. - 833 4.63 562 3.12PCGA - 10885 60.47 10885 60.47

Total: 18000 13248 73.60 12415 68.97Total Pakistan 67000 27928 41.68 23128 34.52

Paddy Punjab Pub.Sec. 33000 1734 5.25 1243 3.76Pvt. Sec. - 341 1.03 284 0.85

Total: 33000 2075 6.28 1527 4.62Sindh Pub.Sec. 26000 153 0.58 142 0.54

Pvt. Sec. - 30 0.12 30 0.12Total: 26000 183 0.70 172 0.66

NWFP Pub.Sec. 1200 35 2.92 29 2.42Pvt. Sec. - 8 0.66 8 0.66

Total: 1200 43 3.58 37 3.08Total Pakistan 60200 2301 3.82 1734 2.88

Gram Punjab Pub.Sec. 34720 90 0.26 90 0.26Pvt. Sec. - 29 0.08 29 0.08

Total: 34720 119 0.34 119 0.34NWFP Pub.Sec. 4624 81 1.75 73 1.57Sindh Pub.Sec. 3464 - - - -Balochis-tan

Pub.Sec. 784 - - - -

Total Pakistan 43592 200 0.46 192 0.44Maize Punjab Pub.Sec. 14000 239 1.71 182 1.30

Pvt. Sec. - 1390 9.93 1390 9.93Total: 14000 1629 11.63 1572 11.23

NWFP Pub.Sec. 21000 100 0.47 100 0.47Pvt. Sec. - 2 0.01 2 0.01

Total: 21000 102 0.48 102 0.48Total Pakistan 35000 1731 4.94 1674 4.78

Potato Punjab Pub.Sec. 197500 900 0.45 900 0.45Pvt. Sec. - 6060 3.07 5861 2.97

Total: 197500 6960 3.52 6761 3.42

Balochis-tan

Pub.Sec.Pvt. Sec.

--

1241

0.010.02

1241

0.010.02

Total: - 63 0.03 63 0.03Moong Punjab Pub.Sec.

Pvt. Sec.3500

-5659

1.601.68

4659

1.321.68

Total: 3500 115 3.28 105 3.00

83

Page 84: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of see distributed

%age

Moong NWFP Pub. ec. 200 - - - -Pvt. Sec. - 2 1.00 2 1.00

Total: 200 2 1.00 2 1.00Total Pakistan

:3700 117 3.16 107 2.89

Lentil Punjab Pub. ec. 1150 - - - -Pvt. Sec. - 10 0.87 10 0.87

Total: 1150 10 0.87 10 0.87Total Pakistan 4850 127 2.62 117 2.42

Fodder & Forage

Pakistan 14500 1163 8.02 873 6.02

Sun-flower

Pakistan 1000 585 58.50 571 57.10

Canola Punjab Pub. SecPSC 584 47 8.05 45 7.71NODP - 51 8.73 51 8.73

Total: 584 98 16.78 96 16.44Pub.Sec. - 342 58.66 331 56.67

Total: 584 450 77.05 427 73.12Canola Sindh Pub.Sec. 152 9 5.92 9 5.92

Pvt. Sec. - - - *27 17.76Total: 152 9 5.92 36 23.68

NWFP Pub.Sec. 120 13 10.83 13 10.83Pvt. Sec. - - - *35 29.16

Total: 120 13 10.83 48 39.99Balochis-tan

Pub.Sec. 8 3 37.50 3 37.50

Total Pakistan 864 475 54.97 511 59.14

Total Oilseeds 1864 1960 56.86 1082 58.05

Vegetable seeds

Pakistan 5000 3274 65.48 3181 63.62

Onion NWFP Pvt. Sec. - 0.33 - 0.33 -Grand Total

Pakistan 5000 3274.33 65.48 3181.33 63.62

* Included farmer to farmers.

84

Page 85: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

SUMMARY PAKISTAN - 1998-99

Table-8.3-F ESTIMATED SEED REQUIREMENT, PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS CROPS SEED DURING 1998-99 IN PAKISTAN

(Fig. in mt.)Crop Estimated

seed require-ment

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Wheat 739000 110456.80

14.94 104193.20 14.09

Cotton 67000 34184.63 51.02 26276.44 39.22Paddy 59570 2820.46 4.47 2280.54 3.83Gram 39168 357.5 0.91 342.70 0.87Maize* 35584 3419.28 9.61 3034.28 8.52Oilseed* (canola, rape seed, sunflower & soybean)

2809 1797.69 63.99 1547.34 55.08

Potato* 269000 3500.95 1.30 3500.95 1.30Pulses (Moong, Mash)

5256 203.09 3.86 203.09 3.86

Fodder & Forages*

14500 5185.52 35.76 4921.52 33.93

Vegetables* 5000 4647.71 92.95 4647.59 92.95G. Total (Pakistan):

1233887 166573.41

13.49 150947.65 12.23

Including imported seed.

PROVINCE AND SEED SECTOR WISE

Estimated seed requirement, procurement and distribution of various crops seed during 1998-99

(Figs. in mt.)

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Wheat Punjab PSC 531000 65037.60 12.24 64747.00 12.19Private - 31596.00 5.95 26941.00 5.07

Total Punjab: 531000 96633.00 18.19 91688.00 17.26Sindh SSC 99400 4072.00 4.09 3645.00 3.66

Private - 1008.00 1.01 997.00 1.00Total Sindh: 99400 5080.00 5.11 4642.00 4.67

85

Page 86: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Wheat NWFP ADA 77000 8106.20 10.53 7446.20 9.67Private - 117.00 0.15 117.00 0.15

Total NWFP: 77000 8223.20 10.67 7563.20 9.82Balochis-tan

Deptt. of Agri.

31300 500.00 1.59 300.00 0.95

Private - 20.00 0.06 20.00 0.06Total Balochi

s-tan:31300 520.00 1.66 320.00 1.02

G. Total Pakistan

739000 110456.80 14.94 104193.20 14.10

Cotton Punjab PSC 7388.12 15.07 3728.00 7.60Private 21451.00 43.70 17093.00 33.38

Total Punjab: 49000 28839.12 58.85 20821.00 42.49Sindh SSC 18000 1152.51 6.40 1142.44 6.35

Private 1342.00 7.45 1342.00 7.45PCGA 3717.00 20.65 3717.00 20.65

Total (Private)

5059.00 28.10 5059.00 28.10

Total (Sindh): 18000 6211.51 34.51 6201.44 34.45G.Total Pakista

n67000 35050.63 52.31 27022.44 40.33

Paddy Punjab PSC 36890 1510.20 4.09 1042.00 2.83Private - 768.76 2.08 768.76 2.08

Total Punjab: 36890 2278.96 6.17 1810.76 4.91Sindh SSC 17390 503.00 2.89 431.28 2.48

Private - 12.00 0.07 12.00 0.07Total Sindh: 17390 515.00 2.96 443.28 2.55

NWFP ADA 1680 23.00 1.37 23.00 1.37Private - 3.50 0.21 3.50 0.21

Total NWFP: 1680 26.50 1.57 26.50 1.57Balochis-tan

Agri. Deptt.

3610 - - - -

G.Total Pakistan

59570 2820.46 4.73 2280.54 3.83

Gram Punjab PSC 31584 267.00 0.96 267.00 0.84Private - 10.00 0.03 10.00 0.03

Total Punjab: 31584 277.00 0.87 277.00 0.87Sindh 3552 - - - -NWFP ADA 3600 47.00 1.30 47.00 1.30

Private - - - - -Total NWFP: 3600 47.00 1.30 47.00 1.30

86

Page 87: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Gram Total Balochis-tan

432 33.50 7.75 18.70 4.32

Total Pakistan

39168 357.7 0.91 342.70 0.87

Maize Punjab PSC 14032 200.00 1.42 200.00 1.42MMRI SWL

- 171.00 - 171.00 - Local

Total Public: 371.00 2.64 371.00 2.64Private - 2911 20.74 2526 18.0

Total Punjab: 14032 3282 23.38 2897 20.64Sindh SSC 400 6.0 1.5 6.0 1.5

from Punja

bPrivate - - - - -

Total Sindh: 400 6.00 1.5 6.00 1.5NWFP ADA 20960 22.56 0.10 22.56 0.10

PODB - 97.87 0.46 97.87 0.46Total Public: - 120.43 0.57 120.43 0.57

Private 10.85 - 10.85 0.05Local

Total NWFP: 20960 131.28 0.63 131.28 0.63Balochis-tan

192 - - - -

Total Pakistan

35584 3419.28 9.61 3034.28 8.52

Oilseed Canola

Punjab PSC 270 20.16 7.46 18 6.66

PODP - 101.00 37.41 101.00 37.41Total Public: 270 121.16 44.87 121.16 44.87

Sindh 102 - - - -NWFP 90 - - - -Balochistan 63 - - - -***Private

440 - 440 impor-ted

Total Pakistan

525 561.16 106.88

561.16 106.88

Raya Punjab PSC 300 13.53 4.51 8.90 2.96(Rape & Mustard)

Private - - - - -

Total Punjab: 300 13.53 2.71 8.90 1.78Sindh 100 - - - -NWFP 80 - - - -Balochistan 20 - - - -

Total Pakistan

500 13.53 2.71 8.90 1.78

87

Page 88: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Sun-flower

Punjab PSC 930 - - - -

Private - 876.00 94.19 714.00 76.77impor-ted

Total Punjab 930 876.00 94.19 714.00 76.77Sun-flower

Sindh Private

297 109.00 - 109.00 -

NWFP PODB 39 32.00 82.05 32.00 82.05Balochis-tan

PODB 18 15.00 83.33 15.00 83.33

Total Pakistan

1284 923.00 71.88 761.00 59.26

Soybean

Punjab - - - - -

Sindh 50 - - - -NWFP 425 300.00 70.58 216.28 50.88Balochis-tan

25 - - - -

Total Pakistan

500 300.00 60.00 216.28 50.85

Total oilseeds

2809 1797.69 63.99 1547.34 55.08

Potato Punjab PSC 228000 362.83 0.16 362.83 0.16impor

tedPrivate - 2465.00 - 2465.00 -

Total Punjab 228000 2827.83 1.24 2827.83 1.24Sindh 2000 - - - -Balochis-tan

Agri. Dept

12000 10.00 0.08 10.00 0.08local

Private - 27.00 - 27.00 LocalTotal Balochi

s-tan12000 37.00 0.31 37.00 0.31

NWFP 27000 - - - -Total Pakista

n- 2714.83 - 2714.83 -

*Pakistan private Imported

- 636.12 - 636.12 -

G.Total Pakistan

269000 3500.95 1.30 3500.95 1.30

Moong Punjab PSC 3456 190.00 5.50 190.00 5.50 local

NIAB - 1.20 - 1.20 - local

Total Public 191.20 - 191.20 -

88

Page 89: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Moong Punjab Private - 10.00 - 10.00 - local

Total Punjab 3456 201.20 5.82 201.20 5.82

Sindh 200 - - - -Balochis-tan

136 - - - -

NWFP ADA 160 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.05 local

Private - 0.30 - 0.30 LocalTotal NWFP 160 0.39 0.24 0.39 0.24

Total Pakista

n

3952 201.59 5.10 201.59 5.00

Mash Punjab 1176 - - - -Sindh 32 - - - -NWFP Private 64 1.50 2.34 1.50 2.34

Mash Balochis-tan

32 - - - -

Total Pakista

n

1304 1.50 0.11 1.50 0.11

Total Pakistan

Pulses: 5256 203.09 3.86 203.09 3.86

Fodder & Forages

Punjab PSC - 7.52 - 7.52 - local

MMRI SWL

- 0.81 - 0.81 - local

Total Public:

- 8.33 0.05 8.33 0.05

Private - 828.00 - 627.00 40 local

Total Pb. Public

- 836.33 - 635.33 -do-

*Pakistan Private - 4349.19 - 4286.19 -do-Total Pakistan 14500 5185.52 35.76 4921.52 33.93

Vegetable

Punjab Public

PSC - 24.00 - 14.00 Local

AARI,FSD - 2.90 - 2.90 -Total Pb.

Public:- 46.90 - 16.90 -

Total Pakistan - 101.40 - 101.40 -

89

Page 90: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Agency Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Vegetable

*Pakistan Imported

Private - 4619.31 - 4619.31 -

G. Total (Pakistan)

:

5000 4647.71 92.92 4647.71 92.95

Imported figures taken from the progress report of Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department, Labs. Karachi & Lahore.

Figures taken from the progress report of PODP (name of company not mentioned).

SUMMARY PAKISTAN - 1999-2000

Table-8.3-G ESTIMATED SEED REQUIREMENT, PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS CROPS SEED DURING 1999-2000

(Fig. in mt.)

Crop Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Wheat 844300 130674 15.47 106378.60 12.59Cotton 62000 40071 64.63 34119.50 55.03Paddy 61625 4960.82 8.05 3953.20 6.42Gram 38413 193 0.51 190 0.49Maize* 35331 2901.12 8.21 2833.40 8.02Potato* 274170 3012.54 1.09 1976.94 0.72Oilseed, Canola*

409 542.32 132.60

275.00 67.23

Sunflower*

867 880.27 101.53

590.25 68.05

Soybean 14 103.57 - 103.57 -Pulses, Moong

4005 466 11.63 466 1.63

Fodder & Forages*

14500 11276.29 77.76 11276.29 77.76

Vegetable*

5085 3678.93 72.35 3661.19 71.99

G.Total Pakistan:

1340719 194295.85 14.49 165824.26 12.37

* Including imported seed.

90

Page 91: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

PROVINCE AND SEED SECTOR WISE

Estimated seed requirement, procurement and distribution of various crop seed during 1999-2000

(Figs. in mt.)Crop Province Seed

agencyEstimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

WHEAT Punjab Public 618000 68200 11.04 57107 9.24Private 48644 7.87 37855 6.13

Total Punjab: 618000 116844 18.91 94962 15.37Sindh Public 114400 4016 3.51 3752.80 3.28

Private 1181 1.03 1181 1.03Total Sindh: 114400 5197 4.54 4933.80 4.31

NWFP Public 80600 8060 10.0 5930 7.35Private 31.80 0.04 31.80 0.04

Total NWFP: 80600 8091.80 10.04 5964.80 7.40Balochis-tan

PublicPrivate

31300 46082

1.470.26

46061

1.470.19

Total Balochistan

31300 542 1.73 521 1.66

G.Total Pakistan

844300 130674 15.47 106378.60 12.59

COTTON Punjab Public 46000 5790 12.58 3715 8.07Private 30235 65.73 27236.50 59.21

Total Punjab: 46000 36025 78.32 30951.50 67.28Sindh Public 16000 879 5.49 721 4.51

Private 989 989PCGA 2178 1458

Total Private 3167 19.79 2447 15.29Total Sindh: 16000 4046 25.28 3168 19.80

G.Total Pakistan

62000 40071 64.63 34119.50 55.03

PADDY Punjab Public 31813 1674.86 5.26 1236 3.88Private 2637.96 8.29 2242.26 7.05

Total Punjab: 31813 4312.82 13.55 3478.26 11.93Sindh Public 25564 500 1.95 330 1.29

Private 138 0.54 138 0.54Total Sindh: 25564 638 2.49 468 1.83

NWFP Public 1324 10 0.75 7 0.53Balochi-stan

Public 2924 - - - -

G.Total Pakistan

61625 4960.82 8.05 3953.20 6.42

GRAM Punjab Public 31979 125 0.39 122 0.38Private

Total Punjab: 31979 125 0.39 122 0.38

91

Page 92: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province Seed agency

Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

Gram Sindh Public 3414NWFP Public 2576 68 2.64 68 2.64Balochistan

Public 442

G. Total Pakistan 38413 193 0.51 190 0.49MAIZE Punjab Public 13437 315.92 2.35 269 2.00

Private 2327.00 17.32 2327 17.32Total Punjab 13437 2624.92 19.67 2596 19.32

Sindh Public 395NWFP Public 21301 234 1.09 213.40 1.00

Private 24.20 0.11 24.00 0.11Total NWFP: 21301 258.20 1.21 237.40 1.11

Balochistan

Public 197

G. Total Pakistan 35331 2901.12 8.21 2833.40 8.02MOONG Punjab Public 3556 409 11.50 409 11.50

Private 46 1.30 46 1.30Total Punjab: 3556 455 12.80 455 12.80

Sindh Public 160 11 6.87 11 6.87NWFP Public 170Balochis Public 126

G.Total Pakistan 4005 466 11.63 466 11.63SUN- Punjab Public 603 31 5.11 29.25 4.85FLOWER Sindh Public 234 - - - -

NWFP Public 30 6 20 6 20.00Total Pakistan 867 37 4.26 35.25 4.06

Imported 843.27 97.26 555 64.02G.Total Pakistan 867 880.27 101.5

3590.25 68.08

SOYBEAN

Sindh 6 - - - -

NWFP PODB 8 103.57 103.57Total Pakistan 14 103.57 103.57

CANOLA Punjab Public 312 31 9.93 31 9.93Private 420 134.6

1206 66.03

Total Punjab: 312 451 141.55

237 75.96

Sindh Public 40 - - - -NWFP Public 38 90 237.6

838 100.00

Balochis-tan

Public 19 - - - -

G.Total Pakistan 409 540 132.60

275.00 67.23

G.Total Pakistan Oilseed 1290 1524 118.28

969.14 75.12

92

Page 93: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province Seed agency

Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

VEGE- Punjab Public 2123.70 26.47 1.25 26.47 1.25

TABLES Private 80.81 3.80 63.61 2.99

Total Punjab: 2123.70 107.27 5.05 90.03 4.24

Sindh Public 1873.34 0.20 0.01 0.20 0.01

Private 0.30 0.02 0.30 0.02

Total Sindh: 1873.34 0.50 0.03 0.50 0.03

NWFP Public 480.79 4.16 0.86 4.16 0.86

Private 8.69 0.81 8.69 1.81

Total NWFP: 480.79 12.85 2.67 12.85 2.67

Balochis-

tan

Public

Private

607.59 2.34

2.47

0.38

0.41

2.34

2.47

0.38

0.41

Total Balochi

-stan

607.00 4.81 0.80 4.81 0.80

Total Pakista

n

5085.00 125.43 2.47 108.19 2.13

Importe

d

3553.54 69.88 3553.54 69.88

G.Total Pakista

n

5085.00 3678.93 72.35 3661.19 71.99

FODDER Punjab Public 14500.00 32.55 0.23 32.55 0.23

&FORAG

E

Private 8.00 0.05 8.00 0.05

Total Punjab: 14500.00 40.55 0.28 40.55 0.28

Importe

d

11235.7

4

77.48 11235.74 77.48

G.Total Pakista

n

14500.00 11276.2

9

77.76 11276.29 77.76

POTATO Punjab Public 232180.00 1108.00 0.48 582.60 0.25

Private 771.00 0.33 402.00 0.17

Total Punjab: 232180.00 1879.00 0.80 984.00 0.42

Sindh Public 2223.00 - - - -

NWFP Public 480.79 4.16 0.86 4.16 0.86

93

Page 94: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Private 221.85 46.22 181.25 37.76

Total NWFP: 480.79 226.01 47.08 185.41 38.63

Crop Province Seed agency

Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured

%age Qty. of seed distributed

%age

POTATO Balochista

n

Public 14820.00 - - - -

Total Pakista

n

274170.00 2205.01 0.81 1169.41 0.43

Importe

d

807.53 807.53

G.Total Pakista

n

274170.00 3012.54 1.09 1976.94 0.72

SUMMARY PAKISTAN 2000-2001

Table-8.3 H ESTIMATED SEED REQUIREMENT, PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS CROPS SEED DURING 2000-

2001

Crop Estimated seed

requirement

Procurement (mt.)

%age Distribution (mt.) % age

Wheat 844300 176029 20.85 159220 18.86

Gram 43645 228 0.52 211 0.48

Cotton 62000 31370 50.60 28925 46.73

Paddy 44250 4594.36 10.38 2062.72 4.66

Mung 4005 513.00 15.26 520.00 14.62

Maize* 28740 4245 14.77 2447 8.51

Sunflower* 1250 202.20 16.17 69.78 5.56

Soybean 805 70.00 10.14 71.00 10.14

Canola 700 212.01 30.28 151.02 14.44

Vegetable* 5085 3589.54 70.59 3583.43 70.47

Fodder and Forages*

14500 10980.00 75.73 10980.00 75.73

Potato 221000 2294.00 1.03 2294.00 1.03

G.Total: 1270280 234327.11 18.45 210587.93 16.57

* Including imported seed.

94

Page 95: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

PROVINCE AND SEED SECTORWISE

Estimated seed requirement, procurement and distribution of various crops seed during 2000-2001

Crop Province Seed agency

Estimated seed

requirement

Quantity of seed

procurement

%age Quantity distribute

d

%age

Wheat

Punjab PSC 618000 73628 11.91 64428.00 10.43

Private - 79128 12.80 75533.00 12.24Total (Punjab): 618000 152756 24.71 139961.00 22.65Sindh SSC 114400 4842.56 4.23 3430.00** 2.99

Private - 4422 3.86 4422.00 3.86Total (Sindh): 114400 9264.56 8.09 7852.00 6.85NWFP PODB/

Agri Deptt.

80600 6751 8.37 4427 5.49

Private - 2479 3.07 2479 3.07Total (NWFP): 80600 9230 11.44 9230 8.57Balochistan

BDA 31300 4404 14.07 4404 14.07

Private - 375 1.19 97 0.31Total(Balochistan): 31300 4779 15.26 4501 14.38

Grand Total (Pakistan) 844300 176029.56 20.85 159220 18.86* PSC has distributed a total of 9604.50 mt. to other province. So actual distribution within Punjab is 21.09%.** Included 840 mt. of left over what seed.*** A quantity of 3000 and 2232 mt. (5232 mt.) of seeds purchased by ADA & SRCS, NWFP

from PSC respectively. In addition to that about 247 mt. was also supplied by PSC to private sector. Similarly 4000 mt. was purchased by BDA from PSC.

Crop Province Seed agency

Estimated seed

requirement

Quantity of seed

procurement

%age Quantity distribute

d

%age

Cotton

Punjab PSC 46000 5645 12.27 5500.00* 11.95

Private - 23462 51.00 21212.00- 46.11Total Punjab: 46000 29107 63.27 26710.00 58.06

Sindh SSC 16000 723.00* 4.52 723.00 4.52Private - 1540 9.62 1540 9.62

Total Sindh: 16000 2263 14.14 2263 14.14Total Pakistan 62000 31370 50.60 28975 46.73

Gram Punjab PSC 34720 132.00 0.38 128 0.37Private - - - - -

Total Punjab: 34720 132.00 0.38 128 0.37Sindh Public 3465 13.00 0.37 13 0.37NWFP Public 4675 83.00 1.77 83 1.77Balochistan

Public 785 - - - -

G. Total Pakistan 43645 228 0.52 211 0.48

95

Page 96: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province

Seed agency

Estimated seed

requirement

Quantity of seed

procurement

%age Quantity distribute

d

%age

Paddy Punjab PSC 27500 1507.00 4.48 767.00 2.78Private - 2591..54 9.42 1113.40 4.08

Total Punjab: 27500 4098.54 14.90 1880.40 6.84Sindh SSC 12500 209.00 1.61 102.00 0.82

Private - 216 1.72 56 0.44Total Sindh: 12500 425 3.40 158 1.26

NWFP ADA/Agri. Deptt.

1324 12.35 0.93 9.35 0.71

Private - 2.47 0.18 2.47 0.18Total NWFP 1324 14.82 1.11 11.82 0.89

Balochis-tan

Public 2925 56.00 1.91 56.00 1.99

G. Total Pakistan:

44250 4594.36 10.38 2062.72 4.66

Maize Punjab Public 12450 324 2.61 324 2.61Private - 3415 27.42 1721.02 13.82

Total Punjab: 12450 3739 30.03 2045 16.29Sindh Public 210 - - - -NWFP Public 15900 376.00 2.36 268 1.68

Private - 130 0.82 130 0.82Total NWFP: 15900 506 3.18 398 2.50

Balochistan

Public 180 - - - -

G.Total Pakistan:

28740 4245 14.77 2447 8.51

* Included imported seed of 3143.707 mt.Oilseeds

Punjab Public 750.00 33.00 4.40 - 3.84

Sun- Private - 79.20 10.56 28.78 -flower Total Punjab: 750.00 112.20 14.96 28.78 3.84

Sindh Public 313.00 60.00 19.23 22.00 7.05NWFP Public 87.00 25.00 28.73 17.00 19.54

Private - ---- ---- ---- ----Total NWFP: 87.00 25.00 28.73 17.00 19.54

Balochistan

Public 100.00 5.00 5.00 2.00 2.00

G.Total Pakistan:

1250.0 202.20 16.17 69.78 5.58

Canola Punjab Public 376.00 75.43 20.06 7.11 1.90Private - 39.54 10.51 39.54 10.51

Total Punjab: 376.00 114.57 30.57 96.65 12.41Sindh Public 96.00 1.00 1.04 0.10 0.1NWFP Public 178.0 0.44 0.25 0.44 0.25

Private - 96.00 0.03 53.93 30.29Total NWFP: 178.0 96.44 54.17 54.37 30.54

96

Page 97: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

Crop Province Seed agency

Estimated seed

requirement

Quantity procured

%age Quantity distribute

d

%age

Canola Balochistan Public 50.00 - - - -G.Total Pakistan: 700.00 212.01 30.28 151.02 21.57

Soybean Punjab Public 17.50 - - - -Private - - - - -

Total Punjab: 17.50 - - - -Sindh Public 87.20 - - - -NWFP Public 700.0 71.00 10.14 71.00 10.14

Private - - - - -Total NWFP: 700.00 71.00 10.14 71.00 10.14

G.Total Pakistan: 805.00 71.00 10.14 71.00 10.14Mung Punjab Public 3556.00 301.00 8.46 301.00 8.46

Private - 242.00 6.80 219.00 6.16Total Punjab 3556.00 543.00 15.26 520.00 14s.62

Sindh Public 160.00 - - - -NWFP Public 170.00 - - - -Balochistan Public 119.00 - - - -

Total Pakistan: 4005.00 543.00 15.26 520.00 14.62Potato Punjab Public 221000 400 0.18 400.00 0.18

Private - 1065.00 0.48 1065.00 0.48Imported - 829.00 0.37 829.00 0.37

Total Pakistan: 221000 2294.00 1.03 2294.00 1.03Fodder Punjab Public 14500.00 24.00 0.17 24.00 0.17

Private+imported

- 10956.00 75.56 10956.00 75.56

Total Pakistan: 14500.00 10980.0 75.73 10980.00 75.73Vegetable

Punjab PSC 2123.70 133.02 6.26 133.02 6.26

Private - 60.21 2.83 54.21 2.55Total Punjab: 2123.70 193.23 9.09 187.23 8.81

Sindh SSC 1873.34 0.19 0.01 0.14 0.01Private - 10.30 0.55 10.30 0.55

Total Sindh: 1873.34 10.49 0.56 10.44 0.56NWFP ADA/Agri.

Deptt.480.79 0.0 - 0.0 -

Private - 9-51 1.97 9.49 1.97Total NWFP 480.79 9.51 1.97 9.49 1.97

Balochistan Public 607.00 2.88 0.47 2.88 0.47Private 1.90 0.31 1.90 0.31

Total B/tan 607.00 4.78 0.78 4.74 0.78Total Pak. 5085.00 218.01 4.28 211.90 4.16

3371.53 66.30 3371.53 66.30G.Total 5085.00 3589.54 70.59 3583.43 70.47

97

Page 98: Seed Industry Development in Pakistan

8.3.1 Grand summary of estimated seed requirement, procurement and distribution for the last 8 years

Procurement and distribution of seed depend on the market demand, pricing system and performance of variety relative to its product value. It is also correlated to timely delivery and demand. Pakistan is lucky to have good partnership of public and private sector. It has created a healthy competition of seed market. It has improved the quality and increased the distribution of various crops seed. With the induction of private sector the availability of seed has increased from 9.72 to 18.45 per cent from 1993-94 to 2000-2001 (Table-8.4).

Table 8.4 Grand summary of seed situation for the last 8 years(Figs. in mt.)

Years Estimated seed requirement

Qty. of seed procured *

%age Qty. of seed distributed*

% age

1993-94 1135471 110288.00 9.71 89888.00 7.92

1994-95 1150295 139127.00 12.09 112877.00 9.81

1995-96 1147739 145103.00 12.64 131052.57 11.41

1996-97 1130235 137674.50 12.18 119449.50 10.56

1997-98 1167606 130497.00 11.17 117349.00 10.05

1998-99 1233887 166573.41 13.49 150947.65 12.23

1999-

2000

1340719 194276.33 14.49 165874.47 12.37

2000-

2001

1270280 234327.11 18.45 210587.93 16.57

* Including imported seed in vegetable, fodder and forages, sunflower and maize.

98