section+6+ergogenic+aids
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Ergogenic Aids
Anything used to enhance athletic performance:increase exercise capacityenhance physiological processesdepress psychological inhibitionprovide mechanical advantage
Performance Enhancing DrugsAbuses and Consequences
1922 Most Perfectly Developed Man
John McEnroe
Jesse Ventura
Arnold
Florence Joyner
Lyle Alzado
1988 Summer Olympic Games, Ben Johnson tested 1988 Summer Olympic Games, Ben Johnson tested positive for anabolic-androgenic steroid stanozololpositive for anabolic-androgenic steroid stanozolol
Ancient Greece–Early Olympians use mushrooms, herbs, liquor, plant seeds.
Roman Period–Chariot racers drug horses and gladiators doped for vigorous and bloody spectacle.
Vikings –Psychedelic mushrooms
19th Century–Alcohol, caffeine, opium, strychnine, trimethyl
World War II–Amphetamines, testosterone
First Recorded Death Due to Performance Enhancing Drugs - 1886?
Arthur LintonDies of stimulanttrimethyloverdose
Only two Brits have won Bordeaux-Paris, Arthur Linton won in 1886 and Tom Simpson in 1963. Linton overdosed on trimethyl and Simpson died of amphetamines in 1967.
Cycling – Most Doped Sport?
• 1960 Danish cyclist Knut Jensen on amphetamine- powered bicycle dies
• July 13, 1967 British cyclist Tom Simpson dies on Mt. Ventoux– Amphetamines
1998 Tour De France
French team Festina
AmphetaminesEPOAAShGHPrescription drugsNarcotics
Richard Virenque
DOPING
• Dutch doop – Viscous opium juice
• World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
• U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)
“The presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete’s bodily specimen; use or attempted used of a prohibited substance or method; tampering, or attempting to tamper, with any part of doping control; possession of prohibited substances and methods, trafficking in any prohibited substance or prohibited method; administration or attempted administration of a prohibited substance or prohibited method to any athlete, assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up or any other type of complicity involving an anti-doping rule violation or any attempted violation”
DOPING• Withdrawing and saving red
blood cells for later re-infusion
• Later the term was used to describe taking Erythropoietin
• Generic term to describe any illegal performance- enhancing drug
Dr. Bjorn Ekblominvented “blood packing”in 1972
1860’s – Amsterdam swimmers take speedballs – mix of heroin and cocaine.
1904 - Marathoner Thomas Hicks dies at Olympics – “stimulating strychnine and courage-inspiring brandy”
1935 - Testosterone was first synthesized, and German soldiers were reportedly using it to perform better and to become more aggressive.
1950’s – During the 1952 Olympics the Russian weightlifting team won the gold medal due to synthetic steroid use.
History of Doping in Sport
Historical ControversyThe controversy surrounding steroids began in the 1950’s during the Olympic Games when the athletic community discovered that athletes from Russia and some East European nations, which had dominated the games, had taken large doses of steroids. It became evident that they had not been "healthy" due to the fact that many of the male athletes developed such large prostate glands that they needed a tube inserted in order to urinate. The females of these nations had developed so many male characteristics that chromosome tests were needed to prove that they were still female.
1950’s (cont) – A U.S. pharmaceutical firm develops the first anabolic steroids.
1952 Amphetamine-related illnesses of speed skaters in Olympics in Oslo, Norway
1968 Olympic drug testing begins in Mexico City
1975 – The International Olympic Committee officially bans the use of steroids, just prior to 1976 Montreal Games
1976 Olympics
East German Swimmers won 11 out of 13Olympic events.
In 1990 it emerges that they had been on an organized drug program
Newer agents–Erythropoietin (EPO)
–Growth hormone (hGH)
–Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)
Avoiding Detection
Weightlifters Machine
1992• German sprinters Katrin Krabbe, Silke Muller
and Grit Breuer submit identical urine samples
Later suspended for + clenbuterol test
Scientific Milestones becoming Sports Millstone
Perfluorocarbon (PFC)–Synthetic blood
–Enormous O2 carrying capacity
–X-country skiers and skaters in Nagano?
Future Performance Enhancing Techniques?
Myostatin Inhibitors?
Flex Wheeler
Belgian Blue Cow
Myostatin knock-out mouse
Insulin-Like Growth Factor – 1 (IGF-I)
Detection of Illegal “Nutrition”Random drug tests during competition
(forces athletes to become more sophisticated in use)Unannounced drug tests year-roundLie detectors
1. Steroids – Derivatives of Testosterone*Banned by the NCAA and IOC*Illegal to use outside of physician supervision and dosing recommendations
A. Anabolic: “to build”-accelerated growth of bone, muscle, red cells, and enhanced neural conduction
B. Androgenic: “produce male-like traits”
C. Do they work?
-How they work:
Promote Anabolism:Intracellular androgen receptors bind to nuclear chromatin to
activate ribonucleic acid-polymerase system
Heavy resistance training is required for beneficial effects
Prevent Catabolism:cross binding with glucocorticoid receptors interferes with
glucocorticoid receptor-activated catabolism
faster recovery time *May also decrease fat mass and increase use of fat for energy
How Steroids Work
• Exert actions inside cells
• Binds to androgen receptors inside the cell
• Influences gene transcription and translation to enhance protein production
Psychological Effects
• Increased sense of well-being• Irritability• Mania• Depression• Euphoria• Aggressiveness• Enhanced pain tolerance • Sexual arousal• Suicidality
Side Effects
• There really aren’t any…
– Med Sci Sport Exerc 38(9); 1578, 2006
– Future predictors of AAS use• Alcohol use• Power sports
• Side effects are real and potentially very severe
– J Phys Act Health 2; 460, 2005
Side Effects
Elevated LDH Prostatic hypertrophyElevated blood pressure Prostate cancerEdema Risk of AIDS/HepAccelerated clotting immune function cholesterol, TG, and LDL Irregular Heart BeatsDepressed HDL GI distressElevated blood glucose Muscle cramps/spasmsPsychosis Increased nervous tensionAltered electrolyte balance NosebleedsDecreased spermatogenesis Clitoral enlargementLowered testosterone levels Lowered voiceLH and FSH production AcneIncreased urine production Sore nipplesAltered Libido Increased aggressivenessPremature closure of epiphyses Decreased sperm countAIDS/HIV or TB Cancer
Side Effects
• Cardiovascular– Elevates “bad” LDL cholesterol– Elevates blood pressure – Promotes blood clots– Left ventricular hypertrophy– Cardiac arrhythmia*Operative Risk
Side Effects
• Hepatic – Elevated liver enzymes
• Alanine and aspartate aminotransferases– Formation of blood filled cysts
• Peliosis hepatis– Liver cancer: hepatocellular carcinoma– Impaired bile flow: cholestasis
*Orally administered steroids
Side Effects
• Dermatologic– Acne: propionibacteria acnes– Hair loss: alopecia– Excessive hair growth: hirsutism– Stretch marks: striae
Side Effects• Endocrine/Reproductive
– Men• Libido changes• Testicular atrophy• Impotence• Prostatic hypertrophy
– Women• Masculinization• Menstrual irregularities• Reduced breast size• Clitoral enlargement
Side Effects
• Behavioral– Depression– Mania– Psychosis– Aggression– Withdrawal syndrome
• Fatigue• Depression• Reduced libido• Craving next cycle
Derrick WhitsettDied Jan 2004
Sonny Schmidt – Died at 509 years after being Master’s Olympia Champion
Detecting Steroid Use
Detecting Steroid Use• Appearance
– Muscular hypertrophy– Gynecomastia
• Skin– Acne, stretch marks, needle marks, baldness
• Behavioral changes
*enlarged nipples
2. Human Chorionic GonadotropinUsed to boost endogenous testosterone and prevent muscle loss after steroid use.
*anabolic adjunct – mimics leuteinizing hormone to stimulate testosterone
(Pregnancy test)
Some reports that HCG may aid in weight loss…
3. Human Growth Hormone hGHincreases lean body mass primarily by hyperplasia and facilitated AA transport into cells
-hGH persistently stimulates IGF-1 -reduces fat mass (perhaps by stimulating lipolysis)
side effects:-incorrect usage/dosage-Stimulates the growth of all tissues, not just muscle (including internal organs; resembles
acromegaly)-Left ventricular hypertrophy w/ SV
-Swollen feet and ankles, joint pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, -Development of a diabetic or prediabetic condition
4. “Androgens”Androstenedione and Dehydroepiandrosterone: weak adrenal androgens
1600 mg/day 30% decline in fat mass
300 mg/day increases serum testosterone
Eight Research Findings - Androgens Little or no elevation of plasma testosterone concentrations No favorable effect on muscle mass No favorable effect on muscular performance No favorable alterations in body composition Elevates a variety of estrogen subfractions No favorable effects on muscle protein synthesis or tissue anabolism Impairs the blood lipid profile in apparently healthy men Increases likelihood of testing positive for steroid use
5. Insulin
• Promotes anabolism and stimulates IGFs
*risks hypoglycemic shock
6. ClenbuterolBeta- adrenoceptor 2 agonist, central stimulant, stimulates protein anabolism, and acts as a thermogen.
endurance athletes
serious side effects: MI, cardiomegally, anorexia, and insomnia.
7. HMBbeta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate: amino acid metabolite
•may boost muscle mass and strength•may decrease protein loss during stress by inhibiting protein catabolism •increases fatty acid oxidation
•The mechanism for HMB’s action on muscle metabolism, strength improvement, and body composition remains unknown.
8. Creatine Monohydrate
- increases power output
ATP ADP + Pi + Energy
ADP + CP ATP
Supplemental creatine increases muscle CP content by 20%
20 g/day for first 6 days
2g/day for up to 28 days
-Can be derived from protein in foods (but not in same quantity)-Doesn’t improve endurance, strength, or power, not an anabolic, and doesn’t improve lactate tolerance-Can improve short-term high-intensity repetitive exercise, best for improving
“burst-type, phasic activity”
-body building
-skating
-sprints
-basketball
-Significant increases in body weight and muscle
cross-sectional area.
*potent placebo effect
Risks? No long term studies yet
Muscle cramps
Diarrhea
Nausea
Weight gain
Renal function?
9. Amphetaminespsychotropic drugs that mask fatigue
do not have a pure physiological effect, mainly improve reaction time and stamina in fatigued states (mostly animal studies).
Side effects: numerous deaths in sport are ascribed to amphetamines.
arrhythmias hypertension anginahypothermia hallucinations aggressiveness
• 1960 Danish cyclist Knut Jensen on amphetamine- powered bicycle dies
• July 13, 1967 British cyclist Tom Simpson dies on Mt. Ventoux
– Amphetamines
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtAyGvZqiwk
10. CaffeineStimulant that increases lipid mobilization and utilization
prolongs endurance by increasing fat utilization and reducing COH
may increase speed of muscle contraction
IOC limits caffeine (4-7 cups of coffee 30 min prior to ex)
600-800 mg
*Effectiveness is reduced as use of caffeine increases
Warnings about Caffeine Effects become less apparent when
someone:
-Consumes a high-carbohydrate diet
-Uses caffeine habitually Can cause restlessness, headaches,
insomnia, nervous irritability, muscle twitching, tremulousness, psychomotor agitation, and elevated heart rate and blood pressure and trigger premature left ventricular contractions
Acts as a diuretic
11. BuffersPrevent metabolic and lactate acidosis
sodium bicarbonatesodium citrate
*diuresis and gas (extreme gi distress in 50% of users)
12. Anti-Cortisol Compoundsreduce protein breakdown by inhibiting cortisol release.
PhosphatidylserineGlutamine
13. COH LoadingProlongs endurance performanceImproves training timePrevents use of protein for energy“Supercompensation” after COH depletion
-increased water retention-gi problems-compromised training during depletion phase
14. B Vitamin Loading
Folate, B-6 and B-12 for muscle buildingNiacin, Riboflavin and Thiamin for endurance performance
15. Amino Acid SupplementsProtein ShakesMay help prevent catabolism after a hard workout…Conflicting Reports?
16. L-CarnitineCarnitine levels correlate well with use of lipids as energy source during exercise.May improve endurance performance (~6%)Beware of racemic mixtures (D,L-Carnitine) D-Carnitine
causes muscle cramps and weakness.
17. Chromium May decrease body fat, increase lean mass and reduce LDLEffect is marginal at best
-some studies show placebo works better-some studies show increased muscle mass without increased strength
Competes for iron and zinc binding proteins in gi tract
18. Ephedra/Ephedrine/Ma HuangSympathomimetic, alpha and beta receptor agonist -increases metabolic rate -may enhance mobilization of fats, and suppress appetite -not an ergogenic aid -Risks: Sudden death, Tachycardia, PVC, intracerebral hemorrhage, Increased BP
other vascular events
19. Blood Doping: 2 waysAutologous RBC’s or Exogenous Erythropoietin
Improves O2 carrying capacityCan improve VO2 maxincreases viscosity of the blood (increased work of heart)
Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates RBC production-side effects: hypertension, stroke, heart failure, seizures