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The University of Melbourne Property and Campus Services

Design Standards page 1 of 43 Section 2: Occupational, Health and Safety – February 2013

SECTION 2: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

CONTENTS

2.1 INTRODUCTION 3

2.2 SAFETY IN DESIGN REVIEWS FOR BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES 3

2.2.1 General 3

2.2.2 Buildings & Structures requiring Safety in Design Reviews 3

2.2.3 Design stages at which SiD reviews should be completed 4

2.2.4 SiD Review Process 4

2.3 GENERAL 5

2.3.1 Building Access 5

2.3.2 Wall Fitments 6

2.3.3 Flammable Liquid Stores 6

2.3.4 Gas Cylinder Storage 6

2.3.5 Portable Fire Extinguishers 6

2.3.6 Safety Stations 7

2.3.7 Safety Showers 8

2.3.8 Emergency Eye-Wash Stations 8

2.3.9 Safety Signs 8

2.3.10 Asbestos / Hazards 8

2.4 RADIATION PROTECTION 8

2.4.1 Radiation Control 8

2.5 ERGONOMIC GUIDELINES 9

2.5.1 Background 9

2.5.2 Office Administration Areas 10

2.5.3 Reception Areas / Enquiries Counters/ Student Centre Counters 15

2.5.4 Laboratories - Computer 20

2.5.5 Laboratories - Experimental 23

2.5.6 Meeting Rooms - Standard and Executive 29

2.5.7 Teaching and Learning Spaces 30

2.5.8 Libraries 33

2.5.9 Collaborative Learning Areas 36

2.5.10 Information Management 36

2.5.11 Receiving Areas 37

2.5.12 Waste Storage and Handling 37

2.6 SEATING SPECIFICATIONS 37

2.6.1 Chair Criteria 37



2.6.2 General Notes and Requirements 42

DESIGN STANDARDS CHANGE LOG FEBRAURY 2013

2.4 Radiation 9

2.4.2 Background The section on ergonomic guidelines was incorrectly formatted under Section 2.4 Radiation (the Ergonomic Guidelines heading has been incorrectly deleted) it should be under its own heading – Ergonomic Guidelines.

2.5 Ergonomic Guidelines 9

New Section 2.5 Ergonomic Guidelines heading has been created and the index page updated.

2.6 Seating Specifications 37

New Task Chair supplier reference added: Refer to Section 1.12.10 Chairs for details of preferred Task Chair suppliers.

All references to previous Section 2.5 have been changed to Section 2.6, due to new section numbering for the ergonomic guidelines section.



2.1 INTRODUCTION

The Occupational, Health & Safety Unit (OH &SU) is responsible for monitoring implementation of all the relevant Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice dealing with occupational health and safety at the University.

The Project Architect and Consultants, in designing the building and the Contractor during the construction process, shall adhere to all the relevant Acts, Regulations, and Codes of Practice, the University of Melbourne Occupational Health and Safety Manual and the Property and Campus Services Safe Work Procedures Manual to ensure the safety of all legitimate use of University’s premises.

Important considerations must be adhered to in the early and other stages of any design with regard to occupational health and safety practices as set down by Work Safe Victoria in their publication, Officewise: A guide to health and safety in the office. It is available on the website www.workcover.vic.gov.au

Consultants must also be aware of their obligations to carry out risk assessments during the design phase for work areas as per Section 28 OH&S Act 2004.

2.2 SAFETY IN DESIGN REVIEWS FOR BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES

2.2.1 General

A number of jurisdictions have included safety in design requirements in their occupational health and safety legislation. This legislation is designed to ensure that hazards and risks that may exist in the design of a workplace are eliminated or controlled at the design stage, as far as reasonably practicable. Regardless of whether there is a legislated requirement for Safety in Design (SiD) in place, there is a requirement to provide a workplace that is safe and without risk as far as reasonably practicable.

Safety in design is a process defined as the integration of hazard identification and risk assessment methods early in the design process to eliminate or minimise the risks of injury throughout the life of the building or structure being designed. It encompasses all design including facilities, hardware, systems, equipment, products, tooling, materials, energy controls, layout and configuration.

A safe design approach begins in the conceptual and planning phases with an emphasis on making choices about design, materials used and methods of manufacture or construction to enhance the safety of the finished product. The designer needs to consider how safety can best be achieved in each of the lifecycle phases.

The most effective risk control measure – eliminating the hazard – is often cheaper and more practical to achieve at the design or planning stage, rather than making changes later when the hazards become real risks to University’s, users, employees and businesses. The direct costs associated with unsafe design can be significant, such as retrofitting, workers compensation and insurance levies, environmental clean ups and negligence claims.

2.2.2 Buildings & Structures requiring Safety in Design Reviews

SiD reviews should be completed for works associated with the following:

� Buildings /structures to be used as workplaces;

� Buildings/structures that are occasional workplaces;

� Parts of the building/structure including fixtures integral to its use as a workplace;



� Temporary structures;

� Roads and footpaths.

It will be noted that the above scope is broad in nature, and it should be assumed unless confirmed otherwise, that any design where it can be reasonably expected that people may need to work within, on, or around the building or structure, either as an end-user and/or maintainer of the building or structure, then a SiD review should be completed.

2.2.3 Design stages at which SiD reviews should be completed

SiD reviews should be completed as early in the design process as practicable, and at each design phase, such as:

� Pre-design (sitting, feasibility study);

� Conceptual and schematic design;

� Design development;

� Construction documentation;

� Construction, refurbishment or modification.

Although it is recommended to review the design at each design stage, it doesn’t require a completely new review (i.e. only review items that have changed since the previous review).

Who should participate in SiD Reviews?

Sid review participants can include the following:

� Designers (e.g. building, industrial, landscape, interior);

� Architects;

� People who will be using the building/structure as a workplace;

� People who will be constructing the building/structure;

� People who will be maintaining the building/structure.

It is recommended that at each SiD review a representative from each of the above project stakeholder groups is in attendance, or is given the opportunity to contribute prior to the review.

2.2.4 SiD Review Process

The SiD review process is defined in the following diagram:



SiD reviews should identify and control hazards and risks associated with the following:

� The range of work activities associated with the intended use of the building/structure as a workplace, including fixtures integral to its use as a workplace;

� Any maintenance, repair, service and cleaning activities for the building/structure when it is in use:

� The construction of the building/structure i.e. to make the design safer to build;

� The designer should identify and control hazards and risks associated with the above activities, and inform the University of any high risks in the University’s design requirements, and recommend design alternatives that will eliminate or reduce risks arising from the original design;

Outputs from the SiD review should include the following:

� A SiD review risk register should be developed for the design. The following information should be considered for inclusion (as appropriate):

� Design related hazards;

� Area / location of risk exposure;

� Description of Hazard and Risk Exposure, including existing design control measures;

� Estimation of base risk i.e. risk level associated with the identified design-related hazard prior to the inclusion of any additional design control measures:

� Any additional design control measures.

� Estimation of residual risk i.e. risk level associated with the identified design-related hazard after the inclusion of any additional design control measures:

� Further Actions.

The findings of the SiD review should be communicated to the University, with the understanding that the University will ensure that this information is provided to all relevant persons.

2.3 GENERAL

2.3.1 Building Access

The design of all new buildings and major refurbishment projects shall address the requirements of The University of Melbourne Disabilities Action Plan in response to the Disability Discrimination Act (1992), a copy of which can be obtained from the University’s Manager (Engineering and Infrastructure).

The building design shall accommodate the following:

� A ramped entrance, in accordance with the relevant Australian Standard;

� In multistorey buildings provided with lifts, at least one lift shall have the capacity to accommodate an injured person on a stretcher. The lift shall be of sufficient size to accommodate the moving of furniture and equipment between floors;

� Access through doorways, corridors and between fixtures shall be such that mechanical aids can be used for materials handling, in accordance with the relevant Codes.



2.3.2 Wall Fitments

All wall-mounted fitments shall be designed to prevent personal injuries from failure of components. Where shelf units have weight limitations that can readily be exceeded, a maximum loading label shall be displayed. Glass display cabinets, including glass doors, track and locking mechanisms, shall comply with all safety standards.

Where chemicals are to be stored on shelves the following shall apply:

� The shelf height of shelves over benches shall not be more than 1.5 metres from the floor;

� Shelving systems including finishes shall be compatible with the chemicals to be stored, or shall be suitably protected from them;

� Shelving systems shall be designed for the maximum holding capacity of the chemical packages.

2.3.3 Flammable Liquid Stores

An appropriate automatic fire extinguishing flood system shall be provided in accordance with current practice e.g. carbon dioxide system. Construction of the flammable liquid store shall be in accordance with the current Statutory Regulations and relevant Australian Standards, AS1940, AS2243.2 + 10.Flammable Liquid Indoor Storage Cabinets

Where the use of flammable liquid indoor storage cabinets has been specified, they shall be supplied and installed in accordance with the relevant Australian Standard. Attention is drawn to the provision within the Standard with respect to cabinet separation and ventilation, together with ignition sources requirements AS1940.

2.3.4 Gas Cylinder Storage

Where allowed by the Statutory Authority, it is preferred that gas cylinders are stored in a loading bay with one or more sides, or a roof, open to the atmosphere. This storage shall be provided with the necessary segregation of particular gases and means of securing cylinders against falling. It will be necessary to safe-guard them from external damage from motor vehicles and to provide protection from sunlight.

Where practicable, gas cylinders which are connected to consuming apparatus shall be located outside the building AS4332.

2.3.5 Portable Fire Extinguishers

The Project Architect shall document the correct number and location of appropriate fire extinguishers after discussion with the User Department and the University’s Occupational Health & Safety Unit, AS1841 and AS2444.

The selection of fire extinguishers depends on:

� expected fire, size and propagation;

� construction and occupancy of property;

� special risk to be protected;

� extremes of temperature expected;

� reliability and availability of other manual or automatic fire fighting equipment;

� expected time for fire brigade to arrive;

� expertise and capacity of likely user.



Location of fire extinguishers and fire blankets:

� in conspicuous and readily accessible position;

� between 2 to 20 meters from hazard;

� along normal paths of travel;

� well signed;

� well supported (maximum weight 23kg).

Health considerations:

� Carbon dioxide extinguishers should not be used in confined spaces;

� Water extinguishers should not be used for electrically energised equipment;

� Ammonium phosphate dry chemical extinguishers are not to be used for cooking oils or fats.

The Contractor is required to supply and fix all extinguishers under the main contract.

References:

AS1940 Storage of Flammables

AS2441 Fire Hose Reels

AS2234.1 Automatic Fire Detectors

AS2982 Laboratory Construction

AS2243.2 Laboratory Safety

AS2444 Personal Fire Extinguishers

AS2243.8 Fume Hoods

2.3.6 Safety Stations

In addition to the safety equipment held in the laboratory, an area at the entrance to each main laboratory, or laboratory complex, shall be reserved for a safety station containing the following safety equipment, each item clearly labelled with its name and safety function:

� Safety glasses and face shields;

� Safety helmet;

� Disposable clothing;

� Fire extinguishers (suitable for electrical and chemical fires);

� Fire blanket manufactured in accordance with the relevant Australian Standard;

� Absorbent materials for chemical spills;

� Protective gloves (e.g. heat-resistant, chemical resistant);

� Torch of appropriate type. A flameproof type torch is required where flammable vapours are released;

� Hearing protection;



� Properly maintained self-contained breathing apparatus, where appropriate: AS3833, AS3961, AS4081, AS4326, AS4332, AS4452, AS4681, AS1596, AS1894, AS1940, AS2022, AS2507, AS2243.10, AS2714, AS2927, AS3780.

2.3.7 Safety Showers

At least one safety shower shall be installed where chemical, corrosive or flammable substances are used. Note: This may be a drench-type shower, a hand-held spray, or other type as appropriate to the hazards of the particular laboratory. There shall be not more than 10m travel distance to such devices from any point in the laboratory. These devices, and their actuating mechanisms, shall be located so that the approach to them is unobstructed and comply with AS4775.

2.3.8 Emergency Eye-Wash Stations

An eye-wash facility of appropriate type shall be installed in each room where chemical, corrosive, or flammable substances are used or handled. A permanently fixed aerated type, which can be operated without using hands, is preferred. Provision shall be made to drain or restrain any excess water from these devices.

2.3.9 Safety Signs

All safety equipment and facilities shall be clearly sign-posted in accordance with the relevant Australian Standards.

There should be provision of a notice board for highlighting safety issues (AS1319).

2.3.10 Asbestos / Hazards

Prior to commencing building works on any area of the campus the design team shall seek to establish and make reference to any existing, relevant asbestos / hazard audit information for the building or area. A Part 6 Hazard Audit is to be undertaken in accordance with OH&S Regulations 2007 (part 4.3 Asbestos).

Generally, any known asbestos removal work shall occur prior to the letting of the construction contract, alternatively the works may be detailed and included in the head contractor’s tender. Options are at the University’s Manager (Engineering and Infrastructure) discretion.

Conditions of removal or otherwise are detailed in the booklet ‘Special Conditions of Contract’, copies of which may be obtained from the University’s Manager (Engineering and Infrastructure).

2.4 RADIATION PROTECTION

2.4.1 Radiation Control

The design and subsequent working procedures within buildings shall comply with the Victorian Radiation Act 2005 and associated Radiation Regulation 2007 (which are amended from time to time); the appropriate Codes of Practice issued by The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA); and the relevant Australian Standard and Codes of Practices.

All facilities containing radioactive sources shall be identified by the appropriate design.

The Occupational Health & Safety Unit (OH&S Unit) shall be consulted during the preparatory planning stages.

Any system capable of emitting ionising radiation or radioactive materials shall not be used without the specific written permission from the OH&S Unit.



2.5 ERGONOMIC GUIDELINES

2.5.1 Background

The following Ergonomic Design Standards have been developed by the University of Melbourne Occupational Health and Safety Unit to provide guidance to all personnel involved in the design of University of Melbourne buildings, spaces and facilities and the selection of furniture, fittings and equipment.

The information in this section has been derived from a number of best available sources. These include relevant current Australian Standards, guidance material and compliance codes, anthropometric research data and the ergonomic expertise of the University of Melbourne OH&S staff. Australian Standards set out basic requirements for the design, development and use of equipment, furniture and plant. They provide purchasing authorities, designers, architects, users and manufacturers with a standard that specifies function, durability, stability and performance and enables use of these criteria to assist in selection and evaluation. Since there is some variation between the requirements outlined in the Standards, the University of Melbourne OH&S Unit’s expertise has been utilised. Anthropometric data gives information about the human body dimensions of the user population. Anthropometry is fundamental to the concept of ‘human centred’ design. As there is limited available anthropometric data relevant to the Australian population, data from a range of other populations has been considered. This data source has been not been utilised in a prescriptive manner, but rather as a guide to support the Australian Standards and confirm what is deemed logical and functional design.

Applying human centred ‘ergonomic’ design to all key areas within The University of Melbourne will not only optimise user comfort, health and safety, it will assist The University of Melbourne as an employer and those responsible for design of spaces and purchasing of equipment to fulfil their duty of care to provide a healthy and safe working environment for all users under occupational health and safety legislation and common law. Under Section 21 of the OHS Act the employer must provide a 'working environment that is safe and without risks to health' for all users of a space.

Ergonomics plays a key role in productive and safe processes, optimal comfort and performance, minimisation of illness, injury and errors by ensuring that the dimensions, clearances, space, layout, efforts, visibility and a range of other factors incorporated in designs are matched to human capabilities and limitations.

In the University environment items of furniture and or equipment are rarely used by only one individual. Most furniture and equipment used are intended for a broad range of users and should therefore accommodate the physical variations of this broad range of users. The design ideal is to provide for adjustability and use anthropometric data to determine the upper and lower limits for the range of adjustments.

When measurements are taken from a target population for a particular design, a mid-point (termed the 50th "percentile") divides users into two groups - one above and one below the "average". In order to accommodate most users it is logical to use this mid-point/average number when determining physical workstation design and dimensions. Where a dimension range is the regulatory requirement, the midpoint should generally be selected.

If all users cannot be accommodated because there are conflicting solutions to the design, a judgment must be made about what the most important feature is and who the primary user group will be. The University of Melbourne will endeavor to make any reasonable adjustments within the spirit of the disability legislation to accommodate users with special needs. However, it is not acceptable to create unreasonable hardship for the majority of users in doing so. In the event that it is not possible to



incorporate adjustability into designs, alternative workstations may need to be considered for users with special needs. Whilst it is acknowledged that this may not be ideal, comfort and safety for all is the highest priority and this should not be compromised.

As each project will present a range of different design challenges, and some projects will have unique requirements, it is not possible to be prescriptive regarding exact measurements in all instances or applications. This is particularly so in the laboratory environment. Consultation with the user group to determine their specific work requirements is critical to ensuring that optimum design and usability outcomes are achieved on every project.

This is a live document and will require updating as new Standards and other relevant publications become available.

2.5.2 Office Administration Areas

Space and General Physical Layout

There is no legislated minimum space for office accommodation. Commonwealth Building Standards cite 5sqm per person for ‘general office’ requirements. For open plan areas involving offices and incorporating corridors, shared storage, amenities, etc. the general recommendation is for up to 10sqm per person. This satisfies the Australian Standard AS1688.2 (2002) which recommends an overall 10 square metres per person for building ventilation purposes. In all situations, the functional needs of the user (personal space, technology needs, requirement for other equipment and materials, visitors, meeting chairs, etc). must be considered.

Layout design should ensure the following:

� All facilities and amenities must be in accordance with The Building Code of Australia and provide access and usability for disabled users;

� All major corridors with storage units along one side: minimum width 1500mm;

� All secondary corridors, frequent use in open plan areas: minimum width1200mm;

� Passageways, entrances to workstations or offices: minimum width 1000mm;

� Minimum recommended widths for disabled access ways is an unobstructed width of 1000mm AS 1428.1- 2001;

� Head to head distances (i.e. the distance between heads of adjacent workstation users) should be a minimum of 1500mm to ensure minimisation of noise and functional interference and to provide adequate functional, mobility and personal space requirements;

� Furniture should be free of sharp edges, corners, points or protrusions;

� Floor surfaces that are stable, firm, slip resistant, dark in colour and not glossy (less than 20% reflectance). Wool mix carpets are preferable as they reduce the build up of static electricity which can be felt as a mild electric shock. In the event that trolleys /equipment must be wheeled over floors, low pile carpet should be fitted;

� Walls should have 50-75% reflectance and a semi-gloss finish;

� Ceilings should have high reflectance (i.e. reflecting approximately 80% of light);

� Lighting must be adequate for the tasks being undertaken. The appropriate number of lights must be installed at the appropriate distances to ensure evenness, comfortable visibility and no shadows at task viewing level. A



combination of writing and reading and computer based tasks require a level of 320-400 Lux. This is generally considered to suit most users.

Lighting installation should be undertaken with consideration to optimum workstation orientation and existing window location. Workstations should be positioned so that fluorescent ceiling light tubes are parallel to the worker's line of sight when engaged at the workstation and not in front of or directly overhead. This is particularly important if departing from the more traditional fluorescent styles (which most closely resemble natural light and are therefore easiest on the eye).

Highly reflective casings of fluorescent lights must not be positioned in the user’s line of sight as they can represent a source of disability/discomfort glare.

Monitors should not be positioned directly in front of or behind windows and incoming natural light sources affecting visual comfort should be controlled with blinds, louvres or other suitable window coverings.

� Noise exposure should not exceed 50-65 dBA. If hard surfaces which reflect noise (e.g. timber and glass) are used extensively, consideration may need to be given to installation of sound absorbing structures or materials.

� Temperature and air quality levels must be well controlled and/or regulated and must be compliant with the relevant standards. 20-25°C is the recommended ambient office temperature. Perception of thermal comfort will vary enormously between individuals. Avoid locating workstations directly in front of or below air conditioning outlets.

� Noisy printing or photocopying equipment should be isolated in separate rooms with adequate ventilation.

� Stairways and walkways must be designed in accordance with AS/NZ1657.

� All signage in buildings must be compliant with AS/NZ 2293.1.

� All buildings must be fitted with the required emergency equipment and systems in accordance with AS 1603 series.

Desk Design and Dimensions

The preferred design is a corner L shaped workstation with a built in diagonal section (or a curve) at the apex. This design provides greater flexibility for PC location, accommodates both left and right hand users, and offers 40% more useable space than a rectangular desk. They can also be arranged in a cluster fashion to facilitate cable management.

L shaped workstations with a 90 degree corner angle supplied with a detachable keyboard ‘lozenge’ are less preferred. The application of the lozenge creates a height differential which interferes with optimal mouse navigation, positioning and technique.

Rectangular desks provide less flexibility but are acceptable particularly for single tasks, e.g. computer based operation, provided they are a minimum of 800mm deep.

There should be no separately adjustable keyboard shelf or cut out sections in the desk top. A single work surface is recommended.

Levellator legs should be provided under main legs to workstation. Where a modesty panel is required, it should finish no greater than 400mm from the floor when the work surface is in the highest position.

� Surface:

� The desk top surface should be smooth, light in colour and a non reflective, matt or satin finish. Certain surfaces such as transparent, glossy and recurring



patterned surfaces interfere with optical mouse tracking operation and should be avoided.

� Height of desk designed for sitting:

� If fixed: 680mm to 720mm above floor level;

� If adjustable: 610mm to 760mm above floor level.

� Height of desk designed for standing:

� If fixed: 950mm above floor level;

� If adjustable: 900mm to 1100mm above floor level.

� Area of desk surface:

� Length: 1600mm minimum. For users performing multiple functions clerical plus computer -1800mm or 2100mm length may be required;

� Depth: 750mm minimum for main section of L-shaped desk, 700mm minimum for return, 800mm minimum for rectangular desks;

� Desk top thickness: 25mm to 33mm.

� Volume of leg space under desk:

� Width: 800mm minimum;

� Knee space depth: 450mm minimum;

� Leg space depth (measured 120mm above the floor): 600mm minimum;

� Height (under desk): 645mm minimum.

� Space above desk:

� A clear space of 700mm above the height of the desk top to a depth of minimum 700mm where the monitor is positioned must be available for the monitor to be raised.

� Desk strength:

� AS/NZS4443 - 1997 requires desk should be designed to withstand up to 90 kg loads.

� Certification to Independent Agency Standards such as AFRDI (Australian Furniture, Research and Design Institute) should be requested from the manufacturer.

Monitors

A flat screen style should be selected. In the event dual screens are required, the main screen should be positioned centrally and the accessory screen immediately adjacent. When selecting monitors, height adjustment must be considered to suit a range of users. It is preferable to select monitors with an inbuilt height adjustment range. Alternatively a separate monitor stand may be required.

The CPU should be located in a tower holder at one end of the leg space (refer minimum leg width requirement) or alternatively positioned under the monitor on the desktop provided this does not elevate the top of the monitor above seated eye height.

� Viewing distance to monitor screen:

� If screen is to be fixed it should be positioned approximately arms reach from user for optimal visual comfort;

� 350mm: minimum from front edge of desk;



� 750mm: maximum from front edge of desk;

� Maximum height of monitor screen: 10mm to 40mm below eye level.

� Monitor screen adjustability:

� Provision for adjustability should preferably be an integral part of the m not Monitor however adjustability can be alternatively achieved via an arm mount or elevated platform. Adjustability should be achievable by hand without the use of tools whilst seated and the monitor must be stable throughout the range of adjustment. Vertical height range of adjustment should be 150mm. Monitor screen tilt and rotation should be possible.

Partitioning

If partitioning is used, the height should be between 1100mm and 1350mm between seated members of work teams and 1500mm for standing workstations.

Partitions are designed to offer privacy and are not highly effective in reducing noise however material should be fabric to maximize sound absorbency.

The partition colour should be neutral, not black or brightly coloured, and should contrast with the desk top colour.

Shelving attached to partitioning should be adjustable and must not impede monitor height adjustability.

Partitions higher than 1500mm are not recommended for open plan offices.

Cable Management

Cabling to monitor and telephone should be long enough to enable optimal layout (taking into consideration the requirement for dual screens), loomed neatly to avoid entanglement and be clear of the floor.

Cables should be accessible to computer technicians.

Wiring and cabling and services shall comply with relevant standards.

Seating Requirements

Select appropriate seating from Appendix 1; ‘Chair recommendations for specific user groups.

Mobile Pedestals

Certified to AS5079.3 2003; GECA is preferable.

Features:

� Constructed of sturdy materials and stable. Must not tip when fully loaded.

� When located under an adjustable height workstation, must be of a sufficient height so as not to impede full range of vertical adjustment.

� Drawer handles which accommodate the user’s four fingers (115mm wide and between 30 and 50mm deep), D-ring style preferred.

� Be located so they can be opened, closed and locked from the normal operating position without encroaching on leg room.

Storage

Storage shelves must be robust, stable and well secured. Bookcases should generally be no higher than 2100mm. However, if higher, must be fixed to the wall.



Shelving should be designed so heavier and more frequently used items can be located within the optimal reach zone (i.e. shoulder to mid thigh range). Only light items (easily lifted with one hand) should be stored above shoulder.

Higher shelving must accommodate a safe means of climbing to the required level of storage, i.e. sufficient space to use (and store) an approved step ladder.

Filing cabinets, lockers and shelves should not be located where they encroach into walkways. Filing cabinets require approximately 1200mm of space in front of them to enable the bottom drawer to be fully opened and accessed.

Filing cabinets must be on a level floor to ensure that the drawers open and close easily. They should be secured to the wall or floor to ensure that they do not tip when the top drawer is open.

For more extensive guidelines on storage see section 2.4.11 Information Management.

References

AS1668.2-2002, The use of ventilation and air conditioning in buildings. Ventilation Design

AS2107, Acoustics; Recommended Design Sound Levels and Reverberation Times for Building Interiors’

AS2822, Acoustics: Methods of assessing and predicting speech privacy and speech intelligibility

Occupational Health and Safety (Noise Regulations), 2004

Guide for Assessing and Fixing Noise Problems at Work, 2005

AS/NZS 1680, 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part 1: General Principles and recommendations

AS/NZS 1680: 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part 2.1: Specific Applications-Circulation spaces and other areas

AS/NZS 1680: 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part 2.2: Specific Applications-Office and screen based tasks

AS1428.1-2001 Design for access and mobility. Part 1 General Requirements for access – New building work

AS1428.2-1992 Design for access and mobility. Part 2 Enhanced and additional requirements – Buildings and facilities

AS/NZS 3661. 2 1994 Slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces. Guide to the reduction of slip hazards

AS/NZS 4663.2004 Slip resistance measurement of existing of pedestrian materials

AS/NZS 4586 2004 Slip resistance classification of new pedestrian surfaces

AS/NZS 1603 Series Fire detection and Alarm systems

AS/NZS 2293.1 2005 Emergency Escape lighting and exit signs for buildings. System design installation and operation

AS/NZS1657 1992 Fixed platforms walkways, stairways and ladders. Design, construction and installation.

AS/NZS 4443: 1997 Office panel systems – workstations

AS/NZS 4442:1997 Office desks

AS/NZS 4438:1997 Height adjustable swivel chairs



AS3590.1:1990 Screen-based workstations. Part 1: Visual display units

AS3590.2: 1990 Screen-based workstations. Part 3: Input Devices

Worksafe Australia Publication, Ergonomic Principles and Checklists for the selection of Office Furniture and Equipment, 1991

Worksafe Victoria Publication, Officewise – A guide for health and safety in the office, 2006

2.5.3 Reception Areas / Enquiries Counters/ Student Centre Counters

Space and General Physical Layout Requirements

In all situations the functional needs of the user group (i.e. personal space, technology needs, requirement for other equipment and materials, customers, visitors etc) must be considered.

Layout / design should include the following:


� All major corridors with storage units along one side: minimum width 1500mm;

� All secondary corridors –frequent use in open plan areas: minimum width1200mm;

� Passageways, entrances to workstations or offices: minimum width 1000mm;


� There should be a minimum of 1000mm circulation space behind the counter to allow users space to move, access drawers etc;

� Seated administration workstations located behind the counter/reception must be have a clear sight line to the counter;

� Furniture should be free of sharp edges, corners, points or protrusions;

� Floor surfaces must be stable, firm, slip resistant, dark in colour and not glossy (less than 20% reflectance). Wool mix carpets are preferable as they reduce the build up of static electricity which can be felt as a mild electric shock. In the event that trolleys /equipment must be wheeled over floors, low pile carpet should be fitted;

� Walls should have 50-75% reflectance and a semi gloss finish;

� Ceilings should have high reflectance (reflecting approximately 80% of light);

� Lighting must be adequate for the tasks being undertaken. The appropriate number of lights must be installed at the appropriate distances to ensure evenness, comfortable visibility and no shadows at task viewing level. A combination of writing and reading and computer based tasks require a level of 320-400 Lux. This is generally considered to suit most users;

� Lighting installation should be undertaken with consideration to optimum workstation orientation and existing window location. Workstations should be positioned so that fluorescent ceiling light tubes are parallel to the worker's line of sight when engaged at the workstation and not in front of or directly overhead. This is particularly important if departing from the more traditional fluorescent styles (which most closely resemble natural light and are therefore easiest on the eye);



� Highly reflective casings of fluorescent lights must not be positioned in the user’s line of sight as they can represent a source of disability/discomfort glare;

� Monitors should not be positioned directly in front of or behind windows and incoming natural light sources affecting visual comfort should be controlled with blinds, louvers or other suitable window coverings;

� Noise exposure should not exceed 65 dBA. If hard surfaces which reflect noise e.g. -timber and glass are used extensively, consideration may need to be given to installation of sound absorbing structures or materials;

� Temperature and air quality levels must be well controlled and/or regulated and must be compliant with the relevant standards. 22 degrees C is the recommended ambient office temperature. Perception of thermal comfort will vary enormously between individuals. Avoid locating workstations directly in front of or below air conditioning outlets;

� Noisy printing or photocopying equipment should be isolated in separate rooms with adequate ventilation;

� Consideration may need to be given to the installation of duress buttons or physical barriers to prevent climbing or reaching over the counter;

� Noisy printing or photocopying equipment should be isolated in separate rooms with adequate ventilation.

Counter Design and Dimensions

The design of the counter must take into account the nature of the work tasks being undertaken at it. All counter top surfaces should be smooth, light or neutral in colour and a non reflective, matt or satin finish. Recurring patterns or translucent desk surfaces are not recommended as they interfere with optical mouse operation.

For enquiry counters or service desks where there is a regular requirement for the worker and patron to simultaneously view a monitor screen – see section 2.4.4 Monitor.

� Height:

� If fixed: 950mm above floor level (AS/NZS 4443- 1997);

� If adjustable: 900mm to 1100mm above floor level;

� This height is intended to accommodate most users in a standing posture however an adjustable height stool (and high footrest-see note below) should be provided if long periods of work at the counter are required. This will enable roughly equal eye–level positions with the customer.

� Counter Hob:

� The counter hob should be 1020mm to 1200mm in height from floor level to suit both customer/patron and worker.

� Depth:

� This may vary according to the functional requirements of the space. The recommendation is 750mm to 800mm however the following must be considered;

� The maximum distance to where reaching must occur should not exceed 500mm to 600mm;

� Adequate space to accommodate all screen- based equipment, required desk top items and for displaying and/or signing documents, placement of delivery items, etc;



� Comfortable reach distances across the counter for the user and customer;

� Adequate depth to meet security requirements Desk top thickness: 33mm maximum, 25mm recommended.



� Knee space depth: 500 mm minimum;

� Leg space depth: measured 320mm above the floor – 600mm minimum.

� Counter strength:

� AS/NZS4443-1997 requires desks to be designed to withstand up to 90 kg loads;

� Certification to Independent Agency Standards such as AFRDI (Australian Furniture, Research and Design Institute) should be requested from the manufacturer.

� Enquiry counters or service desks where there is a regular requirement for the worker and patron/student to simultaneously view a monitor screen;

� In the event a staff member and patron facing each other across a counter need to share a monitor screen, a standard rectangular counter is unsuitable as it will necessitate the adoption of awkward body postures. Dual ( back to back) screens are the most appropriate solution however should this not be possible a counter top design incorporating a curved section or curved sections (if multiple users) may need to be considered:

� The desk top should incorporate an arc (concave, curved section) at each computer workstation;

� Arc /curve dimensions:

� Width between 700mm and 900mm;

� Depth at midpoint 250mm to 300mm;

� Central angle of arc 120 degrees;

� ‘Points’ where arcs meet straight lines of desk should be tapered, softened rather than a sharp corner;

� There should be a minimum of 700mmm distance (straight edge) between each curve.

Monitor

If there is requirement for a monitor at the counter workstation an LCD flat screen is preferred due to its low profile depth. When selecting monitors, height adjustment must be considered to suit a range of users. Select monitors with an inbuilt height adjustment range or purchase a separate monitor stand.

If there is a requirement for both worker and customer/patron to view the screen simultaneously. Consideration should be given to the provision of two back to back screens to avoid the requirement for awkward postures.

� Viewing distance to monitor screen:

� If screen is to be fixed it should be positioned approximately arms reach from user for optimal visual comfort:

� minimum from front edge of desk: 350mm;



� maximum from front edge of desk: 750mm;

� Maximum height of monitor screen - 10mm to 40mm below eye level.


� Provision for adjustability should preferably be an integral part of the monitor however adjustability can be alternatively achieved via an arm mount or elevated platform. Adjustability should be achievable by hand without the use of tools whilst seated and the monitor must be stable throughout the range of adjustment;

� Vertical height range of adjustment: 150mm, monitor screen tilt and rotation should be possible;

� Recessing a monitor into the desk surface and covering with glass is not recommended as visualising a horizontally placed screen involves excessive neck flexion (looking down). An additional hazard is created by overhead light reflections on the screen.

Cable Management

Cabling to monitor and telephone should be long enough to enable optimal layout, loomed neatly to avoid entanglement and be clear of the floor.

Cables should be accessible to computer technicians. Wiring and cabling shall comply with relevant standards.

Seating

Refer to Section 2.6.

Footstool

A separate footstool must be supplied with each adjustable height stool. The required dimensions are as follows:

� 480mm (W) x 350mm (D);;

� Min Height - 240mm;

� Max Height - 320mm.

Mobile Pedestals

� Certified to AS5079.3 2003;

� GECA preferable.

Features:

� Constructed of sturdy materials and stable. Must not tip when fully loaded;

� When located under an adjustable height workstation, must be of a sufficient height so as not to impede full range of vertical adjustment;

� Drawer handles which accommodate the user’s four fingers (115mm wide and between 30 and 50mm deep), D-ring style preferred;

� Be located so they can be opened closed and locked from the normal operating position.

Storage

Storage of frequently accessed documents/pamphlets should be located within the optimal reach zone (i.e. on top of the desk, close to the user or in the top drawer under the desk).



Storage shelves must be robust, stable and well secured. Bookcases should generally be no higher than 2100mm however if higher must be fixed to the wall

Shelving should be designed so heavier and more frequently used items can be located within the optimal reach zone i.e. shoulder to mid thigh range. Only light items (easily lifted with one hand) should be stored above shoulder. No frequently used or heavy items should be stored outside the chest to mid thigh range.

Higher shelving must accommodate a safe means of climbing to the required level of storage, i.e. sufficient space to use and store an approved step ladder.

Filing cabinets, lockers and shelves should not be located where they encroach into walkways. Filing cabinets require approximately 1200mm of space in front of them to enable the bottom drawer to be fully opened and accessed.


References

AS1668.2-2002, The use of ventilation and air conditioning in buildings Ventilation Design

AS2107, Acoustics; Recommended Design Sound Levels and Reverberation Times for Building Interiors

AS2822, Acoustics: Methods of assessing and predicting speech privacy and speech intelligibility

Occupational Health and Safety (Noise Regulations), 2004

Guide for Assessing and Fixing Noise Problems at Work, 2005

AS/NZS 1680: 1 2006, Interior and workplace lighting. Part 1: General Principles and recommendations

AS/NZS 1680: 1 2006, Interior and workplace lighting. Part 2.1: Specific Applications-Circulation spaces and other areas

AS/NZS 1680: 1 2006, Interior and workplace lighting. Part 2.2: Specific Applications-Office and screen based tasks

AS1428.1-2001, Design for access and mobility. Part 1 General Requirements for access – New building work

AS1428.2-1992, Design for access and mobility. Part 2 E Enhanced and additional requirements – Buildings and facilities

AS/NZS 3661. 2: 1994, Slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces. Guide to the reduction of slip hazards

AS/NZS 4663:2004, Slip resistance measurement of existing of pedestrian materials

AS/NZS 4586:2004, Slip resistance classification of new pedestrian surfaces

AS/NZS 1603 Series, Fire detection and Alarm systems

AS/NZS 2293.1:2005, Emergency Escape lighting and exit signs for buildings. System design installation and operation

AS/NZS 1657:1992, Fixed platforms walkways, stairways and ladders. Design, construction and installation.

AS/NZS 4443: 1997, Office panel systems – workstations

AS/NZS 4442:1997, Office desks



AS/NZS 4438:1997, Height adjustable swivel chairs

AS 3590.1:1990, Screen-based workstations. Part 1: Visual display units’

AS 3590.2: 1990, Screen-based workstations. Part 3: Input Devices

Worksafe Australia Publication, Ergonomic Principles and Checklists for the selection of Office Furniture and Equipment, 1991

Worksafe Victoria Publication, Officewise – A guide for health and safety in the office, 2006.

2.5.4 Laboratories - Computer


In all situations the functional needs of the user group i.e. personal space, technology needs, requirement for other equipment and materials, customers, visitors etc. must be considered.

Layout/ design should include the following:


� Rows of computer workstations should be installed with a clear space of 1000-1500mm between them;

� A clear view of the lecturer, screens, boards, presentation materials and equipment should be possible from each workstation without the student having to adopt awkward or twisted postures;

� There should be no sharp edges or corners on any desks or furniture;

� Floor surfaces must be stable, firm, slip resistant, dark in colour and not glossy (less than 20% reflectance). Wool mix carpets are preferable as they reduce the build up of static electricity which can be felt as a mild electric shock;



� Lighting must be adequate for the tasks being undertaken. The appropriate number of lights must be installed at the appropriate distances to ensure evenness, comfortable visibility and no shadows at task viewing level. A combination of writing and reading and computer based tasks require a level of 320-400 Lux. This is generally considered to suit most users;






� Noise exposure should not exceed 65 dB (A) If hard surfaces which reflect noise e.g. -timber and glass are used extensively, consideration may need to be given to installation of sound absorbing structures or materials;

� Temperature and air quality levels must be well controlled and/or regulated and must be compliant with the relevant standards. 22 degrees C is the recommended ambient office temperature. Perception of thermal comfort will vary enormously between individuals. Avoid locating workstations directly in front of, or below air conditioning outlets;

� If the intention is to utilise laptop computers provision should be made for docking stations;

� Provision should be made for securing the equipment.

Computer Laboratory Workbench Design and Finish

The preferred design is a fixed height long bench style workstation. The surface should be smooth, light in colour and a non-reflective, matt or satin finish. A modesty panel should be fitted to the front of the workstation finishing no higher than 400mm from the floor. There should be no adjustable components in the workstation.

Computer Laboratory Workbench Dimensions

� Height of desk designed for sitting:

� 700mm to 720mm above floor level.

� Area of desk surface:

� Width: 1000mm minimum per workstation;

� Depth: 700–800mm for a flat LCD monitor;

� Desk top thickness: 33mm maximum. 25mm recommended.



� Knee space depth: 500 mm minimum;

� Leg space depth measured 120mm above the floor: 600mm minimum;

� N Height (under desk): 645mm minimum.

� Desk strength:

� AS/NZS 4443.1997 requires desks to be designed to withstand up to 90 kg loads.

Certification to Independent Agency Standards such as AFRDI (Australian Furniture, Research and Design Institute) should be requested from the manufacturer.

Monitor

When selecting monitors, height adjustment must be considered to suit a range of users. Select monitors with an inbuilt height adjustment range or purchase a separate monitor stand.

� Viewing distance to Monitor screen:

� Approximately arms reach from user for optimal visual comfort: 350mm minimum from front edge of desk.

� Maximum distance from front edge of desk: 750mm

� Height of monitor screen: 30mm to 40mm below eye level, approximately 400mm to the middle of the screen.




� Provision for adjustability should preferably be an integral part of the monitor, however adjustability can be alternatively achieved via an arm mount or elevated platform;

� Adjustability should be achievable by hand without the use of tools whilst seated and the monitor must be stable throughout the range of adjustment. Vertical height range of adjustment 150mm. Monitor screen tilt and rotation should be possible.

Cable Management

Cabling to monitor and telephone should be long enough to enable optimal layout, loomed neatly to avoid entanglement and be clear of the floor.

Cables should be accessible to computer technicians. Wiring and cabling and services shall comply with relevant standards



Storage

Storage shelves must be robust, stable and well secured. Bookcases should generally be no higher than 2100mm. However if higher must be fixed to the wall.

Shelving should be designed so that heavier and more frequently used items can be located within the optimal reach zone, i.e. shoulder to mid-thigh range. Only light items (easily lifted with one hand) should be stored above shoulder. No frequently used or heavy items should be stored outside the chest to mid thigh range.

Higher shelving must accommodate a safe means of climbing to the required level of storage, i.e. sufficient space to use (and store) an approved step ladder.

References

AS 1668.2-2002 – ‘The use of ventilation and air conditioning in buildings’ Ventilation Design

AS2107; ‘Acoustics; Recommended Design Sound Levels and Reverberation Times for Building Interiors’

AS 2822: Acoustics: Methods of assessing and predicting speech privacy and speech intelligibility

Occupational Health and Safety (Noise Regulations) 2004

Guide for Assessing and Fixing Noise Problems at Work 2005

AS/NZ 1680: 0 2009 Interior lighting. Part 0. Safe movement

AS/NZ 1680.1: 2006. Interior and workplace lighting. Part 1: General Principles and recommendations

AS/NZ 1680. 1: 2006. Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.1: Specific Applications-Circulation spaces and other areas

AS/NZ 1680.1 2006. Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.2: Specific Applications-Office and screen based tasks



AS/NZ 1680. 1 2006. Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.3 Specific Applications- Education and Training Facilities

AS 1428.1-2001 Design for access and mobility. Part 1 General Requirements for access – New building work

AS 1428.2-1992 Design for access and mobility. Part 2 E Enhanced and additional requirements – Buildings and facilities

AS/NZ 3661. 2 1994 Slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces. Guide to the reduction of slip hazards

AS/NZ 4663.2004 Slip resistance measurement of existing of pedestrian materials

AS/NZ 4586 2004 Slip resistance classification of new pedestrian surfaces

AS/NZ 1603 Series Fire detection and Alarm systems

AS/NZ 2293.1 2005 Emergency Escape lighting and exit signs for buildings. System design installation and operation

AS/NZ1657 1992 Fixed platforms walkways, stairways and ladders. Design, construction and installation.

AS/NZ4443: 1997 ‘Office panel systems – workstations’

AS/NZS 4442:1997 ‘Office desks’

AS/NZS 4438:1997 ‘Height adjustable swivel chairs’

AS 3590.1:1990 ‘Screen-based workstations. Part 1: Visual display units’

AS 3590.2: 1990 ‘Screen-based workstations. Part 3: Input Devices’

AS/NZS 4610:1999 ‘Furniture- school and educational Part 2: Chairs- strength, durability and stability’

ASNZS 4935:2009 Domestic furniture- Freestanding chests of drawers, wardrobes and bookshelves/bookcases- Determination of stability

ASNZS 4610.3:1990 Furniture- School and educational. Part 3: Tables and storage furniture- Strength durability and stability

Worksafe Australia Publication Ergonomic Principles and Checklists for the selection of Office Furniture and Equipment (1991)

Worksafe Victoria Publication ‘Officewise’ – A guide for health and safety in the office’. 2006

2.5.5 Laboratories - Experimental

The University of Melbourne has a wide range of different laboratories (biological, bio-chemical, botanical, zoological, radiological, engineering) in which a range of functions are carried out including research, quality control, testing, teaching and/or analysis. Whilst certain common design principles apply to all, the design and layout should be developed from knowledge of the processes to be carried out, the space needed for each, and the desired work flow. In all situations the functional needs of the user group must be considered. This can only be done by engaging the user group and undertaking a formal planning brief- see AS/NZS 2982:1 Appendix A


� All facilities and amenities must be in accordance with ‘The Building Code of Australia’ and provide access and usability for disabled users;

� Space between benches should be as follows-see figure 2.1 AS/NZ2982.1:



� Workers working on one side of aisle, no through traffic: 1000mm;

� Workers working on one side of aisle, plus through traffic: 1200mm;

� Workers working on both sides of aisles, no through traffic: 1350mm;

� Workers working on both sides of aisles, plus through traffic: 1800mm;

� Space between benches in teaching laboratories: 1500mm.

� In teaching laboratories a clear view of the lecturer, screens, boards, presentation materials and equipment should be possible from each workstation without the student having to adopt awkward or twisted postures;

� Floor surfaces must be stable, firm, smooth, impervious, easy to clean and be resistant to chemicals as well as have high slip resistance in accordance with AS/NZ 3661.1. Joins in slabs and/or openings in floors should be avoided or designed and constructed in such a way that they are sealed against penetration by hazardous materials;

� All walls should have a smooth, impervious washable gloss finish which is resistant to chemicals. Walls should be a pale colour and have at least 75% reflectance;

� Ceilings should be constructed of a rigid, smooth, non absorbent material with a washable pale colour gloss paint finish with high reflectance (reflecting approximately 80% of light);

� Direct lighting must be adequate for the tasks being undertaken and achieve the level of illumination as specified in AS 1680.1. 300-600 Lux is generally considered to suit most laboratory applications. Continuous parallel rows of overhead fluorescent tubes within closed units aligned with lab benches provide high quality of illumination and minimise shadowing;

� Task lighting may need to be installed under shelves to supplement the ceiling lighting system;

� External sunlight should be controlled with blinds, louvers or other suitable window coverings. If chemicals or instrumentation are sensitive to sunlight, then the design of the building shall exclude all direct sunlight penetration that exceeds a spot intensity of 70 W/m². The solar intensity limit shall be as measured internally in a plane normal to the solar radiation;

� Workstations should be installed perpendicular to windows to maximise daylight penetration. Monitors should not be positioned in front of a window or in the path of direct light sources. Blinds and louvers should be used to control incoming light sources affecting visual comfort;

� Where an external window or door is present, it shall have an openable area no less than 2% of the floor area of that part of the laboratory served;

� Ventilation systems shall be in accordance with the applicable building regulations and the requirements of AS1668.2;

� Temperature, humidity and air quality should be designed to suit the requirements of the laboratory processes and instrumentation, or, in the absence of any special requirements, to provide acceptable user comfort and safety;

� Noise should not exceed 55 Db(A);

� Break out rest areas should be provided outside laboratory.

Laboratory Workstation Design and Dimensions

Laboratory workstations should be designed to accommodate the various equipment and materials used at them and permit optimal work postures during task performance.



The appropriate height for a workbench therefore depends on the person's work posture (sitting/standing), the work activity (precision/light/heavy), the height above bench of the activity and the elbow height of the individual. Adjustable height work surfaces should be considered for certain activities.

Bench tops should be smooth, impervious, scratch and chemical resistant, easy to clean, light or neutral in colour, and a non-reflective, matt or satin finish. Any joins must be sealed to prevent seepage or spillage. There should be no sharp edges or corners on any bench, equipment or furniture. Edges should be post-formed or bull-nosed. Gradient on lip may need to be considered if liquid spills are anticipated. Padding of edges (closed cell material) may be required post-installation to reduce forearm tissue compression.

� Height:

Consultation with the user group should be undertaken to determine the nature of the work and the bench heights designed accordingly. The following is a guideline:

� Precision work, where elbow support is needed to reduce neck and shoulder muscle strain (e.g. small component assembly, plating cultures, preparing samples): Approximately 50mm above elbow height;

� Light work, such as pipetting, use of computer keyboard and mouse for data entry: Approximately 0-100mm below elbow height;

� Heavy work requiring demanding downward forces or where large items of equipment/tools are used. This may include operation of microtome and cryostat work 150-400mm below elbow height;

� These heights are intended to accommodate most users in a standing posture however an adjustable height stool (and high footrest) or a sit/stand stool option should be provided to enable a seated option. Many laboratory tasks involve fine manipulative, small movements or precise work with the hands where the upper limbs must be stable therefore standing is not desirable;

� If an adjustable height work bench is supplied it should include the height range of 650mm to 1200mm above floor level;

� Desk top thickness should be 33mm maximum. 25mm recommended.

� Depth:

This may vary according to the functional requirements of the space. The following must be considered:

� Adequate space to accommodate all equipment and required desk top items;

� Comfortable reach distances.




� Workstations should be designed without fixed structures underneath to enable seated users to get their legs under and to enable cleaning;

� Width 800mm minimum;

� Knee space depth 500 mm minimum;

� Leg space depth measured 320mm above the floor, 600mm minimum;

� Where restricted leg room is unavoidable consider a sit / stand stool Appendix 1- ‘Chair recommendations for specific user groups’.

� Bench strength:

� AS/NZS4443, 1997 requires desks to be designed to withstand up to 90 kg loads.

Fume Cupboards

Where fume cupboards are provided they shall be designed, sited, constructed and installed in accordance with AS/NZS 2243.8.

Fume cupboards should be designed and installed at an appropriate height so that so that the user can adopt optimal work postures during task performance. There should be no fixed panels or cupboards underneath preventing the user getting close to the work when sitting. Consider installing on an adjustable height table rather than a cabinet.

Biological Safety Cabinets

Where biological cabinets are provided they shall be designed, sited, constructed and installed in accordance with AS/NZS 2647.

Biological safety cabinets should be designed and installed at an appropriate height so that the user can adopt optimal work postures during task performance. There should be no fixed panels or cupboards underneath preventing the user getting close to the work when sitting.

Designers should consider installing an adjustable height table rather than a cabinet.

Microscope Workstations

Where microscopes are installed, consider cut-out work tables which provide an area for supporting the forearms while using adjustment knobs. The microscope should be elevated and angled appropriately to enable the user to look directly into the eyepiece whilst maintaining an optimal posture

Microscope workstations should be designed and installed at an appropriate height so that the user can adopt optimal work postures during task performance. There should be no fixed panels or cupboards underneath preventing the user getting close to workstations or their legs under the workstation when sitting at the microscope.

� Monitors:

� Viewing distance to monitor;

� If screen is to be fixed it should be positioned approximately arms reach from user for optimal visual comfort;

� 350mm minimum from front edge of desk;

� 50mm maximum from front edge of desk;

� Maximum height of monitor screen 10mm to 40mm below eye level.




� Provision for adjustability should preferably be an integral part of the monitor design. However adjustability can be alternatively achieved via an arm mounts or elevated platform. Adjustability should be achievable by hand without the use of tools whilst seated and the monitor must be stable throughout the range of adjustment. Vertical height range of adjustment should be 150mm. Monitor screen tilt and rotation should be possible.

Wiring and Power Services

Electrical wiring and services installations serving all laboratories shall comply with AS3000.

General power outlets must be a minimum of 300mm above bench height and be located as required by AS2430.

Specific requirements and recommended practices relating to electrical safety and electrical equipment in laboratories are specified in AS2243.7.

Storage

Storage shelving shall be chemically compatible with the goods stored. Cupboards are preferred. Open shelving should be avoided to minimise dust collection.

Storage design should take into account the type and dimensions of the items to be stored, the frequency of access and the reach capacities of the users. The height of the top shelf should not exceed 1700mm and the top of the cupboard should not exceed 2200mm.The shelf depth should not exceed 500mm.

Shelving should be designed so heavier and more frequently used items can be located within the optimal reach zone i.e. shoulder to mid thigh range. Only light items easily lifted with one hand should be stored above shoulder. No frequently used or heavy items should be stored outside the shoulder to mid thigh range.

Higher shelving must accommodate a safe means of climbing to the required level of storage i.e. sufficient space to use (and store) an approved step ladder.

Storage shelves, filing cabinets and lockers should not be located where they encroach into walkways. Cupboards and filing cabinets require approximately 1200mm of space in front of them


Storage rooms for hazardous chemicals shall be naturally or mechanically ventilated in accordance with the requirements of the applicable standard.

Dedicated storage cupboards segregated from the general storage area must be provided for the containment of chemicals that emit hazardous vapours or for the storage of corrosive liquids



References








AS/NZS 2982.1: Laboratory design and construction –General Requirements

AS/NZS 2243.1-10 Series: Safety in laboratories

AS/NZS 2647: Biological Safety Cabinets –Installation and Use

AS/NZS 2252.1 -2 series: Biological Safety Cabinets

AS/NZS ISO 14644.4 Clean rooms and associated controlled environments –Design construction and start up

AS1319 -1994 Safety signs for the occupational environment

AS1216 -1995 Class labels for dangerous goods


AS/NZ 1680: 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part 1: General Principles and recommendations

AS/NZ 1680: 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.1: Specific Applications-Circulation spaces and other areas

AS/NZ 1680: 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.2: Specific Applications-Office and screen based tasks

AS/NZ 1680: 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.3 Specific Applications- Education and Training Facilities

AS/NZ 1680.1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting Part 2.4: Industrial tasks and processes

















2.5.6 Meeting Rooms - Standard and Executive


All facilities and amenities must be in accordance with ‘The Building Code of Australia’ and provide access and usability for disabled users.

Sufficient meeting rooms should be supplied to allow for conversations and group meetings. In all situations the functional needs of the user group must be considered.

Materials used should facilitate dampening of noise. Extensive use of glass and hard surfaces should be avoided unless accompanied by sound absorbing mediums around them.

There should be no sharp edges or corners on any furniture.

Floor surfaces must be stable, firm, slip resistant, dark in colour and not glossy (less than 20% reflectance). Wool mix carpets are preferable as they reduce the build up of static electricity which can be felt as a mild electric shock. In the event that trolleys /equipment must be wheeled over floors, low pile carpet should be fitted.

Lighting must be adequate for the tasks being undertaken and incoming light sources interfering with visual comfort controlled with blinds.

Monitor, LCD or projection screens should be oriented away from windows and not located in the path of direct light sources.

Noise, temperature and air quality must be well controlled and/or regulated and must be compliant with the relevant standards.

Meeting Room Tables - Design and Finish

Meeting room tables should be smooth, light in colour and a non-reflective, matt or satin finish.

Table dimensions

� Height:

� Where activities such as hand writing and lap top use are undertaken at a meeting room table, the recommended height is 700mm to 720mm from the floor.

� Thickness:

� Table top thickness to be a maximum of 33mm.

� All other dimensions e.g. depth, length, etc should be determined by the purpose of the meeting space.

Seating - Standard Meeting Rooms


Seating - Executive Meeting Rooms


References








AS/NZ 1680: 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part 1: General Principles and recommendations

AS/NZ 1680: 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.1: Specific Applications-Circulation spaces and other areas

AS/NZ 1680: 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.2: Specific Applications-Office and screen based tasks

AS/NZ 1680: 1 2006 Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.3 Specific Applications- Education and Training Facilities









AS/NZ4688.1: 2007 ‘Furniture- Fixed height chairs. Part 1: Human–interface and general requirements’




2.5.7 Teaching and Learning Spaces

Teaching and learning spaces refers to the following area types:

� Lecture theatres;

� Tutorial rooms and seminar rooms;

� Collaborative learning areas;

� Student lounges.

Detailed information on the design of teaching spaces in particular lecture theatres can be found in ‘Section 1: Planning and Architectural Design’ of these Design Standards.

For all teaching and learning spaces the following applies:

� All facilities and amenities must be in accordance with the ‘Building Code of Australia’ and provide access and usability for disabled users;



� Materials used should facilitate dampening of noise to and from the theatre. Extensive use of glass and hard surfaces should be avoided unless accompanied by sound absorbing mediums around them;

� Floor surfaces must be stable, firm and slip resistant preferably wool mix carpets are preferable as they reduce the build up of static electricity which can be felt as a mild electric shock. In the event that trolleys /equipment must be wheeled over floors, low pile carpet should be fitted;

� There should be no sharp edges or corners on any furniture or fittings;

� Lighting must be adequate for the tasks being undertaken and located to maximise visibility. Incoming light sources interfering with visual comfort must be controlled with blinds or louvers;

� Noise, temperature and air quality must be well controlled and/or regulated and must be compliant with the relevant standards.

For Lecture Theatres the following applies:

� Lecture theatres are generally single function spaces with fixed seating and writing furniture on a tiered or sloping floor surface, generally without windows and should be well equipped for visual communication;

� Layout/ design should include the following:

� Aisles should be provided on either side of the theatre with a minimum width 1200mm. Provision of central aisles means forgoing the central ‘optimum viewing’ seats and should therefore be avoided;

� Other physical parameters such as aisle widths, tiered row spacing’s, distance of seats from aisles, escape routes and exit doors, exit and emergency lighting and aisle lighting must be compliant with the ‘Building Code of Australia’;

� Rows should be offset by half a seat to maximise viewing;

� A clear view of the lecturer, screens, boards, presentation materials and equipment should be possible from each seated position of the theatre without the student having to adopt awkward or twisted postures;

� Tiers or steps should be minimum 150mm. Adequate visual cues on tread and landing must be provided to aid visibility in dimmed lighting conditions;

� Access to writing boards should be easy without interference from projection screens;

� Tablet arms should be fold down and easy to operate. They must be robust and be free of sharp projections, rough surfaces or features that could cause entrapment of clothing or body parts. They must be of sufficient dimensions to accommodate a lap top;

� Fixed seating surfaces should be formed and related to each other so that a comfortable, neutral seating posture is possible. A seat height of 410-520mm is desirable. The recommended height is 450mm from the floor. The tablet should be no higher than 700mm when engaged to enable users to adopt optimum postures whilst writing or keying;

� None fixed seating e.g. task chairs. Select student task chairs or alternatively examination room/seminar room chairs depending on the application;



� Lecterns should be well positioned to enable the presenter to adopt neutral postures (i.e. no twisting of the neck or back) and of appropriate dimensions to accommodate all teaching materials and equipment. Height range should be approximately 1000mm. There should be no fixed cabinetry preventing the presenter from sitting at the lectern on a high stool. An adjustable height stool should be supplied with a footrest or alternatively a sit/stand stool to provide a seating option;

� Cables at lectern points should run under the floor.

For Tutorial Rooms and Seminar Rooms, layout/ design should include the following:

� Tutorial rooms and seminar rooms should have a flexible set up to allow for different uses. These rooms generally have a level floor and movable furniture. Room dimensions should be determined by the purpose of the space;

� A clear view of the lecturer, screens, boards, presentation materials and equipment should be possible from each seated position. Clear sight lines for the audience can generally be achieved by user groups rearranging furniture to suit needs. It should be possible to configure seating to ensure that students do not have to adopt awkward or twisted postures;

� Tables-should be smooth, light in colour and a non reflective, matt or satin finish;

� Where activities such as hand writing and lap top use are undertaken in a tutorial or seminar room table, the recommended height is 700-720 mm from the floor. Maximum table thickness should not exceed 33mm;

� Select student task chairs or alternatively examination room/seminar room chairs depending on the application;

� Manual handling issues relating to storage, assembly and stacking loose furniture must be considered.

For Collaborative Teaching/ Learning areas and Student Lounges, layout/design should include the following:

� Collaborative teaching areas are intended to be flexible student centred spaces which enhance student engagement and promote students working together to facilitate the acquisition of skills and learning. The way the spaces are configured will influence the effectiveness of the learning opportunities and experience. Student lounges offer opportunities for social interaction but are also utilised by students for group discussions and collaboration;

� The following must be considered in the design phase:

� Selection of casual sitting furniture- lounges, bench seating, chairs, ottomans, cubes must be stable, comfortable, appropriately upholstered and should have a seat height between 400-480mm. A small number of seating options with arms should be available for less physically able users to enable supported sitting and facilitate transferring from sit to stand;

� Tables, workstations, benches, counters designed for sitting at should have a height range of 700-720mm;

� Tables, benches, counters designed for standing should have a height range of 900mm to 1000mm;

� Casual stools to be used at tables, benches, bars or counters should be stable and tip resistant and have a height range of 660-760mm;



� Manual handling issues relating to the storage, assembly and stacking of loose furniture.

2.5.8 Libraries

Space and General Physical Layout Requirements

General library layout/ design should include the following:

� All facilities and amenities must be in accordance with Building Code of Australia and provide access and usability for disabled users;

� Open library spaces must accommodate pedestrian traffic plus safe movement of trolleys;

� Aisles between book shelves must have adequate width for shared pedestrian and trolley traffic and for trolleys to move past step stools;


� There should be a minimum of 1800mm circulation space behind service desk counters to allow space to move and position trolleys;

� Seated administration workstations located behind the counter/reception must be have a clear sight line to the counter;

� Floor surfaces must be stable, firm, slip resistant, dark in colour and not glossy (less than 20% reflectance). Low pile wool mix carpets are preferable as they reduce the build up of static electricity which can be felt as a mild electric shock. Low pile carpet should be fitted to facilitate the movement of trolleys /step stools;



� All furniture should be free of sharp edges, corners, points or protrusions;




� Noise exposure should not exceed 65 dB (A);

� Temperature and air quality levels must be well controlled and/or regulated and must be compliant with the relevant standards. 22 degrees C is the recommended ambient office temperature. Perception of thermal comfort will vary enormously between individuals. Avoid locating workstations directly in front of or below air conditioning outlets;

� Noisy printing or photocopying equipment should be isolated in separate rooms with adequate ventilation;



� Provision for additional space in offices to accommodate trolleys adjacent to the workstations may be necessary. Consult with user group.

Service Desk Design

The design of the desk will reflect the current library service model which aims to engage and collaborate with patrons rather than serve them behind a desk. The counter top should be smooth, light or neutral in colour and a non reflective, matt or satin finish. Recurring patterns or translucent desk surfaces are not recommended as they interfere with optical mouse operation.

Where there is a requirement for library staff and patrons to simultaneously view a monitor screen at a service desk, the following design options should be considered:

� Side by side desk. A slightly concave shape recommended;

� Curved design - ‘C’ shape;

� Rectangular design incorporating an arc (concave, curved section) at each computer workstation in which the library staff member works. Arc /curve dimensions:

� Width 900mm;

� Depth at midpoint 300mm;

� Central angle of arc 120 degrees;

� Points where arcs meet straight lines of the desk are to be tapered and softened;

� Distance between each arc of 900mm.

� Installing back to back screens on a rectangular desk i.e. across a counter.

Service Desk Depth

� Curved design option: 800mm;

� Rectangular design option: 1000mm excluding inside the arcs. The minimum depth of the desk will be at the midpoint of the arc which will be 700mm.

Service Desk Heights

� Standing service desks should include a vertical height adjustment range of at least 50mm from 925mm to 975mm via adjustable footings/legs. The desk should be adjusted to a height of 955 mm on installation;

� Sitting service desks should include a vertical height adjustment range of at least 50mm from 680mm-730mm;

� The option of sitting should be made available at Service desks. As service desk work is frequently dynamic in nature, a sit stand stool is an excellent option.

Positioning of Computer Equipment under Desks

The positioning of computer equipment under the desks must not interfere with the minimum leg space.

Monitor Placement

Monitor screens which must be viewed by both patron and library staff must be installed on flexible monitor arms and should be clamped in the first instance to trial optimum position before drilling permanently into desk top.



ETU Placement

The ETU must be installed to optimise work flow and efficiency and be within comfortable reach range. It should be installed in accordance with the recommendations outlined in the Manufacturer’s Installation Guide and in consultation with the user group.

Desks for Patron Use

Design should incorporate the following to ensure optimal comfort of users who may use these desks for multiple tasks e.g. reading, writing, using laptops etc:

� Desk height between 700mm and 720mm;

� Desk thickness no greater than 33mm;

Student task chairs should be supplied - Refer to Section 2.6.


� Task seating: Select appropriate seating. Refer to Section 2.6.

� Casual furniture: Casual furniture i.e. lounge bench seating should have a seat height of no lower than 400mm. A small number of seating options with arms should be available for less physically able users to facilitate transferring from sit to stand;

� All Furniture should be free of sharp corners or edges.

Shelving

� All shelving must be robust, stable and well secured. It is not recommended that the top shelf of library book shelving be higher than 2000mm however if higher than 2100mm there is a requirement for shelving to be fixed to a wall;

� Shelving should be designed so books can be stored one deep;

� There should be no sharp edges or corners on shelving. Timber or laminate finish is preferable;

� There should be a safe means of accessing shelves above shoulder height.

Step Stools

Only approved safety step stools with appropriate dimensions to accommodate both feet and with pressure castor locks should be used.

Returns Bins

These will vary depending on the space available and the volume of books processed. In all applications an electric or spring loaded base on the bin is required to reduce awkward reaching.

References








AS/NZ 1680.1: 2006. Interior and workplace lighting. Part 1: General Principles and recommendations

AS/NZ 1680. 1: 2006. Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.1: Specific Applications-Circulation spaces and other areas

AS/NZ 1680.1 2006. Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.2: Specific Applications-Office and screen based tasks

AS/NZ 1680. 1 2006. Interior and workplace lighting. Part2.3 Specific Applications- Education and Training Facilities











AS/NZS 4442:1997 ‘Office desks’





Worksafe Australia Publication Ergonomic Principles and Checklists for the selection of Office Furniture and Equipment (1991)

Worksafe Victoria Publication ‘Officewise’ – A guide for health and safety in the office’. 2006

2.5.9 Collaborative Learning Areas

This section is under development. Contact the ‘University of Melbourne OH&S Unit’ for guidelines.

2.5.10 Information Management

The subject of ‘Information Management’ refers to the following:

� Storage and handling

� Archiving

� Filing systems



This section is under development. Please contact the ‘University of Melbourne OH&S Unit’ for guidance.

2.5.11 Receiving Areas


2.5.12 Waste Storage and Handling


2.6 SEATING SPECIFICATIONS

The following guidelines have been developed by the ‘University of Melbourne Occupational Health And Safety Unit’ to assist in the selection of appropriate well designed seating options for the specified user groups. These guidelines are based on the relevant Australian Standards and WorkSafe Victoria’s Officewise publication.

In the event there is a specific requirement for seating not covered by these standards, advice is available through UoM Health and Safety and Injury Management.

Refer to Section 1.12.10 Chairs for details of preferred Task Chair suppliers.

2.6.1 Chair Criteria

� Purpose 1: Student Task Chairs:

� User Group: Students;

� Locations: Collaborative Learning Environments, Computer Laboratories (where workstation height range is approximately 690 to 735mm);

� Certified to:AS4438:1997. Functional classification Type 2; AFRDI level 5 or 6; GECA preferable.

� Mandatory Features:

� 5 star base with castors, swivel mechanism, waterfall edge design;

� 2 lever independent adjustment: seat height and back rest height;

� Back rest height adjustability via rear lever (not ratchet) well located to enable a strong gross hand grip and to avoid risk of finger entrapment;

� Back rest vertical height range to include 170mm to 230 mm from the seat surface to the foremost point of the back rest (i.e. the most prominent part measured at a point halfway across the width of the back support);

� No arm rests;

� Medium profile back support;

� Moulded injected foam. Density of cushioning determined according to AS2281;

� Breathable non synthetic upholstery covering -wool recommended;

� Hard tyre castors for carpeted floors, soft tyre castors for hard floors.



� Purpose 2: Staff Task Chairs:

� User Group: Staff;

� Locations: Office administration environments and other workstations (where workstation height range is approximately 690 to 735mm);

� Certified to: AS4438:1997. Functional classification Type 1; AFRDI level 5 or 6; GECA preferable;

� Options: Options for smaller and larger seat pans must be available to accommodate smaller and larger users. This is generally estimated to be 10% of the user group.



� 4 lever independent adjustment i.e. seat height, back rest height, seat and back rest tilt, seat depth slide;

� Height adjustability range 400mm -550mm;


� Back rest vertical height range to include 170mm to 230mm from the seat surface to the foremost point of the back rest (i.e. the most prominent part measured at a point halfway across the width of the back support). Approximately 45 degrees range of back rest tilt should be included;

� Arm rests (adjustable height) not routinely required but chair must have provision for arm rests;


� Moulded injected foam. Density of cushioning determined according to AS2281;

� Breathable non synthetic upholstery covering. Wool recommended;

� Hard tyre castors for carpeted floors, soft tyre castors for hard floors.

� Purpose 3: Standard Meeting Room Chairs:


� Locations: Standard meeting rooms;

� Certified to: AS4688.1: 2007; AFRDI level 4 or 5; GECA preferable.


� Cantilever base;

� Padded back support;

� Fixed arm rests, non fabric upholstery;

� Lightweight <15kg for ease of moving;

� Molded injected foam seat pan and back;

� Breathable non synthetic upholstery covering, type to be determined, wool or leather recommended for seat pan and back rest;



� Optional rubber grommets for base when chairs are to be located in rooms with hard floor coverings.

� Purpose 4: Executive Meeting Room Chairs


� Locations: Executive meeting rooms;

� Certified to: AS4688.1: 2007; AFRDI level 4 or 5; GECA preferable.



� Back rest tilt adjustment;

� Adjustable height arm rests, non fabric upholstery;

� Molded injected foam seat pan and back;

� Breathable, non synthetic upholstery covering, type to be determined, wool or leather recommended.

� Purpose 5: Interview/Consulting Room Seating:


� Locations: Consulting rooms, counseling rooms, interview rooms where engagement with others involves computer interface;



� Same as staff task chairs (purpose 2) with the addition of adjustable height arm rests;

� Options for larger and smaller users as specified for staff task chairs (purpose 2);

� Option of hard tyre castors for carpeted floors or soft tyre castors for hard floors.

� Purpose 6: Interview Room Seating:


� Locations: Consulting Rooms, Counseling Rooms, Interview Rooms;

� Certified to: AS4438:1997; Functional classification Type 2; AFRDI level 5 or 6; GECA preferable.


� Same as student task chairs (purpose 1) with the addition of adjustable height arm rests;

� Option of hard tyre castors for carpeted floors or soft tyre castors for hard floor coverings.

� Purpose 7: Examination Room / Seminar Room or Events Seating


� Locations: Examination rooms, seating for large events or functions e.g. graduation ceremonies;

� Certified to: AS4688.1: 2007; AFRDI level 5 or 6; GECA preferable;




� Non adjustable, 4 legs, no arm rests;

� Lightweight <10kg for ease of moving;

� Stackable;

� Stacks movable by trolley.

� Purpose 8: Experimental Laboratory Seating:

� User Group: Staff / students;

� Locations: Laboratories - chemical, biological and workshops (workstation height range approximately 900-1000mm) To be supplied with a separate footrest;

� Certified to: AS4438:1997, Functional classification Type 1; AFRDI level 5 or 6; GECA preferable.



� Glides or soft tyre (rubber) castors with pressure castor locks (automatically activate when on). These are a safety feature for linoleum (low slip resistance) floors;


� Non permeable (closed cell) upholstery unless non PC2 laboratory;



� Back rest vertical height range to include 170mm to 230mm from the seat surface to the foremost point of the back rest (i.e. the most prominent part measured at a point halfway across the width of the back support);

� Approximately 45 degrees range of back rest tilt should be included;

� Arm rests (adjustable height) preferred to assist transfer on/off;


� Molded injected foam. Density of cushioning determined according to AS2281;

� An alternative sit/stand stool with adjustable height and seat tilt and Teflon glides or a pedestal base with mobile column may be selected as an alternative to a conventional drafting stools. Consultation with Health and Safety Practitioners should take place before selecting these.

� Purpose 9: High Workstation/ Counter (Drafting) Stools:


� Locations: Reception, enquiries, information counters, and library counters customer service counters, library service desks counters (where workstation height range is approximately 900 to 1000mm);

� Certified To: AS4438:1997. Functional classification Type 1; AFRDI level 5 or 6; GECA preferable;



� Options: Options for smaller and larger seat pans must be available to accommodate smaller and larger users. This is generally estimated to be 10% of the user group.



� Glides or soft tyre (rubber) castors with pressure castor locks (automatically activate when on) must be fitted if floors are low slip resistance, e.g. concrete, tiles. These are a safety feature;



� Back rest height adjustability via rear lever (not ratchet) located to enable a strong gross hand grip and to avoid finger entrapment;

� Back rest vertical height range to include 170mm to 230mm from the seat surface to the foremost point of the back rest (i.e. the most prominent part measured at a point halfway across the width of the back support). Approximately 45 degrees range of back rest tilt should be included;

� Arm rests (adjustable height) not routinely required but chair must have provision for arm rests;



� Breathable fabric, non synthetic upholstery covering such as wool recommended;

� Hard tyre castors for carpeted floors, soft tyre castors for hard floors;


� Purpose 10: High Workstation (Drafting) Stools:


� Locations: Collaborative Learning Environments, Computer Laboratories (where workstation height range is approximately 900 to 1000mm);




� 2 lever independent adjustment i.e. seat height, back rest height;

� Glides or soft tyre (rubber) castors with pressure castor locks (automatically activate when on) must be fitted if floors are low slip resistance e.g. concrete, tiles. These are safety features;

� Height adjustability range 650mm to 780mm;

� Back rest height adjustability via rear lever (not ratchet) located to enable a strong gross hand grip and to avoid finger entrapment;



� Back support vertical height range to include 170mm to 230mm from the seat surface to the foremost point of the back rest (i.e. the most prominent part measured at a point halfway across the width of the back support);

� No arm rests;



� Breathable fabric, non synthetic upholstery covering such as wool recommended;

� Hard tyre castors for carpeted floors, soft tyre castors for hard floors;


� Purpose 11: Casual, Lounge, Occasional Seating:

� User Group: Students and Visitors;

� Locations: Collaborative Learning Environments, , student informal study spaces, discussion areas, reception, waiting areas, counseling where engaging other/s with no computer interface;

� When chairs are intended and used for relatively short periods, fixed dimensions can be tolerated. The design and dimensions should still provide the best compromise in order to offer comfort for as many users as possible.

� Certified to: AS 4688.1:2007 Furniture- Fixed height chairs Part 1: Human – interface and general requirements;

� The following basic guidelines should be followed:

� Seat height should be selected to minimise pressure on thighs. Recommended height range: 400mm minimum to 500mm maximum;

� Seat depth should allow users to get postural benefit from the back rest without slouching. Recommended depth range of 400mm minimum to maximum 500mm;

� The front edge should be well rounded to avoid local pressure;

� Back rest angle should provide good back support;

� The seating should be stable during normal use;

� Seating options with arms should be provided for users with restricted or compromised mobility and for counseling scenario.

2.6.2 General Notes and Requirements

� All chair applications shall:

� Have a stable base;

� Have an underframe that does not protrude beyond the outermost dimension of the chair seat (including arms if present) so as to cause a trip hazard. Aspects of the underframe e.g. legs, castors or glides which protrude more than 120mm outside the chair dimensions are considered a trip hazard for users or people in the vicinity;



� Have no sharp projections, or other features that constitute a risk to users. There should be no sharp edges, rough surfaces or features that may trap clothing or cause injury. The ends and feet of tubular metal components shall be capped or closed and finished smoothly;

� Have covering materials and filling materials that meet burning behaviour performance requirements as set out in AS/NZS 4088.1;

� Be permanently marked with the manufacturers /importers name and address, year of manufacture, care details, flammability and summarised operating details.

� All adjustable chair applications shall:

� Have controls that are within comfortable reach, easy to operate and require minimal force;

� Be adequately and clearly marked and supplied with full operating instructions. The information provided shall include:

� Instructions in the use of the adjusting mechanism with all controls readily identifiable as to their function;

� Instructions on the upkeep and maintenance of the chair;

� An outline on ergonomic seat back and height setting;

� Have a label stating ‘Hard-tyred castors are unsuitable for use on hard floors or firm chairmats in which case soft-tyred castors should be used. Soft–tyred castors should be distinguishable by the tyre being a different colour to the body of the castor.

� All upholstered chair applications shall:

� Be labelled according to the care labelling requirements of AS/ NZS 1957.

� Test reports

� Shall be reproduced in full if required.

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