security guarantees and nuclear non-proliferation

8/2/2019 Security Guarantees and Nuclear Non-Proliferation

1/15

Yjc ps~ph}c hb yjd} pkpc~ d} yh id}ms}} yjc rk`schb }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc}, yjky d}, ph}dydrc }cms~dyt k}}s~kfmc} yjky dfm`sic k bh~gk` h~ dfbh~gk` ic'bcf}c mhggdygcfy, df p~crcfydfl fsm`ck~ p~h`db'c~kydhf& Dy |d`` icghf}y~kyc yjky }smj lsk~kfycc}jkrc p~hrcf yh nc k rc~t cbbcmydrc df}y~sgcfy dfp~crcfydfl ]ykyc} b~hg lhdfl fsm`ck~& Dy |hs`iyjs} }ccg `hldmk` yh ~cdfbh~mc h~ czycfi yjcg&Jh|crc~, yjd} pkyj d} b~ksljy |dyj hn}ykm`c} kfiid`cggk}&

]cms~dyt Lsk~kfycc} k} k M~dydmk`Fhf'p~h`dbc~kydhf Yhh`

]cms~dyt lsk~kfycc} nt k fsm`ck~'k~gci ]ykyc,

phycfydk``t dfrh`rdfl yjc s}c hb fsm`ck~ |ckphf}yh p~hycmy kf k``t, jkrc p`ktci k rc~t dgph~ykfy~h`c df p~crcfydfl p~h`dbc~kydhf& Yjct czd}y df rk~dhs} bh~g}, b~hg sfd`kyc~k` }ykycgcfy} yh bh~'gk` k``dkfmc} nkmeci nt pc~gkfcfy gd`dyk~t ic'p`htgcfy} ;& Df gkft mk}c}, is~dfl yjc Mh`i |k~,}cms~dyt lsk~kfycc} |c~c gkic gkfdbc}y kfiykfldn`c nt yjc p~c}cfmc hb fsm`ck~ |ckphf}&Yjd} |k} yjc mk}c df FKYH, nsy k`}h bh~ }hgcydgc df Akpkf kfi Ykd|kf&

Yjc Fh~yj Ky`kfydm H~lkfdqkydhf Y~ckyt *FKYH$jk} p`ktci yjc ~h`c hb k fhf'p~h`dbc~kydhf df}y~s'gcfy& K~ydm`c 3 hb yjc \k}jdflyhf Y~ckyt *;494$m~ckyc} kf hn`dlkydhf yh k}}d}y kft gcgnc~ ]ykyc

fhyc f;9(;;

N ^ S F H Y C ^ Y ^ K D ]

Gky~c ic ^cmjc~mjc `k Bhfikydhf phs~`k ^cmjc~mjc ]y~kyld{sc

]cms~dyt Lsk~kfycc} kfiFsm`ck~ Fhf'_~h`dbc~kydhf


2/15

>

rdmydg hb kf k~gci kyykme& Yjd} k~ydm`c jk} nccf |dic`t dfyc~p~cyci k} dgp`tdfl yjc ph}}dn`c s}chb fsm`ck~ |ckphf} nt yjc Sfdyci ]ykyc}, yjcSfdyci Edflihg kfi B~kfmc df icbcf}c hb yjcd~k``dc}& FKYH} fhf'p~h`dbc~kydhf ~h`c d} fhy `dg'dyci yh K~ydm`c 3& Hrc~ tck~}, yjc h~lkfdqkydhf jk}icrc`hpci k |cn hb mh``cmydrc icbcf}c mhhpc~k'ydhf kfi mhf}s`ykydhf gcmjkfd}g}, ~c}s`ydfl dfyjc czd}ycfmc hb |jky mhsì nc mk``ci k }cms~dyt n`kfecy gkedfl gcgnc~ ]ykyc} bcc` }cms~c&Gh}y dgph~ykfy`t, dy jk} icrc`hpci k sfd{sc mh`'`cmydrc }t}ycg hb fsm`ck~ p`kffdfl& ]yk~ydfl dfyjc gdi';42?}, yj~hslj yjc Fsm`ck~ _`kffdflL~hsp *F_L$, FKYH icrc`hpci k mhgghfgcmjkfd}g hb mhf}s`ykydhf}, p`kffdfl kfi cg'p`htgcfy ihmy~dfc, |jdmj jk} ldrcf k`` gcgnc~}k fsm`ck~ ms`ys~c kfi k }kt df yjc p~hmc}} hb ph}'}dn`c |ckphf} s}c dfm`sidfl yj~hslj k |dic'}p~cki p~c}cfmc hb S] fsm`ck~ |ckphf} dfCs~hpc, kfi yjc krkd`knd`dyt hb `k~lc fsgnc~ hb yjc}c |ckphf} df |k~ydgc yh k``dci bh~mc}& Yjcm~ckydhf hb yjc F_L |k} `k~lc`t k {sdi p~h {shbh~ yjc knkfihfgcfy hb yjc Gs`yd'@kyc~k` Bh~mc,kf kgndydhs} }mjcgc |jdmj |hsì jkrc ldrcf, ky`ck}y df }hgc ck~`t rc~}dhf} hb yjc p~hph}k`}, fhf'fsm`ck~ mhsfy~dc} }smj k} Lc~gkft k bdflc~ hfyjc nsyyhf& ]hrdcy hpph}dydhf yh yjc G@B p`ktcik }dlfdbdmkfy pk~y df yjc icnkyc hb yjc gdi';42?}`ckidfl yh yjc }dlfdfl hb yjc Fsm`ck~ Fhf'_~h`dbc~kydhf Y~ckyt *F_Y$>&

Yjc }jkih| hb S] fsm`ck~ |ckphf} czycficicrcf ncthfi FKYH} nh~ic~}& Hfc hb yjc ~ck}hf}]|cicf cfici sp ~cfhsfmdfl yh nsdì fsm`ck~ |ckphf} |k} yjky dy nc`dcrci yjky yjc~c |k} k ic bkmyhfsm`ck~ sgn~c``k mhrc~dfl dy} yc~~dyh~t, nc'mks}c hb dy} lchl~kpjdmk` }dyskydhf *}cc nc`h|$&

Df yjc K}dk'_kmdbdm ~cldhf yhh, mhfydfsci S] p~h'ycmydhf hb }crc~k` ect k``dc} jk} k`gh}y mc~ykdf`t p~crcfyci yjcg b~hg lhdfl fsm`ck~& Akpkf d}

p~hycmyci nt yjc ]cms~dyt Y~ckyt ncy|ccf yjcSfdyci ]ykyc} kfi Akpkf *;43;$& ]hsyj Eh~ck d}mhrc~ci nt yjc Gsysk` Icbcf}c Y~ckyt ncy|ccfyjc Sfdyci ]ykyc} kfi yjc ^cpsn`dm hb Eh~ck*;43=$=& Ykd|kf, yjhslj fhy ncfcbdyydfl b~hg yjc}kgc }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc yjky dy cfahtci sfyd` yjc~cmhlfdydhf hb Ncdadfl, |k} kfi d} }yd`` dfid~cmy`t p~hycmyci nt yjc Ykd|kf ^c`kydhf} Kmy *;4$&

Yjc dgph~ykfmc hb ph}dydrc }cms~dyt k}}s~kfmc}df p~crcfydfl p~h`dbc~kydhf mkf nc icghf}y~kycik mhfy~k~dh&Yjc `kme hb k }y~hfl }cms~dyt lsk~kf'ycc, h~ ihsny} knhsy yjc }mhpc kfi rk`sc hb kf

czd}ydfl hfc, jkrc nccf ect i~drc~} hb fsm`ck~p~h`dbc~kydhf }dfmc ;493&

Mjdfk ~ck`dqci is~dfl yjc bd~}y Bh~gh}k]y~kdy} m~d}d} *;439';433$ yjky |jc~ck} Ykd' |kf |k} fh| sfic~ yjc p~hycmydhf hb yjcSfdyci ]ykyc} *S]'^hM Gsysk` Icbcf}c_kmy, ;439$, yjc ]hrdcy Sfdhf mhsì fhy ncmhsfyci hf& Gkh `ksfmjci yjc mhsfy~t}fsm`ck~ p~hl~kg df ;432& Yjc }cmhfi m~d}d}*;43


3/15

=

k }dlf hb S] jc}dykfmt yh icbcfi Cs~hpc&Ic Lks``c} icmd}dhf yh hpc~kydhfk`dqc yjcB~cfmj fsm`ck~ p~hl~kg |jcf jc ~cys~fciyh ph|c~ df ;43: |k} df fh }gk`` pk~y nk}ci hf jd} nc`dcb yjky fhnhit df yjc|h~ì, df pk~ydms`k~ fhnhit df Kgc~dmk,mkf }kt |jcyjc~, |jc~c, jh|, yh |jky cz'ycfy S] fsm`ck~ k~g} |hsì nc s}ci yhicbcfi Cs~hpc& ;? Df bkmy, jc idi fhy nc'`dcrc df fsm`ck~ lsk~kfycc} ky k``1 hfc mhsìfhy czpcmy yh nc p~hycmyci nt k ]ykyc |jdmj |hsì cflklc dy} rc~t }s~rdrk` df ihdfl}h;; &

Dfidk y~dci yh lcy bh~gk` }cms~dyt lsk~kf'ycc} b~hg yjc Sfdyci ]ykyc} df yjc ck~`t ;42?}& \k}jdflyhf jc}dykyci, df pk~ydms`k~kbyc~ yjc ;42> Dfidk'Mjdfk |k~ ;> & Yjc~c

|k} k mhggdygcfy df p~dfmdp`c yh k}}d}yFc|'Ic`jd klkdf}y Ncdadfl ;= & Jh|crc~, yjcSfdyci ]ykyc} idi fhy |kfy yh bdfi dy}c`b cgn~hd`ci df k |k~ klkdf}y yjc ]dfh']hrdcy n`hm, kfi Dfidk idi fhy |kfy yh mhggdy dy'}c`b yh nc k`hfl}dic yjc Sfdyci ]ykyc} df yjcbdljy klkdf}y mhggsfd}g ;9 & Fc|'Ic`jd as}'ydbdci dy} icmd}dhf yh fhy }dlf yjc F_Y nt yjc kn}cfmc hb m~cidn`c }cms~dyt lsk~kf'ycc}& Yjc ;4, kfi, gh}y dgph~'ykfy`t, yjky yjc Sfdyci ]ykyc} jki fhy mhgcyh icbcfi _ked}ykf df ;423 kfi ;4? & *Df kiidydhf, dy |hsì fhy fcmc}'}k~d`t p~hycmy yjc mhsfy~t df mk}c hb k |k~ |dyj Dfidk&$ Df ;44:, kbyc~ yjc Dfidkf yc}y},D}`kgknki jc}dykyci ncbh~c ihdfl yjc}kgc& ]hgc df yjc _ked}ykfd c`dyc k~lsciyjky yjc `kme hb }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc} |k} dfdy}c`b k ~ck}hf yh ih dy>;& _~dgc Gdfd}yc~Gdkf Fk|kq ]jk~db idi k `k}y'gdfsyc ky'ycgpy yh hnykdf S] p~hycmydhf, nsy idi fhy}smmcci>>&

]hsyj Kb~dmk idi fhy ncfcbdy b~hg kft }c'ms~dyt lsk~kfycc& Df yjc ck~`t ikt} hb yjcMhì |k~, yjc ~s`dfl Fkydhfk`d}y pk~yt }hsljy yh k``t dy}c`b bd~g`t |dyj yjc \c}y nsy |k} ~cnsbbci |jcf dy k}eci bh~ gcg' nc~}jdp hb FKYH& Df yjc ;4


4/15

9

Gsysk` K}}d}ykfmc Y~ckyt yh czpd~c df ;443,yh nc ~cp`kmci |dyj k }dgp`c B~dcfi}jdpY~ckyt& Yjc~c d} kgp`c crdicfmc b~hgy~kme y|h idk`hlsc} kfi yc}ydghfdc} b~hgicbcmyh~} yjky k p~dgk~t ~kydhfk`c bh~ yjcI_^E} fsm`ck~ |ckphf} p~hl~kg d} p~h'ycmydhf b~hg hsy}dic gd`dyk~t kll~c}}dhf&

Yjc d}}sc hb }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc} |k} k`}h k bkmyh~ yh rk~tdfl icl~cc} df yjc ph`dydmk` mk`ms`s} hb gh}y mhsfy~dc} |jh mhf}dic~ci km{sd~dfl fs'm`ck~ |ckphf} >


5/15

3

Akpkf jk} fcrc~, dy }ccg}, mhfismyci }pc'mdbdm gd`dyk~t'~c`kyci fsm`ck~ kmydrdydc}, nsyjk} }ysidci ky `ck}y ky y|h hmmk}dhf} yjcmh}y} kfi ncfcbdy} hb lhdfl fsm`ck~& Hfc hb yjc}c }ysidc} |k} ihfc nt yjc fhf'lhrc~fgcfyk` }h'mk``ci ]ysit L~hsp hfIcghm~kmt U}dmW df ;42:';4


6/15

2

Bdfk``t, yjc p~c}cfmc hb k }cms~dyt lsk~kfyccgdljy czp`kdf |jt }hgc ~cldhfk` ph|c~} |jdmjmhsì jkrc nccf ycgpyci yh lh fsm`ck~ ~cb~kdfcib~hg ihdfl }h& Rdcyfkg , bh~ df}ykfmc, ncfcbdyycib~hg k }y~hfl icbcf}c mhhpc~kydhf |dyj yjc ]h' rdcy Sfdhf *yjhslj yjd} czp`kfkydhf d} p~hnkn`t fhy }sbbdmdcfy$& Yhikt Gk`kt}dk hbbdmdk``t mhf}di'c~} dy}c`b p~hycmyci nt yjc Bdrc _h|c~} Icbcfmc K~~kflcgcfy} *B_IK$&

Yjc Czpkf}dhf hb ]cms~dyt Lsk~kf'ycc} ]dfmc ;44?

Yjc cfi hb yjc Mhì |k~ jk} dgp`dci yjc yc~gd'fkydhf hb ]hrdcy k``dkfmc} yj~hsljhsy yjc |h~ì,k`hfl |dyj yjc id}kppck~kfmc hb yjc ndph`k~ mhf'b~hfykydhf& Jh|crc~, dfyc~c}ydfl`t cfhslj, k }dl'fdbdmkfy czpkf}dhf hb }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc} jk}ykecf p`kmc }dfmc yjcf& Yjd} icrc`hpgcfy }ycg}df pk~ydms`k~ b~hg yjc icgd}c hb yjc \k~}k| _kmykfi yjc ]hrdcy Sfdhf *|jdmj k``h|ci bh~ yjccf`k~lcgcfy hb FKYH$, yjc m~ckydhf nt ^s}}dk hb k fc| gd`dyk~t k``dkfmc, k} |c`` k} l~h|dfl mhf'mc~f} knhsy \GI ~d}e} df yjc Gdii`c Ck}y kfiFh~yj'Ck}y K}dk, |jdmj jkrc `ci \c}yc~f k``dc}yh dfm~ck}c yjc fsgnc~ kfi rk`sc hb yjcd~ fk'ydhfk` }cms~dyt mhggdygcfy}&

Cs~hpc&Yjc yj~cc }smmc}}drc cf`k~lcgcfy}hb FKYH yh yjc Ck}y, df ;444, >??3 kfi>??4, jkrc n~hsljy df y|c`rc fc| gcg' nc~}& Dy jk}dp}h bkmyhi~kgkydmk``t df'm~ck}ci yjc fsgnc~ hb fhf'fsm`ck~ mhsf'y~dc} p~hycmyci nt yjc K~ydm`c 3 lsk~kfycckfi gh~c }pcmdbdmk``t nt S], SE kfiB~cfmj fsm`ck~ bh~mc} b~hg ;= *hsy hb ;2$yh >3 *hsy hb >:$&

Yjc Gdii`c Ck}y & ^cdfbh~mci }cms~dyt lsk~'kfycc} jkrc nccf ldrcf yh mhsfy~dc} hb yjc

Ls`b ~cldhf kbyc~ yjc ;44?';44; D~k{ |k~ 94&Yjc~c |k} k S] gd`dyk~t p~c}cfmc df ]ksid K~kndk ic}dlfci yh icyc~ D~k{d kll~c}}dhfb~hg ;44? yh >??=& Yjc~c d} fh| kf dfbh~'gk` h~ ic bkmyhmhggdygcfy yh icbcfi }cr'c~k` hb yjc }gk``c~ Ls`b ]ykyc}, fhykn`t [kyk~, |jdmj jk} ncmhgc yjc fc| jsn hb S] gd`dyk~t icp`htgcfy} df yjc ~cldhf 3? &Cs~hpckf ph|c~} jkrc ldrcf }cms~dyt lsk~'kfycc} df rk~dhs} bh~g} yh }crc~k` Ls`b ]ykyc}& Df kiidydhf yh dy} `hfl}ykfidfl mhg'gdygcfy yh yjc }cms~dyt hb Iadnhsyd *;4??4$ 3; & Yjc Sfdyci Edflihg k`}h jk} dy}

h|f icbcf}c mhggdygcfy}, fhykn`t |dyjyjc SKC *;442$ 3>& Df kiidydhf, df >??2Ns}j ncmkgc yjc bd~}y S] p~c}dicfy yh }ykycsfkgndlshs}`t yjky \k}jdflyhf |hsìicbcfi D}~kc` nt gd`dyk~t bh~mc 3=&

K}dk&Df ;44=, _~c}dicfy M`dfyhf ~ckbbd~gcidf k pk~ydms`k~`t }y~hfl |kt yjc S] mhg'gdygcfy yh yjc }cms~dyt hb Akpkf kfi]hsyj Eh~ck df `dljy hb yjc cgc~ldfl Fh~yjEh~ckf yj~cky& Jc }ykyci yjky dy |hsì nc phdfy`c}} bh~ Uyjc Fh~yj Eh~ckf}W yh ic'rc`hp fsm`ck~ |ckphf}, ncmks}c db yjctcrc~ s}c yjcg dy |hsì nc yjc cfi hb yjcd~mhsfy~t 39& Sfic~ yjc Ns}j kigdfd}y~k'ydhf, yjc Sfdyci ]ykyc} }hsljy yh ~ckbbd~gh~ ~cdfbh~mc }crc~k` czd}ydfl nd`kyc~k` k``d'kfmc}, pk~y`t isc yh kf dfm~ck}c df phycf'

ydk` fsm`ck~ yj~cky} *Mjdfk, Fh~yj Eh~ck,kfi D~kf$& K} ck~`t k} >??;, _~c}dicfy Ns}jicm`k~ci yjky yjc~c |k} k S] hn`dlkydhf yhicbcfi Ykd|kf df mk}c hb Mjdfc}c kyykme,kfi p`cilci yh ih |jkycrc~ dy yhhe yhjc`p Ykd|kf icbcfi jc~}c`b 33& Kbyc~ ]cp'ycgnc~ ;;, yjc icbcf}c ~c`kydhf}jdp |dyjAkpkf kfi Ks}y~k`dk |k} }y~cflyjcfci5 kfc| y~d`kyc~k` k``dkfmc }ccg} yh nc df yjcgkedfl 32& Kbyc~ yjc bd~}y Fh~yj Eh~ckf fs'm`ck~ yc}y df >??2, yjc S] fsm`ck~ mhggdy'gcfy yh ]chs` kfi Akpkf |k} ~ckbbd~gci df

k pk~ydms`k~`t }y~hfl |kt 3??; Fsm`ck~ _h}ys~c ^c' rdc| 3: &

Yjc m~ckydhf hb yjc Cs~hpckf Sfdhf *CS$ df;44> kfi yjc B~cfmj ~kpp~hmjcgcfy |dyj FKYH}dfmc yjc ck~`t ;44?} jkrc `ci _k~d} yh kbbd~g dfkf dfm~ck}dfl`t czp`dmdy bk}jdhf yjky dy} fsm`ck~bh~mc} p~hycmyci k`}h mhgghf k``dci dfyc~c}y}&B~kfmc }sn}m~dnci yh gh}y hb yjc ;444 ]y~kycldmMhfmcpy} icrc`hpgcfy} ick`dfl |dyj fsm`ck~icyc~~cfmc&


7/15

??;, yjcf'_~c}dicfy Akm{sc} Mjd~km }kdi yjkyyjc B~cfmj fsm`ck~ mkpknd`dyt d} pk~y hb yjc Ky'`kfydm K``dkfmc} l`hnk` icyc~~cfy, kfi k`}h yjkyjd} kpp~cmdkydhf hb kft yj~cky yh B~cfmj rdyk` df'yc~c}y} yjh}c |jdmj k~c mhrc~ci nt fsm`ck~ ic'yc~~cfmc |hsì fkys~k``t ykec dfyh kmmhsfy yjc l~h|dfl }h`dik~dyt hb Cs~hpckf Sfdhfmhsfy~dc} 34& Df >??2, jc }ykyci yjky yjc icbcf}chb k``dci mhsfy~dc} mhsì nc pk~y hb B~cfmj rdyk`dfyc~c}y}2? & Yjd} }cfycfmc |k} dfyc~p~cyci k} }dl'fdbtdfl yjky B~cfmj }cms~dyt mhggdygcfy} yh' |k~i} yjc Ls`b ~cldhf mhsì phycfydk``t dfm`sic kfsm`ck~ idgcf}dhf&

]k~ehqt jk} fhy nkmey~kmeci b~hg yjd} kpp~hkmj&Jd} icmd}dhf yh ~cahdf FKYH} dfycl~kyci gd`dyk~t }y~smys~c crcf yjhslj B~kfmc ~cgkdf} hsy}dicyjc Fsm`ck~ _`kffdfl L~hsp, bh~ }tgnh`dm ~ck'

}hf} m`ck~`t }dlfk`} yjky _k~d} rdc|} dy} fsm`ck~bh~mc} k} pk~y hb k mhgghf K``dkfmc icyc~~cfy2; & Kmmh~idfl yh k p~c}dicfydk` kird}c~, yjc hpcfdflhb k ahdfy gd`dyk~t nk}c df Kns Ijknd k`hfl |dyj yjc }dlfkys~c hb k fc| icbcf}c kl~ccgcfy |dyj yjc SKC jk} kf dgph~ykfy icyc~~cfmc id'gcf}dhf 2>& _k~d} jk} k`}h gkic kf dgp`dmdy mhg'gdygcfy yh yjc }cms~dyt hb D}~kc 2=& Kfi B~kfmcjk} p~hghyci yjc df}c~ydhf hb k gsysk` icbcf}cm`ks}c df yjc CS @d}nhf Y~ckyt, |jdmj dfm`sic} kgsysk` k}}d}ykfmc m`ks}c df mk}c hb kf k~gci kll~c}}dhf klkdf}y Uk Gcgnc~ ]ykyc}W yc~~d'

yh~t *K~ydm`c 9>$29& \jd`c yjc}c rk~dhs} icrc`hp'gcfy} ih fhy ksyhgkydmk``t y~kf}`kyc dfyh k fc|,idbbc~cfy bh~ yjc B~cfmj fsm`ck~ bh~mc}, dy d} m`ck~yjky _k~d} d} dfm~ck}dfl`t mhgbh~ykn`c |dyj yjcdick hb }cms~dyt k}}s~kfmc} yh dy} b~dcfi} kfi k`'`dc}, ph}}dn`t dfm`sidfl k fsm`ck~ idgcf}dhf&

Bdfk``t, ^s}}dk jk} m~ckyci dy} h|f gd`dyk~t k``d'kfmc yj~hslj yjc Mh``cmydrc ]cms~dyt Y~ckyt *;44>$ h~ Yk}jecfy y~ckyt& Df >??>, yjc Mh``cm'ydrc ]cms~dyt Y~ckyt H~lkfdqkydhf *M]YH$ |k}

m~ckyci, |dyj k rdc| yh pk~k``c` FKYH& K} hb Asfc>??4, yjc h~lkfdqkydhf dfm`sici K~gcfdk, Nc`k'~s}, Ekqkej}ykf, Ed~ljdqdk, Ykaded}ykf, kfi Sq' nced}ykf, |jdmj k~c dgp`dmdy`t mhrc~ci nt k ^s}'}dkf fsm`ck~ lsk~kfycc& Crcf yjhslj ^s}}dkfhbbdmdk`} ~cbc~ }hgcydgc} yh k`` Mhgghf|ck`yj hb Dficpcficfy ]ykyc} *MD]$ mhsfy~dc} ncdfl p~h'ycmyci nt Gh}mh|} fsm`ck~ bh~mc}, dy d} ~ck}hf'kn`c yh k}}sgc yjky hf`t M]YH mhsfy~dc} k~c cb'bcmydrc`t sfic~ yjc ^s}}dkf fsm`ck~ sgn~c``k&

Yjc jd}yh~dmk` ~cmh~i m`ck~`t }jh|} yjky }cms~dytlsk~kfycc} df yjc bh~g hb icbcf}c mhggdygcfy} ,fhykn`t |jcf yjct dfm`sic k fsm`ck~ idgcf}dhf,jkrc p`ktci kf dgph~ykfy fhf'p~h`dbc~kydhf ~h`c& Rklsc p~hgd}c} hb k}}d}ykfmc k~c fhy cfhslj

yh p~crcfy p~h`dbc~kydhf& K} k p~c}dicfydk` kird}c~psy dy |jcf yjc Ahjf}hf kigdfd}y~kydhf |k} cz'kgdfdfl hpydhf} bh~ k fhf'p~h`dbc~kydhf ph`dmt,Dy d} ihsnybs` yjky k mhsfy~t |jdmj bcc`} ~ck``tyj~ckycfci kfi d} mkpkn`c hb nsdìdfl fsm`ck~|ckphf} |d`` dficbdfdyc`t ~cb~kdf b~hg ihdfl }hgc~c`t df czmjkflc bh~ lcfc~k` h~ mhfidydhfk` lsk~kfycc} 23&

Gh}y dgph~ykfy`t, yjc ~cmdpdcfy ]ykyc gs}y ncmhfrdfmci yjky yjc k}}s~kfmc} ldrcf gccy dy} }c'ms~dyt fcci}& Mjdfc}c p~hycmydhf idi fhy p~crcfyFh~yj Eh~ck b~hg kirkfmdfl hf yjc fsm`ck~pkyj& Czd}ydfl bh~gk` S] lsk~kfycc} idi fhy p~c' rcfy B~kfmc b~hg lhdfl fsm`ck~, h~ Ks}y~k`dk yh}c~dhs}`t mhf}dic~ ihdfl yjc }kgc& ]hrdcyb~dcfi}jdp idi fhy p~crcfy Dfidk, Cltpy h~ D~k{b~hg cgnk~edfl df dy} h|f p~hl~kg& Kgc~dmkf

}cms~dyt sgn~c``k} idi fhy p~crcfy }crc~k` K}dkfmhsfy~dc} b~hg mhf}dic~dfl yjcd~ h|f p~hl~kg&*Kfi yjc S] mhggdygcfy yh yjc }cms~dyt hb ]ksid K~kndk idi fhy p~crcfy dy yh km{sd~c gc'idsg'~kflc nk``d}ydm gd}}d`c} df yjc `kyc ;4:?}&$ \jkycrc~ d} }ykyci df |~dyycf h~ h~k` bh~g, yjcnc`dcb} hb ~cmdpdcfy lhrc~fgcfy} ~clk~idfl yjc rk`sc hb }cms~dyt mhggdygcfy}, kfi jh| yjct y~kf}gdy dy yh yjc fczy lcfc~kydhf, gkyyc~ }dlfdbd'mkfy`t *bh~ df}ykfmc, k }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc mkf nc asilci k} m~cidn`c nt hfc }cy hb `ckic~} nsy fhy nt yjc fczy hfc$&


8/15

:

Yjc Bsys~c ^h`c hb ]cms~dyt Lsk~'kfycc} df _~crcfydfl Fsm`ck~ _~h'`dbc~kydhf

Bs~yjc~ cbbh~y} yh `dgdy yjc p~h`dbc~kydhf gkt ~c'{sd~c kf dfm~ck}c df yjc fsgnc~ hb }cms~dyt lsk~'

kfycc} kfi yjc ~cdfbh~mcgcfy hb czd}ydfl hfc}&

L~h|dfl mhfmc~f} knhsy fsm`ck~ p~h`dbc~kydhfkfi yjc ph}}dn`c cgc~lcfmc hb fc| \GI'k~gcifkydhf} df yjc Gdii`c Ck}y kfi df K}dk k~c `dec`t yh yc}y czd}ydfl }cms~dyt mhggdygcfy}& Ls`b mhsfy~dc}, FKYH gcgnc~} kfi Ck}y K}dkf k``dc} |d`` k}e bh~ }y~hflc~ kfi gh~c czp`dmdy }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc} df mk}c hb \GI kll~c}}dhf c}pc'mdk``t, hb mhs~}c, db D~kf icrc`hp} kf hpc~kydhfk`fsm`ck~ mkpknd`dyt& K ~crdc| hb fsm`ck~ p~h`dbc~k'

ydhf icmd}dhf} mhfbd~gci yjky yjc pc~mcdrci ~c`d'knd`dyt hb S&]& }cms~dyt k}}s~kfmc} |d`` nc km~dydmk` bkmyh~, db fhy yjc m~dydmk` bkmyh~, df|jcyjc~ }smj mhsfy~dc} k} Akpkf, ]ksid K~kndk, ]hsyj Eh~ck, Ykd|kf, kfi Ys~ect ~cmhf}dic~yjcd~ fsm`ck~ hpydhf} 22&

Yjc mk}c hb ]ksid K~kndk& Dy d} |dic`t nc'`dcrci yjky ^dtkij ncfcbdy} b~hg k }pcmdbdmS] p`cilc bh~ p~hycmydhf, nsy dy }ycg} b~hg rklsc }ykycgcfy} kfi p~drkyc k}}s~kfmc} 2


9/15

4

Gd}}d`c icbcf}c czycfici icyc~~cfmcyj~hslj icfdk` gkt nc kf dfm~ck}dfl`t dgph~ykfy mhggdygcfy hb nhyj icyc~~cfmckfi k}}s~kfmc yh|k~i} k``dc}& Yjd} |d`` nck`` yjc gh~c dgph~ykfy }dfmc yjc p~kmydmc hb icp`htdfl fsm`ck~ |ckphf} hf k``dci yc~~d'yh~t |k} mhgghf is~dfl yjc Mh`i |k~


10/15

;?

]y~hflc~, gh~c czp`dmdy lsk~kfycc} ~sfmhsfyc~ yh yjc rc~t p~dfmdp`c hb kgndlsdyt cgnciici df yjc ph`dmt hb icyc~~cfmc& Db hfc k}}sgc} yjky yjc cbbdmdcfmt hb icyc~'~cfmc }spph}c} yjky yjc kirc~}k~t d} sf'kn`c yh mk`ms`kyc yjc czkmy} mh}y} kfi ~d}e}yjky |hsì nc k}}hmdkyci |dyj kll~c}}dhf,yjcf yjc~c d} kf dfjc~cfy `dgdy yh |jky d}ph}}dn`c yh kmjdcrc df yc~g} hb }y~cflyjcf'dfl }cms~dyt k}}s~kfmc} bh~ yjc ps~ph}c hb fhf'p~h`dbc~kydhf |dyjhsy mhgp~hgd}dflicyc~~cfmc&

Fc| }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc} mkf ph}c ph`dydmk`h~ crcf cyjdmk` p~hn`cg} yh yjc ihfh~ h~yh yjc ~cmdpdcfy& ]dfmc yjc cfi hb yjc Mhì |k~, kfi gh}y dgph~ykfy`t }dfmc 4(;;,{sc}ydhf} jkrc nccf ~kd}ci knhsy yjc |d}'

ihg yh mhfydfsc ldrdfl p~hycmydhf yh ks'yjh~dyk~dkf ~cldgc}, }smj k} _ked}ykf, h~ yh{sk}d'bsfikgcfyk`d}y ]ykyc} }smj k} ]ksid K~kndk& *K fsm`ck~ lsk~kfycc yh k mhsfy~t b~hg |jdmj gh}y hb yjc 4(;; pc~pcy~kyh~}h~dldfkyci |hsì nc mhfy~hrc~}dk` df yjcSfdyci ]ykyc} :> &$ Nsy yjc p~hn`cg gkt k`}hczd}y yjc hyjc~ |kt ~hsfi& ]hgc mhsfy~dc}gkt fhy |kfy yh nc p~hycmyci nt yjcSfdyci ]ykyc}& Df >??=, Gczdmh }tgnh`d'mk``t icmdici yh |dyji~k| b~hg yjc ^dhY~ckyt, yh p~hyc}y klkdf}y yjc D~k{ |k~& K

bh~gk` }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc yh ]ksid K~kndk, |jdmj |hsì gckf hpcf kfi mhgp`cyc ~c d'kfmc hf yjc Sfdyci ]ykyc} bh~ dy} }cms~dyt,gkt nc mjk``cflci b~hg |dyjdf1 }smj k bh~gk` ick` mhsì ~kd}c kfyd'Kgc~dmkf}cfydgcfy df yjc ic}c~y edflihg := &S]p~hph}k`} bh~ k icbcf}c sgn~c``k hrc~ yjc K~kndkf pcfdf}s`k, gkt bdfi Ls`b mhsf'y~dc} sf~cmcpydrc ncmks}c yjct |kfy yhgkdfykdf lhhi ~c`kydhf} |dyj D~kf kfijkrc fh ic}d~c yh nc }ccf nt Ycj~kf k} Kgc~dmkf psppcy}&

Kfhyjc~ id`cggk czd}y} ~clk~idfl yjc ph}'}dn`c icp`htgcfy hb fsm`ck~ |ckphf}& M~dy'dm} hb yjc Ky`kfydm K``dkfmc} fsm`ck~ ph}'ys~c jkrc k phdfy |jcf yjct }kt yjkyFKYH jk} c}ykn`d}jci k pkyyc~f yjky dy ihc} fhy |kfy hyjc~} yh cgs`kyc :9 &Df `c'lk` yc~g}, fhyjdfl |hsì p~cm`sic, bh~ df'}ykfmc, D}`kgknki b~hg icp`htdfl fsm`ck~ |ckphf} df ]ksid K~kndk, h~ bh~ndi yjcp~c}cfmc hb Mjdfc}c fsm`ck~ |ckphf} df,

}kt, Ns~gk, h~ p~hjdndy yjc }ykydhfdfl hb bsys~c D~kfdkf fsm`ck~ |ckphf} hf ]t~dkf}hd` k} `hfl k} }smj |ckphf} k~c fhy sf'ic~ yjc mhfy~h` hb yjc ~cmdpdcfy mhsfy~t

]smj mhsfy~dc} |hsì nc gh~c yjkf jkppt yh s}c yjc S] p~cmcicfy yh as}ydbt yjcg'}c`rc}& Df kiidydhf, fsm`ck~ p~c}cfmc mkfdfismc k }cf}c hb df}cms~dyt df k fcdljnh~'dfl mhsfy~t, jcdljycfdfl dy} fcci bh~ fs'm`ck~ |ckphf} *c&l& Ys~ect(D~kf$&

Df yjc mk}c hb Ys~ect, hfc }jhsì k`}h fhyc k`}hyjky yjc p~c}cfmc hb S] fsm`ck~ |ckphf} ldrc} kfsm`ck~ cismkydhf kfi y~kdfdfl yjky mhsì ncjc`pbs` db hfc ikt yjky mhsfy~t icmdici yh lh fs'm`ck~& Fsm`ck~ }ykydhfdfl yjs} p~c}cfy} k id'`cggk1 dy mkf nc nhyj k fhf'p~h`dbc~kydhf yhh`kfi k gcmjkfd}g yjky ~cdfbh~mc}, yh }hgc cz'ycfy, yjc ~d}e hb p~h`dbc~kydhf&

Bdfk``t, gdljy fhy yjc m~ckydhf h~ yjc ~cdf'bh~mcgcfy hb }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc} kmysk``t mhfy~dnsyc, yh }hgc czycfy, yh p~h`dbc~k'ydhf8 Yjc S]'Ykd|kf y~ckyt hb Icmcgnc~;439 jk} nccf mk``ci yjc `k}y }y~k| `cki'dfl yh Gkh} icmd}dhf yh lh fsm`ck~:3 & Yjcmhfycgph~k~t mk}c} hb D~kf kfi Fh~yj Eh'~ck k`}h ic}c~rc yjdfedfl& K}}sgdfl yjkyD~kf jk} fhy tcy icmdici yh nsdì hpc~k'ydhfk` fsm`ck~ |ckphf}, yjc czd}ycfmc hb kl~h|dfl |cn hb k``dkfmc} k~hsfi yjc mhsf'y~t mhsì nc s}ci, df dfyc~fk` icnkyc}, k} kfk~lsgcfy bh~ lhdfl k`` yjc |kt& K} pc~

_thfltkfl, dy }ccg} yh mhf}dic~ yjky yjc rc~t czd}ycfmc hb k S] fsm`ck~ sgn~c``khrc~ ]hsyj Eh~ck d} k ~kydhfk`c bh~ dy} fs'm`ck~ p~hl~kg&

K yjd~i }c~dc} hb id`cggk} mhfmc~f} yjc dfm~ck}cdf yjc fsgnc~ hb }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc}1

Dy gkt cfi sp idgdfd}jdfl yjcd~ dfidrdisk` rk`sc& K} kf kird}c~ yh yjc Ahjf}hf ki'gdfd}y~kydhf psy dy df ;423, Yjc mjk~kmyc~

hb hs~ icyc~gdfkydhf |d`` nc id`syci d} |cjkrc >? }smj mhggdygcfy} kfi hs~ bsf'ikgcfyk` dgklc hb mkpknd`dyt yh icbcfi yjc b~cc |h~ì gdljy nc dgpkd~ci :2 &Kyyjc }kgc ydgc, yjc S] jk} mhggdygcfy} yhgkft gh~c mhsfy~dc} yhikt kfi dy ~cgkdf}yh nc }ccf yjky yjcd~ dfidrdisk` rk`sc jk} nccf `h|c~ci&

Dy mhsì m~ckyc yjc ~d}e yjky, gkyjcgkyd'mk``t, hfc hb yjcg |d`` nc }c~dhs}`t yc}yciyjhslj k mhfb`dmy h~ k m~d}d}& Yjc p~hn`cgyjcf bh~ yjc p~hycmydfl mhsfy~t d} yjky dygkt jkrc yh dfyc~rcfc gh~c bh~mcbs``tyjkf dy |hsì jkrc hyjc~|d}c yh gkdfykdfdy} ~cpsykydhf k} k ~c`dkn`c k``t kfi yjcjdljc~ yjc fsgnc~ hb k``dc}, yjc jdljc~ yjc


11/15

;;

}ykec}& K`}h, kf dgph~ykfy fsgnc~ hb }cms'~dyt mhggdygcfy} gkt ~kd}c yjc mh}y hb icbcky h~ |dyji~k|k` |jcf yjc p~hycmy'dfl ]ykyc d} dfrh`rci df k |k~ |jdmj ihc}fhy dfrh`rc k p~hycmyci mhsfy~t& *]hgc dfyjc Ahjf}hf kigdfd}y~kydhf k~lsci yjky kect ~ck}hf yh ~cgkdf dfrh`rci df Rdcyfkg |k} yjky kn}cfy k S] rdmyh~t, yjc m~cidnd`dyt hb S] }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc} |hsì nc |cke'cfci :< & Yjc }kgc k~lsgcfy |k} gkic dfyjc tck~} >??9'>??: ~clk~idfl D~k{&$ Dymkf k`}h nc k~lsci yjky k bs~yjc~ czpkf}dhfhb fsm`ck~ sgn~c``k} gkt `cki yh yjc icbd'fdydhf hb fc| `dfc} hb mhfb~hfykydhf nc'y|ccf rk~dhs} n`hme} hb k``dc} :: &

Fsm`ck~ ph|c~} }jhsì k`}h ~cgkdf k|k~c yjkyid}ms}}dhf} knhsy k ph}}dn`c fsm`ck~ p~hl~kg

mkf nc k |kt yh dfismc \c}yc~f mhsfy~dc} dfyhldrdfl k }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc h~ }y~cflyjcfdfl kfczd}ydfl hfc& Df yjc ck~`t ikt} hb ]hsyj Kb~dmk}fsm`ck~ p~hl~kg, dy |k} yjhsljy yjky k fsm`ck~yc}y mhsì nc k |kt yh bh~mc yjc \c}y yh dfm`sic_~cyh~dk df yjcd~ }cms~dyt k~~kflcgcfy} :4 & Df yjc;4


12/15

;>

; ]hgc 3? mhsfy~dc} k~c mhrc~ci nt k bh~gk` S] }cms~dyt mhggdygcfy& Yjc}c dfm`sic \k}jdflyhf y~ckyt gcgnc~}, dh y~ckyt gcgnc~} *czmcpy Msnk$, ect K}dk'_kmdbdm k``dc} *Akpkf, ]hsyj Eh~ck, Yjkd`kfi, yjc_jd`dppdfc}, kfi Ks}y~k`dk$, }hgc h`i czcmsydrc kl~cc'gcfy} *_ked}ykf, @dnc~dk$ kfi yjc B~cc`t K}}hmdkyci

]ykyc}&Df kiidydhf yh yjc}c 3? h~ }h mhsfy~dc}, hyjc~} k~c mhf}di'c~ci nt S] k| k} Gkah~ Fhf'FKYH K``dc}, nsy ic}pdycdy} fkgc yjd} }ykys} ihc} fhy dgp`t k bh~gk` gd`dyk~t k``d'kfmc&

> Df kiidydhf yh ncdfl mhrc~ci nt yjc FKYH lsk~kfycc, ycfCS gcgnc~} k~c }dlfkyh~dc} hb yjc Ghidbdci N~s}}c`}Y~ckyt *;439$, |jdmj dfm`sic} k gsysk` icbcf}c mhggdy'gcfy kfi |k} fhy }spc~}cici nt yjc FKYH y~ckyt&

= ]y~dmy`t }pckedfl, ]hsyj Eh~ck d} k`}h p~hycmyci nt yjcSfdyci Fkydhf} *yjc mhggkfic~ hb S]BE d} k`}h SfdyciFkydhf} Mhggkfic~$&

9 Yjkd`kfi kfi yjc _jd`dppdfc} k~c k`}h mhrc~ci nt bh~gk`S] }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc} *}ycggdfl b~hg nd`kyc~k`y~ckydc}$, nsy dy ~cgkdf} sfm`ck~ jh| gsmj yjc S] fsm`ck~sgn~c``k d} czycfici hrc~ yjcg& Jh|crc~, fhfc hb yjc}c y|h mhsfy~dc} jk} crc~ nccf mhf}dic~ci k }c~dhs}

\GI p~h`dbc~kydhf ~d}e&

3 [shyci df Krfc~ Mhjcf, D}~kc` kfi yjc Nhgn *Fc|'Th~e1Mh`sgndk Sfdrc~}dyt _~c}}, ;44:$, 9=&

2 Mhjcf, D}~kc` kfi yjc Nhgn, 22&

< Dy d} fhy |dic`t efh|f yjky Ic Lks``c jki, df cbbcmy, ldrcfk bh~g hb }cms~dyt lsk~kfycc yh D}~kc` 1db D}~kc` d}

kyykmeci, |c |d`` fhy `cy dy nc ic}y~htci& _~c}} mhfbc~cfmcky yjc C`t}c _k`kmc, >< Fhrcgnc~ ;42


13/15

;=

czd}ycfmc hb k ]hrdcy fsm`ck~ lsk~kfycc yh Cltpy& Yjc kn'}cfmc hb k fsm`ck~ lsk~kfycc gkt czp`kdf |jt yjcicmd}dhf nt ]kiky yh n~cke |dyj Gh}mh| df ;4 idi fhyjkrc kft kirc~}c dgpkmy hf yjc icmd}dhf yh knkfihf yjcmhsfy~t} fsm`ck~ gd`dyk~t hpydhf&

>: \ktfc ctfhì}, Ks}y~k`dk} Ndi bh~ yjc Kyhg Nhgn*Gc`nhs~fc1 Gc`nhs~fc Sfdrc~}dyt _~c}}, >???$5 Akm{sc}C&M& Jtgkf}, D}hyhpc} kfi Dicfydyt1 Ks}y~k`dk kfi yjcFsm`ck~ \ckphf} Hpydhf, ;494';444, Yjc

Fhfp~h`dbc~kydhf ^crdc|, ]p~dfl >???, ='>=&

>4 hfkì K& \kèc~, K~gc} fsm`kd~c} cy gs`yd`ky~k`d}'gc, Lhph`dyd{sc, f


14/15

;9

3; Yjc mhfycfy hb yjc}c kl~ccgcfy} jk} fhy *tcy$ nccfgkic psn`dm& Dy d} lcfc~k``t kmefh|`cilci yjky yjc hfc |dyjyjc SKC d} pk~ydms`k~`t }y~hfl&

3> Yjc `kyyc~ d} ic}m~dnci nt yjc SE Bh~cdlf " Mhgghf' |ck`yj Hbbdmc |cn}dyc k} ncdfl hs~ k~lc}y icbcfmcmhggdygcfy hsy}dic FKYH *Mhsfy~t _~hbd`c} SKC $&

3= \c |d`` ~d}c yh D}~kc`} icbcf}c, db fcci nc& *&&$ Ths ncy,|c`` icbcfi D}~kc` *{shyci df L`cff Ec}}`c~, Ns}j]kt} S&]& \hsì Icbcfi D}~kc` Gd`dyk~d`t, Yjc \k}jdflyhf

_h}y, > Bcn~sk~t >??2$5 D gkic dy m`ck~, D `` gkec dy m`ck~ klkdf, yjky |c |d`` s}c gd`dyk~t gdljy yh p~hycmy hs~k``t, D}~kc` * _~c}dicfy Id}ms}}c} \k~ hf Yc~~h~ kfi Hpc~kydhf D~k{d B~ccihg, M`crc`kfi, >? Gk~mj >??2$&

39 Czmjkflc \dyj cph~yc~} ky yjc Icgd`dyk~dqci Qhfc, ;;As`t ;44=&

33 Ns}j p`cilc} |jkycrc~ dy ykec} yh icbcfi Ykd|kf,MFF&mhg, >3 Kp~d` >??;&

32 K y~dpk~ydyc icbcf}c bh~sg |k} m~ckyci df >??2& K nd`ky'

c~k` icbcf}c mhhpc~kydhf kl~ccgcfy |k} }dlfci nt Mkfnc~~k kfi Yheth df Gk~mj >????? Hmyhnc~>??2$&Yjc Sfdyci ]ykyc} jk} yjc |d`` kfi yjc mkpknd`dytyh gccy yjc bs`` ~kflc kfi D sfic~}mh~c bs`` ~kflc hb dy} icyc~~cfy kfi }cms~dyt mhggdygcfy} yh Ak'

pkf *Mhfih`ccqqk dmc {shyci df Yjhg ]jkfec~ " Fh~d'gdy}sHfd}jd, Akpkf K}}s~c} dmc Yjky Dy Jk} Fh Fsm`ck~ Dfycf'ydhf},Yjc Fc|'Th~e Ydgc} , >; Hmyhnc~ >??2$&

3: S] Icpk~ygcfy hb Icbcf}c, Bdfidfl} hb yjc Fsm`ck~ _h}ys~c ^crdc|, IhI Fc|} N~dcbdfl, 4 Akfsk~t >??>&

34 Id}mhs~} ic G& Akm{sc} Mjd~km, _~}dicfy ic `k ^psn d'{sc, icrkfy Df}ydysy ic} jksyc} ysic} ic ibcf}cfkydhfk`c, : Asfc >??;&

2? K``hmsydhf ic G& Akm{sc} Mjd~km, _~}dicfy ic `k ^ps'

n`d{sc, `h~} ic }k rd}dyc ksz bh~mc} k~dcffc} cy hmkfd{sc }y~kyld{sc} , ;4 Akfsk~t >??2&

2; Yjc ~h`c hb B~cfmj fsm`ck~ bh~mc} df yjc }cms~dyt hb Cs~hpc kfi FKYH |k} ~ckbbd~gci df k pk~ydms`k~`t }y~hfl

|kt ky yjc nd`kyc~k` B~cfmj'N~dyd}j }sggdy hb As`t >??4, |jc~c nhyj mhsfy~dc} kbbd~gci yjky yjcd~ fsm`ck~ bh~mc}}jhsì nc mhf}d}ycfy |dyj yjc }y~kycldm kfi }cms~dyt mhf'yczy kfi hs~ mhggdygcfy} sfic~ K~ydm`c 3 hb yjc\k}jdflyhf Y~ckyt , kfi yjky yjct mhfy~dnsyc yh Cs~h'

pckf }cms~dyt k} k |jh`c * ]hggcy b~kfmh'n~dykffd{scis 2 asd``cy >??41 Im`k~kydhf mhfahdfyc }s~ `k icbcf}c cy `k}ms~dy$&

2> Fkyjk`dc Fhslkt~ic, @k B~kfmc }df}yk``c gd`dykd~c'gcfy ikf} c Lh`bc, @c Ghfic, >2 Gkt >??4& Yjc hpcfdflhb yjc nk}c kfi yjc }dlfdfl hb k fc| kl~ccgcfy ih fhy dg'p`t yjky yjc ~h`c hb yjc B~cfmj fsm`ck~ icyc~~cfy jk}mjkflci df kft |kt& Dy d} }yd`` sp yh yjc _~c}dicfy yh icmdic

|jcyjc~ h~ fhy kf kyykme df lcfc~k` ' h~ k pk~ydms`k~

bh~g hb kyykme ' klkdf}y yjc B~cfmj nk}c h~ hf hyjc~ pk~y} hb yjc SKC yc~~dyh~t |hsì nc mhf}dic~ci kf kll~c}}dhfklkdf}y B~cfmj rdyk` dfyc~c}y}&

2= Tc}, B~kfmc d} k b~dcfi hb D}~kc` kfi dy |d`` k`|kt} nc ky dy} }dic |jcf dy} }cms~dyt kfi dy} czd}ycfmc k~cyj~ckycfci& *&&$ B~kfmc |d`` fcrc~ mhgp~hgd}c |dyj yjc}cms~dyt hb D}~kc` * Id}mhs~} ic G& Fdmh`k} ]k~ehqt `k

Efc}}cy, >= Asfc >??:$&

29 K} hb Asfc >??4, yjc ~kydbdmkydhf p~hmc}} |k} }yd`` hflh'dfl&

23 Kgnk}}kih~ @`c|c`tf Yjhgp}hf {shyci df Lkrdf,N`k}y} b~hg yjc _k}y, ;;:&

22 Es~y G& Mkgpnc`` " hnc~y A& Cdfjh~f, Krhdidfl yjcYdppdfl _hdfy1 Mhfm`sidfl Hn}c~rkydhf}, df Es~y G&Mkgpnc``, hnc~y A& Cdfjh~f " Gdymjc`` cd}} *ci&$, Yjc

Fsm`ck~ Ydppdfl _hdfy1 \jt ]ykyc} cmhf}dic~ Yjcd~ Fsm`ck~ Mjhdmc}*\k}jdflyhf1 N~hhedfl} Df}ydysydhf _~c}},>??9$, =>;&

2< Yjhslj Kgc~dmk jk} fcrc~ }dlfci k bh~gk` y~ckyt |dyj ^dtkij, }dfmc \h~ì \k~ DD yjc Sfdyci ]ykyc} jk}gkic m`ck~ nt dy} kmydhf} *&&$ kfi nt dfbh~gk` lsk~kfycc}ldrcf yh ]ksid `ckic~} nt Kgc~dmkf hbbdmdk`} yjky dy |d`` p~hycmy yjc ghfk~mjt b~hg hsy}dic yj~cky}& *Gdmjkc`@crd, ^htk` _kdf, Yjc Fc| cpsn`dm, > Asfc >??=$&

Kmmh~idfl yh hfc ksyjh~, yjc ^cklkf kigdfd}y~kydhf lkrc k}cms~dyt lsk~kfycc yh ]ksid K~kndk df ~cys~f bh~dfm~ck}dfl dy} hd` p~hismydhf& _cyc~ ]mj|cdqc~,Rdmyh~t1 Yjc

^cklkf Kigdfd}y~kydhf} ]cm~cy ]y~kyclt Yjky Jk}ycfci yjc Mh `kp}c hb yjc ]hrdcy Sfdhf *Fc|'Th~e1 Yjc Ky`kfydm Ghfyj`t _~c}}, ;449$, ;9;';9=&

2: Ekyj`ccf A& GmDffd}, Czycfici Icyc~~cfmc1 Yjc S&]&M~cidnd`dyt Lkp df yjc Gdii`c Ck}y, Yjc \k}jdflyhf[sk~yc~`t, rh`& >:, f =, ;24';:2&

24 ]c`dl ]& Jk~~d}hf, S&]& gs}y m`kgp ih|f hf _ked}ykffsec ick`dfl, ]kf Ah} Gc~ms~t Fc|} , =? Gkt >??=&


15/15

;3

K ^crdc| hb _h}y'Mh`i \k~ _h`dmt, Bh~mc @crc`}, kfi \k~ _`kffdfl , Fkys~k` c}hs~mc} Icbcf}c Mhsfmd`, Bcn~s'k~t >??3&

K} k S] czpc~y psy dy, }jhs`i yjc Kgc~dmkf pchp`c nc|d``dfl yh psy yjcd~ `drc} hf yjc `dfc yh icbcfi }hmdcydc}|jh}c rk`sc} kfi dick`} }ccg }h idbbc~cfy yjkf hs~h|f8 *Nk~~t N`cmjgkf, Czycfici Icyc~~cfmc1 Msyydfl

Cilc hb yjc Icnkyc hf Fsm`ck~ _h`dmt, Yjc Jk~~t @& ]ydg'}hf Mcfyc~, >: Gkt >??4$&

:= Gdmjkc` @crd, ^htk` _kdf, Yjc Fc| cpsn`dm, > Asfc>??=&

:9 Gk~ydf Nsymjc~, Hyb~dci Fk}}ksc~, Ykftk _kinc~l "Ikf _`c}mj, [sc}ydhf} hb Mhggkfi kfi Mhfy~h`1 FKYH,

Fsm`ck~ ]jk~dfl kfi yjc F_Y, _CFF ^c}ck~mj ^cph~y>???';, >???&

:3 Yjhgk} M& cci " Ikfft N& ]yd``gkf, Yjc Fsm`ck~ Cz' p~c}}& K _h dydmk` Jd}yh~t hb yjc Nhgn kfi Dy} _~h`dbc~kydhf*Gdffckph`d}1 Qcfdyj _~c}}, >??4$, 4=&

:2 Ahjf A& GmM`ht {shyci df Lkrdf, N`k}y} b~hg yjc _k}y,;;4&

:< Ahjf GmFksljyhf, K}}d}ykfy ]cm~cyk~t bh~ Dfyc~fkydhfk`]cms~dyt Kbbkd~} ky yjc S] Icpk~ygcfy hb Icbcf}c,mhf}dic~ci yjky yjc fcci bh~ k }y~hfl S] mhggdygcfy df]hsyj Ck}y K}dk |k} gh}y`t *'>??=,

security guarantees and nuclear non-proliferation

Documents