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Section - II

1. Hydrometeorology - Definition2. Constituents of Atmosphere

3. Weather and the Atmosphere

4. General Circulation

5. Air masses and fronts

6. Climate and Weather Seasons in India

Assignment Climate and Weather Seasons

Short paper 2 pages (prefer a print out)

Cover all the states in India


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Hydrometeorology

Hydrometeoro logyis a branch ofmeteoro logyandhydro logythat studies the transfer ofwaterandenergybetween the land surface and the loweratmosphere

Weatherdenotes the short-termed (hours to a fewdays up to a week or so) behavior of the atmosphere

Climaterefers to the average monthly temperatureand precipitation over several decades, whichincludes all components of the atmosphere, ocean,sea-ice, vegetation, rivers, and human influences.


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Constituents of Atmosphere

Jet aircraft are capable of flying in the upper troposphere and lowermoststratosphere (where the air is less dense [less drag on the plane and hence greaterspeed] and smoother, often cloud-free wind conditions)


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Temperature vs. Altitude


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Composition of Atmosphere


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Acid Rain


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General Circulation

The weather and circulation of the atmosphere areessentially the result of a balance of energy.

Energy enters the earth from the sun in the form of

radiation, termed as insolation.

The radiation in the form of heat energy drives the primarymotion of circulation of the atmosphere and the ocean.


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General Circulation

At the equator insolation is

the most intense, air risesproducing low pressure.

The air cools and divergesaloft, moving toward thesubtropics where it descends,producing high-pressure anddiverging at the base, sendingair toward both the equatorand higher latitudes.

These movements of airgenerate the Trade Windsand the Westerlies.

The dense cold air at thepoles spills out of the Arcticand Antarctic, flowing in an

easterly direction, coming incontact with the warmer air ofthe Westerlies at the PolarFront.

The polar air is cold anddense causing the Westerliesto rise and flow over the arctic

and antarctic, forming a low-pressure area


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Air Mass

Air Mass is an extremely large body of air whoseproperties of temperature and moisture content

(humidity), at any given altitude, are fairly similar in

any horizontal direction

Classification: 4 general air mass classificationscategorized according to the source region.

polar latitudes P - located poleward of 60 degrees north and

south

tropical latitudes T - located within about 25 degrees of the

equator

continental c - located over large land masses--dry

marine m - located over the oceans----mois


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Air Front

Front is the transition zone between air masses withdistinctly different properties

Sharp temperature changes over a relatively short distance

Change in moisture content

Rapid shifts in wind direction

Pressure changes

Clouds and precipitation patterns

Types

Stationary Front Cold Front

Warm Front

Occluded Front


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Climate and Weather Seasons in India

Assignment 2 Short Paper

Minimum of 2 Pages

Due in Tutorial Class

Climate What type of climate

Seasons and months

Weather

Average temperature/rainfall

Cover all the states in India (prefer a table)

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