section ii chap 1 chemistry of life
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Section II - Cytology
Chapter 1
The Chemistry of Life
Composition
Inorganic – substances that do not contain carbon.
Organic – substance containing carbon and its compound or derivation.
The Naturally Occurring Elements in the Body
ELEMENTS SYMBOL % Wt. In the BODYOxygen O 65
Carbon C 19
Hydrogen H 10
Nitrogen N 3
Calcium Ca 2
Phosphorus P 1
Potassium K 0.5
Sulfur S 0.3
Sodium Na 0.2
Chlorine Cl 0.2
Magnesium Mg 0.1
Manganese Mn 0.1
Iron Fe 0.1
Copper Cu 0.1
Iodine I 0.1
Minerals
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Chlorine (Cl)
Sulfur (S)
Phosphorus (P)
Calcium (ca)
Magnesium (mg)
Different Macrominerals
Maintains the proper osmotic balance in the body, and for nerve stimulation
Muscular relaxation and maintains irritability of the nerves
Maintains proper osmotic balance in the body and synthesis of Hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Bone formation, Important constituent of Nucleic Acid and plasma membrane and energy reservoir
Protein synthesis and detoxification reaction
Bone & teeth formation, blood clotting, and muscular contraction
Important in CHO and protein synthesis and a co-factor in some oxidation reaction
Functions in the Body
Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Selenium (Se)
Iodine (I)
Manganese (Mn)
Cobalt (Co)
Copper (Cu)
Fluorine (F)
Different Trace Elements
Synthesis of Hemoglobin, associated with the cytochromes of the cell
Important in fat metabolism
Proper functioning of the Thyroid gland
Red blood cell production, Components of Vit. B12
Formation of Urea, important in Kreb’s cycle, activates many enzymes
Synthesis of melanin, component of many enzymes
Component of bone and teeth, prevents tooth decay
Functions in the BodyMinerals
Wound healing and fertilization.
2. WATER
Universal solvent hydrophilic
Medium for metabolic activities
Lubricant Sense stimulation Raw material for
photosynthesis Regulates body
temperature Shock absorber
Polar Molecule
H H
:O:
3. ORGANIC MOLECULES
A. Hydrocarbon B.
Carbohydrates C. Protein D. Lipids E. Nucleic Acid
Monomer – single unit Polymer – repeated unit
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3-CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Hydrocarbon
AlkaneSingle bond
CnH2n + 2
AlkeneDouble bond
CnH2n
AlkyneTriple Bond
CnH2n - 2
Alkadiene2 (=)
CnH2n – 2
Methane
Ethane Ethene Ethyne
Propane Propene Propyne Propadiene
Butane Butene Butyne Butadiene
Pentane Pentene Pentyne Pentadiene
Hexane Hexene Hexyne Hexadiene
Heptane Heptene Heptyne Heptadiene
Alkane
Methane - CH4 H / H – C – H / H
Ethane – C2H6 H H / / H - C – C – H / / H H
Propane – C3H8 H H H / / / H – C – C – C – H / / / H H H
Butane – C4H10 H H H H / / / / H – C – C – C – C – H / / / / H H H H
Alkene
Ethene - C2H4
H H
/ / H – C = C – H
Propene – C3H6
H H H / / / H – C – C = C - H / H
Butene – C4H8
H H H H / / / / H – C1 = C2 – C3 – C4 – H / / H H 1- Butene
H H H H / / / / H – C4 – C3 = C2 – C1 – H / / H H 2 - butene
IsoalkaneCnH2n + 2
Isobutane CH3
/ H3 C – CH – CH3
Isohexane CH3
/ CH3 – CH – CH2 - CH2 – CH3
Alkyne
Ethyne – C2H2
H – C C – H
Propyne = C3H4
H / H – C – C C – H / H
Butyne – C4H6 H H / / H – C1 – C2 – C3 C4 – H / / H H 1-butyne
H H / / H – C1 – C2 C3 - C4 –
H / / H H 2-butyne
Alkadiene Cyclic (-2H) Butadiene
H H H H / / / / H – C = C – C = C – H 1.3 butadiene
Hexadiene H H H H H H / / / / / / H – C = C – C = C –C – C –
H / / H H 1,3 Hexadiene
cyclohexene
cyclopropane
Exercises
1.) 1 Pentyne 2.) 2 Heptene 3.) Cyclopropene 4.) 1,2 pentadiene 5.) Cyclohexane 6.) 3 hexyne 7.) 2,4 octadiene 8.) Cyclobutene 9.) Isopentane 10.) Isobutyl alcohol
1. CH=C-CH2-CH2-CH3 2. CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH CH2-CH3 3.
4. CH2=C=CH-CH2-CH3 5.
6. CH3-CH2-C=C-CH2-CH3 7. CH3-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 8. 9. CH3-CH2-CH-CH3 / CH3
Carbohydrate
No. of C atoms
Gen. Formula
Triose 3 C3H6O3Glycerol
Tetrose 4 C4H8O4threoseErythrose
Pentose 5 C5H10O5RiboseDeoxyribose
Hexose 6 C6H12O6Glucose, fructose,Galactose,mannose
A. Monosaccharide – simplest sugar Cn(H2O)n
Triose Tetrose
Pentose
Hexose
GLUCOSE GALACTOSE FRUCTOSE
Hexose
Glucose – Blood sugar Galactose – Brain
sugar Mannose – Bitter sugar Fructose – Fruit sugar,
grape sugar, sweetest sugar, 20x sweeter than table
sugar
GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE
MANNOSE
GALACTOSE
H – C = O
H - C – OH
HO - C – H
H - C – OH
H - C – OH
H – C - OH
H
H
H – C – OH
C = O
HO - C – H
H - C – OH
H - C – OH
H – C - OH
H
H – C = O
HO - C – H
HO - C – H
H - C – OH
H - C – OH
H – C - OH
H
H – C = O
H - C – OH
HO - C – H
HO - C – H
H - C – OH
H – C - OH
H
Haworth Structure
Disaccharides
Lactose – milk sugar -galactose &
glucose
Maltose – malt sugar - 2 glucose
units
Sucrose – cane sugar – table sugar – glucose and
fructose
Polysaccharides – storage molecule
Cellulose – plants Starch - plants Glycogen – animal
starch Chitin – the hard
covering of insects, spiders and shrimps and cell walls of mushroom
PROTEINTYPE FUNCTION EXAMPLES
Structural Support Collagen, elastin and keratin
Storage Stores a.a. Albumin in egg white, casein in milk
Transport Transport of subs Hemoglobin
Hormonal Coordinates activities Insulin, adrenalin, glucagons
Receptor Response to stimuli Receptors w/in the nerve cell
Contractile Movement Actin and myosin for muscular contraction
Defensive Protection & immunity Different antibodies
Enzymatic Hasten chem’l rxn Digestive enzymes
Protein
Consist of several amino acids
Amino acid – is the building blocks of protein.
Gen Formula H / R – C – COOH / NH2
Two Types of Protein 1. Complete protein
– it contains all the essential amino acids Egg. Milk, Brain
2. Incomplete protein – it lacks an essential amino acid Gelatine
Types of Amino Acid
Essential AA – acids that the body cannot synthesize, so it must be incorporated in the diet
PVT. MAT HILL
Non-essential AA – acids that the body can synthesize.
10 ESSENTIAL AA
Protein synthesis
Dehydration is the process by which proteins are synthesized.
Dipeptide – 2 amino acids bonded together
Tripeptide – 3 amino acids
Peptide bond – bond present in protein.
LIPIDS
These are nonpolar molecules.
Insoluble in water but soluble in ether, benzene and chloroform.
Functions Energy source Build cell parts Protective covering
that cushions organs Prevent heat loss Important component
of hormones
Types of Fatty Acid
Saturated fatty acid = contais single bond General Formula
CnH2n+1COOH
Unsaturated fatty acid = contains double bond
SATURATED UNSATURATED
Butyric – C3H7COOH
Caprylic – C5H11COOH
Caproic – C7H15COOH
Capric – C9H19COOH
Lauric – C11H23COOH
Myristic – C13H27COOH Palmitic –
C15H31COOH
Stearic - C17H35COOH
Oleic – C17H33COOH Contains a double
bond Linoleic- C17H31COOH
Contains 2 double bonds
Linolenic – C17H29COOH Contains 3 double
bonds
Difference of
Fat Glycerol and Long chain saturated f.a. (C7-C17)
Solid at room temperature
Oil Glycerol and Long chain unsaturated f.a. or short chain saturated f.a. (C3-C5)
Liquid at rm temperature
Wax Monohydric alcohol and long chain f.a.Solid a room temperature
Structure of Fat/Oil
Phospholipids Consist of two
parts: Hydrophilic head –
which composed of choline, phosphate, and glycerol
Hydrophobic tail – which is composed of two fatty acid chains.
Phospholipids
Steroids
Composed of four fused rings.
Examples are the Cholesterol, testosteron
NUCLEIC ACID Composed of
nucleotides. Nucleotides - are
the building blocks of nucleic acids, or the monomer
Nucleodtides – consist pf sugar, base and phosphate
The two types 1. Ribonucleic acid
(RNA) 2.Deoxyribonuclei
c Acid (DNA)
Nitrogen Base
1. Purine Guanine Adenine
2. Pyrimidine Cytosine Uracil Thymine
Complementary base pair
1. Adenine-Thymine
2. Adenine-Uracil 3. Cytosine-
Guanine
Complementary base pair
RNA vs DNA
Sugar
Base
Structure
Function
Phosphate
Ribose Deoxyribose
A, U, C, G A, T, C, G
Single Stranded Double Stranded
Synthesis of Protein
Carrier of genetic material
PO4 -3 PO4
-3
End of Presentation
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