section 1 the cardiovascular system

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

ResourcesChapter menu

Section 1 The Cardiovascular System

Objectives

• List four main parts of the cardiovascular system, and describe their functions.

• Describe the two types of circulation of blood in the body.

• List four cardiovascular problems.

Chapter 23




Your Cardiovascular System

• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the three types of blood vessels that carry blood throughout your body.

• The blood vessels—arteries, capillaries, and veins—carry blood pumped by the heart.

Chapter 23




The Heart

• Cardiac Muscle Your heart is an organ made mostly of cardiac muscle tissue. It is about the size of your fist and is almost in the center of your chest cavity.

Chapter 23



Section 1 The Cardiovascular SystemChapter 23




Blood Vessels

• Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and to the body’s organs.

• Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange between body cells and blood.

Chapter 23




Blood Vessels, continued

• Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

Chapter 23




Two Types of Circulation

• Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins.

• Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart.

Chapter 23




Cardiovascular Problems

• Atherosclerosis happens when cholesterol builds up inside of the blood vessels. Artherosclerosis is a major cause of heart diseases.

Chapter 23




Cardiovascular Problems, continued

• High Blood Pressure Hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure. The higher the blood pressure, the greater the risk of a heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, and stroke.

• Heart Attacks and Heart Failure A heart attack happens when heart muscle cells die and part of the heart muscle is damaged. Heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

Chapter 23



Section 2 Blood

Objectives

• Identify the four main components of blood.

• Describe three functions of blood.

• Explain how blood pressure is measured.

• Explain what the ABO blood types are and why they are important.

Chapter 23



Section 2 Blood

What Is Blood?

• Blood is a connective tissue that carries gases, nutrients, and wastes through the body.

• Plasma is the fluid part of blood. It is a mixture of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins, and other substances.

• Red Blood Cells Most blood cells are red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs take oxygen to every cell in your body.

Chapter 23



Section 2 Blood

What Is Blood?, continued

• Platelets are pieces of larger cells found in bone marrow. When you cut yourself, platelets help blood clot.

Chapter 23



Section 2 Blood

What Is Blood?, continued

• White Blood Cells (WBCs) help keep you healthy by destroying pathogens. WBCs also help clean wounds.

• WBCs also keep you healthy by destroying body cells that have died or been damaged.

Chapter 23



Section 2 Blood

Body Temperature Regulation

• Your blood does more than supply your cells with oxygen and nutrients. It also helps regulate your body temperature.

Chapter 23

Blood Pressure

• The force exerted by blood on the inside walls of arteries is called blood pressure.



Section 2 Blood

Blood Types

• Every person has one of four blood types: A, B, AB, or O. Your blood type refers to the type of antigens you have on the surface of your RBCs.

Chapter 23



Section 2 Blood

Blood Types and Transfusions

• A transfusion is the injection of blood or blood components into a person to replace blood that has been lost. Blood type is an important consideration of a blood transfusion.

Chapter 23

Type Can receive Can donate to

A A, O A, AB

B B, O B, AB

AB all AB only

O O all



Section 3 The Lymphatic System

Objectives

• Describe the relationship between the lymphatic system and the circulatory system.

• Identify six parts of the lymphatic system, and describe their functions.

Chapter 23




Vessels of the Lymphatic System

• The lymphatic system is the group of organs and tissues that collect excess fluid and return it to your blood.

Chapter 23




Vessels of the Lymphatic System, continued

• The smallest vessels of the lymphatic system are lymph capillaries. The fluid and particles absorbed into lymph capillaries are called lymph.

Chapter 23



Other Parts of the Lymphatic System

• Bone Marrow is the soft tissue inside of bones. Bone marrow is where most red and white blood cells, including lymphocytes, are produced.

• Lymph Nodes are small, bean-shaped masses of tissue that remove pathogens and dead cells from the lymph.

Section 3 The Lymphatic SystemChapter 23



Other Parts of the Lymphatic System, continued

• The thymus is the gland that produces T cells that are ready to fight infection.

• Your spleen is the largest lymphatic organ. The spleen stores and produces lymphocytes.




Other Parts of the Lymphatic System, continued

• Tonsils are lymphatic tissue in the nasal cavity and at the back of the mouth on either side of the tongue. Tonsils help defend the body against infection.




Section 4 The Respiratory System

Objectives

• Describe the parts of the respiratory system and their functions.

• Explain how breathing happens.

• Discuss the relationship between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.

• Identify two respiratory disorders.

Chapter 23



Respiration and the Respiratory System

• Respiration is the process by which a body gets and uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water. Breathing is only one part of respiration.

• The second part of respiration is cellular respiration, which involves chemical reactions that release energy from food.

• The respiratory system is the group of organs that take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

Section 4 The Respiratory SystemChapter 23



Respiration and the Respiratory System, continued

• Nose, Pharynx, and Larynx Your nose is the main passageway into and out of the respiratory system. From the nose, air flows into the pharynx, or throat. The larynx is the part of the throat that contains the vocal chords.





• Trachea The larynx guards the entrance to a large tube called the trachea, or windpipe.

• Bronchi and Alveoli The trachea splits into two branches called bronchi. One bronchus connects to each lung. In the lungs, each bronchus branches into bronchioles, which branch to form thousands of tiny sacs that are called alveoli.





Breathing

• Breathing is done by the diaphragm and rib muscles. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs.

Chapter 23

Breathing and Cellular Respiration

• In cellular respiration, oxygen is used by cells to release energy stored in molecules of glucose. When you breathe, you take in oxygen, which diffuses into red blood cells and is carried to tissue cells.



Section 3 The Respiratory SystemChapter 5Chapter 23




Respiratory Disorders

• Respiratory disorders include asthma, emphysema, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

• Asthma causes the bronchioles to narrow. An asthma attack may be triggered by irritants such as dust or pollen.

• SARS is caused by a virus.

Chapter 23



Concept Map

Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

arteries

cardiovascular system

bronchi

alveoli

capillaries

respiratory system

cellular respiration

blood

Circulation and RespirationChapter 23



CNN Videos• Science, Technology, and Society: Breakthrough Bandage

• Science, Technology, and Society: Modern Acupuncture




Reading

Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

Chapter 23 Standardized Test Preparation



Passage 1 For some reason, about one in five people sneeze when they step from a dimly lit area into a brightly lit area. In fact, some may sneeze a dozen times or more! Fortunately, the sneezing usually stops relatively quickly. This sneeze reaction is called a photic sneeze reflex (FOHT ik SNEEZ REE FLEKS). No one knows for certain why it happens.

Continued on the next slide




Passage 1, continued A few years ago, some geneticists studied the photic sneeze reflex. They named it the ACHOO syndrome. Scientists know that the ACHOO syndrome runs in families. So, the photic sneeze may be hereditary and can be passed from parent to child. Sometimes, even the number of times in a row that each person sneezes is the same throughout a family.




1. According to the passage, the ACHOO syndrome is most likely to be which of the following?

A contagious

B photosynthetic

C hereditary

D allergic




2. In the passage, what does photic mean?

F having to do with sneezing

G having to do with plants

H having to do with genetics

I having to do with light




3. Which of the following statements is one clue that the photic sneeze reflex can be passed from parent to child?

A The reflex is triggered by bright light.

B Sneezing usually stops after a few sneezes.

C Family members even sneeze the same number of times.

D Scientists do not know what causes the ACHOO syndrome.




Passage 2 The two main functions of blood are transporting nutrients and oxygen from the lungs to cells and carrying carbon dioxide and other waste materials away from cells to the lungs or other organs. Blood also transfers body heat to the body surface and plays a role in defending the body against disease.

Continued on the next slide




Passage 2, continued The respiratory system transports gases to and from blood. The respiratory system and blood work together to carry out external respiration and internal respiration. External respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between blood and the cells of the body.




1. In the passage, what does external respiration mean?

A the exchange of gases outdoors

B the inhalation of gases as you breathe in

C the exchange of gases between blood and the atmosphere

D the exhalation of gases as you breathe out




2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage?

F The respiratory system transports oxygen to all the cells of the body.

G The respiratory system is part of the circulatory system.

H Blood is a kind of cardiac tissue.

I Blood transports oxygen to cells.




3. According to the passage, what are two of the roles blood plays in the human body?

A transferring body heat and defending against disease

B defending against disease and transporting gases to the circulatory system

C transporting carbon dioxide to body cells and transferring body heat

D external respiration




Interpreting Graphics

Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.




1. What is the most likely explanation for the change seen after the two-minute mark?

A The person started exercising.

B The person fell asleep.

C The person inhaled.

D The person sat down.




2. How much faster is the heart beating during minute 5 than during minute 2?

F 10 beats per minute more

G 12 beats per minute more

H 15 beats per minute more

I 17 beats per minute more




3. About how many minutes did it take for this person’s heart rate to go from 65 beats per minute to 75 beats per minute?

A 0.7 minute

B 1.0 minute

C 1.7 minutes

D 4.0 minutes




4. After how many minutes does this person’s heart rate return to its resting rate?

F 1.0 minute

G 2.0 minute

H 5.0 minute

I There is not enough information to determine the answer.




Math

Read each question, and choose the best answer.




1. If Jim’s heart beats 73 times every minute, Jen’s heart beats 68 times every minute, and Leigh’s heart beats 81 times every minute, what is the average heart rate for these 3 people?

A 73 beats per minute

B 74 beats per minute

C 141 beats per minute

D 222 beats per minute




2. The Griffith family has 4 dogs. Each of the dogs eats between 0.9 kg and 1.3 kg of food every day. Which is a reasonable estimate of the total amount of food all 4 dogs eat every day?

F 1 kg of food

G 3 kg of food

H 4 kg of food

I 8 kg of food




3. Assume that the average person’s resting heart rate is 70 beats per minute. The resting heart rate of a particular person is 10 beats per minute more than the average person’s. If a person with the higher heart rate lives 75 years, about how many more times will his or her heart beat than the average person’s heart in that time?

A 3,942

B 394,200

C 3,942,000

D 394,200,000




4. At rest, the cells of the human body use about 250 mL of oxygen per minute. At that rate, how much oxygen would the cells of the human body use every 24 hours?

F about 36 L

G about 360 L

H about 36,000 L

I about 360,000 L




Section 2 BloodChapter 23



Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.


section 1 the cardiovascular system

Documents