seed crop stategies
TRANSCRIPT
FIELD LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
F O R V E G E T A B L E S E E D P R O D U C T I O N
SEED CROPS ONLY SEED CROPS & CROPS FOR MARKET?
• Layout your field
crops then follow
this method in
spaces left
• Create a
designated seed
garden
OPEN POLLINATED - HEIRLOOM
French Charentais
OPEN POLLINATED – FARM SELECTED HEIRLOOMS OF THE FUTURE
Dave Christensen’s
Painted Mountain corn Frank Morton’s lettuces
SEED CROP CLIMATES
• Cool season, Dry seeded crops • Table beets, chard, spinach, many mustards, siberian kale,
rutabaga, parsnips and cilantro
• Warm season, Dry seeded crops • Radish, most kales, collards, cabbage, lettuce, peas and
fava beans
• Hot season, Dry seeded crops • Garden beans, dry beans, lima beans, edamame, carrots,
onions and sweet corn
• Hot season, Wet Seeded crops • Summer and winter squash, cucumbers, melons,
watermelons, tomatoes, peppers and eggplants.
WISH LIST
Excel
• 1 Hot pepper
• 1 Sweet pepper
• 1 Winter squash
• 1 Summer squash
• 1 Pumpkin
• 2 tomatoes
Little Bit Challenging
• 2 Corn
• 2 Peas
• 4 Beans
• 1 Carrot
More Challenging
• 2 Lettuce
• 1 Beet
• 1 Chard
FIELD LAYOUT ON BLANK SPREAD SHEET
10 feet ↑ ←
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North Prevailing winds
KNOW YOUR CROP’S MATING SYSTEM
Selfers
• Aka inbreeders
• Plant self fertilizes
• Offspring very similar to
parent as all genes
come from one parent
Crossers
• Aka outbreeders
• Plant fertilizes a
different plant
of same species
• Offspring are
genetically different
than both parents
Strongly
Inbreeding
Strongly
Outbreeding
Very inbreeding – lettuce, pea, tomato (modern) endive
Primarily inbreeding – tomato (heirloom& potato leaf), sweet
pepper, lima bean, common bean
Both inbreeding and outbreeding – hot pepper, runner bean
Primarily outbreeding – squash, cilantro, carrot
Very outbreeding – radish, beet, kale, watermelon, corn
WISH LIST
crossers
• Beet -VO
• Chard - VO
• Carrot - VO
• Corn - VO
• Sweet pepper - BIO
• Winter squash - PO
• Summer squash - PO
• Pumpkin - PO
selfers
• Peas - VI
• Lettuce - VI
• Beans – PI, BIO
• Tomatoes – VI, PI
• Sweet pepper - PI
• Hot pepper - BIO
KNOW YOUR PLANT’S LATIN NAME
• Scientific name
• Genus, specific epithet = species
• Daucus carota
Wild chicory, wild amaranth, wild lettuce, wild radish
WISH LIST BY SPECIES
• Hot Pepper
• Capsicum annuum
• Capsicum baccatum
• Capsicum frutescens
• Capsicum pubescens
• Sweet Pepper
• Capsicum annuum
• Carrot
• Daucus carota
• Winter Squash
• Cucurbita pepo
• Cucurbita maxima
• Cucurbita moschata
• Summer Squash
• Cucurbita pepo
• Tomato
• Solanum lycopersicum
• Solanum pimpinellifolium
SPECIES LIST
• Common bean • Phaseolus vulgaris
• Fava bean • Vicia faba
• Lima bean • Phaseolus lunatus
• Runner bean • Phaseolus coccineus
• Corn • Zea mays
• Beet • Beta vulgaris
• Swiss chard • Beta vulgaris
• Pea • Pisium sativum
• Lettuce • Lactuca sativa
ISOLATION REQUIREMENTS
Isolation is the practice of keeping your seed
crop from coming into contact with the
pollen of other plants of the same species in
order to ensure minimal contamination of
your seed crop’s genetics.
ISOLATION BY DISTANCE
Selfers Crossers
Beans
Peas
Lettuce
Peppers
Tomatoes
Beets
Corn
Carrots
Cucumbers
Squash & Pumpkin
ISOLATION DISTANCES FOR SELFERS
Seed Crop Min distance own use Min distance
commercial
Tomato, modern 10 ft 20 ft
Tomato, potato leaf or
heirloom
40 ft 160-320 ft
Tomato, currant 160 ft 320-640 ft
Pepper, sweet 160 ft 320-640 ft
Pepper, hot 800 ft 0.3 – 0.6 mi
Lettuce 10 ft 20 ft
Pea 10 ft 20 ft
Bean, common 10 ft 20 ft
Bean, fava 800 ft 0.3 – 0.6 mi
Bean, lima 40 ft 160-320 ft
Bean, runner 800 ft 0.3 – 0.6 mi
Anther Tomato Flower Pistil
MODERN or HEIRLOOM
CROSSERS – INSECT POLLINATED
Crop Type Min distance own use Min distance commercial
Broccoli 1600 ft 1-2 mi
Cucumber 1600 ft 1-2 mi
Okra 800 ft 0.3 – 0.6 mi
Hot pepper 800 ft 0.3 – 0.6 mi
Squash 1600 ft 1-2 miles
CROSSERS – WIND POLLINATED
Crop Type Own Use Commercial Use
Corn 1600 ft 1 – 2 mi
Beet 3200 ft 1 – 3 mi
Chard 1600 ft 1 – 2 mi
Spinach 3200 ft 1 - 3 mi
WISH LIST
crossers
• Beet -VO
• Chard - VO
• Carrot - VO
• Corn - VO
• Sweet pepper - BIO
• Winter squash - PO
• Summer squash - PO
• Pumpkin - PO
selfers
• Peas - VI
• Lettuce - VI
• Beans – PI, BIO
• Tomatoes – VI, PI
• Sweet pepper - PI
• Hot pepper - BIO
BEANS - 4
common bean, Phaseolis vulgaris (bush)20'
runner bean, Phaseolis coccineus, (pole)800' common bean, Phaseolis vulgaris (pole) 20'
common bean, Phaseolis vulgaris (bush) 20'
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
PEAS - 2
beans
climbing pea 20'
runner bean pole bean
bush bean
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
LETTUCE - 2
beans
climbing pea
lettuce 20' lettuce 20'
runner bean pole bean
bush bean
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
TRELLISING
• Trellis all peas regardless of height
• Rebar cut to 4 foot lengths and chicken wire
• T-posts and 6 feet of chicken wire for climbers
• Trellis pole beans
• T-bar, 8 foot lengths every 9 feet.
• Run wire top and bottom and run strings between.
TRELLISING
• Trellis all peas regardless of height
• Rebar cut to 4 foot lengths and chicken wire
• Trellis pole beans
• T-bar, 8 foot lengths every 9 feet.
• Run wire top and bottom and run strings between.
LETTUCE - 2
beans
climbing pea
lettuce 20' lettuce 20'
runner bean pole bean
bush bean
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
TOMATOES - 2
beans
tomato 20'- 640' (modern or known variety)
climbing pea
lettuce lettuce
runner bean pole bean
bush bean
tomato 20'- 640' (modern or known variety)
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
BEETS & CHARD
• Beta vulgaris
• Biennial
• Year one plant
• Year two seed
• Opportunity
• Plant roots
• Sow seed
BEETS & CHARD
bush bean
chard, Beta vulgaris 1-2 miles, sow seed (year 1)
tomato
climbing pea
lettuce lettuce
runner bean pole bean
bush bean
year 2 beet
tomato
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
SQUASH - 1 WINTER, 1 SUMMER & PUMPKIN -1
• Cucurbita pepo
• Acorn, crookneck, scallop, zucchini, spaghetti, many
pumpkins, delicata, small striped and warted gourds
• Cucurbita moschata
• Butternut, black futsu, cheese, golden cushaw
• Cucurbia maxima
• Banana, buttercup, hubbard, turban and many giant
pumpkins
• Lagenaria siceraria
• Hard shelled gourd
OTHER PLANTS TO WATCH OUT FOR
• Cucurbita pepo
SQUASH & PUMPKIN
bush bean
winter squash 1-2 miles, Cucurbita moschata - Waltham Butternut
year 1 chard
tomato
climbing pea
lettuce lettuce
runner bean pole bean
pumpkin 1-2 miles, Cucurbita maxima - Dill's Atlantic Giant
bush bean
year 2 beet
tomato
summer squash 1-2 miles, Cucurbita pepo -Black Zucchini
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
PEPPERS – 1 HOT, 1 SWEET
• Hot Pepper (0.3 - 0.6 mile) • Capsicum annuum
• Capsicum baccatum
• Capsicum frutescens
• Capsicum pubescens
• Sweet Pepper (320-640’) • Capsicum annuum
PEPPERS
bush bean
hot pepper, Capsicum annuum in tunnel
Cucurbita moschata - Waltham Butternut
year 1 chard
tomato
climbing pea
lettuce lettuce
runner bean pole bean
Cucurbita maxima - pumpkin
bush bean
year 2 beet
tomato sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum, 160'
Cucurbita pepo - Black Zucchini
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
PHYSICAL BARRIERS - BAGGING
Agribon
PHYSICAL BARRIERS CAGING & ALTERNATE DAY CAGING
• Selfers
• No insects needed
• Crossers • Some need insects for
pollination
• Bees or flies (bluebottle)
• Alternate day caging
PHYSICAL BARRIERS - TUNNELS
Peppers under Protectnet
• With Pollinators - crossers
• Without Pollinators - selfers
PHYSICAL BARRIERS HAND POLLINATION
CARROT -1
bush bean
hot pepper, Capsicum annuum in tunnel
Cucurbita moschata - Waltham Butternut
year 1 chard
tomato
climbing pea
lettuce lettuce
runner bean pole bean
carrot in tunnel with insect netting?
Cucurbita maxima - pumpkin
bush bean
year 2 beet
tomato sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum
Cucurbita pepo - Black Zucchini
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
CORN WISH LIST - 2
bush bean
hot pepper
Cucurbita moschata - Waltham Butternut
year 1 chard
tomato
climbing pea
lettuce lettuce
runner bean pole bean
corn - own use 1600 commercial 1-2 miles
Cucurbita maxima - pumpkin
bush bean
year 2 beet
tomato sweet pepper
Cucurbita pepo - Black Zucchini
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
ISOLATION - TIME
• Crops flowering at
different times.
• Plant early and late
varieties eg. corn
• Set transplants out
and then seed eg.
Sunflowers
• Start crop under
tunnels to give
advantage - carrots
Earthwalker sunflower
CORNTAMINATION
POPULATION SIZE
Retain
Genetic
Variability
Remain
True to Type
POPULATION SIZE - SELFERS
• Selfers adapted to self fertilization. Deleterious
genes weeded out over many generations
• Lower poulation #’s required
• 10 – 20 plants VI (very inbreeding)
• 40 plants BIO (both inbreeding & outbreeding)
• # after rogueing
POPULATION SIZE - CROSSERS
• Crossers suffer from inbreeding depression
• Higher population numbers required
• 80 plants most crossers
• 200 plants onion, corn carrot
• Exception cucurbits, 10-20 plants
• # after rogueing
POPULATION SIZE
bush bean (10 -20 plants)
hot pepper (40 plants)
Cucurbita moschata - Waltham Butternut (10-20 plants, 80 better)
year 1 chard (80 plants) sow 200
tomato - 10 -20 plants
climbing pea (10-20 plants)
lettuce (10-20 plants) lettuce
runner bean - 40 plants pole bean
corn - (200 plants)
Cucurbita maxima - pumpkin
bush bean
year 2 beet (80 plants)
tomato sweet pepper (10 - 20plants)
Cucurbita pepo - Black Zucchini (10 - 20 plants, 80 better)
10 feet ↑
5 feet 110 feet long x 90 feet wide North
WISH LIST
Excel
• 1 Hot pepper
• 1 Sweet pepper
• 1 Winter squash
• 1 Summer squash
• 1 Pumpkin
• 2 tomatoes
Little Bit Challenging
• 2 Corn – only 1
• 2 Peas – only 1
• 4 Beans
• 1 Carrot -none
More Challenging
• 2 Lettuce
• 1 Beet
• 1 Chard
FIELD LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
• What is growing nearby
• Wide row spacing
• Rows in line with prevailing winds
• Trellis/support many crops
• Protection from fall rain
• The use of mulch
• Pollinator habitat
• Refugia for beneficial
insects