Section I: Section I: Early Civilizations of the Early Civilizations of the

Americas Americas (Pages 198 - 205 )(Pages 198 - 205 )

Before we start this new Before we start this new Chapter:Chapter:

Look at pages 198-199Look at pages 198-199 Let’s preview what’s in Let’s preview what’s in

this Chapterthis Chapter Let’s check out the Let’s check out the

picturepicture And, let’s read page 198 And, let’s read page 198

(from a (from a PrimaryPrimary source) source) On the time line: we go On the time line: we go

back in history for a back in history for a whilewhile

Early civilizations lived in all parts of the Early civilizations lived in all parts of the Americas Americas

(North, Central, and South)(North, Central, and South)Central America also includes Latin AmericaCentral America also includes Latin America

Why is this called Latin Why is this called Latin America?America?

Most of the people Most of the people in this area today in this area today speak a form of speak a form of Spanish, Portuguese Spanish, Portuguese and/or French (all and/or French (all come from Latin).come from Latin).

These areas at one These areas at one time were all time were all annexedannexed (added) to (added) to land controlled by land controlled by European countries.European countries.

The Geography of Latin The Geography of Latin America:America:

PlainsPlains Mountains: the Sierra Mountains: the Sierra

Madres and the AndesMadres and the Andes Rain Forests: in the Rain Forests: in the

Amazon are the Amazon are the largest in the worldlargest in the world

Highland Plateaus: Highland Plateaus: good for good for farming/grazingfarming/grazing

Parts can get real hot Parts can get real hot and humid and some and humid and some very coldvery cold

The First AmericansThe First Americans

Probably came Probably came across the ice across the ice covered (at the covered (at the time) Bering time) Bering Straits.Straits.

Best guess right Best guess right now: 13,000 years now: 13,000 years ago?ago?

Just like everywhere elseJust like everywhere else

The early peoples stopped The early peoples stopped being nomads and slowly being nomads and slowly settled in groups, starting settled in groups, starting communities that ended communities that ended up growing into complex up growing into complex societies.societies.

About 2500 BC: these About 2500 BC: these people started people started successfully planting successfully planting maizemaize (corn) – a GREAT (corn) – a GREAT foodfood

Corn uses today

Foods containing corn

The Olmecs and the ZapotecsThe Olmecs and the Zapotecs(are the oldest civilizations in the (are the oldest civilizations in the

Americas)Americas) The Olmec PeopleThe Olmec People

(1200 BC)(1200 BC) Lived near the Gulf of Lived near the Gulf of

MexicoMexico Were fishermen and Were fishermen and

farmers.farmers. Known for games they Known for games they

played (with rubber played (with rubber balls from the rubber balls from the rubber trees), gigantic carved trees), gigantic carved stone heads, and a stone heads, and a calendar.calendar.

The Zapotec PeopleThe Zapotec People(500 BC)(500 BC)

Developed a writing Developed a writing system.system.

Huge cities (125,000) with Huge cities (125,000) with stone buildings, plazas, stone buildings, plazas, and ceremonial pyramids.and ceremonial pyramids.

TeotihuacanTeotihuacan People lived in stone People lived in stone

apartments and would apartments and would travel to farm outside the travel to farm outside the city each day.city each day.

Others: craft workers, Others: craft workers, artisans, builders, artisans, builders, merchants, and warriors.merchants, and warriors.

Priests and rulers were in Priests and rulers were in charge.charge.

http://www.worldend.info/end-of-the-world/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Teotihuacan-City-of-the-Gods.jpg

The The MayaMaya (300-900 AD) (300-900 AD) Lived in today’s Guatemala, Belize, and the Yucatan Lived in today’s Guatemala, Belize, and the Yucatan

PeninsulaPeninsula

Most were peasants, laborers Most were peasants, laborers and farmers – also played and farmers – also played sports (even a game like sports (even a game like basketball)basketball)

Had many city-states which Had many city-states which were linked and worked were linked and worked together.together.

Wealthy Mayas owned slavesWealthy Mayas owned slaves Priests were important (with Priests were important (with

their daily ceremonial pyramids their daily ceremonial pyramids for the Gods).for the Gods).

This included human sacrificesThis included human sacrifices Most accurate calendar in the Most accurate calendar in the

world (based off the sun), first world (based off the sun), first to understand the idea of a to understand the idea of a zero.zero.

Developed writing using Developed writing using glyphsglyphs (pictures or symbols that (pictures or symbols that represent words or ideas)represent words or ideas)

The The ToltecsToltecs (950-1200 AD)(950-1200 AD)

Lived north of where Lived north of where Mexico City is today in Mexico City is today in their capital of Tula their capital of Tula (mining and trading)(mining and trading)

Worshipped Worshipped Quetzacoatl (a Quetzacoatl (a feathered serpent who feathered serpent who symbolized a union of symbolized a union of Earth and sky).Earth and sky).

The civilization ended The civilization ended with a great fire around with a great fire around 1200 AD1200 AD

They always believed They always believed Quetzacoatl would Quetzacoatl would return somedayreturn someday

The The AztecsAztecs moved into the moved into the same area as the Toltecs same area as the Toltecs

(about 1200)(about 1200) During the 1400’s, they During the 1400’s, they

began invading the began invading the peoples around them and peoples around them and forced them to pay tribute forced them to pay tribute with maize, tobacco, gold, with maize, tobacco, gold, and precious stones.and precious stones.

They also took POW’s (who They also took POW’s (who became slaves).became slaves).

Most became human Most became human sacrifices (Aztecs believed sacrifices (Aztecs believed it was an honor for them it was an honor for them and their families).and their families).

Lots of swampland, so they Lots of swampland, so they came up with came up with chinampaschinampas (rafts filled with soil).(rafts filled with soil).

Boys went to school (to Boys went to school (to train for war). Girls were train for war). Girls were taught by their moms (to taught by their moms (to be weavers or priestesses)be weavers or priestesses)

It’s time to be an archeologist

(page B)

This is your farm.

You’re digging around.

You find this.

Tell me about it.

Section II: Peru and the Incan Section II: Peru and the Incan EmpireEmpire

(Pages 206 - 211)(Pages 206 - 211)

Let’s start by reading Let’s start by reading what’s at the end – what’s at the end – and what we are and what we are expected to find out.expected to find out.

Page 211: Review Page 211: Review History, Critical History, Critical Thinking, and Write Thinking, and Write About Government.About Government.

We should probably We should probably also look at the also look at the pictures on 206-211pictures on 206-211

This section is about South America (Peru This section is about South America (Peru today)…today)…

and the early Native Americans who lived and the early Native Americans who lived there.there.

The Chavin PeopleThe Chavin People Lived here about 900-200 BCLived here about 900-200 BC Built stone temples with Built stone temples with

carvings of gods and other carvings of gods and other images (jaguars, serpents, images (jaguars, serpents, caiman).caiman).

By the coasts, they were By the coasts, they were among the first to build with among the first to build with adobeadobe (sun-dried clay bricks). (sun-dried clay bricks).

It took about 50,000,000 of It took about 50,000,000 of these bricks to build a these bricks to build a templetemple

After the Chavin, the Moche After the Chavin, the Moche moved to the area moved to the area (200-100 BC)(200-100 BC)

They controlled a lot of They controlled a lot of land, but didn’t have land, but didn’t have huge cities.huge cities.

They were skilled They were skilled engineers – building engineers – building roads, canals, and roads, canals, and irrigation systems. irrigation systems.

They’ve left very little of They’ve left very little of their culture behind their culture behind (except some of their (except some of their buildings)buildings)

By 900, they were gone. By 900, they were gone. No one really knows whyNo one really knows why Earthquakes, droughts, Earthquakes, droughts,

floods? floods?

The The IncasIncas are the main group are the main group we know about from this areawe know about from this area

We don’t know much We don’t know much about the early Incas about the early Incas and how they started and how they started (about 1200 AD?).(about 1200 AD?).

They controlled the They controlled the Andes Mountain Valley.Andes Mountain Valley.

Their first great leader Their first great leader (Pachacuti – “Earth (Pachacuti – “Earth Shaker”) built the Shaker”) built the capital city of Cuzco capital city of Cuzco and expanded the and expanded the empire.empire.

The main Incan place most The main Incan place most people know about: Machu people know about: Machu

PicchuPicchu

The City of The City of CuzcoCuzco

Designed in the shape of a Designed in the shape of a Puma (mountain lion) – Puma (mountain lion) – which was sacred to the which was sacred to the Incas.Incas.

Had a fortress/temple at Had a fortress/temple at the head.the head.

Houses and palaces were Houses and palaces were built along the body.built along the body.

Four “highways” met in the Four “highways” met in the central plaza.central plaza.

The Incas were great The Incas were great builders – for buildings , builders – for buildings , palaces, and roadspalaces, and roads

All Incas were expected to All Incas were expected to help buildhelp build

Inca Messages…Inca Messages… ……were easy to send, were easy to send,

because they had great because they had great roads and a “postal roads and a “postal system.”system.”

Runners would travel the Runners would travel the roads – each going 3 miles roads – each going 3 miles to the next rest stop and to the next rest stop and the next runner.the next runner.

Messages could travel 150 Messages could travel 150 miles in a day this way miles in a day this way (that’s a lot).(that’s a lot).

Incas didn’t use writing, so Incas didn’t use writing, so the runners had to the runners had to remember the messages.remember the messages.

They also used a They also used a quipuquipu (strings that kept track of (strings that kept track of numbers).numbers).

Government officials would Government officials would use quipus for use quipus for recordkeepingrecordkeeping

The Later Incan EmperorsThe Later Incan Emperors

Topa Inca tried to Topa Inca tried to expand the empire.expand the empire.

By 1400, it covered By 1400, it covered the entire length of the entire length of the Andes Mts.the Andes Mts.

The last of the Inca The last of the Inca emperors was emperors was Atahualpa (that’s Atahualpa (that’s when the Spanish when the Spanish showed up)showed up)

Incan Government:Incan Government: Was a hereditary Was a hereditary

monarchymonarchy The empire was divided The empire was divided

into 4 sections – each with into 4 sections – each with it’s own governor.it’s own governor.

These governors were all These governors were all part of the Inca emperors part of the Inca emperors extended family.extended family.

Other government jobs Other government jobs went to people who were went to people who were loyal to themloyal to them

When they conquered When they conquered people, they made them people, they made them into slaves… or used them into slaves… or used them for sacrifices.for sacrifices.

King, who’s son is next to ruleKing, who’s son is next to rule

Inca religion was Inca religion was polytheisticpolytheistic

What?????What?????Many GodsMany Gods

•Main God: Viracocha (the creator)

•Others controlled thunder, the Earth, the sea, and the moon.

•The Sun God was their special protector.

•People were ordered to build temples to the gods.

•They also believed spirits lived throughout nature (Japanese Shinto)

•They developed a calendar to keep track of festivals important to the farming year (planting and harvesting)

The Incas did The Incas did have social classeshave social classes

The top: the ruling and noble The top: the ruling and noble families (only about 200 of families (only about 200 of these “pure” Incas)these “pure” Incas)

Next: the adopted Incas: Next: the adopted Incas: nobles from lands the Incas nobles from lands the Incas conqueredconquered

Next: Nobles from far away Next: Nobles from far away lands they controlled but didn’t lands they controlled but didn’t care much about.care much about.

Last: ordinary peopleLast: ordinary people You could not usually change You could not usually change

who you were – unless you did who you were – unless you did something extreme (great something extreme (great courage, or the best courage, or the best servant/slave in town).servant/slave in town).

Do we have “social classes” Do we have “social classes” anywhere today?anywhere today?

Incan FamiliesIncan Families Families were organized Families were organized

into groups.into groups. No taxes, but people were No taxes, but people were

expected to work in expected to work in exchange for government exchange for government services.services.

The government did give The government did give feasts on holidays.feasts on holidays.

The government controlled The government controlled most people’s lives.most people’s lives.

People even had travel People even had travel restrictions and a “dress restrictions and a “dress code” (you had to wear code” (you had to wear clothing that connected clothing that connected you to where you were you to where you were born).born).

Inca FarmingInca Farming Each family belonged Each family belonged

to a larger group to a larger group called an called an allyuallyu..

They owned the land They owned the land together and worked together and worked together.together.

The leader of each The leader of each allyu made sure allyu made sure government orders government orders were followed, and were followed, and decided what each decided what each person’s job should beperson’s job should be

Inca FarmsInca Farms CornCorn SquashSquash TomatoesTomatoes PeanutsPeanuts CottonCotton Potatoes (200 kinds – great Potatoes (200 kinds – great

in the mountains)in the mountains) Llamas and alpacas – for Llamas and alpacas – for

woolwool Boys learned from dads Boys learned from dads

(farming or a “trade”)(farming or a “trade”) Girls learned from moms Girls learned from moms

(weaving and cooking).(weaving and cooking). Most didn’t like what they Most didn’t like what they

did, but they knew it would did, but they knew it would make the empire stronger, make the empire stronger, which would help them outwhich would help them out

Section III: North American Groups Section III: North American Groups (Pages 212 - 217)(Pages 212 - 217)

There were many There were many different kinds ofdifferent kinds of

Our book splits them Our book splits them up into Western and up into Western and Eastern groupsEastern groups

Page 213 of your book Page 213 of your book splits them up a little splits them up a little differently.differently.

Others split them up Others split them up several ways, but the several ways, but the important thing to important thing to remember is in the remember is in the Main Ideas on page Main Ideas on page 212 (A)212 (A)

The Native Americans in North America were The Native Americans in North America were a lot different than those in Central and a lot different than those in Central and

South AmericaSouth America

No unified empires, no No unified empires, no cities, and no palaces.cities, and no palaces.

They hunted, gathered, They hunted, gathered, farmed, and traded with farmed, and traded with each other.each other.

Had a wide variety of Had a wide variety of cultures, languages, cultures, languages, styles of dress and styles of dress and architecture, and beliefs.architecture, and beliefs.

The big thing is: they The big thing is: they didn’t try to control their didn’t try to control their environment – they environment – they adaptadapted to it (adjusted)ed to it (adjusted)

Thick forests, hilly, and rocky with four distinct

seasons

Warm and humidFlat and covered with grass (few trees) with cold winters and hot

summers

Forests, cool, with a long rainy

season

Dry and Hot

Most of North America gets enough rain: good for farming and supporting animals

Also has a great system of rivers (Ohio / Mississippi / Missouri) for travel and trade

Western Native AmericansWestern Native AmericansThe The Aleuts, Yupiks, and InuitsAleuts, Yupiks, and Inuits

Lived in today’s Lived in today’s northern Canada and northern Canada and MexicoMexico

Hunted seals, walruses, Hunted seals, walruses, whales, polar bears, whales, polar bears, caribou, foxes (too cold caribou, foxes (too cold to farm) to farm)

Used furs for clothing Used furs for clothing and blankets.and blankets.

Tools, weapons, tents Tools, weapons, tents and boats (kayaks) and boats (kayaks) from animal partsfrom animal parts

Northwest Native AmericansNorthwest Native Americans Easier life than up Easier life than up

northnorth Rivers and oceans full Rivers and oceans full

of fish and forests full of fish and forests full of food.of food.

Traded a lotTraded a lot Had a ceremony called Had a ceremony called

a a potlachpotlach: the host : the host would claim certain would claim certain rights (like possessions rights (like possessions of a dead relative), the of a dead relative), the guests would act as guests would act as witnesses, the host witnesses, the host would give them a would give them a huge feast (and give huge feast (and give them costly gifts).them costly gifts).

The The AnasaziAnasazi Settled near “the four Settled near “the four

corners.”corners.” Were able to grow some Were able to grow some

food, but produced a lot of food, but produced a lot of pottery, baskets, and cloth.pottery, baskets, and cloth.

Lived in Lived in ppueblosueblos (adobe (adobe brick homes) that were brick homes) that were “temperature controlled”“temperature controlled”

They look a lot like some They look a lot like some modern apartment buildingsmodern apartment buildings

Mesa Verde is one of their Mesa Verde is one of their more famous settlements.more famous settlements.

They moved near the Rio They moved near the Rio Grande in 1300 AD: their Grande in 1300 AD: their descendants are the Pueblosdescendants are the Pueblos

The The PPueblosueblos Not really one people – more Not really one people – more

of a group of Native of a group of Native Americans that shared many Americans that shared many of the same characteristics.of the same characteristics.

Religion is based on praying Religion is based on praying for a good harvest (in dry for a good harvest (in dry area).area).

KachinasKachinas (ancestor spirits) (ancestor spirits) return to the earth as plants, return to the earth as plants, animals, or people who have animals, or people who have power to heal the sick and power to heal the sick and bring rain.bring rain.

Farming got easier after they Farming got easier after they moved near the Rio Grande.moved near the Rio Grande.

Pueblos today are well-Pueblos today are well-known for their pottery skills.known for their pottery skills.

Kachina Dance

NavajosNavajos / / ApachesApaches

Navajo means: large Navajo means: large planted field.planted field.

About 1000 years ago, their About 1000 years ago, their ancestors came from ancestors came from Canada and split into the 2 Canada and split into the 2 groups groups

They settled where the They settled where the Anasazi had left (from the Anasazi had left (from the Four Corners to Texas).Four Corners to Texas).

Growing food was tough, so Growing food was tough, so they mostly hunted (buffalo, they mostly hunted (buffalo, deer, and rabbit).deer, and rabbit).

Nothing was ever wasted.Nothing was ever wasted. This wasn’t always enough This wasn’t always enough

to survive, so they often to survive, so they often raided other people – raided other people – stealing food, livestock, and stealing food, livestock, and supplies.supplies.

For Apaches: courage and For Apaches: courage and bravery in making a raid bravery in making a raid was highly valuedwas highly valued

Eastern Native AmericansEastern Native AmericansThe Mound BuildersThe Mound Builders

From the Mississippi and From the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys (starting Ohio River Valleys (starting about 300 years ago)about 300 years ago)

Each time someone was Each time someone was buried (usually a leader), buried (usually a leader), they added them to the they added them to the mound.mound.

Two kinds: temple mounds Two kinds: temple mounds and burial mounds - all and burial mounds - all different sizes and shapesdifferent sizes and shapes

The Mississippian people The Mississippian people built temple mounds. Some built temple mounds. Some are even a pyramid shape.are even a pyramid shape.

These people disappeared These people disappeared about the 1600’s: either about the 1600’s: either crop failures or warscrop failures or wars

The The IroquoisIroquois (and the (and the Hurons)Hurons)

Lived where New York is now Lived where New York is now – and didn’t always get along– and didn’t always get along

Lived according to the Lived according to the seasons: spring planting / fall seasons: spring planting / fall harvesting (and settling harvesting (and settling yearly disputes).yearly disputes).

It got cold in winter – so they It got cold in winter – so they built built longhouseslonghouses – with many – with many families living in eachfamilies living in each

All people worked to provide All people worked to provide food – fishing, gathering, food – fishing, gathering, hunting, and farminghunting, and farming

Family groups cooperated, Family groups cooperated, but they argued so much but they argued so much among different tribes, they among different tribes, they formed a group to settle formed a group to settle disputes (The Iroquois disputes (The Iroquois Confederacy)Confederacy)

The Iroquois ConfederacyThe Iroquois Confederacy

Hiawatha (Iroquois) and Hiawatha (Iroquois) and Dekanawidah (Huron) Dekanawidah (Huron) wanted to bring peace to wanted to bring peace to their people.their people.

They formed a group made They formed a group made up of the 5 Iroquois Nations up of the 5 Iroquois Nations who all shared the same who all shared the same language and traditions language and traditions (Mohawks/Senecas/Onondagas/Oneids/Cuyag(Mohawks/Senecas/Onondagas/Oneids/Cuyagas)as)

Each nation had its own Each nation had its own council – headed by a chief council – headed by a chief called a called a sachemsachem

Their most important duty Their most important duty was to maintain peace was to maintain peace between the 5 tribesbetween the 5 tribes

All decisions were to based All decisions were to based on the welfare of the people.on the welfare of the people.