section 6.3 : kingdom animalia pg. 182-197 part 2 : vertebrates
DESCRIPTION
Section 6.3 : Kingdom Animalia pg. 182-197 Part 2 : VERTEBRATES. Vertebrates (5% of Animal Kingdom). The Phylum Chordata is the phylum of vertebrates. Phylum Chordata (Chordates). Most members of this phylum are vertebrates with bony skeletons and backbones. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Section 6.3:Kingdom Animalia
pg. 182-197
Part 2:VERTEBRATES
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Vertebrates (5% of Animal Kingdom)
The PhylumChordata is the phylum of vertebrates.
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Phylum Chordata(Chordates)
• Most members of this phylum are vertebrates with bony skeletons and backbones.
• Most common on land & in water.
• Many fewer chordate species than invertebrate species.
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Chordate Characteristics
At some stage in their lifecycle, Chordates have:
1. A dorsal nerve cord (nerves branch to all parts of the body)
2. A notocord (rod of cartilage that runs along the dorsal length of the body)
3. Gill slits in the pharynx (throat).
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An Exception
There are two groups of invertebrate animals that arepart of the Phylum Chordata.
1. Tunicates2. Lancelets
They have the threecharacteristics of chordates.
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Comparing Vertebrate Chordates
The organisms within the Phylum Chordata are divided commonly by:1. The presence of an amnion (fluid-filled sac around the embryo).2. The development of the lung.
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Chordate Respiration
• Fish are the only vertebrates adapted to live their lives entirely in water. They obtain oxygen from the water through their gills.
• Reptiles, birds & mammals have lung-base respiratory systems.
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Chordate Circulation
There are three types ofcirculatory pathways amongvertebrates.
1. Mammals, birds, crocodiles2. Amphibians & most reptiles3. Fishes
*** See and know Figure 6.25 on page 193.
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Chordate Reproduction
There are two main methods of fertilization invertebrates:
1. External2. Internal
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External Fertilization
• The egg & sperm meet outside the body.• Ex. Sharks, frogs
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Internal Fertilization
• The egg & sperm meet inside the body
• Ex. Reptiles, birds, mammals
• Mammals are the only vertebrates in which the embryo develops internally! (Exceptions: Duckbill Platypus & Kangaroo)
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Phylum Chordata
Four Subphyla:1. Urochordata (tunicates)2. Cephalochordata (lancelets)3. Agnatha (jawless fish, i.e. hagfish)4. Gnathostomata (jawed chordates)
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Subphylum Gnathostomata (jawed chordates)
• Divided into 6 classes:1. Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish, i.e. sharks)2. Osteichthyes (bony fish)3. Amphibia (amphibians)4. Reptilia (reptiles)5. Aves (birds)6. Mammalia (mammals)
*** You should know the class (Table 6.3, page 190)
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1. Chondrichthyes(Cartilaginous Fish)
• Skeleton is made of cartilage instead of bone• Have 5-7 gill slits but lack gill covers• Ex. Rays, skates, sharks
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2. Osteichthyes(Bony Fish)
• Most numerous of the vertebrates.• Skeletons are made of bone.• Ex. Herring, trout, cod
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3. Amphibia(Amphibians)
• In early stages are gill breathers in water, but live as air breathing adults on land.
• Have a heart with 3 chambers.• Ex. Frogs, toads
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4. Reptilia(Reptiles)
• Have better developed lungs than amphibians.
• Have a rib cage• Skin is thick and scaly & is
made from keratin (a protein)• They shed their skin several
times each year.• Ex. Lizards & snakes
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5. Aves(Birds)
• Have feathers• Bones are hallow…..why??• Ex. Robins, Blue Jays,
Swallows
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6. Mammalia(Mammals)
• Have hair• Have milk-producing
mammary glands• Give birth to live young• Most live on land• A small number are
adapted to life in the water (i.e. whales, dolphins)
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One Short Video• Phylum Chordata “How Stuff Works”
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Section 6.3Review Questions
• Do question #’s 1-6 on page 196.• Do “A Vertebrate Survey” Worksheet.
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Section 6.3 Answers
1. On what basis do biologists distinguish animals from members of other kingdoms?
They use characteristics such as:reproductionmotilitydigestioncell typebody form
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2. Why is Phylum Arthropoda considered the most successful animal phylum?
Arthropods have an exoskeleton, segmentation, a nervous system, and nutrition-related adaptations that have all helped them to be successful.
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3. What characteristics distinguish chordates from other animals?
Unlike other animals, chordates have a notochord.
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4. How is the body of a flatworm similar to and different from the body of a sponge and a cnidarian?
They are all multicellular. The flatworm has bilateral symmetry, and the sponge is asymmetrical while the cnidarian is radial. The flatworm has a simple nervous system like cnidarian but sponges do not have tissues or organs. All three lack a body cavity.
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5. Sketch a diagram illustrating the difference between radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry in animal bodies.
Ex. A starfish vs. a lobster
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6. Construct a simple key that enables you to differentiate among any four animal phyla.
Answers will vary!!
Chordata = dorsal nerve cordArthropoda = jointed appendagesPlatyhelminthes = three tissue layersCnidaria = two tissue layers