section1 power semiconductors basic operating principles section2 basics
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
1/140
$SSOLFDWLRQ0DQXDO
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV
'U,QJ$UHQGW:LQWULFK
'U,QJ8OULFK1LFRODL
'UWHFKQ:HUQHU7XUVN\
8QLY3URI'U,QJ7RELDV5HLPDQQ
3XEOLVKHGE\
6(0,.521,QWHUQDWLRQDO*PE+
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
2/140
%LEOLRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQSXEOLVKHGE\WKH'HXWVFKH1DWLRQDOELEOLRWKHN
7KH'HXWVFKH1DWLRQDOELEOLRWKHNOLVWVWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQLQWKH'HXWVFKH1DWLRQDOELEOLRJUDHGHWDLOHGELEOLRJUDSKLFGDWDLVDYDLODEOHRQWKH,QWHUQHWXQGHUKWWSGQEGQEGH
7KHXVHRIUHJLVWHUHGQDPHVWUDGHQDPHVWUDGHPDUNVHWFLQWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQGRHVQRWLPSO\HYHQ
LQWKHDEVHQFHRIDVSHFLFVWDWHPHQWWKDWVXFKQDPHVDUHH[HPSWIURPWKHUHOHYDQWSURWHFWLYHODZV
DQGUHJXODWLRQVDQGWKHUHIRUHIUHHIRUJHQHUDOXVH
7KLVPDQXDOKDVEHHQGHYHORSHGDQGGUDZQXSWRWKHEHVWRIRXUNQRZOHGJH+RZHYHUDOOLQIRUPDWLRQDQG
GDWDSURYLGHGLVFRQVLGHUHGQRQELQGLQJDQGVKDOOQRWFUHDWHOLDELOLW\IRUXV3XEOLFDWLRQRIWKLVPDQXDOLVGRQHZLWKRXWFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIRWKHUSDWHQWVRUSULQWHGSXEOLFDWLRQVDQGSDWHQWULJKWVRIDQ\WKLUGSDUW\
$OOFRPSRQHQWGDWDUHIHUUHGWRLQWKLVPDQXDOLVVXEMHFWWRIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWDQGWKHUHIRUH
LVWREHFRQVLGHUHGH[HPSODU\RQO\%LQGLQJVSHFLFDWLRQVDUHSURYLGHGH[FOXVLYHO\LQWKHDFWXDOSURGXFW
UHODWHGGDWDVKHHWV
7KHSXEOLVKHUUHVHUYHVWKHULJKWQRWWREHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHDFFXUDF\FRPSOHWHQHVVRUWRSLFDOLW\RIDQ\
GLUHFWRULQGLUHFWUHIHUHQFHVWRRUFLWDWLRQVIURPODZVUHJXODWLRQVRUGLUHFWLYHVHJ',19',9'(LQWKLV
SXEOLFDWLRQ:HUHFRPPHQGREWDLQLQJWKHUHVSHFWLYHO\YDOLGYHUVLRQVRIWKHFRPSOHWHUHJXODWLRQVRUGLUHF
WLYHVIRU\RXURZQZRUN
,6%1
,6/(9HUODJ
6(0,.521,QWHUQDWLRQDO
7KLVPDQXDOLVSURWHFWHGE\FRS\ULJKW$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHGLQFOXGLQJWKHULJKWRIUHSULQWLQJUHSURGXF
WLRQGLVWULEXWLRQPLFUROPLQJVWRUDJHLQGDWDSURFHVVLQJHTXLSPHQWDQGWUDQVODWLRQLQZKROHRULQ
SDUWLQDQ\IRUP
3XEOLVKHGE\,6/(9HUODJDFRPPHUFLDOXQLWRIWKH,6/($VVRFLDWLRQ
:HUQHUYRQ6LHPHQV6WUDVVH',OPHQDX*HUPDQ\
3ULQWHGE\:7PPHOV%XFKGUXFNHUHLXQG9HUODJ*PE+XQG&R.*
*XQGHOQJHU6WUDVVH'1XUHPEHUJ*HUPDQ\
(GLWHGE\6(0,.521,QWHUQDWLRQDO*PE+
6LJPXQGVWUDVVH'1XUHPEHUJ*HUPDQ\
3ULQWHGLQ*HUPDQ\
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
3/140
3UHIDFH
6LQFHWKHUVW$SSOLFDWLRQ0DQXDOIRU,*%7DQG026)(7SRZHUPRGXOHVZDVSXEOLVKHGWKHVH
FRPSRQHQWVKDYHIRXQGWKHLUZD\LQWRDZKROHKRVWRIQHZDSSOLFDWLRQVPDLQO\GULYHQE\WKH
JURZLQJQHHGIRUWKHHIFLHQWXVHRIIRVVLOIXHOV WKHUHGXFWLRQRI HQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWDQGWKH
UHVXOWDQWLQFUHDVHGXVHRIUHJHQHUDWLYHVRXUFHVRIHQHUJ\*HQHUDOGHYHORSPHQWWUHQGVVSDFH
UHTXLUHPHQWVFRVWVDQGHQHUJ\HIFLHQF\DQGWKHDGYDQFHPHQWLQWRQHZHOGVRIDSSOLFDWLRQ
HJ GHFHQWUDOLVHGDSSOLFDWLRQV XQGHU KDUVK FRQGLWLRQV EULQJ DERXW QHZ VWULFWHUUHTXLUHPHQWV
ZKLFKGHYLFHVIHDWXULQJVWDWHRIWKHDUWSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVKDYHWROLYHXSWR)RUWKLVUHDVRQ
WKLVPDQXDOORRNVPRUHFORVHO\WKDQLWVSUHGHFHVVRUDWDVSHFWVSHUWDLQLQJWRSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRU
DSSOLFDWLRQDQGDOVRGHDOVZLWKUHFWLHUGLRGHVDQGWK\ULVWRUVZKLFKZHUHODVWGHWDLOHGLQD6(0,
.521PDQXDORYHU\HDUVDJR
7KLV PDQXDOLV DLPHGSULPDULO\DWXVHUVDQGLVLQWHQGHGWR FRQVROLGDWH H[SHULHQFHZKLFKXSWLOO
QRZKDVEHHQFRQWDLQHGLQQXPHURXVVHSDUDWHDUWLFOHVDQGSDSHUV)RUUHDVRQVRIFODULW\DQG
ZKHUHGHHPHGQHFHVVDU\WKHRUHWLFDOEDFNJURXQGLVJRQHLQWREULH\LQRUGHUWRSURYLGHDEHWWHU
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKHVXEMHFWPDWWHU$ GHHSHUWKHRUHWLFDO LQVLJKW LV SURYLGHG LQ YDULRXVKLJKO\
UHFRPPHQGDEOHWH[WERRNVVRPHRIZKLFKKDYHEHHQFLWHGLQWKHELEOLRJUDSK\WRWKLVPDQXDO
6(0,.521VZHDOWKRIH[SHULHQFHDQGH[SHUWLVHKDVJRQHLQWRWKLVDGYDQFHGDSSOLFDWLRQPDQXDOZKLFKGHDOVZLWKSRZHUPRGXOHVEDVHGRQ,*%7026)(7DQGDGDSWHGGLRGHVDVZHOODVUHFWL
HUGLRGHVDQGWK\ULVWRUVLQPRGXOHRUGLVFUHWHFRPSRQHQWIRUPIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIWKHXVHU
7DNLQJWKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVHFRPSRQHQWVDVDEDVLVWKHPDQXDOSURYLGHVWLSVRQKRZWRXVHDQG
LQWHUSUHWGDWDVKHHWVDVZHOODVDSSOLFDWLRQQRWHVRQDUHDVVXFKDVFRROLQJSRZHUOD\RXWGULYHU
WHFKQRORJ\SURWHFWLRQSDUDOOHODQGVHULHVFRQQHFWLRQDQGWKHXVHRIWUDQVLVWRUPRGXOHVLQVRIW
VZLWFKLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV
7KLV PDQXDOLQFOXGHV FRQWULEXWLRQV IURP WKH $SSOLFDWLRQ 0DQXDO IRU,*%7 DQG026)(7
3RZHU 0RGXOHV ZULWWHQ E\ 3URI 'U,QJ -RVHI /XW] DQG 3URI 'U,QJ KDELO -UJHQ 3HW]ROGW
ZKRVHDXWKRUVKLSLVQRWVSHFLFDOO\FLWHGLQWKHWH[WKHUH7KHVDPHDSSOLHVWRH[FHUSWVWDNHQIURP
WKH6(0,.5213RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRU0DQXDOE\'U,QJ+DQV3HWHU+HPSHO:HZRXOGOLNHWR
WKDQNHYHU\RQHIRUJUDQWLQJWKHLUFRQVHQWWRXVHWKHUHOHYDQWH[FHUSWV
:HZRXOGDOVROLNHWRWDNHWKLVRSSRUWXQLW\WRH[SUHVVRXUJUDWLWXGHWR5DLQHU:HLDQG'U8ZH
6FKHXHUPDQQIRUWKHLUH[SHUWLVHDQGVHOHVVKHOSDQGVXSSRUW7KDQNVDOVRJRWR'U,QJ7KRPDV
6WRFNPHLHU3HWHU%HFNHGDKODQG7KRPDV*UDVVKRIIIRUSURRQJDQGHGLWLQJWKHWH[WVDQG(ONH
6FK|QHDQG*HUOLQGH6WDUNIRUWKHLUHGLWRULDODVVLVWDQFH
:HYHU\PXFKKRSHWKDWWKHUHDGHUVRIWKLVPDQXDOQGLWXVHIXODQGLQIRUPDWLYH
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
4/140
7KHH&RPPHUFHSRUWDOIRUSRZHUHOHFWURQLFVLVDKROGLQJFRPSDQ\RIWKH6(0,.521JURXSRIIHU
LQJZRUOGZLGHPXOWLOLQJXDOFXVWRPHUVHUYLFHZLWKLWVH[SHUWKRWOLQHRQOLQHIRUXP7HFK&KDWRUYLD
HPDLOFRQWDFW
'LVFRYHUWKHVHUYLFHTXDOLW\RI6LQGR3RZHUH&RPPHUFH
ZZZVLQGRSRZHUFRP
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
5/140
,
&RQWHQWV
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
%DVLFVIRUWKHRSHUDWLRQRISRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV
3RZHUHOHFWURQLFVZLWFKHV
%DVLFV
$SSOLFDWLRQHOGVDQGFXUUHQWSHUIRUPDQFHOLPLWVIRUSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV
/LQHUHFWLHUV 5HFWLHUGLRGHV
*HQHUDOWHUPV
6WUXFWXUHDQGIXQFWLRQDOSULQFLSOH
6WDWLFEHKDYLRXU
'\QDPLFEHKDYLRXU
7K\ULVWRUV
*HQHUDOWHUPV
6WUXFWXUHDQGIXQFWLRQDOSULQFLSOH
6WDWLFEHKDYLRXU
'\QDPLFEHKDYLRXU
)UHHZKHHOLQJDQGVQXEEHUGLRGHV 6WUXFWXUHDQGIXQFWLRQDOSULQFLSOH
6FKRWWN\GLRGHV
3,1GLRGHV
6WDWLFEHKDYLRXU
2QVWDWHEHKDYLRXU
%ORFNLQJEHKDYLRXU
'\QDPLFEHKDYLRXU
7XUQRQEHKDYLRXU
7XUQRIIEHKDYLRXU
'\QDPLFUXJJHGQHVV
3RZHU026)(7DQG,*%7 6WUXFWXUHDQGIXQFWLRQDOSULQFLSOH
,*%7
6WDWLFEHKDYLRXU
6ZLWFKLQJEHKDYLRXU
,*%7&RQFHSWVDQGQHZGLUHFWLRQVRIGHYHORSPHQW
3RZHU026)(7
6WDWLFEHKDYLRXU
6ZLWFKLQJEHKDYLRXU
/DWHVWYHUVLRQVDQGQHZGLUHFWLRQVRIGHYHORSPHQW
3DFNDJLQJ
7HFKQRORJLHV
6ROGHULQJ
'LIIXVLRQVLQWHULQJORZWHPSHUDWXUHMRLQLQJWHFKQRORJ\
:LUHERQGLQJ
3UHVVXUHFRQWDFW
$VVHPEO\DQGFRQQHFWLRQWHFKQRORJ\
0RGXOHVZLWKRUZLWKRXWEDVHSODWH
)XQFWLRQVDQGIHDWXUHV
,QVXODWLRQ
+HDWGLVVLSDWLRQDQGWKHUPDOUHVLVWDQFH
3RZHUF\FOLQJFDSDELOLW\
&XUUHQWFRQGXFWLRQWRWKHPDLQWHUPLQDOV
/RZLQGXFWDQFHLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUH &RXSOLQJFDSDFLWDQFHV
&LUFXLWFRPSOH[LW\
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
6/140
,,
'HQHGDQGVDIHIDLOXUHEHKDYLRXULQWKHHYHQWRIPRGXOHGHIHFWV
(QYLURQPHQWDOO\FRPSDWLEOHUHF\FOLQJ
'LVFUHWHGHYLFHV
6PDOOUHFWLHUV
6WXGPRXQWHGGLRGHVDQGVWXGWK\ULVWRUV
'LVNFHOOV
6(0L67$57
3RZHUPRGXOHV
%DVLFV
0RGXOHIDPLOLHVFRQWDLQLQJGLRGHVDQGWK\ULVWRUV
0RGXOHIDPLOLHVLQFOXGLQJ,*%7DQGIUHHZKHHOLQJGLRGHV
,QWHJUDWLRQRIVHQVRUVSURWHFWLYHHTXLSPHQWDQG
GULYHUHOHFWURQLFV
0RGXOHVZLWKLQWHJUDWHGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQW
0RGXOHVZLWKLQWHJUDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHPHDVXUHPHQW
,30,QWHOOLJHQW3RZHU0RGXOH
5HOLDELOLW\
07%)077)DQG),7UDWH
$FFHOHUDWHGWHVWLQJDFFRUGLQJWR$UUKHQLXV 6WDQGDUGWHVWVIRUWKHSURGXFWTXDOLFDWLRQDQGSRVWTXDOLFDWLRQ
+LJK7HPSHUDWXUH5HYHUVH%LDV7HVW+75%+LJK7HPSHUDWXUH*DWH%LDV
7HVW+7*%+LJK+XPLGLW\+LJK7HPSHUDWXUH5HYHUVH%LDV7HVW7+%
+LJKDQGORZWHPSHUDWXUHVWRUDJH+76/76
7HPSHUDWXUHF\FOLQJWHVW7&
3RZHUF\FOLQJWHVW3&
9LEUDWLRQWHVW
$GGLWLRQDOWHVWVIRUVSULQJFRQWDFWV
0LFURYLEUDWLRQIUHWWLQJFRUURVLRQ
&RUURVLYHDWPRVSKHUHSROOXWLRQJDVWHVW
&RQWDFWWR3&%WHPSHUDWXUHF\FOLQJ )DLOXUHPHFKDQLVPVGXULQJSRZHUF\FOLQJ
(YDOXDWLRQRIWHPSHUDWXUHFXUYHVUHJDUGLQJPRGXOHOLIHWLPH
'DWDVKHHW5DWLQJVIRU026)(7,*%7'LRGHVDQG7K\ULVWRUV
6WDQGDUGVV\PEROVDQGWHUPV
6WDQGDUGV
/HWWHUV\PEROVDQGWHUPV
0D[LPXPUDWLQJVDQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
&RPSRQHQWW\SHGHVLJQDWLRQV\VWHP
5HFWLHUGLRGHVDQGWK\ULVWRUV
7HPSHUDWXUHV
7KHUPDOLPSHGDQFHDQGWKHUPDOUHVLVWDQFH 0HFKDQLFDOGDWD
5HFWLHUGLRGHV
0D[LPXPUDWLQJV
&KDUDFWHULVWLFV
'LDJUDPV
7K\ULVWRUV
0D[LPXPUDWLQJV
&KDUDFWHULVWLFV
'LDJUDPV
'LRGHDQGWK\ULVWRUPRGXOHV
0D[LPXPUDWLQJVDQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFV 'LDJUDPV
,*%7PRGXOHV
0D[LPXPUDWLQJV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
7/140
,,,
,*%7PD[LPXPUDWLQJV
0D[LPXPUDWLQJVRILQWHJUDWHGLQYHUVHGLRGHVIUHHZKHHOLQJGLRGHV
0D[LPXPPRGXOHUDWLQJV
&KDUDFWHULVWLFV
,*%7FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRILQWHJUDWHGK\EULGLQYHUVHGLRGHVIUHHZKHHOLQJGLRGHV
0RGXOHOD\RXWFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
'LDJUDPV
6DIHRSHUDWLQJDUHDVGXULQJVZLWFKLQJRSHUDWLRQ
0D[LPXPVDIHRSHUDWLQJDUHDGXULQJVLQJOHSXOVHRSHUDWLRQDQGSHULRGLF
WXUQRQ62$
7XUQRIIVDIHRSHUDWLQJDUHD5%62$
6DIHRSHUDWLQJDUHDGXULQJVKRUWFLUFXLW
3RZHU026)(7PRGXOHV
0D[LPXPUDWLQJV
0D[LPXPIRUZDUGUDWLQJVRISRZHU026)(7
0D[LPXPUDWLQJVRIWKHLQYHUVHGLRGHVSRZHU026)(7UDWLQJVLQUHYHUVH
GLUHFWLRQ
0D[LPXPPRGXOHUDWLQJV &KDUDFWHULVWLFV
3RZHU026)(7FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRILQYHUVHGLRGHVSRZHU026)(7LQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQ
0HFKDQLFDOPRGXOHGDWD
'LDJUDPV
6XSSOHPHQWDU\LQIRUPDWLRQRQ&,&%DQG&,%SRZHUPRGXOHV
6XSSOHPHQWDU\LQIRUPDWLRQRQ,30V
6.LL3
0D[LPXPUDWLQJVRIWKHSRZHUVHFWLRQ
0D[LPXPUDWLQJVRID6.LL3GULYHU
&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH6.LL3SRZHUVHFWLRQ 6.LL3GULYHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
0LQL6.LL3,30
0D[LPXPUDWLQJVRIWKH0LQL6.LL3,30GULYHU
(OHFWULFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH0LQL6.LL3,30GULYHU
$SSOLFDWLRQ1RWHVIRU7K\ULVWRUVDQG5HFWLHU'LRGHV
7K\ULVWRUDQG5HFWLHU'LPHQVLRQLQJDQG6HOHFWLRQ
5HYHUVHYROWDJH
5HFWLHUGLRGHV
7KHUPDOORDGLQFRQWLQXRXVGXW\
2SHUDWLRQZLWKVKRUWWLPHDQGLQWHUPLWWHQWORDG
/RDGDWKLJKHUIUHTXHQFLHV 5DWHGVXUJHIRUZDUGFXUUHQWIRUWLPHVEHORZDQGDERYHPV
7K\ULVWRUV
/RDGLQFRQWLQXRXVGXW\
2SHUDWLRQZLWKVKRUWWLPHDQGLQWHUPLWWHQWORDG
0D[LPXPVXUJHRQVWDWHFXUUHQWIRUWLPHVEHORZDQGDERYHPV
&ULWLFDOUDWHRIULVHRIFXUUHQWDQGYROWDJH
)LULQJSURSHUWLHV
7K\ULVWRUGLRGHPRGXOHV
%ULGJH5HFWLHUV
6HPL6HOGLPHQVLRQLQJVRIWZDUH
&RROLQJUHFWLHUFRPSRQHQWV &RROLQJORZSRZHUFRPSRQHQWV
&RROLQJSODWHV
+HDWVLQNV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
8/140
,9
(QKDQFHGDLUFRROLQJ
'LVFFHOOVZDWHUFRROLQJ
'ULYHUVIRUWK\ULVWRUV
'ULYHSXOVHVKDSH
'ULYLQJVL[SXOVHEULGJHFLUFXLWV
3XOVHWUDQVIRUPHUV
3XOVHJHQHUDWLRQ
)DXOWEHKDYLRXUDQGGLRGHWK\ULVWRUSURWHFWLRQ
*HQHUDOYROWDJHVXUJHSURWHFWLRQ
2YHUYROWDJHSURWHFWLRQXVLQJUHVLVWRUVDQGFDSDFLWRUV
6QXEEHUVIRUVLQJOHVZLWFKHV
$&VLGHVQXEEHU
'&VLGHVQXEEHUFLUFXLWV
2YHUYROWDJHSURWHFWLRQXVLQJYDULVWRUV
6QXEEHUFLUFXLWVEDVHGRQVL,LFRQDYDODQFKHGLRGHV
$YD,DQFKHUHFWLHUGLRGHVIHDWXULQJVHOISURWHFWLRQ
$YDODQFKHGLRGHVDVSURWHFWLRQIRURWKHUFRPSRQHQWV
5HVWULFWLRQVLQDSSOLFDWLRQUDQJH
&DVHW\SHV 2YHUFXUUHQWSURWHFWLRQIRUGLRGHVDQGWK\ULVWRUV
'HYLFHVIRUSURWHFWLRQIURPRYHUFXUUHQWV
3URWHFWLYHGHYLFHVIRUPDOIXQFWLRQVLQWKHFRROLQJGHYLFH
'HYLFHVWKDWUHVSRQGWRERWKRYHUFXUUHQWDQGFRROLQJXQLWPDOIXQFWLRQV
6KRUWFLUFXLWSURWHFWLRQIRUGLRGHVDQGWK\ULVWRUV
6HPLFRQGXFWRUIXVHVWHUPVDQGH[SODQDWLRQV
'LPHQVLRQLQJVHPLFRQGXFWRUIXVHV
6HULHVDQGSDUDOOHOFRQQHFWLRQRIGLRGHVDQGWK\ULVWRUV
3DUDOOHOFRQQHFWLRQRIWK\ULVWRUV
6HULHVFRQQHFWLRQRIWK\ULVWRUV
3DUDOOHOFRQQHFWLRQRIUHFWLHUGLRGHV 6HULHVFRQQHFWLRQRIUHFWLHUGLRGHV
$SSOLFDWLRQ1RWHVIRU,*%7DQG026)(70RGXOHV
6HOHFWLQJ,*%7DQG026)(7PRGXOHV
2SHUDWLQJYROWDJH
%ORFNLQJYROWDJH
&RRUGLQDWLRQRILQVXODWLRQ
2QVWDWHFXUUHQW
6WUHVVFRQGLWLRQVRIIUHHZKHHOLQJGLRGHVLQUHFWLHUDQGLQYHUWHUPRGH
6ZLWFKLQJIUHTXHQF\
7KHUPDOGLPHQVLRQLQJIRUSRZHUWUDQVLVWRUV
,QGLYLGXDODQGWRWDOORVVHV '&'&FRQYHUWHUV
3:0YROWDJHLQYHUWHU
-XQFWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHFDOFXODWLRQ
7KHUPDOHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWGLDJUDPV
-XQFWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHGXULQJVWDWLRQDU\RSHUDWLRQPHDQYDOXHDQDO\VLV
-XQFWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHGXULQJVKRUWWLPHRSHUDWLRQ
-XQFWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHDWIXQGDPHQWDOIUHTXHQF\
&DOFXODWLRQRISRZHUGLVVLSDWLRQDQGWHPSHUDWXUHXVLQJ6HPL6HO
3RVVLEOHVROXWLRQIRUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSRZHUGLVVLSDWLRQFDOFXODWLRQ
&LUFXLWVHOHFWLRQ
(OHFWULFDORSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV &RPSRQHQWVHOHFWLRQ
7KHUPDORSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV
5HVXOWV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
9/140
9
&RROLQJSRZHUPRGXOHV
7KHUPDOPRGHORIWKHFRROLQJV\VWHP
)DFWRUVLQXHQFLQJWKHUPDOUHVLVWDQFH
1XPEHURIKHDWVRXUFHV
+HDWVSUHDGLQJ
3RVLWLRQRIKHDWVRXUFHVLQUHODWLRQWRGLUHFWLRQRIFRROLQJRZ
0HDVXULQJSRLQWVIRUGHWHUPLQLQJ5WK
1DWXUDODLUFRROLQJIUHHFRQYHFWLRQ
)RUFHGDLUFRROLQJ
&RROLQJSUROHV
3UHVVXUHGURSDQGDLUYROXPH
)DQVYHQWLODWRUVEORZHUV
2SHUDWLQJKHLJKW
:DWHUFRROLQJ
3UHVVXUHGURSDQGZDWHUYROXPHWHVWSUHVVXUH
&RRODQWFRROLQJF\FOHDQGFKHPLFDOUHTXLUHPHQWV
0RXQWLQJGLUHFWLRQDQGYHQWLQJ
2WKHUOLTXLGFRROLQJSRVVLELOLWLHV
+HDWSLSHV 7KHUPDOVWDFNLQJ
'HWHUPLQLQJDQDGGLWLRQDOWKHUPDOLPSHGDQFH
&DOFXODWLQJSUHKHDWLQJIRUDLUFRROLQJ
&DOFXODWLQJSUHKHDWLQJIRUZDWHUFRROLQJ
3RZHUGHVLJQSDUDVLWLFHOHPHQWV(0&
3DUDVLWLFLQGXFWDQFHVDQGFDSDFLWDQFHV
(0,DQGPDLQVIHHGEDFN
(QHUJ\SURFHVVHVLQFRQYHUWHUV
&DXVHVRILQWHUIHUHQFHFXUUHQWV
3URSDJDWLRQSDWKV
2WKHUFDXVHVRIHOHFWURPDJQHWLFLQWHUIHUHQFH(0, (0,VXSSUHVVLRQPHDVXUHV
6ROXWLRQV
'HQLWLRQRIWKHWHUPVROXWLRQV
3ODWIRUPV
3ODWIRUPVZLWK,*%7VWDQGDUGPRGXOHV
6.LL367$&.SODWIRUPV
([DPSOHVRISODWIRUPVROXWLRQVIRUOLQHFRPPXWDWHGFLUFXLWVXVLQJ
WK\ULVWRUVRUGLRGHV
6.$,6\VWHPDVVHPEOLHVIRUYHKLFOHDSSOLFDWLRQV
'ULYHU
*DWHFXUUHQWDQGJDWHYROWDJHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV 'ULYHUSDUDPHWHUVDQGVZLWFKLQJSURSHUWLHV
'ULYHUFLUFXLWVWUXFWXUHV
3URWHFWLRQDQGPRQLWRULQJIXQFWLRQV
7LPHFRQVWDQWVDQGLQWHUORFNIXQFWLRQV
7UDQVPLVVLRQRIGULYHUVLJQDODQGGULYLQJHQHUJ\
'ULYHUFRQWURODQGIHHGEDFNVLJQDOV
'ULYLQJHQHUJ\
0RQROLWKLFDQGK\EULGGULYHU,&V
6(0,'5,9(5
(UURUEHKDYLRXUDQGSURWHFWLRQ
7\SHVRIIDXOWVHUURUV
%HKDYLRXULQWKHHYHQWRIRYHUORDGRUVKRUWFLUFXLW
)DXOWGHWHFWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQ
'HWHFWLRQDQGUHGXFWLRQRIIDXOWFXUUHQWV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
10/140
9,
2YHUYROWDJHOLPLWDWLRQ
2YHUWHPSHUDWXUHGHWHFWLRQ
3DUDOOHODQG6HULHV&RQQHFWLRQV
3DUDOOHOFRQQHFWLRQ
3UREOHPVLQYROYHGZLWKFXUUHQWEDODQFLQJ
:D\VRILPSURYLQJFXUUHQWV\PPHWU\
'HUDWLQJ
6SHFLFVRISDUDOOHOFRQQHFWLRQVIRU6.LL3PRGXOHV
6HULHVFRQQHFWLRQ
7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIYROWDJHV\PPHWU\
:D\VRILPSURYLQJYROWDJHV\PPHWU\
&RQFOXVLRQV
6RIWVZLWFKLQJDV=96RU=&6VZLWFKLQJORVVUHGXFWLRQQHWZRUNVVQXEEHUV
$LPVDQGDUHDVRIDSSOLFDWLRQ
6ZLWFKLQJORVVUHGXFWLRQQHWZRUNVVQXEEHUFLUFXLWV
6RIWVZLWFKLQJ
/RDGRQSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV
6HPLFRQGXFWRUDQGGULYHUUHTXLUHPHQWV
6ZLWFKLQJSURSHUWLHV &RQFOXVLRQ
+DQGOLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV
6HQVLWLYLW\WR(6'DQGPHDVXUHVIRUSURWHFWLRQ
$PELHQWFRQGLWLRQVIRUVWRUDJHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGRSHUDWLRQ
&OLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQV
0HFKDQLFDOHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV
%LRORJLFDOHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV
(QYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWGXHWRFKHPLFDOO\DFWLYHVXEVWDQFHV
(QYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWFDXVHGE\PHFKDQLFDOO\DFWLYHVXEVWDQFHV
1RWHVRQRSHUDWLRQDWKLJKDOWLWXGHV
$LUKXPLGLW\OLPLWVDQGFRQGHQVDWLRQSURWHFWLRQ 5DPLFDWLRQVIRUGHVLJQSURFHVV
3RZHUPRGXOHDVVHPEO\
4XDOLW\RIWKHKHDWVLQNPRXQWLQJVXUIDFH
7KHUPDOFRXSOLQJEHWZHHQPRGXOHDQGKHDWVLQNE\PHDQVRIWKHUPDO
LQWHUIDFHPDWHULDO7,0
0RXQWLQJSRZHUPRGXOHVRQWRKHDWVLQN
(OHFWULFDOFRQQHFWLRQV
0RXQWLQJRIFDSVXOHGLRGHVDQGWK\ULVWRUVGLVFFHOOV
6RIWZDUHWRRODVDGLPHQVLRQLQJDLG
6HPL6HO
3URJUDPIXQFWLRQV
8VLQJ6HPL6HO
6HPLFRQGXFWRUPRGHOV
6WDWLFPRGHOV
6WDWHPRGHOV
3K\VLFDOPRGHOVRIVHPLFRQGXFWRUDQGEHKDYLRXUPRGHOV
5HIHUHQFHV
$EEUHYLDWLRQVXVHGLQ6(0,.521'DWDVKHHWV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
11/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
%DVLFVIRUWKHRSHUDWLRQRISRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV
:LWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIDIHZVSHFLDODSSOLFDWLRQVSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVDUHXVHGSUHGRPLQDQWO\LQ
VZLWFKLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV7KLVUHVXOWVLQDQXPEHURIEDVLFSULQFLSOHVDQGRSHUDWLQJPRGHVWKDWDSSO\
WRDOOSRZHUHOHFWURQLFVFLUFXLWULHV,QWKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGXVHRISRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWJRDOLVWRDFKLHYHPLQLPXPSRZHUORVVHV
$VZLWFKXVHGLQDQLQGXFWLYH FLUFXLW FDQWXUQ RQDFWLYHO\LHDW DQ\JLYHQWLPH )RUDQLQQLWHO\
VKRUWVZLWFKLQJWLPHQRSRZHUORVVHVRFFXUVLQFHWKHELDVYROWDJHPD\GURSGLUHFWO\RYHUWKHOLQH
LQGXFWDQFH,IWKHFLUFXLWLVOLYHWXUQRIILVQRWSRVVLEOHZLWKRXWFRQYHUVLRQRIHQHUJ\VLQFHWKHHQ
HUJ\VWRUHGLQ/KDVWREHFRQYHUWHG)RUWKLVUHDVRQVZLWFKWXUQRIIZLWKRXWDQ\HQHUJ\FRQYHUVLRQ
LVRQO\SRVVLEOHLIL6
7KLVLVDOVRFDOOHGSDVVLYHWXUQRIIVLQFHWKHVZLWFKLQJPRPHQWLVGHSHQG
HQWRQWKHFXUUHQWRZLQWKHFLUFXLW$VZLWFKWKDWLVUXQQLQJXQGHUWKHVHVZLWFKLQJFRQGLWLRQVLV
FDOOHGD=&6=HUR&XUUHQW6ZLWFK
2QO\ IRUY6
FDQWXUQRQRIDVZLWFKXQGHUDQLPSUHVVHGYROWDJHDSSOLHGGLUHFWO\DWWKHVZLWFK
WHUPLQDOVEHLGHDOLHQRQGLVVLSDWLYH7KLVLVFDOOHGSDVVLYHWXUQRQVLQFHWKHYROWDJHZDYHIRUP
DWWKHVZLWFKDQGWKXVWKH]HURFURVVLQJRIWKHVZLWFKYROWDJHLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHRXWHUFLUFXLW$FWLYH WXUQRII LQFRQWUDVW LVSRVVLEOH DWDQ\WLPH 6ZLWFKHV WKDW RSHUDWH XQGHU WKHVH VZLWFKLQJ
FRQGLWLRQVDUHFDOOHG=96=HUR9ROWDJH6ZLWFKHV
)LJXUHVKRZVFXUUHQWDQGYROWDJHZDYHIRUPVDWWKHVZLWFKHVGXULQJWKHEDVLFVZLWFKLQJSURF
HVVHVGHVFULEHGDERYH7KHXVHRIUHDOSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVDVVZLWFKHVZLOOUHVXOWLQWKHIRO
ORZLQJFRQGLWLRQV%HIRUHDFWLYHWXUQRQWKHFXUUHQWWUDQVIHUULQJVHPLFRQGXFWRULVXQGHUSRVLWLYH
YROWDJH7RHQDEOHWKHYROWDJHWRGURSWKHFXUUHQWWULJJHUHGE\WKHFRQWUROOHUKDVWRLQFUHDVH
E\DFHUWDLQUDWHGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHWXUQRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRU%RWKWKH
WXUQRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFDQGWKHHIIHFWLYHVHULHVLQGXFWDQFHOLPLWWKHFXUUHQWULVHDQGYROWDJHGLVWULEX
WLRQZLWKLQWKHFLUFXLWEHWZHHQSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUDQGLQGXFWRU$VWKHLQGXFWDQFHLQFUHDVHVWKH
WXUQRQSRZHUORVVHVRIWKHJLYHQSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUDUHGLPLQLVKHGWRDPLQLPXPWKUHVKROG
YDOXH
'XULQJSDVVLYHWXUQRIIRIDOLYHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUFDUU\LQJFXUUHQWLQSRVLWLYHGLUHFWLRQFXUUHQW
GURSVWR]HURGXHWRWKHYROWDJHSRODULW\RIWKHRXWHUFLUFXLW&XUUHQWLVFRQGXFWHGEDFNDVUHYHUVH
FXUUHQWE\WKHFKDUJHFDUULHUVVWLOOVWRUHGLQWKHVHPLFRQGXFWRUWKLVKDSSHQVXQWLOWKHVHPLFRQGXF
WRUKDVUHFRYHUHGLWVEORFNLQJFDSDELOLW\WRWDNHXSWKHQHJDWLYHFLUFXLWYROWDJHUHYHUVHUHFRYHU\
$FWLYHWXUQRIIRIDOLYHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUZLOOLQLWLDOO\SURGXFHDYROWDJHULVHLQSRVLWLYHGLUHF
WLRQWULJJHUHGE\WKHFRQWUROOHUWXUQRIIFKDUDFWHULVWLF7KHQDQHIIHFWLYHSDUDOOHOFDSDFLWDQFHDW
WKHVZLWFKWHUPLQDOVFDQWDNHRYHUWKHFXUUHQWRZJLYHQE\WKHWXUQRIIFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKHSRZHU
VHPLFRQGXFWRU)RUWKHJLYHQSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUWKHHQHUJ\ORVVFDXVHGE\WKHWXUQRIISURFH
GXUHGURSVDVWKHFDSDFLWDQFHLQFUHDVHVWXUQRIIORDGUHGXFWLRQ
$SDVVLYHO\VZLWFKHGSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRULVXQGHUQHJDWLYHYROWDJHEHIRUHWXUQRQ,IWKLVYROWDJH
FKDQJHVSRODULW\GXHWRSURFHVVHVLQWKHRXWHUFLUFXLWWKHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUZLOOWDNHXSFXU
UHQWLQSRVLWLYHGLUHFWLRQZKLFKLQWKHFDVHRIDVXEVWDQWLDOLQFUHDVHLQFXUUHQWZLOOOHDGWRWXUQRQ
RYHUYROWDJHIRUZDUGUHFRYHU\
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
12/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
active ON
Switching Process Waveform Equivalent Circuit
passive OFF
active OFF
passive ON
d iS V> 0
dt
d S> 0
dt
d iS
V< 0
dt
d S> 0
dt
;
;
d iS
V< 0
dt
d< 0
dt;
d S
dt;
d i V> 0dt
d S< 0
dt;S
VS
V
qiS
iS
Vq
iSS
V
SV
SV
iSqi
SV
iS
qi
qi
iS
iS
iS
SV
SV
SV
Vq
qV
Vq < 0
Vq > 0
)LJXUH %DVLFVZLWFKLQJSURFHVVHV
7KHEDVLFRSHUDWLQJ SULQFLSOHEHKLQGSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV LVFOHDUO\ GHQHGLQ WKHDIRUHPHQ
WLRQHGDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHVZLWFKLQJSURFHVVHVGXULQJF\FOLFVZLWFKLQJRILQGLYLGXDOVZLWFKHVWXUQ
RQDQGWXUQRIIRIFRQQHFWLQJOLQHVEHWZHHQHQHUJ\WUDQVIHUFLUFXLWVDQGLQGXFWLYHRUFDSDFLWLYH
FRPPXWDWLRQDOWHUQDWLQJVZLWFKLQJRIWZRVZLWFKHVHDFKDOWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJDQGYROWDJH
FDUU\LQJ)LJXUHVKRZVDVXPPDU\RIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQFXUUHQWDQGYROWDJHGXULQJWKHGLIIHUHQWSRVVLEOHVZLWFKLQJSURFHGXUHV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
13/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
+DUGVZLWFKLQJ+6)LJXUHDQG)LJXUH
+DUGWXUQRQLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DQDOPRVWWRWDOY.
FRPPXWDWLRQYROWDJHGURSDFURVVWKHFXUUHQW
FDUU\LQJVZLWFK6IRUWKHHQWLUHFXUUHQWFRPPXWDWLRQWLPHFDXVLQJFRQVLGHUDEOHSRZHUORVVSHDNV
ZLWKLQWKHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRU$WWKLVSRLQWLQGXFWDQFH/.
LQWKHFRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWLVDWLWV
PLQLPXPYDOXHLHWKHVHPLFRQGXFWRUWKDWLVWXUQHGRQGHWHUPLQHVWKHFXUUHQWLQFUHDVH&XUUHQW
FRPPXWDWLRQLVHQGHGE\SDVVLYHWXUQRIIRIVZLWFK6&RPPXWDWLRQDQGWRWDOVZLWFKLQJWLPHDUH
DOPRVWLGHQWLFDO,QFDVHRIKDUGWXUQRIIWKH YROWDJHDFURVV 6
LQFUHDVHVXSWRDYDOXHH[FHHGLQJFRPPXWDWLRQ
YROWDJHY.
ZKLOHFXUUHQWL6
FRQWLQXHVWRRZ2QO\WKHQGRHVFXUUHQWFRPPXWDWLRQEHJLQDVDUHVXOW
RISDVVLYHWXUQRQRI67KHFDSDFLWDQFH&
.LQWKHFRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWLVYHU\ORZPHDQLQJWKDW
WKHYROWDJHLQFUHDVHLVGHWHUPLQHGPDLQO\E\WKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRU7KHWRWDO
VZLWFKLQJDQGFRPPXWDWLRQWLPHDUHWKHUHIRUHYLUWXDOO\LGHQWLFDODQGYHU\KLJKSRZHUORVVSHDNV
RFFXULQWKHVZLWFK
6RIWVZLWFKLQJ=&6=96)LJXUH)LJXUHDQG)LJXUH
,QWKH FDVHRI VRIWWXUQRQRID ]HURFXUUHQWVZLWFK=&66DFWLYHO\RQWKHVZLWFKYROWDJHZLOO
GURSWRWKHIRUZDUGYROWDJHGURSYDOXHUHODWLYHO\TXLFNO\SURYLGHG/.
KDVEHHQGLPHQVLRQHGVXI
FLHQWO\PHDQLQJWKDWWKHUHDUHQRRURQO\YHU\ORZG\QDPLFSRZHUORVVHVLQWKHVZLWFKHVGXULQJFXUUHQWFRPPXWDWLRQ&XUUHQWLQFUHDVHLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHFRPPXWDWLRQLQGXFWDQFH/
.&XUUHQW
FRPPXWDWLRQHQGVZKHQVZLWFK6LVSDVVLYHO\WXUQHGRII7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHFRPPXWDWLRQWLPH
W.
LVKLJKHUWKDQWKHVZLWFKLQJWLPHVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOVZLWFKHV
$FWLYHWXUQRIIRI6ZLOOLQLWLDOL]HVRIWWXUQRIIRID]HURYROWDJHVZLWFK7KHGHFUHDVLQJVZLWFKFXU
UHQWFRPPXWDWHVWRWKHFDSDFLWRUV&.
ZKLFKDUHSRVLWLRQHGSDUDOOHOWRWKHVZLWFKDQGLQLWLDOLVHV
WKHYROWDJHFRPPXWDWLRQSURFHVV7KHVL]HRI&.
GHWHUPLQHVWKHYROWDJHLQFUHDVHLQFRQMXQFWLRQ
ZLWKWKHFRPPXWDWLRQFXUUHQW'\QDPLFSRZHUORVVHVDUHUHGXFHGE\WKHGHOD\HGYROWDJHLQFUHDVH
DWWKHVZLWFK
5HVRQDQWVZLWFKLQJ=&56=956)LJXUH)LJXUHDQG)LJXUH
5HVRQDQWVZLWFKLQJUHIHUVWRWKHVLWXDWLRQZKHUHD]HURFXUUHQWVZLWFKLVWXUQHGRQDWWKHPRPHQWZKHQFXUUHQWL
/GURSVYLUWXDOO\WR]HUR7KHVZLWFKLQJORVVHVDUHWKXVHYHQORZHUWKDQLQWKHFDVH
RIVRIWVZLWFKLQJRID]HURFXUUHQWVZLWFK6LQFHWKHVZLWFKFDQQRWDFWLYHO\GHWHUPLQHWKHWLPHRI
]HURFXUUHQWFURVVLQJRYHUDOOV\VWHPFRQWUROODELOLW\LVVRPHZKDWUHVWULFWHG
5HVRQDQW WXUQRII RI D ]HURYROWDJH VZLWFK LQ FRQWUDVW RFFXUV ZKHQ WKH FRPPXWDWLRQ YROWDJH
GURSVYLUWXDOO\WR]HURGXULQJWKHWXUQRIISURFHVV2QFHDJDLQVZLWFKLQJORVVHVDUHORZHUWKDQIRU
VRIWWXUQRIIRIWKH]HURYROWDJHVZLWFKKHUHWRRWKHUHLVOHVVFRQWUROODELOLW\
1HXWUDOVZLWFKLQJ16)LJXUHDQG)LJXUH
1HXWUDOVZLWFKLQJUHIHUVWRWKHVLWXDWLRQZKHUHERWKVZLWFKYROWDJHDQGVZLWFKFXUUHQWDUH]HURDW
WKHPRPHQWRIVZLWFKLQJ7KLVLVFRPPRQO\WKHFDVHZKHQGLRGHVDUHXVHG
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
14/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
EV
ON OFF
Hard Switching
Soft Switching
Resonant Switching
Neutral Switching
HS HS
ZCS ZVS
ZCRS ZVRS
NS NS
V
V
E
V
i
E
E
V
V
V
S
VS V
E
V
E
V
V
V
E
V
V
EV
)LJXUH 7\SHVRIVZLWFKLQJSURFHVVHVY.
GULYLQJFRPPXWDWLRQYROWDJHL/ORDGFXUUHQWWREHFRP
PXWDWHG
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
15/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
3RZHUHOHFWURQLFVZLWFKHV
$SRZHUHOHFWURQLFVZLWFKLQWHJUDWHV DFRPELQDWLRQRISRZHUHOHFWURQLFFRPSRQHQWVDQGD GULYHU
FLUFXLWIRUWKHDFWLYHO\VZLWFKDEOHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV7KHLQWHUQDOIXQFWLRQDOFRUUHODWLRQVDQG
LQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKLQWKLVLQWHJUDWHGV\VWHPGHWHUPLQHVHYHUDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVZLWFK
)LJXUHVKRZVDSRZHUHOHFWURQLFVZLWFKV\VWHPLQFOXGLQJLQWHUIDFHVWRH[WHUQDOHOHFWULFFLU
FXLWU\QRUPDOO\KLJKYROWDJHDQGWKHFRQWUROXQLWLQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLQJDX[LOLDU\SRZHUVXSSO\
2SWLFDORULQGXFWLYHWUDQVPLWWHUVDUHQRUPDOO\XVHGWRHQVXUHWKHQHFHVVDU\SRWHQWLDOVHSDUDWLRQ
7KHFRPELQDWLRQSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVZLWKGLIIHUHQWVZLWFKFXUUHQWGLUHFWLRQDQG
YROWDJHGLUHFWLRQDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
GalvanicIsolation Driver
Power Semiconductor Devices(e.g. MOSFETs; IGBTs; Diodes)
ControlUnit
PowerSupply
GI1
GI2
A
B
L
L
L
L
INT
EXT
CC
ExternalSnubbers
orParasitics
InternalParasitics
EXT
EXTINT
INT
)LJXUH 3RZHUHOHFWURQLFVZLWFKV\VWHP
iSvS current-unidirectional current-bidirectional
AGTO
DR
DR
DR
RC-IGBT
SGTODR
DR DR
DR DR
DRDR
SGTO
DR
DR
voltage-unidirectional
(forwardblocking)
voltage-bidirectional
(forwardandreverseblocking)
SGTO = Symmetrical GTOAGTO = Asymmetrical GTO
DR = DriverRC-IGBT = Reverse Conducting IGBT
DR
)LJXUH 3RVVLEOHFRPELQDWLRQVRISRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVLQSRZHUHOHFWURQLFVZLWFKHV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
16/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
2QWKHRQHKDQGWKHSDUDPHWHUVRIDFRPSOHWHVZLWFKUHVXOWIURPWKHVHPLFRQGXFWRUVZLWFKLQJEH
KDYLRXUZKLFKKDVWREHDGDSWHGWRWKHRSHUDWLQJPRGHRIWKHHQWLUHVZLWFKE\ZD\RIVHPLFRQGXF
WRUFKLSGHVLJQ2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHGULYHUFLUFXLWLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHPDLQVZLWFKSDUDPHWHUV
DQGSHUIRUPVWKHNH\SURWHFWLRQDQGGLDJQRVLVIXQFWLRQV
%DVLFW\SHVRISRZHUHOHFWURQLFVZLWFKHV
2ZLQJWRWKHRSHUDWLRQDOSULQFLSOHVRISRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVZKLFKDUHFOHDUO\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKH
GRPLQDQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHFLUFXLWVLQZKLFKWKH\RSHUDWHSRZHUHOHFWURQLFVZLWFKHVPD\EHVSOLWXSLQWRWKHIROORZLQJEDVLFW\SHV7KHPDLQYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWGLUHFWLRQVFOHDUO\UHVXOWIURP
WKHUHTXLUHPHQWVLQWKHDFWXDOFLUFXLWLQSDUWLFXODUIURPWKHLQMHFWHGFXUUHQWVDQGYROWDJHVLQWKH
FRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWV
+DUGVZLWFK+6
([FHSWIRUWKHWKHRUHWLFDOFDVHRISXUHRKPLFORDGD VLQJOHVZLWFKZLWKKDUGWXUQRQDQGWXUQRII
VZLWFKLQJ EHKDYLRXUFDQ EHXVHGVROHO\LQ DFRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLW ZLWK PLQLPXPSDVVLYHHQHUJ\
VWRUDJHFRPSRQHQWV&.PLQ
/.PLQ
LQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKDQHXWUDOVZLWFKLQJSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRU
&RPSDUHGWRWKHQHXWUDOVZLWFKZKLFKKDVQRFRQWUROSRVVLELOLW\DKDUGVZLWFKPD\EHHTXLSSHG
ZLWKWZRFRQWUROSRVVLELOLWLHVQDPHO\LQGLYLGXDOO\DGMXVWDEOHWXUQRQDQGWXUQRIISRLQWV7KLVUH
VXOWVLQWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIRSHUDWLQJWKHHQWLUHFLUFXLWXVLQJSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ3:07KHVHWRSRORJLHVGRPLQDWHLQSRZHUFRQYHUWHUFLUFXLWVLQLQGXVWULDODSSOLFDWLRQV
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHSRVVLEOHFLUFXLWFRQJXUDWLRQVLQ,*%7WHFKQRORJ\DQGFRPPXWDWLRQFLU
FXLWV([DPSOHVRIW\SLFDOFLUFXLWVDUHWKHWKUHHSKDVHYROWDJHVRXUFHLQYHUWHU96,RUWKHFXUUHQW
VRXUFHLQYHUWHU&6,,QV\PPHWULFDOVZLWFKDUUDQJHPHQWVRQO\RQHDOWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJ
VZLWFKZLOORSHUDWHDFWLYHO\ZLWKWZRFRQWUROSRVVLELOLWLHVZKLOHWKHRWKHURQHVZLWFKHVQHXWUDOO\
)LJXUH +6FRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWVDQGH[DPSOHVRIW\SLFDOFLUFXLWV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
17/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
=HURFXUUHQWVZLWFK=&6
,Q]HURFXUUHQWVZLWFKHVWKHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVDUHDOZD\VWXUQHGRQDFWLYHO\DQGWXUQHGRII
SDVVLYHO\IRUL6
$FFHSWLQJWKHORVVRIRQHFRQWUROSRVVLELOLW\FRPSDUHGWRD+6DFWLYHVZLWFK
LQJPD\EHSHUIRUPHGZLWKIDUORZHUSRZHUORVVHVWKDQNVWRVXIFLHQWVHULHVLQGXFWDQFH/.
7KLV
PDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRDFKLHYHKLJKHUVZLWFKLQJIUHTXHQFLHVWKDQIRUKDUGVZLWFKLQJ
7KHVLQJOHUHPDLQLQJVZLWFKFRQWUROSRVVLELOLW\FDOOVIRUWKHXVHRIWKHFRQWUROSURFHVVSXOVHVKLIW
PRGXODWLRQ360,QFRQFUHWHFLUFXLWVDSSOLFDWLRQVZLWK]HURFXUUHQWVZLWFKHVWKLVFRQWUROSURFHVVLVDOVRNQRZQDVSKDVHDQJOHFRQWURO)LJXUHVKRZVWKHSRVVLEOHVZLWFKFRQJXUDWLRQV
RID =&6LQ,*%7WHFKQRORJ\RSHUDWLQJLQDQHTXLYDOHQWFRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLW WKHVHVZLWFKFRQ
JXUDWLRQVFDQDOVREHXVHGLQFLUFXLWVZLWKF\FOLFVZLWFKLQJDQGQRFRPPXWDWLRQ$QH[DPSOHRID
W\SLFDOFLUFXLWLVDLPSUHVVHGFXUUHQWSDUDOOHOUHVRQDQWFRQYHUWHU7KHUHVLVWDQFH5/RDG
V\PEROLVHV
ORDGFRQQHFWLRQLQVHULHVZLWKWKHUHVRQDQWFLUFXLW$IXUWKHUJURXSRIFLUFXLWWRSRORJLHVWKDWZRUN
H[FOXVLYHO\RQWKHEDVLVRI]HURFXUUHQWVZLWFKHVDUHOLQHFRPPXWDWHGWK\ULVWRUUHFWLHUFLUFXLWV
LK2
LK2
S2S1
RLoadv
(v )K
AC
i
(i )L
DC
Parallel Resonant Converter
LK
VK
2
iL
LK2
S1
S2
VKiL
LK2
LK2
S1
S2
VKiL
LK2
LK2
S1
S2
)LJXUH =&6FRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWVDQGH[DPSOHRIDW\SLFDOFLUFXLW
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
18/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
=HUR9ROWDJH6ZLWFK=96
iLVK
CK2
CK2
S1
S2
CK
2
CK2
S1
S2
RLoad
v
(v )K
DC
i
(i )L
AC
Series Resonant Converter
CK2
iLVK
CK
2
S1
S2
VK
iL
CK2
CK
2
S2
S1
)LJXUH =96FRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWVDQGH[DPSOHRIDW\SLFDOFLUFXLW
=HURYROWDJHVZLWFKHVDUHGHVLJQHGVXFKWKDWWKH\PD\EHWXUQHGRIIDFWLYHO\DQGWXUQHGRQSDV
VLYHO\ZKHQWKHVZLWFKYROWDJHGURSVWR]HURY6
$FWLYHWXUQRIIZLOOSURGXFHYHU\ORZORVVHVLID
VXIFLHQWO\KLJKSDUDOOHOFDSDFLWDQFHLVVHOHFWHG&RPSDUHGWRKDUGVZLWFKLQJDGHFUHDVHLQSRZHU
ORVVHVLVREWDLQHGE\GLVSHQVLQJZLWKRQHFRQWUROSRVVLELOLW\7KHORZHUVZLWFKLQJORVVHVKRZHYHU
DOORZIRUKLJKHUVZLWFKLQJIUHTXHQFLHVWKDQLVWKHFDVHLQKDUGVZLWFKLQJ
7KHVLQJOHUHPDLQLQJVZLWFKFRQWUROSRVVLELOLW\FDOOVIRUWKHXVHRIWKHFRQWUROSURFHVVSXOVHVKLIWPRGXODWLRQ360,QFRQFUHWHFLUFXLWVDSSOLFDWLRQVZLWK]HURYROWDJHVZLWFKHVWKLVFRQWUROSURF
HVVLVDOVRNQRZQDVSKDVHDQJOHFRQWURO)LJXUHVKRZVWKHSRVVLEOHVZLWFKFRQJXUDWLRQV
RID =96LQ,*%7 WHFKQRORJ\RSHUDWLQJ LQDQ HTXLYDOHQWFRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWWKHVHVZLWFK FRQ
JXUDWLRQVFDQDOVREHXVHGLQFLUFXLWVZLWKF\FOLFVZLWFKLQJDQGQRFRPPXWDWLRQ$QH[DPSOHRID
W\SLFDOFLUFXLWLVDYROWDJHLPSUHVVHGSDUDOOHOUHVRQDQWFRQYHUWHU7KHUHVLVWDQFH5/RDG
V\PEROLVHV
ORDGFRQQHFWLRQLQVHULHVZLWKWKHUHVRQDQWFLUFXLW
=HUR&XUUHQW5HVRQDQW6ZLWFK=&56
VK
iL
S1
S2
S1
S2
RLoad
v
(v )K
DC
i
(i )L
AC
Series Resonant Converter
)LJXUH =&56FRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWDQGH[DPSOHRIDW\SLFDOFLUFXLW
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
19/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
$]HURFXUUHQWUHVRQDQWVZLWFKLVFRQWUROOHGVXFKWKDWDFWLYHWXUQRQEHJLQVDWWKHYHU\PRPHQWDW
ZKLFKWKHFXUUHQWL/GLVSOD\V]HURFURVVLQJ7KXVDFWXDOFXUUHQWFRPPXWDWLRQGRHVQRWWDNHSODFH
&RQVHTXHQWO\HYHQLIWKHUHLVDPLQLPXPFRPPXWDWLRQLQGXFWDQFH/.
WKHWXUQRQORVVHVDUHORZHU
WKDQLQ]HURFXUUHQWVZLWFKHVDQGDUHFDXVHGE\WKHQHFHVVDU\FKDQJHLQFKDUJHRIWKHMXQFWLRQ
FDSDFLWDQFHVRIWKHJLYHQSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHIXUWKHUSRZHUORVVUHGXF
WLRQFRPSDUHGWR=&6PHDQVDQRWKHUORVVRIFRQWUROODELOLW\VLQFHWKHWXUQRQPRPHQWLVQRWFRQ
WUROODEOHEXWLVWULJJHUHGE\WKH]HURFXUUHQWFURVVLQJJLYHQE\WKHRXWHUFLUFXLWU\,QFLUFXLWVZLWK
=&56RQO\LQGLUHFWFRQWURORIWKHHQHUJ\RZLVSRVVLEOHDQGLVGRQHE\FRQGXFWLQJDQGEORFNLQJ
WKHVZLWFKHV DFURVV VHYHUDOSHULRGV RI DOWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQW 7KLV LV UHIHUUHG WR DV SXOVH GHQVLW\
PRGXODWLRQ3'0RUHYHQSXOVHJURXSPRGXODWLRQ
)LJXUHVKRZVD FRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWZLWK =&56DV ZHOODV DVDPSOHFLUFXLW LQ,*%7 WHFK
QRORJ\)RULGHDOVZLWFKLQJDW]HURFURVVLQJRIDOWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQWWKHVZLWFKHVZRXOGQRWQHHG
DQWLSDUDOOHOVZLWFKGLRGHVIRUWKHVHFRQGFXUUHQWGLUHFWLRQ,QSUDFWLFHKRZHYHUWKHVHDUHLQFOXGHG
RZLQJWRQRQLGHDOEHKDYLRXU7KHUHVLVWDQFH5/RDG
V\PEROLVHVORDGFRQQHFWLRQLQVHULHVZLWKWKH
UHVRQDQWFLUFXLW
=HUR9ROWDJH5HVRQDQW6ZLWFK=956
7KLVEDVLFW\SHRIVZLWFKLVWREHFRQVLGHUHGDERUGHUOLQHFDVHRIWKH=96,ID=96DFWLYHO\WXUQV
RIIH[DFWO\DWWKHSRLQWRI]HURFURVVLQJRIWKHDSSOLHGDOWHUQDWLQJFRPPXWDWLRQYROWDJH9.
WKHLQ
FUHDVLQJVZLWFKYROWDJHZLOOWULJJHUWKHFXUUHQWFRPPXWDWLRQSURFHVVEHWZHHQWKHVZLWFKHV(YHQ
IRUDYHU\ORZFDSDFLWDQFH&.
LQWKHFRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWWKHVZLWFKLQJORVVHVDUHORZHUWKDQIRU
WKH=96LQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHORVVRIDIXUWKHUFRQWUROSRVVLELOLW\EHFDXVHWKHWXUQRIIPRPHQWV
DUHQRORQJHULQGHSHQGHQWO\DGMXVWDEOHEXWDUHWULJJHUHGE\WKH]HURYROWDJHFURVVLQJJLYHQE\WKH
RXWHUFLUFXLWU\6LPLODUWRWKHFDVHIRU=&56LQFLUFXLWVZLWK=956RQO\LQGLUHFWFRQWURORIWKHHQ
HUJ\RZLVSRVVLEOHDQGLVGRQHE\FRQGXFWLQJDQGEORFNLQJWKHVZLWFKHVDFURVVVHYHUDOSHULRGV
RIDOWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQW7KLVLVUHIHUUHGWRDVSXOVHGHQVLW\PRGXODWLRQ3'0RUHYHQSXOVHJURXS
PRGXODWLRQ
)LJXUHVKRZVDFRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWZLWK=956DVZHOODVDVDPSOHFLUFXLWLQ,*%7WHFKQRO
RJ\)RULGHDOVZLWFKLQJDW]HURFURVVLQJRIWKHDOWHUQDWLQJYROWDJHWKHVZLWFKHVZRXOGQRWQHHGDQWLSDUDOOHOVZLWFKGLRGHVIRUWKHVHFRQGFXUUHQWGLUHFWLRQ,QSUDFWLFHKRZHYHUWKHVHDUHLQFOXGHG
RZLQJWRQRQLGHDOEHKDYLRXU7KHUHVLVWDQFH5/RDG
V\PEROLVHVORDGFRQQHFWLRQSDUDOOHOWRWKHUHVR
QDQWFLUFXLW
S1
RLoadv(v )K
AC
i
(i )L
DC
Parallel Resonant Converter
S2
VK
iL
=
S1
S2
)LJXUH =956FRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWDQGH[DPSOHRIDW\SLFDOFLUFXLW
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
20/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
1HXWUDO6ZLWFK16
$FRPPXWDWLRQSURFHVVLVVWDUWHGRUHQGHGE\QHXWUDOWXUQRQRUWXUQRIIRIDQHXWUDOVZLWFK+HUH
ERWKYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWDFURVVWKHVZLWFKDUH]HURDWWKHPRPHQWRIVZLWFKLQJ2ZLQJWRLWVQDWX
UDOVZLWFKLQJEHKDYLRXUDGLRGHGLVSOD\VWKHVHSURSHUWLHV1HXWUDOVZLWFKHVFDQDOVREH LPSOH
PHQWHGE\LQWHJUDWLQJDFWLYHO\VZLWFKLQJSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVHJ,*%7SURYLGHGWKLVLVJLYHQ
GLRGHSURSHUWLHVE\ZD\RIVXLWDEOHLQWHOOLJHQWFRQWURO
v
(v )K
AC
S1 S2
i
(i )
L
DC
VK
iLVK
iL
=
S1
S2S2
S1
S2S2
)LJXUH 16FRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWVDQGH[DPSOHRIDW\SLFDOFLUFXLW
)LJXUHVKRZVFRPPXWDWLRQFLUFXLWVZLWKQHXWUDOVZLWFKHVDVZHOODVDGLRGHUHFWLHUWRSRORJ\
DVDQH[DPSOHRIDW\SLFDOFLUFXLWIRUQHXWUDOVZLWFKHV7DEOHVKRZVDVXPPDU\RIDOOEDVLF
W\SHVRISRZHUHOHFWURQLFVZLWFKHVLQFOWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGWXUQRQDQGWXUQRIISURFHVVHV7KH
EODQNHOGVDUHPRGLFDWLRQVRIWKHEDVLFW\SHVZKLFKDUHUHTXLUHGLQDOPRVWDOODSSOLFDWLRQV,I
WKHUHVRQDQWFRQGLWLRQVLQDFLUFXLWZRUNLQJZLWKVRIWRUUHVRQDQWVZLWFKHVDUHQRWPHWDWFHUWDLQ
RSHUDWLQJSRLQWVWKHVZLWFKHVKDYHWREHDEOHWRFRSHZLWKKDUGVZLWFKLQJVRPHWKLQJWKDWLVQRW
QRUPDOO\ZLWKLQWKHLURULJLQDOIHDWXUHVPRGLHG=960=96PRGLHG=&60=&6LQRUGHUWR
HQVXUHWKDWWKHHQWLUHV\VWHPFRQWLQXHVWRZRUN1RUPDOO\WKHVZLWFKHVDUHRSHUDWHGLQWKLVGH
YLDWLQJPRGHIRUDYHU\VKRUWWLPHRQO\,QWKHFDVHRIKDUGDFWLYHWXUQRIIRID=96RUKDUGDFWLYH
WXUQRQRID=&6WKHVZLWFKHVDUHRSHUDWHGDV=9+6RU=&+6UHVSHFWLYHO\
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
21/140
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
22/140
3RZHU6HPLFRQGXFWRUV%DVLF2SHUDWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
23/140
%DVLFV
%DVLFV
$SSOLFDWLRQ HOGV DQG FXUUHQW SHUIRUPDQFH OLPLWV IRU SRZHU
VHPLFRQGXFWRUV
7KHGHYHORSPHQWRISRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVVDZWKHRQVHWRIODVWLQJVXFFHVVIRUSRZHUHOHFWURQLFV
DFURVVDOOHOGVRIHOHFWULFDOHQJLQHHULQJ*LYHQWKHHYHULQFUHDVLQJFDOOIRUUHVRXUFHFRQVHUYDWLRQHJHQHUJ\VDYLQJDJHQGDWKHXVHRIUHQHZDEOHHQHUJLHVHJZLQGSRZHUDQGSKRWRYROWDLFV
DQGWKHQHHGIRUDOWHUQDWLYHVWRIRVVLOIXHOVHJHOHFWULFDQGK\EULGGULYHVIRUYHKLFOHVWKLVVXF
FHVVLVJDLQLQJPRUHDQGPRUHPRPHQWXPWRGD\
7KLVGHYHORSPHQWLVDOVRODUJHO\GULYHQE\WKHLQWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQV\VWHPFRVWVDQGPDUNHWSHQ
HWUDWLRQDVZHOODVWKHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQUHTXLUHGIRUSURGXFWLRQDQGWKHHQHUJ\VDYLQJSRWHQ
WLDORISURGXFWVLQRSHUDWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHJHQHUDODLPWRH[SDQGWKHSHUIRUPDQFHSUROHWKH
GHYHORSPHQWDLPVORZPDWHULDOVFRQVXPSWLRQORZFRVWVDQGKLJKHIFLHQF\DUHJDLQLQJPRUH
DQGPRUHLPSRUWDQFH
)LJXUHVKRZVPD[LPXPFXUUHQWDQGYROWDJHYDOXHVIRUFRQWUROODEOHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV
RQWKHPDUNHWWRGD\7RGD\WKHXVHRISDUDOOHODQGVHULHVFRQQHFWLRQVIRUSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV
DVZHOODVSRZHUFRQYHUWHUVHTXLSSHGZLWKVHPLFRQGXFWRUVPHDQVWKDWYLUWXDOO\DQ\DPRXQWRI
HOHFWULFSRZHUFDQEHWUDQVIRUPHGFRQYHUWHGLQWRDQRWKHUIRUPRIHQHUJ\RUJHQHUDWHGIURP
DQRWKHUW\SHRIHQHUJ\
100
1000
10000
10 100 1000 10000
100
10 100 1000 10000
[V]
MOSFET
IGBT
GTO
Thyristor
3600 6000
Current [A]
Discrete devices Modules Discs
Vo
ltage
)LJXUH 3UHVHQWFXUUHQWDQGYROWDJHOLPLWVIRUFRQWUROODEOHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV
)LJXUH D VKRZV FRPPRQ VZLWFKLQJ IUHTXHQF\ UDQJHV IRU YDULRXV SRZHU VHPLFRQGXFWRUV
)LJXUHELOOXVWUDWHVWKHFXUUHQWNH\DSSOLFDWLRQHOGVDQGOLPLWV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
24/140
%DVLFV
,*%7,QVXODWHG*DWH%LSRODU7UDQVLVWRUVKDYHEHFRPHHVSHFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWIRUWKHPDVVPDU
NHWVRIPDLQVSRZHUHGV\VWHPVDQGHTXLSPHQWZLWKDPHGLXPRUKLJKVZLWFKLQJSHUIRUPDQFHLQ
WKHUDQJHRIVRPHN:DQGVHYHUDO0:WKLVLVSDUWLFXODUO\WUXHIRUSRWHQWLDOIUHHSRZHUPRGXOHV
)LJXUH D6ZLWFKLQJIUHTXHQF\UDQJHVIRUYDULRXVSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV
E&XUUHQWDSSOLFDWLRQDUHDVDQGOLPLWV>@
6LQFHWKHPLGHLJKWLHVWKHVHDUHRWKHUDFWLYHO\VZLWFKDEOHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVVXFKDVSRZHU
026)(70HWDO2[LGH6HPLFRQGXFWRU)LHOG(IIHFW7UDQVLVWRU*72*DWH7XUQ2IIWK\ULVWRUV
DQG,*&7,QWHJUDWHG*DWH&RPPXWDWHG7K\ULVWRUKDYHDOPRVWFRPSOHWHO\SXVKHGEDFNFRQYHQ
WLRQDOWK\ULVWRUVWROLQHFRPPXWDWHGDSSOLFDWLRQV&RPSDUHGWRRWKHUVZLWFKDEOHSRZHUVHPLFRQ
GXFWRUVVXFKDVFRQYHQWLRQDO*72WK\ULVWRUV,*%7DQG026)(7KDYHDQXPEHURIDSSOLFDWLRQ
DGYDQWDJHVVXFKDVDFWLYHWXUQRIIHYHQLQWKHHYHQWRIDVKRUWFLUFXLWRSHUDWLRQZLWKRXWVQXEEHUV
VLPSOHFRQWUROVKRUWVZLWFKLQJWLPHVDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\UHODWLYHO\ORZVZLWFKLQJORVVHV7KHSUR
GXFWLRQRI026)(7DQG,*%7XVLQJWHFKQRORJLHVIURPWKHHOGRIPLFURHOHFWURQLFVLVFRPSDUD
WLYHO\VLPSOHDQGORZSULFHG
7RGD\PRVWDSSOLFDWLRQVIRUFXUUHQWVRI VRPH$XVHSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVZLWKVLOLFRQFKLSVLQWHJUDWHG LQ SRWHQWLDOIUHH SRZHU PRGXOHV ,Q LWZDV 6(0,.521ZKRODXQFKHG WKHP
FRPPHUFLDOO\IRUWKHUVWWLPH7KHVHPRGXOHVRIWHQFRQWDLQVHYHUDOVLOLFRQFKLSVRILGHQWLFDORU
GLIIHUHQWFRPSRQHQWVHJ,*%7DQGIUHHZKHHOLQJGLRGHRUWK\ULVWRUDQGOLQHUHFWLHUGLRGHDQG
PRUHFRPSRQHQWVHJWHPSHUDWXUHDQGFXUUHQWVHQVRUVRUFRQWURODQGSURWHFWLYHFLUFXLWVLQWHO
OLJHQWSRZHUPRGXOHV,30LIUHTXLUHG
'HVSLWHWKHGLVDGYDQWDJHRIRQHVLGHFRROLQJRQO\IRUXSWRKLJKSRZHUUDQJHVSRWHQWLDOIUHHSRZ
HUPRGXOHVDUHJDLQLQJPRUHJURXQGWKDQGLVNFHOOVHYHQWKRXJKWKHODWWHUDUHDEOHWRGLVVLSDWH
DERXWPRUHRIWKHKHDWORVVHVWKDQNVWRGRXEOHVLGHGFRROLQJDQGDUHEHWWHUVXLWHGWRVHULHV
FRQQHFWLRQVIURPDPHFKDQLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZ7KHUHDVRQWKDWPRGXOHVDUHPRUHSRSXODUWKDQGLVN
FHOOV LVWKDW DSDUW IURP HDV\ DVVHPEO\ WKH\ ERDVW LQWHJUDWHG ZHOOSURYHQ HOHFWULFDO LVRODWLRQ
EHWZHHQFKLSDQGKHDWVLQNDOPRVWDQ\FRPELQDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWFRPSRQHQWVLQRQHPRGXOHDQGUHODWLYHO\ORZFRVWVWKDQNVWREDWFKSURGXFWLRQ
7RGD\LPSRUWDQWDUHDVRIDSSOLFDWLRQIRUSRZHU026)(7DUHSRZHUVXSSO\V\VWHPVORZYROWDJH
VZLWFKDSSOLFDWLRQVLQDXWRPRWLYHHOHFWURQLFVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVIHDWXULQJYHU\KLJKVZLWFKLQJIUH
TXHQFLHVN+]ZKHUHVWDQGDUGLVHGSRZHUPRGXOHVDUHRIUDWKHUORZLPSRUWDQFH
7KHIROORZLQJFKDSWHUVZLOOGHWDLOWKHOD\RXWIXQFWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVRIOLQHUHFWL
HUGLRGHVDQGWK\ULVWRUV SRZHU026)(7 DQG,*%7DQG IDVW GLRGHVUHTXLUHGDVIUHHZKHHOLQJ
GLRGHVDQGRXWOLQHGHYHORSPHQWWUHQGVLQWKHVHDUHDV%DVHGRQWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVGHVFULEHGDW
WKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKLVFKDSWHUWKHJHQHUDODLPVDQGGLUHFWLRQVIRUWKHIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRISRZHU
VHPLFRQGXFWRUVFDQEHVXPPDULVHGDVIROORZV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
25/140
%DVLFV
7KHNH\DLPVIRUIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWDUHDVIROORZV
,QFUHDVLQJWKHVZLWFKLQJSHUIRUPDQFHFXUUHQWYROWDJH
5HGXFLQJORVVHVLQWKHVHPLFRQGXFWRUVDVZHOODVLQFRQWURODQGSURWHFWLYHFLUFXLWV
([SDQGLQJWKHRSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJH
,PSURYHGVHUYLFHOLIHUXJJHGQHVVDQGUHOLDELOLW\
5HGXFLQJWKHDPRXQWRIFRQWURODQGSURWHFWLRQUHTXLUHGLPSURYLQJFRPSRQHQWEHKDYLRXULQWKH
HYHQWRIHUURUIDLOXUH
&RVWUHGXFWLRQ
7KHGHYHORSPHQWGLUHFWLRQVFDQEHEURNHQGRZQDVIROORZV
6HPLFRQGXFWRUPDWHULDOV
1HZVHPLFRQGXFWRUPDWHULDOVHJZLGHEDQGJDSPDWHULDOV
&KLSWHFKQRORJ\
+LJKHUSHUPLVVLEOHFKLSWHPSHUDWXUHVRUFXUUHQWGHQVLWLHVUHGXFWLRQRIFKLSDUHD
)LQHUVWUXFWXUHVUHGXFWLRQRIFKLSDUHD
1HZVWUXFWXUHVLPSURYHPHQWRIFKLSFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
,QWHJUDWLRQRIIXQFWLRQVRQWKHFKLSHJJDWHUHVLVWDQFHWHPSHUDWXUHPHDVXUHPHQWPRQROLWKLF
V\VWHPLQWHJUDWLRQ
1HZPRQROLWKLFFRPSRQHQWVE\FRPELQLQJIXQFWLRQV5&,*%7(6%7
,PSURYHGVWDELOLW\RIFKLSFKDUDFWHULVWLFVXQGHUGLIIHUHQWFOLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQV
3DFNDJLQJ
,QFUHDVHLQWKHUPDODQGSRZHUF\FOLQJFDSDELOLW\
,PSURYHPHQWRIKHDWGLVVLSDWLRQLVRODWLRQVXEVWUDWHEDVHSODWHKHDWVLQN
:LGHUVFRSHRIDSSOLFDWLRQDVUHJDUGVFOLPDWHFRQGLWLRQVWKDQNVWRLPSURYHPHQWVLQFDVLQJDQG
SRWWLQJPDWHULDOVRUQHZSDFNDJLQJFRQFHSWV
2SWLPLVDWLRQRILQWHUQDOFRQQHFWLRQVDQGFRQQHFWLRQOD\RXWVUHJDUGLQJSDUDVLWLFHOHPHQWV
8VHUIULHQGO\SDFNDJHRSWLPLVDWLRQWRVLPSOLI\GHYLFHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
5HGXFWLRQ RI SDFNDJLQJ FRVWV DQG LPSURYHPHQWRI HQYLURQPHQWDO FRPSDWLELOLW\ LQSURGXFWLRQ
RSHUDWLRQDQGUHF\FOLQJ'HJUHHRILQWHJUDWLRQ
,QFUHDVLQJWKHFRPSOH[LW\RISRZHUPRGXOHVWRUHGXFHV\VWHPFRVWV
,QWHJUDWLRQRIGULYHUPRQLWRULQJDQGSURWHFWLYHIXQFWLRQV
6\VWHPLQWHJUDWLRQ
)LJXUHVKRZVGLIIHUHQWSRZHUPRGXOHLQWHJUDWLRQOHYHOV
Module concept:Power semiconductor soldered and bonded
Sub- IPM +Controller +
bus interfaces
Standard
modulesSwitching,
Insulation
Modules +Driver +
Protection
SolderChip
Bond wireModule concept:
Power semiconductor soldered and bonded
IPM +Controller +
bus interfacessystems
IPM +Controller +
bus interfaces
Switching,
Insulation
Switches,
Insulation
Modules +Driver +
ProtectionIPM
Modules +Driver +
Protection
SolderChip
Bond wire
)LJXUH 3RZHUPRGXOHLQWHJUDWLRQOHYHOV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
26/140
%DVLFV
0RUH FRPSOH[WHFKQRORJLHVVPDOOHU VHPLFRQGXFWRUVWUXFWXUHV DQG SUHFLVHSURFHVV FRQWURODUH
LQHYLWDEO\GULYLQJWKHSURSHUWLHVRIPRGHUQSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVWRZDUGVWKHSK\VLFDOOLPLWVRI
VLOLFRQ)RUWKLVUHDVRQUHVHDUFKLQWRDOWHUQDWLYHVHPLFRQGXFWRUPDWHULDOVZKLFKEHJDQDVHDUO\
DVWKHVZDVSXVKHGLQUHFHQW\HDUVDQGKDVVLQFHUHVXOWHGLQWKHUVWPDVVSURGXFWV
7RGD\WKHZLGHEDQGJDSPDWHULDOVVLOLFRQFDUELGH6L&DQGJDOOLXPQLWULGH*D1DUHWKHPDLQ
IRFXVRIWKLVUHVHDUFK&RPSDUHGWRVLOLFRQWKH\GLVSOD\DIDUKLJKHUHQHUJHWLFJDSEHWZHHQYD
OHQFHDQGFRQGXFWLRQEDQGUHVXOWLQJLQFRPSDUDWLYHO\ORZHUIRUZDUGRQVWDWHORVVHVDQGVZLWFKLQJORVVHVKLJKHUSHUPLVVLEOHFKLSWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGEHWWHUKHDWFRQGXFWLYLW\WKDQVLOLFRQ
7DEOHFRQWDLQVTXDQWLWDWLYHGDWDRQWKHNH\PDWHULDOSDUDPHWHUV>@)LJXUHVKRZVWKH
LPSDFWWKH\KDYHRQPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHV
3DUDPHWHUV 6L +6L& *D1
%DQGJDSHQHUJ\ (J
H9
,QWULQVLFGHQVLW\ QL
FP
%UHDNGRZQHOGLQWHQVLW\ (F
09FP
(OHFWURQPRELOLW\ PQ
FP9V
'ULIWYHORFLW\ QVDW
FPV
'LHOHFWULFFRQVWDQW HU
+HDWFRQGXFWLYLW\ O :FP.
7DEOH :LGHEDQGJDSVHPLFRQGXFWRUPDWHULDOVYHUVXVVLOLFRQDFRPSDULVRQRIPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHV
Dielectric
Constant
Breakdown
Electric Field
Bandgap
Thermal
Conductivity
Saturation
Velocity
Determinestemperature limit for
device operation
Determines BV vs.Specific Ron trade-off
for devices designGaN
4H-SiC Si
Relates to devices
carrier transportedswitching speed
Determines heat
dissipation characteristic
in power design
100.0
10.0
1.0
0.1
)LJXUH ,PSDFWRIGLIIHUHQWSK\VLFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIVHPLFRQGXFWRUPDWHULDOV>@
7RGD\WKHNH\WRPRUHZLGHVSUHDGXVHRI6L&KRZHYHULVWRHQDEOHWKHFRVWHIFLHQWSURGXFWLRQ
RIVXLWDEOHPRQRFU\VWDOOLQHFKLSVWKDWDUHVXIFLHQWO\KLJKLQTXDOLW\WRHOLPLQDWHFU\VWDOGHJUDGD
WLRQPLFURSLSHVDQGWKDWDUHDYDLODEOHLQRSWLPXPZDIHUVL]HVIRUWKHSRZHUHOHFWURQLFVLQGXVWU\
:KLOH6LLVFXUUHQWO\SURGXFHGRQZDIHUVYLUWXDOO\GHIHFWIUHHIRUFPWKHGHIHFWGHQVLW\
IRU6L&ZDIHUVZLWKDGLDPHWHURILVRQHRUGHURIPDJQLWXGHKLJKHUPXOWLSO\LQJFRVWVLQFRPSDUL
VRQWR6L*D1ZKLFKGLVSOD\VVOLJKWO\SRRUHUSURSHUWLHVWKDQ6L&KDVEHHQXVHGPDLQO\LQRSWRHOHFWURQLFFRPSRQHQWVVRIDU7KHFDUULHUPDWHULDOHPSOR\HGWRGD\LVVDSSKLUH6LQFHWKLVPDWHULDO
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
27/140
%DVLFV
LVQRQFRQGXFWLYH*D1FRPSRQHQWVPXVWKDYHSODQDUVWUXFWXUHV7KHPRVWFRPPRQW\SHRIGLRGH
RQWKHPDUNHWWRGD\LVWKH6L&6FKRWWN\GLRGH
2ZLQJWRWKHDGYDQFHGGHYHORSPHQWVWDJHRI6LSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVWKHUHLVQRWHFKQLFDOQHHG
WRLQWURGXFHRWKHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUPDWHULDOVIRU026)(7DQG,*%7LQWKHYROWDJHUDQJH9
,QWKLVYROWDJHUDQJHZLGHEDQGJDSVHPLFRQGXFWRUPDWHULDOVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WREHFRPSHWLWLYHLQ
MXQFWLRQJDWH GULYHQ SRZHU VHPLFRQGXFWRUV VXFK DV -)(7 MXQFWLRQ JDWH HOGHIIHFW WUDQVLVWRUV
ELSRODUWUDQVLVWRUVDQGWK\ULVWRUVZKHUHDV026GULYHQWUDQVLVWRUVFOHDUO\RXWSOD\VLOLFRQFRPSRQHQWVZKHQKLJKHUYROWDJHVDUHDSSOLHG
2ZLQJWRKLJKPDWHULDOFRVWVSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVPDGHRIZLGHEDQGJDSPDWHULDOVDUHXVHG
UVWDQGIRUHPRVWLQDSSOLFDWLRQVZKHUHDSDUWLFXODUO\KLJKHIFLHQF\UDWLRRUPLQLPXPDEVROXWH
ORVVHVDUHUHTXLUHGDVZHOODVLQDSSOLFDWLRQVZKRVHUHTXLUHPHQWVHJWHPSHUDWXUHYROWDJHRU
IUHTXHQF\FDQQRWEHPHWZLWK6LSRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUV
,QRUGHUWR WRIXOO\EHQHWIURPWKHPDLQDGYDQWDJHVWKDW SRZHUVHPLFRQGXFWRUVPDGHRI6L&RU
*D1KDYHRYHUFRQYHQWLRQDOFRPSRQHQWVVXFKDV
ORZFRQGXFWLRQDQGVZLWFKLQJORVVHV
KLJKHUEORFNLQJYROWDJHV
KLJKHUSRVVLEOHSRZHUGHQVLWLHV
KLJKHUSHUPLVVLEOHRSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHV
VKRUWHUVZLWFKLQJWLPHVKLJKHUVZLWFKLQJIUHTXHQFLHV
LWLVYLWDOIRUSDFNDJLQJWREHIXUWKHUGHYHORSHGDQGLPSURYHGRQDFFRUGLQJO\
/LQHUHFWLHUV
5HFWLHUGLRGHV
&LUFXLWV\PERO
Anode
Cathode
*HQHUDOWHUPV
)RUZDUGGLUHFWLRQ
'LUHFWLRQRIFXUUHQWRZZKHUHWKHUHFWLHUGLRGHKDVWKHORZHUUHVLVWDQFH
5HYHUVHGLUHFWLRQ'LUHFWLRQRIFXUUHQWRZZKHUHWKHUHFWLHUGLRGHKDVWKHKLJKHUUHVLVWDQFH
$QRGHWHUPLQDO
7HUPLQDOLQWRZKLFKWKHIRUZDUGFXUUHQWRQVWDWHFXUUHQWRZV
&DWKRGHWHUPLQDO
7HUPLQDORXWRIZKLFKWKHIRUZDUGFXUUHQWRQVWDWHFXUUHQWRZV
2QVWDWHFXUUHQWIRUZDUGFXUUHQW
&XUUHQWRZLQJLQIRUZDUGGLUHFWLRQ
2QVWDWHYROWDJHIRUZDUGYROWDJH9ROWDJHDSSOLHGEHWZHHQWKHWHUPLQDOVDVDUHVXOWRIWKHIRUZDUGFXUUHQW
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
28/140
%DVLFV
5HYHUVHFXUUHQW
&XUUHQW RZLQJLQ UHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQDV D UHVXOWRIEORFNLQJYROWDJH UHYHUVH YROWDJH ,I WKHRII
VWDWHFXUUHQWLVGLVSOD\HGXVLQJDSORWWHUDQRVFLOORVFRSHRUDVLPLODUPHDVXULQJLQVWUXPHQWZLWKD
VFUHHQ'&YROWDJHVKRXOGEHXVHGIRUPHDVXUHPHQWVLISRVVLEOH,IPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHWDNHQXV
LQJ$&YROWDJHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWWKHFDSDFLWDQFHRIWKHSQMXQFWLRQFDXVHVDVSOLWLQWKH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYH'HSHQGLQJRQWKHULVLQJRUIDOOLQJYROWDJHWKHUHZLOOEHDSRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYH
GLVSODFHPHQWFXUUHQWZKLFKVSOLWVWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLQWRWZREUDQFKHV7KHSRLQWLQWKHSHDNRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWYROWDJHLVQRWGLVWRUWHGE\FDSDFLWLYHLQXHQFHVDQGVKRZVWKHWUXHUHYHUVHFXUUHQW
)LJXUH
measured voltage v
reversecurrent i
reverse current i at vr r
capacitive hysteresis
vr
)LJXUH %ORFNLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFZLWKFDSDFLWLYHVSOLWWLQJDVDUHVXOWRI$&PHDVXUHPHQWV
%ORFNLQJYROWDJHUHYHUVHYROWDJH
9ROWDJHDSSOLHGEHWZHHQWKHWHUPLQDOVLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQ
6WUXFWXUHDQGIXQFWLRQDOSULQFLSOH
5HFWLHUGLRGHVDUH FRPSRQHQWVZLWK WZRWHUPLQDOVDQGDUH XVHGWR UHFWLI\DOWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQWV
7KH\KDYHDQDV\PPHWULFDOFXUUHQWYROWDJHFKDUDFWHULVWLF)LJXUH
Conducting area
Threshold voltage
Forward direction
Reversedirection
Blocking areaBreak through
Equivalent sloperesistance
V
I
)LJXUH &XUUHQWYROWDJHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIDUHFWLHUGLRGHZLWKYROWDJHGLUHFWLRQV
FXUUHQWYROWDJHDUHDVDQGHTXLYDOHQWUHVLVWDQFHOLQH
7RGD\WKHVHPLFRQGXFWRUGLRGHVXVHGWRUHFWLI\OLQHYROWDJHVDUHSURGXFHGPDLQO\RQWKHEDVLVRI
PRQRFU\VWDOOLQHVLOLFRQ$GLVWLQFWLRQLVPDGHEHWZHHQGLRGHVZKRVHUHFWLI\LQJHIIHFWLVFDXVHGE\
WKHWUDQVLWLRQRIPRELOHFKDUJHFDUULHUVIURPDQQGRSHGWRDSGRSHGDUHDLQWKHVHPLFRQGXFWRU
SQGLRGHVDQG6FKRWWN\GLRGHVZKHUHDPHWDOVHPLFRQGXFWRUMXQFWLRQSURGXFHVWKHUHFWLI\LQJ
HIIHFW
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
29/140
%DVLFV
Anode (metallised)
p+-Si
n--Si
n+-Si
Glass passivation
pn-junction Cathode (metallised)
wp
Anode (metallised)
n--Si
n+-Si
Guard ring
Schottky-Contact
Cathode (metallised)
p-Si
Oxid
p-Si
a) b)
)LJXUH 6FKHPDWLFOD\RXWRIDSQGLRGHDDQGD6FKRWWN\GLRGHE
7KHJODVVLYDWLRQDQGWKHJXDUGULQJZLWKR[LGHFRYHUSURYLGHSURWHFWLRQIURPHQYLURQPHQWDO
LPSDFWVDQGVWDELOL]HUHYHUVHFXUUHQWV
SQGLRGHVSLQGLRGHV
$SQGLRGHFRQVLVWVRIDKHDYLO\SGRSHGSOD\HUZLWKPDQ\IUHHPRYLQJKROHVDKHDYLO\QGRSHG
QOD\HU ZLWK PDQ\ IUHHPRYLQJ HOHFWURQV DQG D ZHDNO\ QGRSHG QOD\HU DOVR FDOOHG LOD\HU LPHDQLQJLQWULQVLFLQEHWZHHQZKRVHZLGWKZ
SDQGGRSLQJGHWHUPLQHWKHPD[LPXPEORFNLQJYROW
DJH7KHHOHFWURQVDQGKROHVSUHVHQWLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHSQMXQFWLRQUHFRPELQHZLWKHDFKRWKHU
ZKLFKLVZK\WKH\DUHQRORQJHUDYDLODEOHIRUFXUUHQWWUDQVPLVVLRQ7KXVDQLQVXODWLQJWKLQOD\HU
ZLWK QRIUHHPRYLQJ FKDUJHFDUULHUV LVFUHDWHG7KLV LVFDOOHGWKHVSDFHFKDUJH UHJLRQVLQFHD
SRWHQWLDOGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQSGRSHGDQGQGRSHGVLOLFRQLVEXLOWXSKHUHDVDUHVXOWRIWKHQRQ
PRELOHFKDUJHVRILRQLVHGGRSLQJDWRPV7KLVKDSSHQVZLWKRXWH[WHUQDOYROWDJHEHLQJDSSOLHG
,IDQHJDWLYHYROWDJHLVDSSOLHGWRWKHSVLOLFRQDQGDSRVLWLYHYROWDJHWRWKHQVLOLFRQIUHHHOHFWURQVLQ
WKHQVLOLFRQDUHVXFNHGWRZDUGWKHFDWKRGHDQGWKHKROHVLQWKHSVLOLFRQWRZDUGWKHDQRGH2ZLQJWR
WKLVHIIHFWWKHLQVXODWLQJVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQLVZLGHQHGDQGWKHHOHFWULFHOGLQWHQVLW\LQWKHYLFLQLW\RI
WKHSQMXQFWLRQLQFUHDVHV7KHGLRGHLVSROHGLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQDQGWKHUHLVDOPRVWQRFXUUHQWRZ
(YHQLIDGLRGHLVSROHGLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQDVPDOOFXUUHQWZLOORZ7KLVLVFDOOHGWKHOHDNDJHFXUUHQW7KLVFXUUHQWUHVXOWVIURPWKHIDFWWKDWIUHHFKDUJHFDUULHUSDLUVDUHJHQHUDWHGLQWKHVSDFH
FKDUJHUHJLRQDVDUHVXOWRIWKHUPDOHQHUJ\RULUUDGLDWLRQ7KHVHFKDUJHFDUULHUSDLUVDUHVHSDUDWHG
LQWKHHOGRIWKHVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQDQGGUDLQHGWRZDUGWKHWHUPLQDOV
,ID SRVLWLYH YROWDJH LVDSSOLHG WRWKHSVLOLFRQDQG D QHJDWLYH YROWDJH WRWKHQVLOLFRQWKH IUHH
HOHFWURQVLQWKHQVLOLFRQDQGWKHKROHVLQWKHSVLOLFRQDUHSXVKHGLQWRWKHVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQ
7KHVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQLVRRGHGE\PRELOHFKDUJHFDUULHUVDQGGLVDSSHDUV$FXUUHQWRZVDQG
PRUHFKDUJHFDUULHUVDUHVXSSOLHGIURPWKHRXWHUFLUFXLW7KHGLRGHLVSROHGLQIRUZDUGGLUHFWLRQ
)LJXUH
6FKRWWN\GLRGHV
,Q6FKRWWN\GLRGHVWKHPHWDOVHPLFRQGXFWRUFRQWDFW6FKRWWN\FRQWDFWFDUULHVRXWWKHWDVNVRIWKHSQMXQFWLRQ7KHELJJHVWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQSQGLRGHVDQG6FKRWWN\GLRGHVLVWKDWLQSQGLRGHV
ERWKHOHFWURQVDQGKROHVDVVLVWLQFXUUHQWWUDQVPLVVLRQWKHSQGLRGHLVDELSRODUFRPSRQHQW
ZKHUHDVRQO\RQHW\SHRIFKDUJHFDUULHULVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUFXUUHQWWUDQVPLVVLRQLQ6FKRWWN\GLRGHV
XQLSRODUFRPSRQHQW7KLVKDVD SDUWLFXODUO\ VWURQJDIIHFW RQWKH G\QDPLFEHKDYLRXU DOVRVHH
FKDSWHUDQG
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
30/140
%DVLFV
6WDWLFEHKDYLRXU
2QVWDWHEHKDYLRXU
:KHQIRUZDUGYROWDJHLVDSSOLHGWKHFXUUHQWZLOOLQFUHDVHVWHHSO\DVVRRQDVWKHWKUHVKROGYROW
DJHIRUVLOLFRQWKLVLVDSSUR[9KDVEHHQUHDFKHG)LJXUH2QO\DWYHU\KLJKFXUUHQWV
ZKLFKDUHIDUDERYHWKHSHUPLVVLEOHFRQWLQXRXVFXUUHQWZLOOWKLVRQVWDWHFXUYHOHYHORXWVOLJKWO\
)RU ORZ DQG PHGLXP FXUUHQWV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH FRHIFLHQW RI WKH RQVWDWH YROWDJH LV QHJDWLYH
ZKLFKPHDQVWKDWDWFRQVWDQWFXUUHQWWKHKLJKHUWKHWHPSHUDWXUHWKHORZHUWKHRQVWDWHYROWDJH:LWKYHU\KLJKFXUUHQWVWKLVEHKDYLRXULVUHYHUVHG:KHQWKHRQVWDWHFXUUHQWRZVRQVWDWH
ORVVHVDUHFUHDWHGRQVWDWHFXUUHQWRQVWDWHYROWDJHKHDWLQJXSWKHGLRGH7KLVKHDWEXLOGXS
OLPLWVWKHIRUZDUGFXUUHQWVLQFHH[FHVVLYHKHDWPD\GDPDJHWKHGLRGH
%ORFNLQJEHKDYLRXU
,I YROWDJHLV DSSOLHG WRD GLRGH LQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQWKH UHYHUVHFXUUHQW ZLOO LQLWLDOO\ ULVH XQWLO LW
UHDFKHVDOHYHODWMXVWDIHZYROWVZKLFKZLOOEDUHO\LQFUHDVHIXUWKHUDVWKHYROWDJHLVLQFUHDVHG
7KHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWLVKLJKO\WHPSHUDWXUHGHSHQGHQWDQGULVHVSURSRUWLRQDWHWRWHPSHUDWXUHDQ
HIIHFWWKDWLVSDUWLFXODUO\VWURQJLQWKHFDVHRI6FKRWWN\GLRGHV8QGHUQRUPDORSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV
KRZHYHUWKHORVVHVWKDWRFFXUEORFNLQJYROWDJHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWDUHVRVPDOOWKDWWKH\FDQEH
QHJOHFWHGZKHQFDOFXODWLQJWKHRYHUDOOORVVHVH[FHSWLRQ6FKRWWN\GLRGHV,IWKHYROWDJHDSSOLHGLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQLVLQFUHDVHGXQWLOLWUHDFKHVWKHEUHDNGRZQUHJLRQ)LJXUHWKHUHYHUVH
FXUUHQWZLOOULVHPRUHRUOHVVVWHHSO\7ZRPHFKDQLVPVPD\FDXVHWKLVULVHWKH=HQHUHIIHFWDQG
WKHDYDODQFKHHIIHFW
=HQHUHIIHFW
,QGLRGHVZLWKDYHU\KLJKO\GRSHGQPLGGOHUHJLRQWKHHOGLQWHQVLW\LQWKHVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQ
PD\EHFRPHVRKLJKWKDWHOHFWURQVDUHVQDWFKHGDZD\IURPWKHVLOLFRQDWRPERQGVWKXVFUHDWLQJ
IUHHFKDUJHFDUULHUSDLUV=HQHUHIIHFW7KLVFDXVHVWKHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWWRULVHYHU\VWHHSO\7KH
=HQHUYROWDJH ZKLFKLVSUHVHQW ZKHQWKLV ULVH RFFXUVGURSVDV WKHWHPSHUDWXUHLQFUHDVHV7KH
=HQHUHIIHFWDSSHDUVRQO\LQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKH[WUHPHO\KLJKHOGLQWHQVLWLHVLQWKHVSDFHFKDUJH
UHJLRQ6XFKHOGLQWHQVLWLHVDUHRQO\REVHUYHGLQGLRGHVZLWKDUHODWLYHO\ORZEUHDNGRZQYROWDJH
7KHOLPLWLV9,QWKHFDVHRIKLJKHUEUHDNGRZQYROWDJHVWKLVHIIHFWLVNQRZQDVWKHDYDODQFKH
HIIHFW
$YDODQFKHHIIHFW
:LWKLQWKHVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQIUHH FKDUJHFDUULHUVHOHFWURQVRUKROHVDUHJHQHUDWHGDV DUH
VXOWRIWKHUPDORURSWLFDOHQHUJ\,QWKHDYDODQFKHHIIHFWWKHVHFKDUJHFDUULHUVDUHDFFHOHUDWHG
E\WKHHOHFWULFHOGLQWHQVLW\SUHYDLOLQJLQWKHVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQWRVXFKDQH[WHQWWKDWGXHWR
WKHLUNLQHWLFHQHUJ\WKH\PD\FUHDWHPRUHFKDUJHFDUULHUSDLUVE\EXPSLQJLQWRYDOHQFHHOHFWURQV
LRQLVDWLRQE\FROOLVLRQ7KHQXPEHURIIUHHFKDUJHFDUULHUVLQFUHDVHVOLNHDQDYDODQFKHZKLFK
LVDOVRWUXHIRUWKHUHYHUVHFXUUHQW7KHDYDODQFKHYROWDJHZKLFKLVSUHVHQWZKHQWKLVHIIHFWDS
SHDUVKDVDSRVLWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHFRHIFLHQWLHLWLQFUHDVHVSURSRUWLRQDWHWRWKHWHPSHUDWXUH$OO
EUHDNGRZQYROWDJHVJUHDWHUWKDQ9DUHFDXVHGE\WKHDYDODQFKHHIIHFW$YDODQFKHGLRGHVDUHRIWHQZURQJO\FDOOHG=HQHUGLRGHV2SHUDWLQJDGLRGHLQDYDODQFKHEUHDNGRZQLVRQO\SHUPLWWHGLI
H[SOLFLWO\VSHFLHGLQWKHGDWDVKHHW
'\QDPLFEHKDYLRXU
7XUQRQEHKDYLRXU
:KHQWKH GLRGHVZLWFKHVWRFRQGXFWLYHVWDWHWKHYROWDJHZLOO LQLWLDOO\LQFUHDVHWR WKHPD[LPXP
WXUQRQYROWDJH9)50
2QO\ZKHQWKHQUHJLRQKDVEHHQFRPSOHWHO\RRGHGE\FKDUJHFDUULHUVZLOO
WKHRQVWDWHYROWDJHGURSWRLWVVWDWLFYDOXH9))LJXUH)RUZDUGUHFRYHU\WLPHW
IULVLQWKH
UDQJHRIQV7KHVWHHSHUWKHFXUUHQWULVHDQGWKHWKLFNHUWKHORZGRSHGQUHJLRQLQWKHGLRGH
WKHKLJKHU9)50
ZLOOEH7KHWXUQRQSHDNYROWDJHPD\EH9DQGDERYH
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
31/140
%DVLFV
tfr
static value of forwardvoltage
IF
0.1 IF
v
VFF0.1 VF
1.1 VF
t
maximum turn-on voltageVFRM
)LJXUH 'LRGHWXUQRQEHKDYLRXU
7XUQRIIEHKDYLRXU
SQGLRGHV
,QFRQGXFWLYHVWDWHWKHHQWLUHYROXPHRIWKHGLRGHLVRRGHGZLWKHOHFWURQVDQGKROHV,IYROWDJH
SRODULW\LVWKHQUHYHUVHGWKHGLRGHZLOODOVRFRQGXFWLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQPHDQLQJWKDWQREORFN
LQJYROWDJHFDQEHEXLOWXS2ZLQJWRWKHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWDQGWKHUHFRPELQDWLRQRIHOHFWURQVDQG
KROHVH[FHVVFKDUJHLVGHSOHWHGLQWKHGLRGH$VVRRQDVDOOH[FHVVFKDUJHFDUULHUVDUHGHSOHWHG
WR]HURDWWKHSQMXQFWLRQWKHGLRGHFDQWDNHXSEORFNLQJYROWDJHDJDLQWKHSHDNUHYHUVHUHFRYHU\
FXUUHQW,550
LVUHDFKHGDQGIURPWKLVSRLQWRQWKHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWZLOOGHFOLQHDJDLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUH 7XUQRIIEHKDYLRXURIDSQGLRGHGHQLWLRQVDDQGFXUUHQWFXUYHYROWDJHDQGVZLWFKLQJ
ORVVHVE
7KHUHGWULDQJOH4UU
LVWKHFKDUJHVWRUHGLQWKHGLRGH:KHQWKHSHDNUHYHUVHUHFRYHU\FXUUHQW,550
KDVSDVVHGYROWDJHLVSUHVHQWDWWKHGLRGHDQGDFXUUHQWRZVWKURXJKLW7KLVUHVXOWVLQVZLWFK
LQJORVVHVZKLFKPD\UHDFKFRQVLGHUDEOHOHYHOVZKHQKLJKHUIUHTXHQFLHVDUHDSSOLHGDQGPXVW
EHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQWKHWRWDOORVVHV5HYHUVHUHFRYHU\WLPHWUUVWRUDJHFKDUJH4
UUDQGSHDN
UHYHUVHUHFRYHU\FXUUHQW,550
LQFUHDVHVWURQJO\DWKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHV'LRGHVZLWKDVKRUWUHYHUVH
UHFRYHU\WLPHWUUVPDOOVWRUDJHFKDUJH4
UUDQGORZSHDNUHYHUVHUHFRYHU\FXUUHQW,
550DUHFDOOHG
IDVWGLRGHVVHHFKDSWHU)DVWGLRGHVDUHREWDLQHGE\UHGXFLQJWKHFDUULHUOLIHIRUH[DPSOH
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
32/140
%DVLFV
6FKRWWN\GLRGHV
6FKRWWN\GLRGHVDUHXQLSRODUFRPSRQHQWVRQO\RQHW\SHRIFKDUJHFDUULHULVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUFXU
UHQWWUDQVPLVVLRQ:KLOHWKHRQVWDWHFXUUHQWLVRZLQJQRH[FHVVFKDUJHZKLFKFRXOGDSSHDU
DVVWRUDJHFKDUJHZKHQWKHGLRGHLVWXUQHGRIIUHYHUVHGSRODULW\LVEXLOWXS7KLVPHDQVWKDW
6FKRWWN\GLRGHVKDYHQRUHYHUVHFXUUHQW,550
DSDUWIURPDYHU\ORZFXUUHQWIRUUHFKDUJLQJWKHMXQF
WLRQFDSDFLWDQFH$UHYHUVHUHFRYHU\WLPHLVQRWGHQHG
2ZLQJWR WKHLUPLQLPDOVZLWFKLQJORVVHV6FKRWWN\GLRGHVDUHKLJKO\VXLWDEOHIRU XVHLQ KLJKIUHTXHQF\ DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KHLU EORFNLQJ YROWDJHV KRZHYHU DUHOLPLWHG GXHWR WKHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWV
ZKLFKULVHVWHHSO\ZKHQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHULVHVDQGWKHXQLSRODURQVWDWHFKDUDFWHU6LOLFRQEDVHG
6FKRWWN\GLRGHVDUHFXUUHQWO\DYDLODEOHZLWKDEORFNLQJYROWDJHRIXSWRDURXQG9WKRVHPDGH
RIJDOOLXPDUVHQLGH*D$VDUHVXLWDEOHIRUXSWR9ZKLOH6FKRWWN\GLRGHVPDGHRIVLOLFRQFDU
ELGH6L&DUHDYDLODEOHIRUXSWR97KHVXLWDELOLW\RI6L&IRUKLJKEORFNLQJ6FKRWWN\GLRGHVLV
GRZQWRWKHPDWHULDOVEUHDNGRZQHOGLQWHQVLW\ZKLFKLVQLQHWLPHVKLJKHUWKDQVLOLFRQ
7K\ULVWRUV
&LUFXLWV\PERO
Anode
CathodeGate
*HQHUDOWHUPV
)RUZDUGGLUHFWLRQVZLWFKLQJGLUHFWLRQ
7KHGLUHFWLRQ RIFXUUHQW RZWKURXJKWKHPDLQWHUPLQDOVLQ ZKLFKWKHWK\ULVWRUFDQDVVXPHWZR
VWDEOHRSHUDWLQJVWDWHVLHRIIVWDWHDQGRQVWDWH5HYHUVHGLUHFWLRQ
7KHGLUHFWLRQRSSRVLWHWRVZLWFKLQJGLUHFWLRQ
2QVWDWH
2SHUDWLQJVWDWHDWDFHUWDLQRSHUDWLQJSRLQWRURSHUDWLQJSRLQWUDQJHZKHUHWKH'&UHVLVWDQFHLV
VPDOOFRPSDUHGWRWKHUHVLVWDQFHLQRIIVWDWH
2IIVWDWH
2SHUDWLQJVWDWHZKHUHWKH'&UHVLVWDQFHLVKLJKFRPSDUHGWRWKHUHVLVWDQFHLQRQVWDWH
$QRGHWHUPLQDO
0DLQWHUPLQDOZKHUHWKHIRUZDUGFXUUHQWHQWHUVWKHWK\ULVWRU
&DWKRGHWHUPLQDO
0DLQWHUPLQDOZKHUHWKHIRUZDUGFXUUHQWOHDYHVWKHWK\ULVWRU
*DWH
7HUPLQDOWKURXJKZKLFKRQO\JDWHFXUUHQWRZV7KHGHYLFHLQWHQGHGIRUFRQWUROLVFRQQHFWHGWR
WKHJDWHDQGWKHFDWKRGHWHUPLQDO)RUWKLVSXUSRVHODUJHUWK\ULVWRUVDUHHTXLSSHGZLWKDVHFRQG
FDWKRGHWHUPLQDO
)RUZDUGFXUUHQW
7KHFXUUHQWRZLQJLQIRUZDUGGLUHFWLRQWKURXJKWKHPDLQWHUPLQDOV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
33/140
%DVLFV
5HYHUVHFXUUHQW
7KHFXUUHQWRZLQJLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQWKURXJKWKHPDLQWHUPLQDOV
2QVWDWHFXUUHQW
7KHFXUUHQWRZLQJWKURXJKWKHPDLQWHUPLQDOVLQRQVWDWH
2IIVWDWHFXUUHQW
7KHFXUUHQWRZLQJWKURXJKWKHPDLQWHUPLQDOVLQRIIVWDWH,IWKHRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWLVGLVSOD\HGXV
LQJDSORWWHUDQRVFLOORVFRSHRUDVLPLODUPHDVXULQJLQVWUXPHQWZLWKDVFUHHQ'&YROWDJHVKRXOG
EHXVHGIRUPHDVXUHPHQWVLISRVVLEOH,IPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHWDNHQXVLQJ$&YROWDJHLWLVLPSRUWDQW
WRQRWHWKDWWKHFDSDFLWDQFHRIWKHSQMXQFWLRQFDXVHVDVSOLWLQWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYH'HSHQG
LQJRQWKHULVLQJRUIDOOLQJYROWDJHWKHUHZLOOEHDSRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWFXUUHQWZKLFK
VSOLWVWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLQWRWZREUDQFKHV7KHSRLQWLQWKHSHDNRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWYROWDJHLVQRW
GLVWRUWHGE\FDSDFLWLYHLQXHQFHVDQGVKRZVWKHWUXHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWVHH)LJXUH
)RUZDUGYROWDJH
9ROWDJHDSSOLHGDWWKHPDLQWHUPLQDOVLQIRUZDUGGLUHFWLRQ
5HYHUVHYROWDJH
9ROWDJHDSSOLHGDWWKHPDLQWHUPLQDOVLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQ
2QVWDWHYROWDJH
9ROWDJHDSSOLHGDWWKHPDLQWHUPLQDOVLQRQVWDWH
5HYHUVHYROWDJH
9ROWDJHDSSOLHGDWWKHPDLQWHUPLQDOVLQRIIVWDWH
%UHDNRYHUYROWDJH
%ORFNLQJYROWDJHLQIRUZDUGGLUHFWLRQZKHUHWKHWK\ULVWRUVXGGHQO\WUDQVLWVLQWRRQVWDWHZLWKRXW
JDWHFXUUHQWRZLQJ
*DWHFXUUHQW
7KHFXUUHQWRZLQJWKURXJKWKHJDWH7KLVLVFDOOHGSRVLWLYHZKHQLWRZVLQWRWKHJDWH
*DWHYROWDJH
9ROWDJHEHWZHHQJDWHDQGFDWKRGHWHUPLQDO7KLVLVNQRZQDVSRVLWLYHLIWKHJDWHKDVWKHKLJKHU
SRWHQWLDO
6WUXFWXUHDQGIXQFWLRQDOSULQFLSOH
$WK\ULVWRULVDVHPLFRQGXFWRUFRPSRQHQWZLWKDPLQLPXPRISQMXQFWLRQVZKLFKFDQEHVZLWFKHG
IURPRIIVWDWHWRRQVWDWH2IWHQWK\ULVWRUVSHFLFDOO\GHVLJQDWHVWKHUHYHUVHEORFNLQJWULRGHWK\
ULVWRUZKLFKFDQQRWEHVZLWFKHGLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQEXWEORFNV,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHWZRWHUPLQDOVWKDWDGLRGHSURYLGHVDWK\ULVWRUKDVDJDWHZKLFKVHUYHVWRVZLWFKWKHWK\ULVWRUWRWKHRQVWDWH)LJXUH
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
34/140
%DVLFV
Forward
blocking
Forward breakover
Forward direction
Conducting
Reverseblocking
Break throughvoltage Holding
current
I
V
)LJXUH &XUUHQWYROWDJHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIDWK\ULVWRUZLWKYROWDJHGLUHFWLRQVDQGRSHUDWLQJVWDWHV
p-Si
n--Si
n+ -Si
Glass passivation
Cathode (metallised)
p+-Si
Gate (metallised)
High blocking pn-junction
Anode (metallised)
)LJXUH 'LDJUDPRIDWK\ULVWRUJODVVLYDWLRQDFWVDVSURWHFWLRQIURPHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWVDQGVWDEL
OL]HVUHYHUVHFXUUHQWV
$WK\ULVWRU FRQVLVWV RI IRXU DOWHUQDWH QGRSHG DQG SGRSHG UHJLRQV )LJXUH 7RJHWKHU ZLWK
WKHDGMDFHQWSGRSHGUHJLRQVWKHPLGGOHQUHJLRQIRUPVWKHKLJKEORFNLQJSQMXQFWLRQVLQIRUZDUG
DQGUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQ3DVVLYLDWLRQKHUHJODVVLYDWLRQPXVWEHSHUIRUPHGIRUERWKSQMXQFWLRQV
,QRUGHUWREHDEOHWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZDWK\ULVWRUZRUNV\RXFDQUVWLPDJLQHWKHWK\ULVWRUGLYLGHG
LQWRDQ131WUDQVLVWRUDQGD313WUDQVLVWRU)LJXUH
n
n
p
p
Cathode
Anode
Gate
n
p
n
p
Gate
Cathode
Anode
n
p
Gate
Cathode
Anode
)LJXUH 6SOLWWLQJDWK\ULVWRULQWRWZRFRXSOHG131DQG313WUDQVLVWRUV
,IWKHFDWKRGHLVQHJDWLYHO\SRODUL]HGZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHDQRGHDFXUUHQWZLOORZIURPWKHJDWH
WRWKHFDWKRGHDVDUHVXOWWKHFDWKRGHZKLFKLVWKHHPLWWHURIWKH131WUDQVLVWRUZLOOLQMHFWHOHF
WURQV7KHJDWHFXUUHQWLVDPSOLHGE\WKH131WUDQVLVWRU6RPHRIWKHVHHOHFWURQVZLOOUHDFKWKH
ORZGRSHGUHJLRQZKLFKVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DFWVDVFROOHFWRURIWKH131WUDQVLVWRUDQGEDVLVRI313WUDQVLVWRU,QWKH313WUDQVLVWRUWKLVFXUUHQWLVIXUWKHUDPSOLHGDQGFRQGXFWHGWRWKHEDVLVRIWKH
131WUDQVLVWRU7KLVFRXSOLQJRIWKHWUDQVLVWRUSDUWVLVFUXFLDOIRUWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHWK\ULVWRU
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
35/140
%DVLFV
7KHFXUUHQWDPSOLFDWLRQLQWKHWUDQVLVWRULVFXUUHQWGHSHQGHQW$VVRRQDVWKHFXUUHQWLQWKHJDWH
UHJLRQEHFRPHVVRKLJKWKDWWKHVXPRIFXUUHQWJDLQVLQEDVLVFLUFXLWUHVXOWVLQQSQ
SQS
WKH
FXUUHQWLVDPSOLHGEH\RQGDOOPHDVXUHDQGWKHWK\ULVWRULVWULJJHUHGPHDQLQJLWWXUQVLQWRDQRQ
VWDWH$VKRUWFXUUHQWSXOVHWRWKHJDWHHJODVWLQJVLVVXIFLHQWWRWULJJHUWKHWK\ULVWRU,IWKH
PDLQFXUUHQWKDVH[FHHGHGWKHODWFKLQJFXUUHQW,/DWWKHHQGRIWKHWULJJHUSXOVHWKHWK\ULVWRUZLOO
VWD\LQRQVWDWH2QO\LIWKHPDLQFXUUHQWIDOOVEHORZWKHKROGLQJFXUUHQW,+
ZLOOWKHWK\ULVWRUVZLWFK
EDFNWRIRUZDUGRIIVWDWHEORFNLQJVWDWHVHHFKDSWHU(YHU\FXUUHQWRZLQJWKURXJKWKH
SQMXQFWLRQIURPWKHJDWHWRWKHFDWKRGHDFWVDVWULJJHUFXUUHQWLILWLVKLJKHQRXJK
([WHUQDOWULJJHUFXUUHQWIURPJDWHWRFDWKRGH
2IIVWDWHFXUUHQWE\H[FHHGLQJWKHPD[LPXPEORFNLQJYROWDJHEUHDNRYHUYROWDJHEUHDNRYHU
WULJJHULQJ
&XUUHQWJHQHUDWHGLQWKHVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQE\OLJKWLQFLGHQFHOLJKWWULJJHULQJ
([FHVVLYHWHPSHUDWXUHWKHUPDOO\JHQHUDWHGRIIVWDWHFXUUHQW
&DSDFLWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWFXUUHQWRZLQJWRVWHHSO\ULVLQJDQRGHYROWDJHGYGW
6WDWLFEHKDYLRXU
2QVWDWHEHKDYLRXU
7KHRQVWDWHEHKDYLRXURI WK\ULVWRUVFRUUHVSRQGVWR WKDWRI GLRGHV:KHQIRUZDUGYROWDJHLVDSSOLHGFXUUHQW ZLOO LQFUHDVH VWHHSO\DV VRRQ DVWKH WKUHVKROGYROWDJH KDVEHHQUHDFKHG)LJXUH
2QO\ DW YHU\ KLJK FXUUHQWV ZKLFK DUH IDU DERYH WKH SHUPLVVLEOH FRQWLQXRXV FXUUHQW ZLOO
WKLV RQVWDWH FXUYH OHYHO RXWVOLJKWO\ )RUORZ DQG PHGLXPFXUUHQWV WKHWHPSHUDWXUH FRHIFLHQW
RIWKHRQVWDWHYROWDJHLVQHJDWLYHZKLFKPHDQVWKDWDWFRQVWDQWFXUUHQWWKHKLJKHUWKHWHP
SHUDWXUHWKHORZHUWKHRQVWDWHYROWDJH:LWKYHU\KLJKFXUUHQWVWKLVEHKDYLRXULVUHYHUVHG
:KHQWKHRQVWDWHFXUUHQWRZVRQVWDWHORVVHVDUHFUHDWHGRQVWDWHFXUUHQWRQVWDWHYROW
DJHKHDWLQJXSWKHWK\ULVWRU7KLVKHDWEXLOGXSOLPLWVWKHIRUZDUGFXUUHQWVLQFHH[FHVVLYHKHDW
PLJKWGDPDJHWKHWK\ULVWRU
%ORFNLQJEHKDYLRXU
,IYROWDJHLVDSSOLHGWRDWK\ULVWRULQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQWKHRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWZLOOLQLWLDOO\ULVH
XQWLOLWUHDFKHVDOHYHODWMXVWDIHZYROWVZKLFKZLOOEDUHO\LQFUHDVHIXUWKHUDVWKHYROWDJHLVLQFUHDVHG7KHRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWLVKLJKO\WHPSHUDWXUHGHSHQGHQWDQGLQFUHDVHVLQSURSRUWLRQWRWKH
WHPSHUDWXUH,IWKHYROWDJHDSSOLHGLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQLVLQFUHDVHGXQWLOLWUHDFKHVWKHEUHDNGRZQ
UHJLRQ)LJXUHWKHRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWZLOOULVHVWHHSO\DVDUHVXOWRIWKHDYDODQFKHHIIHFWVHH
FKDSWHU
,IYROWDJHLVDSSOLHGWRDWK\ULVWRULQIRUZDUGGLUHFWLRQLWLQLWLDOO\EHKDYHVDVLWZRXOGLIYROWDJH
ZHUHDSSOLHGLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQ,IEUHDNRYHUYROWDJHLVUHDFKHGWKHWK\ULVWRUZLOOVXGGHQO\WUDQVLW
LQWRRQVWDWHDQGVWD\LQWKLVFRQGLWLRQXQWLOWKLVYDOXHIDOOVEHORZWKHODWFKLQJFXUUHQW)RUZDUGRII
VWDWHYROWDJHLVDOVRWHPSHUDWXUHGHSHQGHQW7KLVGHSHQGHQFHFDQYDU\JUHDWO\IURPRQHWK\ULV
WRUWRDQRWKHU$WKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVWKHIRUZDUGRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWLVRIWHQKLJKHUWKDQLQUHYHUVH
GLUHFWLRQ7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVLVXVXDOO\WKHRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWJDLQIURPWKH131WUDQVLVWRUIRUZKLFK
WKLVRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWLVDEDVHFXUUHQW+LJKIRUZDUGRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWVGRQRWOLPLWWKHIXQFWLRQDOLW\
DQGUHOLDELOLW\RIWK\ULVWRUVWKH\GRQRWFRQVWLWXWHDTXDOLW\LPSDLULQJFKDUDFWHULVWLF8QGHUQRUPDO
RSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVWKHORVVHVWKDWRFFXUEORFNLQJYROWDJHRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWDUHVRVPDOOWKDW
WKH\FDQEHQHJOHFWHGZKHQFDOFXODWLQJWKHRYHUDOOORVVHV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
36/140
%DVLFV
'\QDPLFEHKDYLRXU
7XUQRQEHKDYLRXU
)LULQJE\ZD\RIDQH[WHUQDOWULJJHUFXUUHQWIURPJDWHWRFDWKRGH
7K\ULVWRUULQJVWDUWVORFDOO\DWWKHSRLQWZKHUHWKHKLJKHVWWULJJHUFXUUHQWGHQVLW\LVSUHVHQW7KH
WULJJHUHGDUHDVSUHDGVUHODWLYHO\VORZO\GHSHQGLQJRQWKHFRQGLWLRQVDWDUDWHRIEHWZHHQP
DQGPSHUVPHDQLQJWKDWIRUDWK\ULVWRUGLDPHWHURIPPLWZLOOWDNHVRPHPLFURVHFRQGVIRUWKHHQWLUHWK\ULVWRUVXUIDFHWREHFRPHFRQGXFWLYH)LJXUH
)LJXUH &XUUHQWGLVWULEXWLRQLQWKHWK\ULVWRUDIWHUJDWHFXUUHQWWXUQRQDDQG
LPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUULQJE
$IWHU WKHWK\ULVWRU KDVEHHQUHGWKHIRUZDUGYROWDJHZLOOGURSYHU\VORZO\WRWKHVWDWLFYDOXH9)
7KLVUHVXOWVLQDSRZHUORVVSHDNZKLFKJURZVLQSURSRUWLRQWRWKHFXUUHQWULVHVORSH)LJXUH
i
v
t
t
VA
V,I
IF
P
VF
PF
a)
b)
)LJXUH &XUUHQWDQGYROWDJHFXUYHVDDQGORVVHVEGXULQJWK\ULVWRUWXUQRQ
6LQFHWKHDUHDUHGLQLWLDOO\LVYHU\VPDOOWKHWXUQRQORVVHVFDXVHGE\WKHJUDGXDOGHFOLQHRIWKH
RQVWDWHYROWDJHWRLWVVWDWLFYDOXH9)DUHFRQFHQWUDWHGRQDVPDOODUHD7KLVFDXVHVWKHVLOLFRQWR
KHDWXSORFDOO\,QRUGHUWRDYRLGGDPDJHWRWKHWK\ULVWRUWKHUDWHRIFXUUHQWULVHPXVWEHOLPLWHGWR
WKHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHFULWLFDOUDWHRIFXUUHQWULVHGLGWFU
)RUODUJHUWK\ULVWRUVWKHFULWLFDOUDWHRIFXUUHQWULVHGLGWFU
LVLQFUHDVHGE\LQWHJUDWLQJDQDX[LOLDU\
WK\ULVWRUSLORWWK\ULVWRU+HUHDVPDOOHUWK\ULVWRUZKRVHFDWKRGHLVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHJDWHRIWKH
PDLQWK\ULVWRUVHUYHVWRDPSOLI\WKHWULJJHUFXUUHQWIRUWKHPDLQWK\ULVWRU)LJXUH7KHWULJJHU
HQHUJ\IRUWKHPDLQWK\ULVWRULVWDNHQIURPWKHPDLQFLUFXLW7KLVLVFDOOHGLQWHUQDOWXUQRQDPSOLFDWLRQRUDPSOLI\LQJJDWHWK\ULVWRU
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
37/140
%DVLFV
Hybrid auxiliary thyristor Integrated auxiliary thyristor
Gate
Main thyristor
Finger like auxiliary thyristor
Auxiliarythyristor
)LJXUH7ULJJHUHQHUJ\DPSOLFDWLRQXVLQJDQDX[LOLDU\WK\ULVWRUDPSOLI\LQJJDWH
7KHUDWLRRIGLGWFU
LVIXUWKHULPSURYHGE\ WKHQJHUVKDSHG DPSOLI\LQJJDWHZKLFKH[WHQGVWKH
HGJHOHQJWKEHWZHHQDX[LOLDU\DQGPDLQWK\ULVWRU$VKRUWFRPLQJRIWKLVKRZHYHULVWKDWWKHDFWLYH
HPLWWHUDUHDLVUHGXFHGDVLVWKHFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\
7K\ULVWRUULQJXVLQJFDSDFLWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWFXUUHQWGYGWULQJ
(YHU\SQMXQFWLRQLVDYROWDJHGHSHQGHQWFDSDFLWDQFH7KLVFDSDFLWDQFHZLOOEHELJJHVWLIQRYROW
DJHLVDSSOLHGDQGZLOOGURSDVWKHEORFNLQJYROWDJHDSSOLHGLVLQFUHDVHG&KDQJHVLQYROWDJHKLJK
GYGWFDXVHD FDSDFLWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWFXUUHQWWRRZWKURXJK WKHSQMXQFWLRQ,I WKLVFXUUHQWLV
KLJKHQRXJKLWFDQOLNHDQ\RWKHUFXUUHQWWKURXJKWKHSEDVHHPLWWHUMXQFWLRQLQGXFHWK\ULVWRU
ULQJ
7ULJJHULQJE\H[FHHGLQJWKHEUHDNRYHUYROWDJHRYHUKHDGULQJ
,IWKHEUHDNRYHUYROWDJHLVH[FHHGHG)LJXUHWKHRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWZLOOEHFRPHVRKLJKWKDW
LWZLOOUHWKHWK\ULVWRU6LQFHWKHRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWULVHVLQSURSRUWLRQWRWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKH
QHFHVVDU\WULJJHUFXUUHQWGHFUHDVHVLQSURSRUWLRQWRWKHWHPSHUDWXUHWKHEUHDNRYHUYROWDJHZLOOGHFOLQHLQSURSRUWLRQWRWKHLQFUHDVHLQWHPSHUDWXUH
II
Forward break through
Reverse blocking
Conducting
Forward blockingVAK
Forward breakover voltage
Holding current
)LJXUH 7ULJJHULQJDWK\ULVWRUE\H[FHHGLQJWKHEUHDNRYHUYROWDJH
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
38/140
%DVLFV
7ULJJHULQJE\OLJKWRUH[FHVVLYHWHPSHUDWXUH
/LJKWLQFLGHQFHFUHDWHVFKDUJHFDUULHUSDLUVZKLFKDUHVHSDUDWHGLQWKHVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQDQG
RZWKURXJKWKHSQMXQFWLRQWRWKHFDWKRGH7KH\WKHUHIRUHDFWOLNHDWULJJHUFXUUHQW7KHVDPHLV
WUXHIRUWKHUPDOO\JHQHUDWHGFKDUJHFDUULHUSDLUV
7XUQRIIEHKDYLRXU
$VLVWKHFDVHIRUOLQHUHFWLHUGLRGHVVHHFKDSWHUWKHYROXPHRIDWK\ULVWRUVHPLFRQGXFWRULVDOVRRRGHGE\FKDUJHFDUULHUVZKHQDIRUZDUGFXUUHQWRZV7KHPDMRULW\RIWKHVHFKDUJH
FDUULHUVKDYHWREHGHSOHWHGZKHQWKHYROWDJHLVUHYHUVHGIRUWKHWK\ULVWRUWREHDEOHWRSLFNXS
YROWDJHLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQ7KDWVDLGUHVLGXDOFKDUJHFDUULHUVZLOOVWLOOEHSUHVHQWLQWKHVHPLFRQ
GXFWRUYROXPHDQGWKHVHPD\FDXVHWK\ULVWRUULQJLIYROWDJHLVDSSOLHGLQIRUZDUGGLUHFWLRQ
7KHFLUFXLWFRPPXWDWHGWXUQRIIWLPHWTUHIHUVWRWKHWLPHWKDWHODSVHVIURPWKHPRPHQWRI]HUR
FXUUHQWFURVVLQJ XQWLO WKHPRPHQW WKDW EORFNLQJ YROWDJHFDQ EH UHDSSOLHG ZLWKRXWWKHWK\ULVWRU
UHULQJ)LJXUH7KHW\SLFDOWTIRUWK\ULVWRUVLVDERXWWRV)DVWWK\ULVWRUVIUH
TXHQF\WK\ULVWRUVDUHWK\ULVWRUVZKHUHWKHFLUFXLWFRPPXWDWHGWXUQRIIWLPHKDVEHHQVKRUWHQHG
WREHWZHHQDQGVE\UHGXFLQJWKHFDUULHUOLIH0RUHGHWDLOVRQWKHGHSHQGHQF\RIWKHFLUFXLW
FRPPXWDWHGWXUQRIIWLPHRQWKHSDUDPHWHUVFDQEHIRXQGLQFKDSWHU7KHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
DUHH[SODLQHGLQFKDSWHU'DWDVKHHWSDUDPHWHUV
tq
t
i, v
Current iT
Voltage vT
)LJXUH &XUUHQWL7DQGYROWDJHY
7FXUYHVRIDWK\ULVWRUGXULQJWXUQRIIDQGFLUFXLWFRPPXWDWHGUHFRY
HU\WLPHWT
)UHHZKHHOLQJDQGVQXEEHUGLRGHV
6WUXFWXUHDQGIXQFWLRQDOSULQFLSOH
0RGHUQIDVWVZLWFKLQJGHYLFHVUHTXLUHIDVWGLRGHVDVIUHHZKHHOLQJGLRGHVLQWKHSRZHUFLUFXLW,Q
WKHSUHGRPLQDQWDSSOLFDWLRQVZKLFKXVHLQGXFWLYHORDGVWKHIUHHZKHHOLQJGLRGHLVFRPPXWDWHG
IURPFRQGXFWLYHWREORFNLQJVWDWHZLWKHYHU\WXUQRQRSHUDWLRQRIWKHVZLWFK+HUHVWRUDJHFKDUJHV
DUHWREHGHSOHWHGJHQWO\LQRUGHUWRDYRLGLQGXFHGYROWDJHVSLNHVDQGKLJKIUHTXHQF\RVFLOODWLRQV
)RUWKLVUHDVRQWKHVHGLRGHVDUHDOVRUHIHUUHGWRDVVRIWUHFRYHU\GLRGHV7KH\DUHDOVRLQVWUX
PHQWDOWRVZLWFKSHUIRUPDQFH:KHQGHVLJQLQJWKHVHGHYLFHVDFRPSURPLVHEHWZHHQFRQLFWLQJ
UHTXLUHPHQWVKDVWREHIRXQG7ZRPDLQW\SHVRIIDVWGLRGHVH[LVWWKH6FKRWWN\GLRGHDQGSLQ
GLRGHVLQHSLWD[LDORUGLIIXVHGGHVLJQ
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
39/140
%DVLFV
+n
n-
n n
n-
++
Schottky -Diode Epitaxial -Diode Diffused Diode
p
Schottky-Barrier
n-
p
w wB
n-
n+
NA ,ND
p+
n-
n+ p+
n-
n+
ww www
a)
b)
)LJXUH 6FKRWWN\SLQHSLWD[LDODQGSLQGLIIXVHGGLRGH
DEDVLFVWUXFWXUH
EGRSLQJSUROHGLDJUDP
6FKRWWN\GLRGHV
,Q6FKRWWN\GLRGHVWKHPHWDOVHPLFRQGXFWRUMXQFWLRQVHUYHVDV DEORFNLQJMXQFWLRQ,QRQVWDWH
RQO\ WKHVPDOO SRWHQWLDO EDUULHUEHWZHHQPHWDO DQG VHPLFRQGXFWRU PDWHULDO PXVW EH RYHUFRPH
DURXQG 9IRUVLOLFRQ7KHUHLVQRGLIIXVLRQYROWDJH DWWKHSQMXQFWLRQDV LVWKHFDVHLQSLQ
GLRGHVDSSUR[9IRU6LWKLVHQVXUHVDORZHURQVWDWHYROWDJHWKDQRFFXUVLQDQ\SLQGLRGH
SURYLGHGWKHQUHJLRQLVWKLQ:LWKQGRSHGPDWHULDORQO\HOHFWURQVSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHFXUUHQWRZXQLSRODU:KHQGLRGHVDUHRSHUDWHGFORVHWRWKHEORFNLQJYROWDJHUDQJHWKHRIIVWDWHFXUUHQWZLOO
FRQVLGHUDEO\LQFUHDVH7KLVPXVWEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWIRUSRZHUORVVUDWLQJVRWKHUZLVHWKHUPDO
VWDELOLW\FDQQRWEHHQVXUHG
:KHQVZLWFKLQJIURPFRQGXFWLYHWREORFNLQJVWDWHLGHDOO\RQO\WKH ORZFDSDFLWDQFHRIWKHVSDFH
FKDUJHUHJLRQKDVWREHFKDUJHG)RUWKLVUHDVRQWKHFRPSRQHQWVWRUDJHFKDUJHLVVRPHSRZHUV
RIWHQORZHUWKDQWKHSLQGLRGHWKXVFDXVLQJYHU\ORZVZLWFKLQJORVVHV$VDUHVXOWWKH6FKRWWN\
GLRGHFRPHVYHU\FORVHWREHLQJDQLGHDOGLRGH7KH6FKRWWN\GLRGHLVSDUWLFXODUO\ZHOOVXLWDEOH
IRUXVHDWYHU\KLJKIUHTXHQFLHVDQGDVDVQXEEHUGLRGHZLWKDQH[WUHPHO\ORZRQVWDWHYROWDJH
)RUVLOLFRQWKHVHDGYDQWDJHVDUHOLPLWHGWRYROWDJHV9:KHQKLJKHUEORFNLQJYROWDJHVDUH
WREHDSSOLHGWKHQ
UHJLRQPXVWEHH[WHQGHGDQGWKHRQVWDWHYROWDJHZLOOLQFUHDVHFRQVLGHUDEO\,QWKLVYROWDJHUDQJHPDWHULDOVZLWKDKLJKHUSHUPLVVLEOHHOHFWULFHOGLQWHQVLW\VXFKDV*D$V
9RU6L&9DUHXVHG7KH\KDYHVLPLODURQVWDWHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWRSLQGLRGHVEXW
WKHDGYDQWDJHVWKH\ RIIHUDV UHJDUGVVZLWFKLQJSURSHUWLHVDUHUHWDLQHG7KHFRVWVIRU WKHEDVH
PDWHULDODQGWKHPDQXIDFWXUHRIGLRGHVPDGHRIWKHPDWHULDOVPHQWLRQHGODVWDUHVRKLJKKRZ
HYHUWKDWLWRQO\PDNHVVHQVHWRXVHWKHPLQDSSOLFDWLRQVWKDWUHTXLUHDSDUWLFXODUO\KLJKHIFLHQF\
VZLWFKLQJIUHTXHQFLHVRUWHPSHUDWXUHV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
40/140
%DVLFV
3,1GLRGHV
(SLWD[LDOGLRGHV
7KHDGYDQWDJHVRISLQGLRGHVEHFRPHHIIHFWLYHIURP9 XSZDUGV,Q GLRGHVSURGXFHGWRGD\
WKHPLGGOHUHJLRQLVQRWLLQWULQVLFEXWQW\SHZLWKDPXFKORZHUGRSLQJOHYHOWKDQLQWKHRXWHU
UHJLRQV,QHSLWD[LDO3,1GLRGHV)LJXUHPLGDQQUHJLRQLVUVWVHSDUDWHGIURPWKHKLJKO\
GRSHGQVXEVWUDWHHSLWD[\7KHQWKHSUHJLRQLVGLIIXVHG,QWKLVPDQQHUYHU\VPDOOEDVHZLGWKV
Z%LQWKHUHJLRQRIMXVWDIHZPFDQEHREWDLQHG%\LQWHJUDWLQJUHFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHVPRVWO\JROGXOWUDIDVWGLRGHVFDQEHDFKLHYHG2ZLQJWRWKHVPDOOEDVHZLGWKZ
%WKHRQVWDWHYROWDJH
ZLOOUHPDLQORZGHVSLWHWKHUHFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHV7KDWVDLGLWZLOOVWLOODOZD\VEHJUHDWHUWKDQWKH
GLIIXVLRQYROWDJHRIWKHSQMXQFWLRQWR97KHPDLQHOGRIDSSOLFDWLRQIRUHSLWD[LDOHSL
GLRGHVDUHDSSOLFDWLRQVZLWKRIIVWDWHYROWDJHVRIEHWZHHQ9DQG9VRPHPDQXIDFWXUHUV
HYHQSURGXFHHSLGLRGHVIRU9
&RQWUROOHGD[LDOOLIHWLPH&$/GLRGHV
)URP9XSZDUGVWKHQUHJLRQLVEHLQJHQODUJHGWRVXFKDQH[WHQWWKDWDGLIIXVHG3,1GLRGH
)LJXUHWR WKHULJKWFDQEHREWDLQHG7KHSDQGQUHJLRQVDUHGLIIXVHGLQWRWKHQZDIHU
5HFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHVDUHDOVRXVHG5HFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHSUROHVVLPLODUWRWKRVHVKRZQLQ)LJ
XUHFDQEHJHQHUDWHGE\LPSODQWLQJSURWRQVRU+H
LRQVLQWRVLOLFRQ,PSODQWDWLRQUHTXLUHVSDUWLFOHDFFHOHUDWRUVSHUIRUPLQJXSWR0H9
p+
n-
NA ,ND
NrecNrec
n+
)LJXUH 1DUURZUHJLRQZLWKDKLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIUHFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHVDWWKHSQMXQFWLRQJHQHU
DWHGE\OLJKWLRQLUUDGLDWLRQ
7KHDUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHKLJKUHFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHGHQVLW\DWWKHSQMXQFWLRQ)LJXUHLVDQ
RSWLPXPVHWXS>@ >@,Q>@LW LVGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWWKHFORVHUWKHDUUDQJHPHQWRIUHFRPELQD
WLRQFHQWUHVDWWKHSQMXQFWLRQWKHEHWWHUWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQSHDNUHYHUVHUHFRYHU\FXUUHQWDQG
IRUZDUGRQVWDWHYROWDJHZLOOEH,QRQVWDWHFRQGLWLRQFKDUJHFDUULHUGLVWULEXWLRQZLOOEHLQYHUWHG
ZLWKDKLJKHUFKDUJHFDUULHUGHQVLW\DWWKHQQMXQFWLRQ$VVKRZQ LQ)LJXUH WKHSHDN RI
UDGLDWLRQLQGXFHGUHFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHVLVHYHQSODFHGLQWKHSUHJLRQFORVHWRWKHSQMXQFWLRQLQ
D&$/GLRGHVLQFHWKLVZLOOUHVXOWLQORZHURIIVWDWHFXUUHQWV+HLPSODQWDWLRQLVFRPELQHGZLWK
DQDGMXVWPHQWWRWKHEDVLFFKDUJHFDUULHUOLIHWLPHSUHIHUDEO\DFKLHYHGE\HOHFWURQEHDPUDGLDWLRQ
1E+13
1E+14
1E+15
1E+16
0 50 100 150 200
x [m]
Recombination CentersPeak
Basic-Recombination Center Density
p n-
n+
N
[cm-3]
rec
)LJXUH 5HFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHSUROHLQWKH&$/GLRGHGLDJUDP
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
41/140
%DVLFV
7KHKHLJKWRIWKHUHFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHSHDNFDQEHDGMXVWHGE\YDU\LQJWKHGRVHRI+HLPSODQ
WDWLRQ7KHKLJKHUWKHSHDNWKHVPDOOHUWKHSHDNUHYHUVHUHFRYHU\FXUUHQW7KHOLRQVVKDUHRIWKH
&$/GLRGHVWRUDJHFKDUJHRFFXUVLQWKHWDLOFXUUHQW7KHWDLOFXUUHQWLWVHOIFDQEHFRQWUROOHGE\WKH
EDVLFUHFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHGHQVLW\$UHGXFWLRQLQEDVLFFKDUJHFDUULHUOLIHWLPHZLOOUHGXFHWDLOFXU
UHQWGXUDWLRQKRZHYHUWKLVLVWRWKHGHWULPHQWRIWKHGLRGHRQVWDWHYROWDJH7KHWZRSDUDPHWHUV
EDVLFFKDUJHFDUULHUOLIHWLPHDQG+HLPSODQWDWLRQGRVHHQDEOHWKHUHFRYHU\EHKDYLRXUEHFRQ
WUROOHGWRDODUJHH[WHQW,QWKLVZD\WKHGLRGHZLOOGLVSOD\VRIWUHFRYHU\EHKDYLRXUXQGHUDQ\RSHU
DWLQJFRQGLWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQORZFXUUHQWVDUHDSSOLHG&$/GLRGHVPDQXIDFWXUHGLQWKLVZD\
ERDVWH[FHOOHQWG\QDPLFUXJJHGQHVV&$/GLRGHVGLPHQVLRQHGIRU9DQG9KDYHEHHQ
WHVWHGXQGHUODEFRQGLWLRQVDWG,GWVXSWRN$FPVDQGGLGQRWUHVXOWLQGLRGHGHVWUXFWLRQ
$FRPSDUDWLYHO\ QDUURZ EDVH ZLGWK Z%
FDQEHFKRVHQIRU&$/GLRGHVUHJDUGLQJWKH37SXQFK
WKURXJKGLPHQVLRQLQJGHVFULEHGLQFKDSWHU7KLVSURYLGHVDFRPSDUDWLYHO\ORZRQVWDWH
YROWDJHRUUHVXOWVLQDEHWWHUFRPSURPLVHEHWZHHQVZLWFKLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGRQVWDWHYROWDJH
7KHEDVHZLGWKZ%
DOVRKDVDFRQVLGHUDEOHLPSDFWRQWKHWXUQRQEHKDYLRXURIWKHGLRGH7KH
IRUZDUGUHFRYHU\YROWDJH9)5
ULVHVLQSURSRUWLRQWRWKHLQFUHDVHZ%
,QFRQWUDVWWRFRQYHQWLRQDO
GLRGHV9&$/GLRGHVZHUHVKRZQWRUHVXOWLQDPRUHWKDQDUHGXFWLRQLQ9)5
>@
)UHHZKHHOLQJGLRGHVIRU,*&7ZLWKKLJKUHYHUVHYROWDJHUDWLQJVDVZHOODVVQXEEHUGLRGHV>@DUH
PDQXIDFWXUHGLQOLQHZLWKWKH&$/FRQFHSWVLQFHG\QDPLFUXJJHGQHVVLVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWUHTXLUHPHQWV2SWLPLVHGGLPHQVLRQLQJLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRI37GLPHQVLRQLQJQRZEHFRPHVSRVVLEOH
UHVXOWLQJLQLPSURYHGFRVPLFUD\VWDELOLW\7KLVDOVRDOORZVIRUDPRUHIDYRXUDEOHWUDGHRIIEHWZHHQ
GLRGHRQVWDWHYROWDJHDQGVZLWFKLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFV,QVQXEEHUGLRGHVWKLVHQDEOHVDPLQLPXP
9)5
WR EHUHDFKHG,Q DGGLWLRQD ORZHUUHYHUVHFXUUHQWFDQEHREWDLQHGWKDQLV WKHFDVHIRUWKH
FRQYHQWLRQDOJROGGLIIXVLRQSURFHVV
(PLWWHUFRQFHSW
,QDFRPPRQ3,1GLRGHWKHSQMXQFWLRQLVRRGHGE\PRUHFKDUJHFDUULHUVWKDQWKHQQMXQFWLRQ
)LJXUH7KHLGHDEHKLQGWKHHPLWWHUFRQFHSWLVWRLQYHUWWKLVFKDUJHFDUULHUGLVWULEXWLRQWKH
QQMXQFWLRQLVWREHRRGHGE\PRUHFKDUJHFDUULHUVWKDQWKHSQMXQFWLRQ7KLVLVDFKLHYHGE\
UHGXFLQJWKHLQMHFWLRQTXDQWLW\DWWKHSHPLWWHU
n
n-
+
a)
p+ p+
Schottky-Barrier
n
n-
+
b)
p
)LJXUH SHPLWWHUWRLPSURYHVRIWUHFRYHU\EHKDYLRXU
D(PLWWHUVWUXFWXUHVHJPHUJHG3,16FKRWWN\GLRGH
E)XOO\UHGXFHGSGRSLQJ
$QXPEHURIHPLWWHUVWUXFWXUHVZKRVHIXQFWLRQVEDVLFDOO\UHVXOWLQWKLVHIIHFWKDYHEHHQSURSRVHG
2QHH[DPSOHLVWKH0HUJHG3,16FKRWWN\GLRGHZKLFKFRQVLVWVRIDVHULHVRISUHJLRQVDQG
6FKRWWN\UHJLRQV>@)LJXUHD$QXPEHURIVLPLODUVWUXFWXUHVDOVRH[LVWLQFOXGLQJVWUXFWXUHV
ZLWKGLIIXVHGSUHJLRQVDQGQUHJLRQV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
42/140
%DVLFV
7KHDGYDQWDJHVRI6FKRWWN\UHJLRQVRUVLPLODU UHJLRQVKRZHYHUDUHUHVWULFWHGWRYROWDJHVEHORZ
9)RUEORFNLQJYROWDJHVRI9DQGDERYHWKHRKPLFYROWDJHGURSRXWZHLJKVWKLVHIIHFW
:KDWLVOHIWLVWKHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHDUHDRILQMHFWLQJVXEDUHDVDWWKHSUHJLRQ7KHVDPHHIIHFWDV
ZLWKHPLWWHUVWUXFWXUHVFDQEHDFKLHYHGZLWKDXQLIRUPO\ORZGRSHGSUHJLRQ)LJXUHE
6WDWLFEHKDYLRXU
7KHVWDWHPHQWVPDGHDERXWWKHVWDWLFEHKDYLRXURIOLQHUHFWLHUGLRGHVLQFKDSWHUHVVHQWLDOO\DSSO\WRIDVWGLRGHVWRR
VFIR
VR
IF
V
I
)LJXUH 'HQLWLRQRIUHYHUVHDQGIRUZDUGGLRGHYROWDJH
2QVWDWHEHKDYLRXU
7KHPD[LPXPIRUZDUGYROWDJH9)LQGLFDWHVWKDWDWDVSHFLHGFXUUHQWWKHIRUZDUGYROWDJHGURS
DFURVVWKHGLRGHPXVWQRWH[FHHGWKHVSHFLHGOLPLWYDOXH7KLVVSHFLFDWLRQLVPDGHIRUURRP
WHPSHUDWXUHDQGDKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHW\SLFDOO\WKHPD[LPXPUHFRPPHQGHGRSHUDWLQJWHPSHUD
WXUH,QIRUZDUGGLUHFWLRQWKHFXUUHQWPXVWRYHUFRPHWKHGLIIXVLRQYROWDJHRIWKHSQMXQFWLRQDQG
WKHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHDGMDFHQWQUHJLRQ7KHYROWDJHGURSLVFRPSRVHGRI
ohmdiffF VVV +=
7KHGLIIXVLRQYROWDJHDWWKHSQMXQFWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHDPRXQWRIGRSLQJRIERWKVLGHVRIWKHSQ
MXQFWLRQDQGLWLVW\SLFDOO\LQWKHUDQJHRI97KHRKPLFVKDUHGHSHQGVRQWKHEDVHZLGWK
Z%
SURSRUWLRQDWHWRWKHEORFNLQJYROWDJHDQGWKHFKDUJHFDUULHUGHQVLW\)RUIDVWGLRGHVZLWKD
EORFNLQJYROWDJHRI9DQGDERYHWKHRKPLFSDUWGRPLQDWHV7KHFKDUJHFDUULHUOLIHWLPHRIIUHH
ZKHHOLQJGLRGHVKDVWREHNHSWVRVKRUWWKDWWKHRQVWDWHYROWDJHZLOOGHSHQGH[SRQHQWLDOO\RQWKHEDVHZLGWKZ
%DQGWKHFKDUJHFDUULHUOLIHWLPH W>@
tp
= AB
D2
w
ohm eq8
kT3V
ZLWKWKHDPELSRODUGLIIXVLRQFRQVWDQW
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
43/140
%DVLFV
q
kT2D
pn
pn
A m+m
mm=
N%ROW]PDQQFRQVWDQWB,.
THOHFWURQLFFKDUJHB
7DEVROXWHWHPSHUDWXUH>.@
+HUHQDQG
SUHSUHVHQWHOHFWURQDQGKROHPRELOLW\SURYLGHGWKHQUHJLRQLVRRGHGZLWKIUHH
HOHFWURQVDQGKROHV>@'XHWRWKLVH[SRQHQWLDOFRUUHODWLRQLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRVHOHFWWKHVPDOOHVW
SRVVLEOHZ%
7KHGLIIXVLRQYROWDJHKDVDQHJDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHFRHIFLHQWZKLOHWKHRKPLFYROWDJHSDUWKDVD
SRVLWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHFRHIFLHQW'HSHQGLQJRQZKLFKSDUWLVGRPLQDQWWKHUHZLOOEHDQLQWHUVHFWLRQ
RIWKHRQVWDWHFKDUDFWHULVWLF+RWDQG&ROGDWGLIIHUHQWFXUUHQWOHYHOVW\SLFDOO\ZLWKLQWKHUDWHG
FXUUHQWUDQJHRUXSWRWLPHVWKHUDWHGFXUUHQW
%ORFNLQJEHKDYLRXU
7KHUHYHUVHYROWDJH95
LQGLFDWHVWKDWDWDVSHFLHGYDOXHWKHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWPXVWQRWH[FHHGWKH
OLPLWIRU,56SHFLFDWLRQVLQWKHGDWDERRNVDUHPDGHIRUDQRSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHRI&,QFDVHRIORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHVWKHEORFNLQJFDSDELOLW\ZLOOGHFUHDVHIRUH[DPSOHE\DERXW9.IRUD
9GLRGH)RUFRPSRQHQWVZKLFKDUHRSHUDWHGDWWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZURRPWHPSHUDWXUHWKLV
KDVWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQWKHFLUFXLWOD\RXW$WKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHVWKHEORFNLQJYROWDJHZLOO
LQFUHDVHDFFRUGLQJO\$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWZLOODOVRULVHGRXEOLQJURXJKO\HYHU\
.)RUWKLVUHDVRQDUHYHUVHFXUUHQWLVDOVRVSHFLHGIRUDKLJKWHPSHUDWXUH&RU&
)RUJROGGLIIXVHGFRPSRQHQWVWKHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWLQFUHDVHPD\EHYHU\VWURQJSRVVLEO\FDXVLQJ
SUREOHPVGXHWRWKHUPDOLQVWDELOLW\LQV\VWHPVRSHUDWHGDWKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHV
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 500 1000 1500 2000V [V]R
I R[uA]
125C
25 C
)LJXUH ([DPSOHRIWKHUHYHUVHFXUUHQWRID9&$/GLRGHSDUDPHWHU7M
7KHEDVHZLGWKZ%
QRWRQO\DIIHFWVWKHRQVWDWHYROWDJHEXWDOVRKDVDFUXFLDOLPSDFWRQWKHEORFN
LQJYROWDJH7ZRFDVHVFDQEHGLVWLQJXLVKHGEHWZHHQ)LJXUHLIZ%
KDVEHHQGLPHQVLRQHG
VXFKWKDWWKHVSDFHFKDUJH]RQHFDQQRWSURWUXGHLQWRWKHQUHJLRQWULDQJXODUHOGVKDSHWKLVLV
FDOOHG1RQ3XQFK7KURXJK137GLPHQVLRQLQJLQOLQHZLWKWKHWHUPLQRORJ\XVHGIRU,*%7>@,I
Z%
KDVEHHQGLPHQVLRQHGVXFKWKDWWKHVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQSURWUXGHVLQWRWKHQUHJLRQWKHHOG
VKDSHZLOOEHWUDSH]RLGDODQGWKHGLRGHLVFDOOHGD3XQFK7KURXJK37GLRGH7KLVKRZHYHULV
QRWDFWXDOSXQFKWKURXJKZKHUHWKHVSDFHFKDUJHUHJLRQZRXOGUHDFKWKHDUHDRIWKHRWKHUGRSLQJ
W\SH7KLVGHVLJQDWLRQKDVQRQHWKHOHVVEHFRPHZLGHO\DFFHSWHG
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
44/140
%DVLFV
0w
p
n-
n+-E(w)
-E(w)
0wBw
non-punch-through (NPT)-Diode
a)
E0
E1
w*
b)
punch-through (PT)-Diode
p
E0
n+
n-
wB
)LJXUH 'LRGHGLPHQVLRQLQJIRUWULDQJXODUDDQGWUDSH]RLGDOEHOGVKDSHIRU
ZZ%
)RUDQLGHDO137GLRGHZ%
LVVHOHFWHGVXFKWKDWDWPD[LPXPUHYHUVHYROWDJHWKHHQGRIWKHWUL
DQJXODUHOGLVORFDWHGDWWKLVSRLQW)RURSWLPXPGRSLQJWKHPLQLPXPZLGWKZRXOGWKHQEH
6
7
BD6
1
3
2
)NPT(B VC2w =
ZKHUH&FP9
7KHPLQLPXPGRSLQJQHHGHGIRU 37GLRGHVFDQEH FDOFXODWHGLQWKH VDPHZD\,Q WKHH[WUHPH
FDVHWKHHOGZRXOGEHUHFWDQJXODU((
)LJXUH7KLVUHVXOWVLQ
6
7
BD6
1
)Minimum,PT(B VCw =
&RPSDUHGWRZ%
IRUWKH137GLRGHWKHIROORZLQJDSSOLHV
)NPT(B)NPT(B32
)Minimum,PT(B w63,0w2w @=
$OWKRXJKWKLVH[WUHPHFDVHFDQQRWEHDFKLHYHGDYDLODEOHWHFKQRORJ\DOORZVXVWRFRPHFORVHWR
WKLVLH
(NPT)B(PT)B
w0,66w @
)RUWKHFKDUJHFDUULHUOLIHWLPHVSUHVHQWO\LQXVHWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQIRUZDUGYROWDJHIRU37 GLPHQ
VLRQLQJDQG137GLPHQVLRQLQJLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\9)RUWKLVUHDVRQ37GLPHQVLRQLQJLVWREH
JLYHQSUHIHUHQFHLISRVVLEOH
'\QDPLFEHKDYLRXU
7XUQRQEHKDYLRXU
:KHQWKHGLRGHLVWXUQHGRQLWKDVWRRYHUFRPHWKHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHORZGRSHGEDVH7KHWXUQ
RQSHDNYROWDJHWKXVLQFUHDVHVSURSRUWLRQDWHWRZ%
7KHWXUQRQSHDNYROWDJHEHFRPHVHVSHFLDOO\
FULWLFDOLIDVLJQLFDQWEDVHZLGWKZ%
KDVWREHFKRVHQGXHWRDKLJKEORFNLQJYROWDJHRIPRUHWKDQ
9)RUWKLVUHDVRQRSWLPXPWXUQRQEHKDYLRXULVRQFHDJDLQDFKLHYHGZLWK37GLRGHV
)UHHZKHHOLQJGLRGHVDOZD\VFRQWDLQUHFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHVWRUHGXFHFKDUJHFDUULHUOLIHWLPH5H
FRPELQDWLRQ FHQWUHV HJ JROG FDXVLQJ DQ LQFUHDVH LQ EDVH UHVLVWDQFH DUH WR EH DYRLGHG IRU
GLRGHVZLWKDKLJKEORFNLQJYROWDJH5HFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHVJHQHUDWHGE\SODWLQXPGLIIXVLRQHOHF
WURQEHDPUDGLDWLRQRUOLJKWLRQVZLOORQO\VOLJKWO\LQFUHDVHWKHWXUQRQRYHUYROWDJHLQFRPSDULVRQWRGLRGHVZLWKRXWUHFRPELQDWLRQFHQWUHV
-
7/31/2019 Section1 Power Semiconductors Basic Operating Principles Section2 Basics
45/140
%DVLFV
:KHQWKHGLRGHWXUQVLQWRWKHFRQGXFWLYHVWDWHWKHYROWDJHZLOOLQLWLDOO\LQFUHDVHWRWKHUHSHWLWLYH
SHDNIRUZDUGYROWDJH9)50
EHIRUHGURSSLQJWRWKHIRUZDUGYROWDJHOHYHODJDLQ)LJXUH:KHQ
WKHFXUUHQWLVDFWLYHO\VZLWFKHGDWDYHU\KLJKGLGWUDWLR9)50
PD\UHDFKEHWZHHQ9DQG
9IRUDQXQVXLWDEOH9GLRGHDOHYHOZKLFKLVPRUHWKDQWLPHVWKHYDOXHRI9)7XUQLQJWKH
GLRGHRQIURPDEORFNHGVWDWHZLOOUHVXOWLQDIDUKLJKHU9)50
WKDQWXUQLQJLWRQIURPDQHXWUDOVWDWH
$ORZ9)50
LVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWUHTXLUHPHQWVRIVQXEEHUGLRGHVVLQFHWKHVQXEEHUFLUFXLW
EHFRPHVHIIHFWLYHRQO\DIWHUGLRGHWXUQRQ
7KHUHSHWLWLYHSHDNIRUZDUGYROWDJHLVDOVRRI LPSRUWDQFHIRUIUHHZKHHOLQJGLRGHVLQ,*%7ZKLFK
DUHGHVLJQHGIRUDEORFNLQJYROWDJH!9:KHQWKH,*%7LVWXUQHGRIIDYROWDJHVSLNHLV
JHQHUDWHGDFURVVWKHSDUDVLWLFLQGXFWDQFHVZKLFKVWLOOVXSHULPSRVHVWKH9)50
RIWKHIUHHZKHHOLQJ
GLRGH7KHVXPRIERWKFRPSRQHQWVPD\FDXVHFULWLFDOYROWDJHSHDNV+RZHYHUWKLVPHDVXUHPHQW
LVQRWWULYLDOVLQFHWKHLQGXFWLYHFRPSRQHQWDQG9)50
FDQQRWEHWROGDSDUWLQDSSOLFDWLRQRULHQWHG
FKRSSHUFLUFXLWV0HDVXUHPHQWVFDQEHWDNHQRQDQRSHQFRQVWUXFWLRQGLUHFWO\IURPWKHGLRGH
ERQGLQJZLUHV7XUQRQEHKDYLRXURIDGLRGHLVUDUHO\LPSRUWDQWIRUWKHWRWDOSRZHUORVVHVVLQFH
WXUQRQORVVHVRQO\DPRXQWWRDVPDOOSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHWXUQRIIDQGIRUZDUGRQVWDWHORVVHVDQG
DUHWKHUHIRUHQHJOLJLEOH
7XUQRIIEHKDYLRXU
:KHQWXUQLQJIURPWKHFRQGXFWLYHLQWRWKHEORFNLQJVWDWHWKHLQWHUQDOGLRGHVWRUDJHFKDUJHKDVWR
EHGLVFKDUJHG7KLVFDXVHVDFXUUHQWWRRZLQUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQLQWKHGLRGH7KHZDYHIRUPRIWKLV
FXUUHQWFKDUDFWHULVHVWKHUHYHUVHUHFRY