section b culture shock

Book Book 22Unit 1Unit 1

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Section B Culture Shock

Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs Being able to determine the main idea of a passage is one of the most useful skills you can develop. It is a skill you can apply to any kind of reading. The main idea of a passage is the thought that is present from the beginning to the end. In a well-written paragraph, most of the sentences support, describe or explain the main idea. Writers most frequently use the first sentence of a paragraph to state the main idea, as is clear from the following example taken from Reading Passage A:


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Consequently, we work hard at the task of saving time. We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices; we communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer -- especially given our traffic-filled streets. We, therefore, save most personal visiting for after work hours or for social weekend gatherings. (Para. 5, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main idea: We work hard at the task of saving time.



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However, the main idea sentence may also appear in other places: in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Sometimes, there is no sentence in the paragraph that directly states the main idea. The main idea is simply left unstated or implied.



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Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs The particular reading skill introduced for this unit is reading for the main idea in a paragraph. This skill is one of the most useful reading skills students can develop. Finding the main idea is necessary for the understanding of a piece of writing. The main idea of a paragraph is usually stated by one of the sentences in the paragraph. The main idea sentence is commonly known as “a topic sentence” or “a topic statement”. It may appear in one of several places in the paragraph. Most frequently the first sentence of a paragraph states the main idea, as is clear from the following example taken from Reading Passage A:

Section B culture Shock


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However, the main idea sentence may also appear in other places: in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Look at two more examples taken from Reading Passage A: 1. “We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count. (Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main Idea: It (= Time) is a precious resource. In this paragraph the main idea appears in the middle of the paragraph.



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The U. S. is definitely a telephone country. Almost everyone uses the telephone to conduct business, to chat with friends, to make or break social appointments, to say “Thank you,” to shop and to obtain all kinds of information. Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that telephone service is superb here, whereas the postal service is less efficient. (Para. 7, Reading Passage A, Unit 1)Main idea: The U. S. is definitely a telephone country.



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2. Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. (Para. 1, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main Idea: Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.In this paragraph the main idea appears at the end of this paragraph.



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Please notice that sometimes there is no sentence in the paragraph which directly states the main idea. That doesn’t mean that there isn’t a main idea in the paragraph, only the main idea is implied. In these cases you have to write a sentence to sum up the main idea of the paragraph



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(Culture Shock) Do you think studying in a different country is something that sounds very exciting? Like many young people who leave home to study in another country, do you think you would have lots of desirable fun? Certainly, it is a new experience, which brings the opportunity of discovering fascinating things and a feeling of freedom.


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In spite of these advantages, however, there are also some challenges you will encounter. Because your views may clash with the different beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in different countries, you may have difficulty adjusting to a new culture and to those parts of the culture not familiar to you. This is culture shock. Evidently, at least four essential stages of culture-shock adjustment occur.


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The first stage is called “the honeymoon.” In this stage, you feel excitement about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous. You like everything, and everybody seems to be so nice to you. Also, the amusement of life in a new culture seems as though it will have no ending.


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Eventually, however, the second stage of culture shock appears. This is the “hostility stage.” You begin to notice that not everything culture. Moreover, people don’t treat you like a guest anymore. awful, and everything makes you feel distressed and tired.

is as good as you had originally thought it was. You become tired of many things about the new


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. The last stage of culture shock is called “adjustment.” In this stage, you have reached a point where you actually feel good because you have learned enough to understand the new culture. The things that initially made you feel uncomfortable or strange are now things that you understand. This acquisition of understanding alleviates much of the stress. Now you feel comfortable; you have adjusted to the new culture.



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Evidently, culture shock is something you cannot avoid when living in a foreign country. It does not seem like a very helpful experience when you are going through its four stages. However, when you have completely adjusted to a new culture you can more fully enjoy it. You learn how to interact with other people, and you learn a considerable amount about life in a culture that is not your own. Furthermore, learning about other cultures and how to adjust to the shock of living in them helps you learn more about yourself.



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Language Points

Culture Shock (Title)culture shock: a term meaning strong feelings of discomfort, fear, or anxiety, which people may have when they enter another culture. Usually when a person moves to live in a foreign country, she/he may experience a period of culture shock until she/he becomes familiar with the new culture.文化冲突


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Do you think studying in a different country is something that sounds very exciting? 你认为在异国留学是一种听上去非常让人兴奋的事情吗？


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Please note the use of “sound” as a verb in the following examples though you are familiar with the word as a noun. It is a linking verb, which can be directly followed by an adjective, a noun or a prepositional phrase.Your plan sounds quite reasonable. 你的的计划听起来很有道理。Your idea sounds like a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。



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desirable: a. worth having, doing or desiring because it is useful, necessary, or popular 令人向往的；值得有的；合意的It is most desirable that they should both come. 他们俩人都来最理想了。Please notice: in the structure “It is desirable that ...”, the verb in the that-clause is usually in the subjunctive form or “should” is used before the main verb. It is desirable that she leave (or: should leave) the company immediately. 明智的做法是她立即离开公司。


desirable: a. worth having, doing or desiring because it is useful, necessary, or popular 令人向往的；值得有的；合意的It is most desirable that they should both come. 他们俩人都来最理想了。Please notice: in the structure “It is desirable that ...”, the verb in the that-clause is usually in the subjunctive form or “should” is used before the main verb. It is desirable that she leave (or: should leave) the company immediately. 明智的做法是她立即离开公司。


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Certainly, it is a new experience, which brings the opportunity of discovering fascinating things and a feeling of freedom. 这当然是人生新的经历，它会给你带来机会 , 去发现许多迷人的东西 , 获得一种自由感。



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fascinating: a. interesting and able to attract 有极大吸引力的，迷人的The sight was so fascinating that I could not take my eyes off it. 景色如此迷人，我都无法移开视线。


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… a feeling of freedom. (Para.1)Please note that the word “feeling” is often used in the structure “ feeling(s) of …”. a feeling of discomfort 不舒服的感觉a feeling of hunger 饥饿感 a feeling of danger 危险感



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In spite of:not to be prevented by;notwithstanding 虽然；不顾；尽管。。。仍They went out in spite of the rain

尽管下雨，他们仍然出去。In spite of all his efforts he failed.

他虽然做了各种努力，仍然失败了。



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Because your views may clash with the different beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in different countries, 因为你的观点可能会与存在于不同国家的不同信念、准则、价值观念和传统发生冲突。



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clash (with): vi. disagree seriously, come into argument or non-agreement state严重不一致，冲突The couple clashed on the question of where to spend their holidays. 夫妻俩对上哪儿去度假意见不一致。2. come together and fight冲突，交锋，遭遇


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tradition: n. custom or belief that has existed for a long time传统，惯例follow a tradition 遵从传统They decided to break with tradition. 他们决定打破惯例。It's a tradition to sing "Jingle Bells" at Christmas. 圣诞节唱《铃儿响叮当》是一种传统。



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become or make suited (to new conditions) 使适应（新环境），适应I can't adjust to living on my own. 我无法适应独立生活。



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familiar to: If sth. is familiar to you, it is well known to you or you often experience/encounter it.为 ... ... 所熟悉的，常见（听）到的The facts are familiar to every schoolboy. 这些事实是每个小学生都熟悉的。facts that are familiar to every schoolboy 每个男学生都熟悉的事实Compare: familiar with: If you are familiar with sth., you have a good knowledge of it or you know it in detail.Are you familiar with the rules of baseball? 你熟悉棒球规则吗 ?



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Evidently, at least four essential stages of culture-shock adjustment occur.很明显，在人们适应文化冲击的过程中至少会出现四个主要阶段。



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evidently: ad. obviously; it is plain that; it is proved by clear signs that明显地Evidently he has decided to leave. 显然他已决定离开了。She should have been here two hours ago so she's evidently decided not to come after all. 她应该在两个小时前就到这儿了，所以很明显，她终究还是决定不来了。


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The first stage is called “the honeymoon.” In this stage, you feel excitement about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous第一阶段叫做“蜜月期”。在这一阶段里，你会感觉到生活在一个不同国度里很兴奋，而且每一样东西看上去都妙不可言。



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excitement: n. [U] the state of being excited兴奋，激动，刺激（尤指令人愉快的事引起的）The news caused great excitement. 那个消息使人特别兴奋。


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the amusement of life in a new culture seems as though it will have no ending. 新的文化中的生活乐趣好像是无穷无尽的。



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amusement: n. [C] sth. that makes one’s time pass pleasantly娱乐（消遣）活动，娱乐品，娱乐场所 The hotel offers its guests a wide variety of amusements. 这家旅馆为客人们提供各式各样的娱乐活动。 2.[U] state of being amused 娱乐，快乐To everybody's amusement, the actor fell off the stage. 那个演员从舞台上掉了下来，大家都感到好笑。


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marvelous: a. wonderful; excellent惊奇的，奇妙的，不可思议的The performance is simply marvelous. 演出精彩极了！a marvelous opportunity 绝好的机会It’s marvelous that we can at last buy our own house. 太好了，我们终于能购买自己的房子了。



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This is the “hostility stage.” 这是 “敌意阶段”。 hostility: n. strong reaction against; unfriendliness 敌意，敌对，敌视There is now open hostility between the two leaders. 两位领导人之间的敌意已经公开化了。2.[U] being against 抵制，反对



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You become tired of many things about the new culture. Moreover, people don’t treat you like a guest anymore你会对新的文化里的许多东西都感到厌倦。此外，人们也不再把你当作一个客人来对待了。



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(be) tired of: (be) impatient or have no interest in sb. or sth.讨厌，不耐烦，厌烦I'm tired of your negative comments. 你的批评我已经听烦了。When you're tired of one dress, change to another. 如果你一件衣服穿腻了，可以换一件。


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and everything makes you feel distressed and tired. 而且每一样东西都使你感到苦恼和厌倦。



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Distressed: 1. [U] (cause of) great pain, sadness, suffering, etc. 痛苦，苦恼，忧伤（的原因）Her death was a great distress to all the family. 她的去世使全家人感到万分悲痛。Two in distress makes sorrow less. 同病相怜。2. [U] suffering (caused by lack of money, food, etc.) （缺钱、缺食物造成的）穷苦，贫困


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you devise some defense mechanisms to help you cope and to protect yourself against the effects of culture shock. 你会想出一些帮助你对付和保护自己免受文化冲击的影响的保护性办法。



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devise: vt. create or invent (a plan, method, etc.) by careful thought想出（计划），发明（设备、工具）The teacher has devised a new method of teaching foreign languages. 那位老师发明了一种教授外语的新方法。


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mechanism: [C] 【心】心理机制，机理 Her offensive way is just a defense mechanism. 她的粗鲁不过是出于防卫心理。[C] method or steps for getting things done 手法，技巧，途径 The mechanism for collecting taxes needs improving. 收税制度需要改进Drug and alcohol are sometimes used as an escape mechanism. 吸毒和酗酒有时被当作逃避（现实）的方法。



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cope: vi. (of a person) deal with sth. difficult successfully成功地）应付，能对付 The problems were a hard nut, but we managed to cope. 这些问题是很棘手的，但我们设法去加以解决。The verb “cope” is used with the preposition “with” if it is followed by an object.She is not a competent driver and can’t cope with driving in heavy traffic. 她不是个称职的司机 , 在交通拥挤时就开不好车。



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The third kind of defense mechanism is called “isolation.” 第三种保护性办法叫做”孤立法”。 isolation: n. [U] keeping oneself alone; separating from others隔离，孤立，分解，分离They live in complete isolation in a mountain. 他们在一座山里过着完全与世隔绝的生活。fight in isolation 孤军奋战



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One type of coping mechanism is called “repression.” 其中有一种办法叫做“压抑法”。 repression: n. [C,U] a psychological term meaning actively preventing an unwelcome thought from conscious awareness （心理学）压抑The repression of your true feelings is harmful to your health. 压抑你的真实感情有害健康。



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With isolation, you try to avoid the effects of culture shock, 你想把自己孤立起来以避免文化冲击的影响，



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avoid: vt. keep oneself away from; prevent, stop sth. from happening避开，逃避 To avoid traffic tie-up, we took the subway to the railway station. 我们乘坐地铁去火车站以避开交通堵塞。Please notice that if “avoid” is directly followed by another verb, then the verb should be used in its -ing form.He tried to avoid answering my questions.



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The last type of defense mechanism is called “rejection.” 最后一种保护性办法叫做“排斥法”。 rejection: n. [C,U] refusing to accept, consider or use拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃The company's rejection made him disappointed. 公司的回绝令他很失望。He keeps applying for jobs, but is given rejections only. 他不断写信求职，但一次次地被回绝。



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helpful helpful:a.

giving help; useful 有帮助的；有益的He's always very helpful to his mother. 他对他母亲总是很有帮助。a helpful friend 益友



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stop (sb. or sth.) from (doing sth.)阻止，防止Nobody can prevent us from getting married. 任何人也阻止不了我们结婚。His broken leg prevented him from walking. 他的断腿使他不能走路。



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After you deal with your hostile feelings, recognition of the temporary nature of culture shock begins. Then you come to the third stage called “recovery.”在你对付过了自己的敌对情绪后，你就会开始认识到文化冲击的短暂性。然后你就会步入被称为“恢复期”的第三阶段。 recognition: n. [U] the act of recognizing; realizing承认，认可Some artists gain recognition after death. 有些艺术家死后才得到认可。2.[U] the fact of knowing sb. or sth. 认出，认识



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reach a certain state 达到某状态The two brothers quickly came to blows during their quarrel. 这俩兄弟互相争吵，很快就变成了拳脚相加。



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recovery: n.1) [U] a return to a normal state恢复，复原，痊愈He's now well on the way to recovery. 他在顺利地康复。He's past recovery. 他已全无康复的希望。2. [U] getting back 寻回，追回，收复the recovery of stolen goods 赃物的追回the recovery of a fallen city 失陷城市的收复



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The whole situation starts to become more favorable; you recover from the symptoms of the first two stages 整个形势开始变得对你有利了，你会从前面两个阶段中出现的症状中恢复过来favorable： a.1) good, pleasing, suitable, helpful有帮助的，适宜的 favorable winds 顺风 make a favorable impression on somebody 给某人留下好印象



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return to a normal state from 从 ... ... 恢复到正常状态He's now fully recovered from the shock.他现在已完全从震惊中恢复了过来。



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You begin to see that even though the distinctions of the culture are different from your own, it has elements that you can learn to appreciate.你开始明白，虽然这种新的文化的特点和你自己的文化的特点有所不同，其中也必定有着值得你学习和欣赏的东西。



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appreciate: vt. understand and enjoy欣赏，赏识You can't fully appreciate Shakespeare in translation. 你无法通过翻译去充分欣赏莎士比亚的作品。2.understand (sth.) with sympathy 理解，意识到，懂得I appreciate your problem, but I don't think I can help you.我理解你的问题，但我想我无法帮助你。



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This acquisition of understanding alleviates much of the stress. Now you feel comfortable; you have adjusted to the new culture. 这种理解会减轻你的许多压力。现在你感到舒服，你已经适应了新的文化。



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acquisition: n. [U] The acquisition of a skill or a particular type of knowledge is the process of learning it or developing it.获得，得到

language acquisition 语言习得 The children progressed quickly in the acquisition of basic skills. 孩子们在掌握基本技能方面进步很快。



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go through: experience通过；完成（某阶段）Have you thought about the difficulties your children would go through? 对于你的孩子会受的苦 , 你想过吗 ?go through a severe test 经受一次严峻的考验Tom’s book has already gone through three printings. 汤姆的书已经印刷了三次。



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section b culture shock

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