CHAPTER 7 GROWTH AND

DIVISION

Section 2 Early Industry

A Revolution in Transportation

Led to dramatic social and economic changes Roads and Turnpikes

National Road=funded by the national gov’t in 1811○ Only great federally funded transportation

project of this timeMost roads were built by states, localities, and

private businesses○ By 1821, 4,000 miles of toll roads were built->

connected eastern cities (trade)Made profitable business

A Revolution in Transportation Steamboats and Canals

Rivers offered cheapest and fastest way to move goods○ Barges moved faster and carried more

(downstream only)In 1807, Robert Fulton and Robert

Livingston stunned the nation with the Clermont○ Steamboat that made upstream travel easier

Growth of river travel=canal building growth

Clermont

Robert Fulton

Robert Livingston

A Revolution in Transportation The “Iron Horse”

Railroads appeared in the early 1800’s○ Peter Cooper built Tom Thumb, carried 40

men and women from Baltimore, MD to Ellicott City, MDTraveled 10 mph

- Helped settle the west and expand trade in the U.S.

- Caused increase in national markets->iron and coal production greatly increased

Tom Thumb

Peter Cooper

A New System of Production Industrial Revolution- revolution in

business and industryBegan in England in the late 1700’s

○ Shift from making goods at home by hand to mass producing goods by machines in factories

Industrialization Sweeps the NorthMajor factor that lead to industry in the U.S.

was capitalism○ Free enterprise-> encouraged competition

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

Lowell Mills in Massachusetts

A New System of Production

In the 1830’s states encouraged industrialization○ Passed laws that allowed companies to become

corporations->raise money by selling stockWhy did industrialization begin in the northeast?Samuel Slater-

Francis C. Lowell-Who mainly worked in the factories?Read pg. 248 (2nd column)

A New System of Production Technological Advances

New inventions and technological innovations spurred industrial growth○ Eli Whitney= popularized interchangeable

parts○ Samuel B. Morse=created telegraph and

Morse codeLed to creation of AP (Associated Press)

Rise of Large CitiesWhy did people begin moving to cities?

New Inventors

Eli Whitney Samuel Morse

Rise of Large Cities

Why did people begin moving to cities? What happened as result?

Workers Begin to OrganizeBy 1860, there were over 1.3 million factory

workersLabor Unions ->were formed to improve

working conditions○ Wanted higher wages and 10 hr. work week

Established little success

Family Farm

Until late in the 1800’s, Farming was still the U.S.’s leading economic activityEmployed more people and created most

wealth of any other industry○ Was crucial in the North and the South-> had

less industry, depended more on farming