section1 general concepts. what is a computer? a computer is a machine that processes data or...
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Section1
General Concepts
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What is a computer?• A computer is a machine that processes data
or information according to a step by step sequence of instructions
• A computer can do a variety of different tasks at a time. It is multitasking
• Can store data (storage)• Can execute a sequence of instructions.
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Advantage of Computers :
1.Speed2.Accurate3.Save Data4.Save Time5.Network
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Data and informationData is raw facts collected for
processing
Information : is the processed facts
Data Information
Processing
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Types of computer According to their Size :
1.Supercomputers.2. Mainframe Computer.3. Minicomputers.4. Microcomputers.
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1. Supercomputers : the most powerful type, special high capacity machine used for large organization
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2.Mainframe Computer : occupy specially wired , air condition room not powerful as super computer but it is capable of great processing speed and data storage ex: insurance companies.
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3.Minicomputers : also referred to as midrange or server less powerful than mainframe but more powerful than microcomputers , it used in large companies to support processing needs , retrieving data from databases
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4.Microcomputers : least powerful but most widely used , fastest growing type of computer.
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Types of Microcomputer
1. Desktop Computer (Personal Computer PC)2. Notebook or laptop 3. Netbook4. Tablet PC 5. Handheld (PDA)
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Desktop Computers
It is Small enough to Fit on the top of analog side the desk , yet too big to carry
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Notebook or laptop computers
Notebook computers also known as laptop computers , are portable and lightweight and fit into most briefcase
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Netbook
Similar to Notebook computersbut smaller , lighter and less expensive
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Tablet PC
The newest type of computer , they are smaller , lighter , less powerful than notebook have flat touchscreen and virtual keyboard ex : Apple Ipad
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Handheld (PDA)
PDA ( Portable Digital Assistant) :Smallest type of computers , designed to fit in the one hand , some of combine pen input and writing recognition like smartphones
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Computer Components1.Hardware : Physical component, a part you can see and touch
2 .Software : The “programs” which a set of information that tell the computer what to do and how to do it
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What is hardware?Physical component, a part you
can see and touchA hardware components :1. input device2. output device3. central processing Unit (CPU)4. storage device
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What is a peripheral device?
Hardware connected to computer to extend or improve its functionality .example: printer, scanner, flash drives, DVD ,camera, speakers, microphones
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1. The Input Units
Input Units : are the units which translate the data from users to processing units
Any machine that feeds data into a computer.Some hardware input devices include
Barcode Keyboard
Joystick Mouse
Digital Camera Scanner
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Keyboard : is board containing the keys of letters , numbers and some functionjoystick:
A joystick is an input device commonly used to control video gamesScanner : is an electronic device that generates a digital representation of an image for data input to a computerBar Code Reader : photoelectric scanner that translate the bar code symbols into digital form
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Digital Camera :Images recorded digitally on disk or in camera’s memory Web Cam:Specialized digital video cameras built-in or attached to the monitor
Microphone:Used to enter and record voices to the computer
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Mouse : a small device, which you move across the top of the desk to move the pointer or cursor on the screen , can use rolling ball or laser
Trackball:A trackball is an input device used to enter motion data into computers or other electronic devices. It serves the same purpose as a mouse, but is designed with a moveable ball on the top, which can be rolled in any direction. Instead of moving the whole device
.
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Touchpad:A touch pad is a device for pointing (controlling input positioning) on a computer display screen. It is an alternative to the mouse. Originally incorporated in laptop computers, touch pads are also being made for use with desktop computers. A touch pad works by sensing the user's finger movement and downward pressure.
computer stylus/pens:an input device used to write text or draw lines
on a surface as input to a computer.
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2.The Output Units
Output units : are the units which translate the processing units to users
Monitor
Printer
Speakers
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Monitor : like T.V screen used to show pictures and texts
Speakers : it convert the voice analog to heard by the user
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Printer : used to make a paper copy of the information into the computer.
Plotter: A graphics printer that draws images with ink pens. It actually draws point-to-point lines directly from vector graphics files.
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Output Devices Input Devices
1. Computer monitor
2. Flat screen3. Projector4. Speakers and
headphones5. Printers
1. Keyboard2. Mouse3. Scanners4. Joysticks5. Web cams6. Digital cameras7. Microphones
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Devices used for input and output processes
Touch screen
Fax Machine
Modem
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3. CPU Central Process Unit (CPU): consider Brain of the computer
It contain two units :1. Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) : it performs the
mathematical and logical operations2. Control Unit (CU) : it directs the electronic signals
between memory and arithmetic logic unit
Some computers can have several CPUs running in parallel (EX: Mainframe computers )
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3 .Memory Units
ROM RAM
Read Only Memory -Information stored by
the manufacturer -Non-volatile and
cannot be changed -CPU can read, data
and programs in ROM but the computer cannot change ROM
Random Access Memory
-Hold programs and data that are currently being accessed
- Data and programs stored in RAM are volatile (the information is lost when you switch off the computer)
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4.Storage devices:A computer storage device is any type of hardware that stores data.
Drive type Capacity Speed
Hard drive High , big storage ,
hundreds (100) of gigabytes
Faster than CD, DVD, or floppy
DVD drive Capacity of 4 gigabytes
Slower than a hard disk drive
CD drive 650 megabytes Slower than a hard disk drive
Floppy drive Very low storage capacity
Slower than a hard disk drive
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1.Hard disc drive:The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer. The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive.
2. Floppy disk:is a hardware device that reads data storage information. first types of hardware storage that could read/write a portable device. FDDs are used for reading and writing on removable floppy discs. Floppy disks are now outdated, and have been replaced by other storage devices such as USB.
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3.USB flash drive:a small external flash drive that can be used with any computer that has a USB port.
4.Zip Drives:Can be described as a kind of improved version of a floppy disk.Zip drives have more data storage capacity than traditional floppy drives (100-750) megabytes.
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5.Data Cartridges and Tape Drives:Tape drives are mechanisms that are in many ways like a traditional tape recorder or video cassette recorder.Used in companies and universities for backup and archive data for a long period
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Measuring Memory: Size Data Measurement
Single Binary Digit (1 or 0) Bit
8 bits Byte
1,024 Bytes Kilobyte (KB)
1,024 Kilobytes Megabyte (MB)
1,024 Megabytes Gigabyte (GB)
1,024 Gigabytes Terabyte (TB)
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Power supply and Fans• Computers require Direct Current (DC) • DC power provided by converting
Alternating Current (AC) from wall outlets or batteries
• Desktop computers use Power Supply Units
• Notebooks and handhelds use AC Adapters
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Hardware Port Port is used to connect the
computer with a peripheral devices (input or output devices)
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Common Ports : Port Name Usage Image
LPT ( Parallel Port)
used to connect printers and scanners
Serial Port used to connect external modem and mouse
USB Port used to connect a wide variety of devices like camera , flash driver , mice , keyboard ,printer
and more
PS/2 Port connect mouse or keyboard
video port connect a computer screen ( monitor)
Fire wire Port connect digital video camera and external hard drive
Ethernet (Network Port)
connect Network Cables into this port
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The Computer performance Factors
1. Speed2. Storage
CPU Clock Speed : (Processing speed ) The number of times the CPU fetches and processes data or
instructions in a second .
The clock speed is given in Hertz (Hz). 1 MHz means that the device will run at one million cycles
per second,(1 MHz = 1000000 Hz)
1 GHz is a thousand million times, so that (1 GHz = 1000000000 Hz).
The more memory you have the faster the PC will appear to operate.
Other factors Bus Speed, cache memory , CPU cache capacity , hard disk rotation speed , video card also affects on the computer performance