Section  2  Workbook  (Circulatory  ANSWERS)       Name:  KeyANANSWERAN__AN_________  

Key  

C3. Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the heart

15. Complete the table to show the functions of these heart structures.

The Heart Itself

Function left and right atria

Receives blood and pumps it to the ventricle

left and right ventricles

Both receive blood from the atria. Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary system) while the left ventricle pumps blood to the body (systemic system)

coronary arteries and veins

Brings blood to the heart tissues (arteries) and takes blood away from the heart tissue (veins) back to the superior vena cava

Within the Heart Function Atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar valves

Prevents backflow of blood and separates the heart into chambers

chordae tendineae

Anchors the AV valves and prevents them from inverting

septum

Separates the right and left side of the heart

Attached to the Heart Function superior and inferior vena cava

Returns blood from the upper and lower regions of the body to the right atrium

aorta

Takes blood away from the heart to the body

pulmonary trunk

Splits into the left and right pulmonary arteries which take blood to the lungs for gas exchange

pulmonary arteries and veins

Arteries – takes deoxygenated blood to lungs Veins – returns oxygenated blood to heart – left atrium

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16. Label these diagrams of the internal and external features of the heart.

C4. Analyze the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure

17. A) Complete the table: Structure Location in Heart Function

sinoatrial (SA) node Upper right atrium

Pacemaker – sets heart rate Makes atria contract at same time

atrioventricular (AV) node Lower right atrium

Sends message down the Purkinje fibres to the ventricles to make them contract at the same time

Purkinje fibers Septum

Takes nerve impulse from the AV node to the ventricles to make the ventricles contract in unison

B) How do these structures maintain a regular cardiac cycle?

SA node – causes the simultaneous contraction of the atria and sets the pace of the heartbeat. It is the pacemaker AV node & Purkinje fibres – cause simultaneous contraction of the ventricles C) Draw and label PQRST in a normal EKG.

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P  wave  –  atria  about  to  contract  

QRS  complex  –  ventricles  about  to  contract  

T  wave  –  whole  heart  rests  

18. Describe how the autonomic nervous system increases and decreases heart rate and blood pressure. Autonomic nervous system made up of sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure and increases heart rate Parasympathetic nervous system decreases blood pressure and decreases heart rate 19. Define blood pressure

It is created by the pressure of blood against the wall of an artery – due to the contraction of the ventricles. You feel the blood start and stop as it moves through your arteries. 20. Define hypertension and describe 2 causes of this disease.

Chronic high blood pressure. Caused by: genetics, cholesterol, diet, stress, age, diabetes, no exercise, rapid weight change, smoking 21. Define hypotension and describe 2 causes of this disease.

Chronic low blood pressure Caused by: genetics, dehydration, heart condition, thyroid condition, nervous system disorder (Parkinson’s), some medications, low blood sugar, diabetes, anemia, septic shock

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C5. Describe the inter-relationships of the vessels of the circulatory system.

22. Complete this table showing the function of these blood vessels.

Blood vessel Vessel carries blood from

Vessel carries blood to Oxygen rich? Poor?

Subclavian artery Aorta Arms Oxygen rich

Subclavian vein Arms Superior (anterior) vena cava Oxygen poor

Carotid arteries Aorta Head Oxygen rich

Jugular veins Head Superior (anterior) vena cava Oxygen poor

Mesenteric arteries Aorta Digestive tract Oxygen rich

Superior Vena cava (anterior vena cava)

Head, neck, chest, arms, heart

Right atrium Oxygen poor

Inferior Vena cava (posterior vena cava)

Body – lower regions Right atrium Oxygen poor

Pulmonary arteries Right ventricle / pulmonary

trunk Lungs Oxygen poor۞

Pulmonary veins Lungs Left atrium Oxygen rich۞

Hepatic vein Liver Inferior (posterior) vena cava Oxygen poor

Hepatic portal vein Digestive tract (small

intestine) Liver Oxygen poor

Renal arteries Aorta Kidneys Oxygen rich

Renal veins Kidneys Inferior (posterior) vena cava Oxygen poor

Iliac arteries Aorta Legs Oxygen rich

Iliac veins Legs Inferior (posterior) vena cava Oxygen poor

Coronary arteries Aorta Heart - myocardium Oxygen rich

Coronary veins Heart - myocardium Superior (anterior) vena cava Oxygen poor

Aorta Left ventricle Body Oxygen rich

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23. Use the chart to differentiate among the five ty pes of blood vessels:

Name of Blood Vessel

Structure Label and give the function of each layer

Valves present?

(Y/N)

Direction of Blood Flow

artery

Label the three layers Inner layer (endothelium) Middle layer (smooth muscle) Outer layer (fibrous connective tissue)

NO Away from the heart to arterioles

arteriole

How is the structure designed for its function? smooth muscle, sphincter muscles to regulate blood pressure & blood flow into capillary beds

NO Away from heart, to capilliaries

capillary

NO From arterioles to venules

venule

NO From capillaries to vein to heart

vein

Valve = prevents backflow of blood

Label valve. Describe its function YES.

Towards heart from a venule

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24. On this diagram label all the vessels from question #22 on page 9. Label the heart chambers. Colour the structures carrying oxygenated blood red, and those carrying deoxygenated blood blue.

25. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation with respect to vessels involved, and oxygen content.

• Systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood to the body from the heart • Systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body

• Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs • Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart to go out to the rest of the body

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26. You are a red blood cell starting at the aorta and then traveling through the body. For each pathway, use arrows and blood vessel names to show your path from the aorta, through the body and back to the left ventricle. Each pathway must enter and exit the heart twice, why? So the blood can get rid of CO2 and pick up O2 at the lungs before heading to the tissues of the body

Pathway #1. Kidneys: Aorta → renal arteries → renal arterioles → renal capillaries → renal venules → renal veins → inferior vena cava → right atrium → right AV valve (tricuspid) → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk→ pulmonary arteries → pulmonary arterioles → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary venules → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left AV valve (bicuspid) → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta Pathway #2. Leg: Aorta → iliac arteries → iliac arterioles → iliac capillaries → iliac venules → iliac veins → inferior vena cava → right atrium → right AV valve (tricuspid) → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk→ pulmonary arteries → pulmonary arterioles → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary venules → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left AV valve (bicuspid) → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta Pathway #3. Digestive system: Aorta → mesenteric arteries → mesenteric arterioles → mesenteric capillaries → hepatic portal vein → hepatic veins → inferior vena cava → right atrium → right AV valve (tricuspid) → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk→ pulmonary arteries → pulmonary arterioles → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary venules → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left AV valve (bicuspid) → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta Pathway #4. Heart tissue itself: Aorta → cardiac arteries → cardiac arterioles → cardiac capillaries → cardiac venules → cardiac veins → superior vena cava → right atrium → right AV valve (tricuspid) → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk→ pulmonary arteries → pulmonary arterioles → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary venules → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left AV valve (bicuspid) → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta Pathway #5. Head: Aorta → carotid arteries → carotid arterioles → capillaries → jugular venules → jugular veins → superior vena cava → right atrium → right AV valve (tricuspid) → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk→ pulmonary arteries → pulmonary arterioles → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary venules → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left AV valve (bicuspid) → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta Pathway #6. Arm: Aorta → subclavian arteries → subclavian arterioles → subclavian capillaries → subclavian venules → subclavian veins → superior vena cava → right atrium → right AV valve (tricuspid) → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk→ pulmonary arteries → pulmonary arterioles → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary venules → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left AV valve (bicuspid) → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta

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27. Why does blood pressure, blood velocity and total cross-sectional area of these 5 ty pes of blood vessels vary. • Blood Pressure = decreases as it moves from arteries to veins. Blood pressure varies in the artery

and arteriole due to contraction of the heart • Blood velocity = blood slows down as it moves from the artery to capillaries and then it speeds up

in the venules on its way to the veins due to contraction of skeletal muscles • Total cross-sectional area = The highest area is the capillaries because they are the most

numerous; next numerous is the arterioles and venules; and the smallest area is the arteries and veins because they are fewest in number.

a. Which ty pe of blood vessel has the most cross-sectional area? Why? Capillaries because there are so many of them

b. Which ty pe of blood vessel has the slowest blood velocity? Why? Capillaries because the blood must move slowly to allow for capillary - tissue fluid exchange.

c. In which type of blood vessel does diffusion of gases, nutrients and wastes take place? . Relate this to cross-sectional area and velocity.

Capillaries because they are most numerous and therefore have the greatest cross sectional area. Blood is moving slowest in capillaries for this nutrient and waste exchange.

d. Which ty pe of blood vessel has the most variation in blood pressure? Why? Artery because of the contraction of the heart.

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28. Capillary-tissue fluid exchange occurs as a result of the balance between the opposing forces of

blood pressure and osmotic pressure. What events occur at each labelled point?

a. Describe why water leaves the bloodstream at the arterial end of a capillary bed (X). Include direction of movement and what substances move.

Blood pressure (BP) is greater than osmotic pressure (OP). BP pushes plasma fluid from blood to ECF. Water, glucose, oxygen, amino acids move into the ECF.

b. Why does most of the water return to the capillary at the venule end (Z)? What substances move into this end?

BP is less than OP. Blood is hypertonic and pulls water back from ECF. Water, carbon dioxide, and wastes move into the capillary.

c. Describe what happens in the middle of the capillary bed (Y).

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Y   Z  

Diffusion  of  nutrients  and  wastes  with  their  concentration  gradient  

X  =  water,  oxygen  and  nutrients  move  into  the  surrounding  tissue  ECF  from  the  blood  plasma  so  cells  can  take  up  these  substances  to  make  what  they  need.  

Y=  diffusion  of  substances  with  their  concentration  gradient.  

Z=  water,  carbon  dioxide  and  wastes,  released  by  cells,  move  into  the  blood  capillary  from  the  surrounding  tissue  ECF  

d. What happens to the water that does not return to the capillary? Taken up by the lymph capillaries to the subclavian vein 29. Identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems. Be

sure to label and describe the functions of the: umbilical vein and arteries, oval opening, venous duct, arterial duct. Colour vessels according to oxygen concentration.

Deoxygenated blood = blue Oxygenated blood = red Mixed blood = purple

Fetal Circulation:

1. Oval opening / foramen ovale: hole between atria to allow blood to bypass the lungs 2. Arterial duct / ductus arteriosis: connect the pulmonary artery and the aorta so that blood can

bypass the lungs 3. Venous duct / ductus venosus: so blood returning from the placenta can bypass the liver 4. Umbilical artery: take wastes and deoxygenated blood to placenta for capillary tissue fluid

exchange 5. Umbilical vein: take nutrients and oxygenated blood from the placenta to the developing fetus

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C6. Describe the components of blood 30. Complete the table.

Name of Blood Cell

Shape Function Origin

31. List the major components and functions of plasma.

Water: maintain blood volume, transport molecule Proteins: clotting proteins, albumin, immunoglobulin Salts, gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, vitamins 32. Explain the relationship between antigens and antibodies.

Antigen: an identification glycoprotein on the outside of a cell that indicates whether the cell belongs to you or if it belongs to someone else or a pathogen Antibody: a protein designed to combat any foreign protein / pathogen

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Shape   Function   Origin  

Bone  Marrow  

Bone  Marrow  

Bone  Marrow  

Transport  oxygen,  carbon  dioxide  and  hydrogen  ions  

To  fight  infection  -­‐  pathogens  

To  clot  blood  

Red  blood  cell  

White  blood  cell  

Platelet  

C7. Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the lymphatic system

33. Describe the functions of the lymphatic system.

1. Take up excess tissue fluids from the ECF 2. Transport fatty acids and glycerol – lacteals 3. Fight infection 4. Trap and remove cellular debris

34. Complete the table. Make a diagram that shows the relationship between these structures.

Lymphatic Structure Function

lymph capillaries

Collects and drains excess fluids from ECF

lymph veins

Transports lymph fluid to subclavian vein

lymph nodes

Cleans lymph fluid of debris

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