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THE HUMAN BODY AN ORIENTATION

Anatomystudy of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy Levels of Study

Gross Anatomy

Large structures

Easily observable

Microscopic Anatomy

Very small structures

Can only be viewed

with a microscope

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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

Organ System Overview

Integumentary

Forms the external body

covering / skin

Protects deeper tissue

from injury

Synthesizes vitamin D

Location of cutaneous

(pain, pressure)

nerve receptors

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Skeletal

Protects and supports body

organs

Provides muscle attachment for

movement

Site of blood cell formation

Stores minerals

Muscular

Allows locomotion

Maintains posture

Produces heat

Nervous

Body fast-acting control system

Responds to internal andexternal change

Activates muscles and glands

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Endocrine

Secretes regulatory hormones /

control body activities:

Growth

Reproduction

Metabolism

Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body via

blood pumped by heart:

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes

Lymphatic

Returns fluids to blood vessels

Disposes of debris (clean the blood)

Involved in immunity

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Respiratory

Keeps blood supplied with

oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Digestive

Breaks down food

Allows for nutrient absorption

into blood

Eliminates indigestible

material

Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Maintains acidbase balance

Regulation of materials

Water

Electrolytes

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Reproductive

Production of offspring

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

Maintain Bou ndaries outside remains distinct from inside

Movement Locomotion, Movement of substances

Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react

Digest ion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Metabol ism chemical reactions within thebody

Production of energy

Making body structures

Excret ion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Reproduct ion Production of future generation

Growth Increasing of cell size and number

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SURVIVAL NEEDS Nutr ients Chemicals for energy and cell building

Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

Water 6080% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction

Stable bod y temperature- 37 C/98

Atmosp her ic pressure must be approp r iate

HOMEOSTASIS The bodys ability to maintain a stable internal conditions, even though the

environment continuously changing = a dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalancea disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASISThe body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

Receptor

Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information to control center

Control center

Determines set point

Analyzes information

Determines appropriate response Effectors

Provides a means for response to the stimulus

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS Negat ive feedback

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

Works like a household thermostat

Examples : heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate Posit ive Feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child birth

THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Specia l termino logy is used to prevent m isunderstand ing

Exact terms are used for:

Position

Direction

Regions

Structures

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BODY LANDMARKS

Anterior

Posterior

BODY PLANES

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BODY CAVITIES

Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate &

support internal organs. Bones, muscles, & ligaments separate the various body

cavities from one another.

Major Body Cavities

Dorsal body cavity

A - Cranial cavity: space inside the bony skull

B - Spinal cavity: from the cranial-vertebral column

Ventral body cavity

A - Thoracic cavity: lungs, heart

B - Abdominopelvic cavity: stomach, liver, intestines

1. Please demonstrate each anatomical positions of human body2. Please label the organs, muscles and the bones in the worksheet given

1. Illustrate and label each anatomical positions of human body ; the organs, the

muscles, the bones.

2. Illustrate, label and explain the functions of the organs of; digestive system andendocrine system.

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