section 2: states of matter
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Chapter 9: Heat and States of Matter. Section 2: States of Matter. States of Matter. 2. Four States of Matter. SOLID STATE. The particles of a solid are packed closely together and are constantly vibrating in place. . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Section 2: States of Matter
Chapter 9:Heat and States of Matter
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2States of Matter
• The particles of a solid are packed closely together and are constantly vibrating in place.
Four States of Matter
• The attractions between particles are strong and solids have a fixed volume and shape.
SOLID STATE
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2States of Matter
• The attractive forces are strong enough to cause particles to cling together.
LIQUID STATE
• Liquids have a definite volume, but not a definite shape.
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2States of Matter
• In a gas the forces between particles are so weak that the particles no longer cling together.
GAS STATE
• Gases do not have a definite shape or volume.
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2States of Matter
• The most common state of matter in the universe is the plasma state.
Plasma State
• PLASMA is matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles and does not have a definite shape or volume.
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2States of Matter
• The temperature at which a solid begins to melt is its melting point.
Changing States
• The amount of energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point is known as the HEAT OF FUSION.
Melting
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2States of Matter
• The HEAT OF FUSION is also the energy released when a liquid freezes.
Freezing
• The attractive forces are strong enough that the particles form an ordered arrangement.
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2States of Matter
• Vaporization occurs as liquid changes into a gas.
Vaporization
• Vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid is called evaporation.
• Evaporation causes the temperature of the liquid to decrease.• Can you explain this?
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2States of Matter
• The BOILING POINT of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in the liquid is equal to the external pressure acting on its surface.
Boiling
• The HEAT OF VAPORIZATION is the amount of energy required for 1 kg of the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas.
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2States of Matter
• The HEAT OF VAPORIZATION is also the amount of energy released during condensation.
CONDENSATION
• This graph shows the temperature change of water as thermal energy is added.
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2States of Matter
• The average kinetic energy of the water molecules doesn’t change.
CONDENSATION
• The temperature remains constant during melting.
What about during evaporation?
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2States of Matter
CONDENSATION
of the gas increases as energy is added.
• After the liquid water has changed completely into a gas, the temperature
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2States of Matter
• The increased separation between the particles results in the expansion of the object and the size of the object increases.
Thermal Expansion
• When a material cools, the particles in the material move more slowly and become closer together.
THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF MATTER
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2States of Matter
• The forces between the particles in liquids are weaker than the forces between the particles in a solid.
THERMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS
• The same temperature increase usually causes liquids to expand much more than solids.
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2 States of Matter
• In a gas, the forces between particles are much weaker than they are in liquids.
THERMAL EXPANSION OF GASES
• Gases expand even more than liquids for the same increase in temperature.
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2Section Check
Question 1_________ is a state of matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles that exists where the temperature is extremely high.
A. GasB. LiquidC. PlasmaD. Solid
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2Section Check
Answer
The answer is C. Plasma is found in the Sun, stars, lightning bolts and neon lights.
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2Section Check
Question 2
Most __________ materials have a specific type of geometric arrangement.
A. gaseousB. inertC. liquidD. solid
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2Section Check
The answer is D. The particles in most solids align themselves in ordered geometric patterns.
Answer
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2Section Check
Question 3The amount of energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point is known as the _______.
A. heat of energyB. heat of fusionC. heat of meltingD. heat of vaporization
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2Section Check
Answer
The correct answer is B. Heat of fusion causes an ice cube to become liquid water.