Section I: New Ideas, New Section I: New Ideas, New Directions Directions

(Pages 460-467)(Pages 460-467)

Section I: New Ideas, New Section I: New Ideas, New Directions Directions

(Pages 460-467)(Pages 460-467) This section is about:This section is about: The rise of nationalism and The rise of nationalism and

liberalism in Europe and the liberalism in Europe and the conservatives struggle to conservatives struggle to prevent that change.prevent that change.

The changes in The changes in governments in France governments in France after Napoleon.after Napoleon.

How the French secured How the French secured political rights as the political rights as the nineteenth century nineteenth century progressed.progressed.

Start by reading the Start by reading the introduction on page 460.introduction on page 460.

In our last sections, there In our last sections, there was an Enlightenment, an was an Enlightenment, an Age of Reason, American Age of Reason, American and French and French Revolutions……Revolutions……

These ideas are going to These ideas are going to start spreading to other start spreading to other places – those are shown places – those are shown on the map on page 461.on the map on page 461.

Also, look at the picture – Also, look at the picture – and the question at the and the question at the end of the caption.end of the caption.

New Ideas, New DirectionsNew Ideas, New Directions

Look at the Main Ideas on Look at the Main Ideas on page 462.page 462.

Our last time period (The Our last time period (The French Revolution and French Revolution and Napoleon) was from 1789-Napoleon) was from 1789-1815.1815.

This time period This time period ““tore tore Europe apart.Europe apart.””

The Revolution and The Revolution and NapoleonNapoleon’’s wars brought a s wars brought a lot of new lot of new ideologiesideologies – – beliefs and plans for social beliefs and plans for social and political changes.and political changes.

Europe was going to keep Europe was going to keep on changing.on changing.

(Ideas and things people believe in)

The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism

In Europe, people liked In Europe, people liked the idea of a nation-the idea of a nation-state.state.

This is a self-governing This is a self-governing land where people have land where people have the same cultural the same cultural background, language, background, language, and history.and history.

Remember some of the Remember some of the definitions of definitions of nationalism? They apply nationalism? They apply to this. to this.

The Congress of ViennaThe Congress of Vienna

In 1814, there was a In 1814, there was a meeting of European meeting of European leaders – in _______.leaders – in _______.

They needed to figure They needed to figure out what to do about out what to do about NapoleonNapoleon’’s changes.s changes.

Many of the leaders at Many of the leaders at TCOV believed in TCOV believed in conservatism.conservatism.

………………………………....

Austria: Prince Klemens von Metternich.Austria: Prince Klemens von Metternich. France: Charles Talleyrand (for Louis France: Charles Talleyrand (for Louis

XVIII).XVIII). Britain: The Duke of WellingtonBritain: The Duke of Wellington Prussia: Prince Karl August von Prussia: Prince Karl August von

Hardenberg.Hardenberg. Russia: Alexander I Russia: Alexander I (that things should return to the ways of the past)

Many of the choices of the Many of the choices of the meeting were meeting were ““conservative.conservative.””

Austria believed Europe Austria believed Europe should be returned to the should be returned to the way it was before the way it was before the French Revolution and had French Revolution and had 3 main ideas:3 main ideas:

1.1. Countries which suffered Countries which suffered the most had to be paid the most had to be paid back for what they had lost.back for what they had lost.

2.2. The balance of power had The balance of power had to be restored – where no to be restored – where no nation was too powerful.nation was too powerful.

3.3. All royal families in power All royal families in power before Napoleon should before Napoleon should return to power.return to power.

Ensuring Peace in EuropeEnsuring Peace in Europe TCOV worked out a plan – they TCOV worked out a plan – they ““re-drewre-drew”” the map of Europe. the map of Europe.

Belgium and Luxembourg were Belgium and Luxembourg were added to Holland (and called the added to Holland (and called the Netherlands).Netherlands).

Prussia got land along the Rhine Prussia got land along the Rhine River (so France didnRiver (so France didn’’t get too t get too much).much).

Austria got part of northern Italy.Austria got part of northern Italy. France would now be surrounded by France would now be surrounded by

strong countries and wouldnstrong countries and wouldn’’t get t get out of control again.out of control again.

The many German states were The many German states were formed into formed into ““The German The German Confederation.Confederation.””

To protect the plan: To protect the plan: ““the Concert of the Concert of EuropeEurope”” was formed to keep was formed to keep everything in order.everything in order.

Nationalism and Liberalism in Nationalism and Liberalism in EuropeEurope

TCOV felt TCOV felt liberalismliberalism was a was a dangerous force. dangerous force.

This made people want This made people want independence and self-independence and self-government.government.

18301830’’s and 1840s and 1840’’s: several s: several uprisings in Europe:uprisings in Europe:

TCOV kept re-drawing TCOV kept re-drawing boundaries to try and keep boundaries to try and keep people happy – but they people happy – but they kept looking at political kept looking at political divisions and should have divisions and should have looked at cultural.looked at cultural.

Promotes social Promotes social change and individual change and individual freedoms including freedoms including ideas of freedom of ideas of freedom of speech, the press, speech, the press, religion, etc…religion, etc…

WorkedWorked DidnDidn’’t workt workBelgium: Belgium: independence from independence from Netherlands.Netherlands.

France: overthrew France: overthrew king – established a king – established a republicrepublic

Poland/Italy: troops Poland/Italy: troops stopped.stopped.

Czechs, Hungarians, Czechs, Hungarians, and Germans: all and Germans: all stoppedstopped

France After NapoleonFrance After NapoleonFrom Charles X to Citizen KingFrom Charles X to Citizen King

There was a group of French There was a group of French (aristocrats – royalists) who (aristocrats – royalists) who wanted to return to the France of wanted to return to the France of old.old.

When Louis XVIII died, he was When Louis XVIII died, he was replaced by his brother (Charles replaced by his brother (Charles X).X). He believed the king should have He believed the king should have

all the government power.all the government power. He did away with the constitution.He did away with the constitution. He increased the power of the He increased the power of the

Roman Catholic Church.Roman Catholic Church. He dissolved the legislature.He dissolved the legislature. He limited the right to vote.He limited the right to vote.

There was a revolt, 2000 people There was a revolt, 2000 people died in 3 days, Charles X gave up died in 3 days, Charles X gave up the throne and fled to Britain.the throne and fled to Britain.

…………………………....

Liberty Leading the People By: Delacroix

Should France be a Should France be a monarchy or a monarchy or a republic?republic?

A new king was chosen A new king was chosen (Charles X brother, (Charles X brother, Louis Philippe).Louis Philippe).

He called himself the He called himself the ““Citizen King.Citizen King.””

He was very liberal, and He was very liberal, and agreed to accept the agreed to accept the 1814 constitution of 1814 constitution of France.France.

This recognized the This recognized the right of the people to right of the people to elect a law making elect a law making body, and included a body, and included a bill of rights to protect bill of rights to protect regular citizens.regular citizens.

Trouble at HomeTrouble at Home The upper and middle The upper and middle

classes liked Louis classes liked Louis Philippe, but the working Philippe, but the working class didnclass didn’’t. t.

Many people were still not Many people were still not allowed to vote, had low allowed to vote, had low wages, had to pay high wages, had to pay high prices for essentials, had prices for essentials, had food shortages, and rising food shortages, and rising unemployment.unemployment.

The people began having The people began having ““banquetsbanquets”” to organize. to organize.

Louis Philippe heard of Louis Philippe heard of one, and sent in troops. one, and sent in troops.

The people got upset, had The people got upset, had more riots, and Louis more riots, and Louis Philippe was also forced to Philippe was also forced to flee to Britain.flee to Britain.

……………………………………....

A new government was set A new government was set up in Paris – called up in Paris – called ““The The Second Republic.Second Republic.””

They called for an election They called for an election where all Frenchmen could where all Frenchmen could vote – a first for Europe.vote – a first for Europe.

Most of those elected were Most of those elected were moderates and moderates and conservatives.conservatives.

More revolts and riots and More revolts and riots and more leaders jailed, exiled, more leaders jailed, exiled, or executed.or executed.

That fall, That fall, Louis Napoleon Louis Napoleon was elected president.was elected president.

The people liked him and The people liked him and by 1852 he became by 1852 he became Emperor Napoleon III.Emperor Napoleon III.

The people had some The people had some rights, but Napoleon III rights, but Napoleon III controlled and crushed all controlled and crushed all who were against him – who were against him – people, the legislature, and people, the legislature, and the press.the press.

(Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew)

Trouble AbroadTrouble Abroad If people were unhappy at home, If people were unhappy at home,

Napoleon III was going to get Napoleon III was going to get glory for France in other ways.glory for France in other ways.

He went to war with Russia He went to war with Russia (1854 – The Crimean War), but (1854 – The Crimean War), but more about that later.more about that later.

He went to northern Africa – and He went to northern Africa – and supported the construction of supported the construction of the Suez Canal.the Suez Canal.

He got some control in He got some control in Cambodia.Cambodia.

He tried to establish some He tried to establish some control in Mexico (denied there).control in Mexico (denied there).

He went to war with Prussia (who He went to war with Prussia (who was trying to unify Germany – was trying to unify Germany – which would be a threat to which would be a threat to France) – that was a big mistake France) – that was a big mistake and was forced to sign a poor and was forced to sign a poor peace treaty.peace treaty.

Napoleon III was captured, Napoleon III was captured, exiled, and died.exiled, and died.

The Third RepublicThe Third Republic

1871 – France 1871 – France becomes a republic becomes a republic again (The Third again (The Third Republic).Republic).

Their constitution Their constitution even stated they were even stated they were going to be a republic.going to be a republic.

France would never France would never have a king again – or have a king again – or would they?would they?