section 12.3 gathering weather data gathering weather data section 12.3
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Section 12.3Gathering Weather Data
Gathering Weather DataSection 12.3
Data from Earth’s Surface
A thermometer measures temperature.
A barometer measures air pressure.
Gathering Weather DataSection 12.3
Gathering Weather DataSection 12.3
An anemometer measures wind speed.
A hygrometer measures relative humidity.
Data from Earth’s Surface
Gathering Weather DataSection 12.3
Data from the Upper Atmosphere
Radiosonde - instrument used for gathering upper-atmosphere data.
A radiosonde’s sensors measure the air’s temperature, pressure, and humidity.
Gathering Weather DataSection 12.3
Weather Observation Systems
A weather radar system detects specific locations of precipitation.The Doppler effect is the change in pitch or frequency that occurs due to the relative motion of a wave, as it comes toward or goes away from an observer.
Weather radar
Gathering Weather DataSection 12.3
Analysis of Doppler radar data can be used to determine the speed and direction at which precipitation moves.
Weather radar
Gathering Weather DataSection 12.3
Some weather satellites use infrared imagery to measure thermal energy at night to map cloud cover or surface temperature.
Some satellites use cameras that require visible light to photograph Earth and its clouds
Weather satellites
Gathering Weather DataSection 12.3
A 3rd type of satellite imagery is called water-vapor imagery that shows moisture in the atmosphere, not just clouds.
Weather satellites
Section 12.4Weather Analysis and Prediction
Weather Analysis and PredictionSection 12.4
Surface Weather Analysis
Weather Analysis and PredictionSection 12.4
A station model is a record of weather data for a particular site at a particular time.
Station models
Weather Analysis and PredictionSection 12.4
Meteorological symbols are used to represent weather data in a station model.
Weather Analysis and PredictionSection 12.4
To plot data nationwide and globally, meteorologists use lines that connect points of equal or constant values.
Plotting station model data
Weather Analysis and PredictionSection 12.4
Isobars - lines of equal pressure
Isotherms - lines of equal temperature
Plotting station model data
Weather Analysis and PredictionSection 12.4
The weather map shows isobars and air pressure data
Interpreting station model data
Weather Analysis and PredictionSection 12.4
Using isobars, isotherms, and station model data, meteorologists can analyze current weather conditions for a particular location.
Interpreting station model data
Weather Analysis and PredictionSection 12.4
Types of Forecasts
Digital forecast - created by applying physical principles and mathematics to atmospheric variables to make a prediction.
Digital forecasts
Analog forecast - comparison of current weather patterns to similar weather patterns from the past.
Weather Analysis and PredictionSection 12.4
Analog forecasts
Short-Term Forecasts
Weather Analysis and PredictionSection 12.4
Short-Term - most accurate and detailed forecasts because weather systems change directions, speeds, and intensities over time.
Long-Term Forecasts
Long-Term are less reliable than short-term forecasts.