section 3, chapter 8: knee joint and joint disorders
DESCRIPTION
knee joint and joint disordersTRANSCRIPT
The Knee Joint and Joint Disorders
Chapter 8, Section 3
Knee JointThe knee joint is the largest and most complex synovial joint in body.
Two distal condyles of the femur articulate with two proximal condyles of the tibia. This is a condylar joint.
The femur also articulates anteriorly with the patella. This is a plane joint.
Figure 8.21 Figure 8.20
1. Synovial Membrane• Secretes synovial fluid
2. Joint Cavity • Stores synovial fluid
3. Joint Capsule• Relatively thin support• Reinforced by several
ligaments and tendons
Knee Joint
General structures of a synovial joint in the knee
Figure 8.20
1. Patellar tendon - The patella is partially enclosed in tendons fused together from the thigh muscle.
2. Patellar ligament – continuation of patellar tendon. Extends from patella to the tibial tuberosity.
Knee Joint
Several ligaments and tendons strengthen the knee joint.
Knee Joint
Figure 8.21a Anterior right knee with patella removed.
3. Tibial collateral ligament – connects medial condyle of femur with medial condyle of tibia.
4. Fibular collateral ligament – connects lateral condyle of femur with head of fibula.
5. Anterior & Posterior Cruciate ligaments – provide additional support to medial surface of tibia and femur
Ligaments continued:
Knee Joint
Two menisci (medial & lateral meniscus) separate the femur and tibia, and align them.
Figure 8.20 (a) sagittal section of the knee joint. (b) Photograph of the left knee joint (frontal
section)
Three major bursae surround the knee joint.
Knee Joint
1. Suprapatellar bursa• Largest bursa in body
2. Prepatellar bursa• Between patella and skin• Housemaid’s knee =
prepatellar bursitis
3. Infrapatellar bursa
Figure 8.20a
Joint Disorders
Sprain = overstretching or tearing of connective tissue (tendons, ligaments, or cartilage) associated with a joint.
However, the bones are not disarticulated.
Joint Disorders
Arthritis = inflamed, swollen, and painful joints.
1. Osteoarthritis• Most common arthritis
• Occurs with aging
• Articular cartilage degenerates, causing bone to rub against bone.
• Results in stiff and painful joints
• Fingers may appear gnarled and knee may bulge.
Osteoarthritic fingers often take
on a gnarled appearance.
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis• Autoimmune disorder (immune
system attacks tissue)
• Synovial membrane thickens & becomes inflamed
• Mass of fibrous connective tissue (Pannus) invades synovial space.
• Fibrous pannus destroys articular cartilage, and the joints may swell and ossify.
Knuckles may swell as a result of rheumatoid arthritis.
End of Chapter 8, Section 3
Other symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis:• low-grade fever, fatigue, appetite, stiffness.
Joint Disorders