Second Test Next Wednesday

Format Multiple Choice (10 questions) 40%Short Answer (2 questions) 20%Essay (1 question) 40%

Second Test Next Wednesday Content to be tested

Theories Modernization Dependency Statism Neo-liberalism

Concepts Corporatism Patron-client relations

Institutions Political and economic

Parliamentary/Presidential system Electoral system Role of state/market in economic development

Themes in Nigerian Development

Legacies of colonialism Dependency theory

Role of the state Statism—developmental or predatory state institutions?

Individual values Modern vs. traditional values?

Role of the market Is the free market allowed to function, promote

efficiency?

Nigeria

Legacies of British Colonialism Dominant role for state in the economy Politicization of ethnicity

Legacies of British Colonialism

Dominant role for state in economy Colonial and post-

colonial state control over export commodities & production

through state marketing boards

monopsony—single buyer

Global Structure of Agricultural Commodity Markets

Tariff barriers against entering core markets Example: European Union

Import tariffs increase the more processed a product becomes. Ensures that most imports to the EU are raw products like coffee,

cocoa (lower value-added) EU tariffs

30 percent  for processed cocoa products like chocolate bars 60 percent for some other refined products containing cocoa.

Non-tariff barriers against entering core markets Example: EU

Strict EU standards for imported food products Hygiene and health standards Regulations for size, form and color

Legacies of British Colonialism

Dominant role for state in economyRaised stakes of office-holding

Control of state also meant control over economy

Legacies of British Colonialism

Dominant role for state in economyCreated basis for “patronage politics”

Define

Legacies of British Colonialism

Dominant role for state in economyCreated basis for “patronage politics”

Defined as “securing societal support for those in power by selective distribution of state resources”

Post-colonial Nigeria Dominant role for state in economy

Continued basis for “patronage politics” Expands from agricultural commodities to oil

Post-colonial Nigeria Dominant role for state in economy

Continued basis for “patronage politics” Beyond commodities

Examples Expansion of university system (not primary education)

Particularistic benefits 2002: adult literacy 57%

Expansion of civil service Particularistic hiring By 1980s, government employs 60% of urban sector BUT most Nigerians rural 2002: 45% of population below poverty line

State enterprises Number of state firms increased 4x from 1970-1980

Compare Nigeria and Japan

Civil service recruitment

Legacies of British Colonialism Politicization of ethnicity

“Africanization” 1951 regional assembly elections

Northern, Western, Eastern regions Divisions coincide with ethnic divisions Political parties organize along ethnic lines

1959 first full parliamentary elections Parties coalesce along ethnic/regional lines

Electoral dominance: Northern Hausa-Fulani Single largest ethnic group Previously excluded Seeks to gain and hold power for particular benefits

Evolution of Political Competition in Nigeria

NORTH WEST EAST(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)

First Republic (1960-1966)NPC (Northern

People's Congress)

AG (Action Group)

NCNC (National Council)

Ibo coup & counter-coup ↓ ↓ ↓→ CIVIL WAR

Evolution of Political Competition in Nigeria

NORTH WEST EAST(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)

Second Republic (1979-1983)NPN (National Party of Nigeria)

UPN (Unity Party of Nigeria)

NPP (Nigerian People's Party)

1985 coup ↓ ↓ ↓

Evolution of Political Competition in Nigeria

NORTH WEST EAST SOUTH(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)

Abortive Third Republic (1993) NRC "Northern" (National Republican Convention)

SDP "Southern" (Social Democratic Party)

1993 elections annulled ↓ ↓Abacha seizes power

Death of dictator Abacha creates political opening for 4th Republic

Transition to Civilian (Democratic) Rule

National Assembly Senate (109 seats) House of Representatives

(360 seats) Single-member districts Elected by winner-take-all

British, US influence Creates strong majorities

1999 Democracy Returns (Obasanjo elected)

A PDP election rally: Millions of Nigerians turned out for a peaceful vote

Evolution of Political Competition in Nigeria

(SOUTH)NORTH WEST EAST

(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)Fourth Republic (1999)

PDP (People's Democratic Party)

ObasanjoAD (Alliance for

Democracy)"-->allied in election<--"

APP (All People's Party)

↓ ↓

2003 election

PDP (People's Democratic Party)

Obasanjo

ANPP (All Nigerian People's

Party) Buhari

↓"--> split from

PDP<--" ↓

2007 election

PDP (People's Democratic Party)

Yar'Adua

AC (Action Congress) Abubakar

ANPP (All Nigerian People's

Party) Buhari

↓ ↓ ↓

2011 election

PDP (People's Democratic Party)

Jonathan

AC (Action Congress) Abubakar

ANPP (All Nigerian People's Party) Babangida

Transition to Civilian (Democratic) Rule

2007 presidential elections 1st time an elected Nigerian leader handed power to

another since independence in 1960 PDP north-south power-sharing agreement

Yar'Adua

Money and Violence Hobble Democracy in Nigeria November 24, 2006

Ongoing Challenges to Democratic Rule

Ethnic/religious tensionsNorthern states

British colony—indirect rule Islamic (Shari’a) Law continues in north

Today: Muslim with significant Christianity minority 1999 Shari’a Law becomes campaign issue

Seeks to expand beyond special family law courts Shari’a Law introduced in 12 northern states May 1999 – February 2002 alone

“more than 10,000 people have died in murderous ethnic and religious clashes (NYTimes 2/8/02)”

Ongoing Challenges to Democratic Rule Increasingly unfair elections

Charges that ruling People’s Democratic Party (PDP) Used state resources for partisan purposes Restricted access to state-owned media

Electoral fraud 2003, 2007 National level and for “lucrative” governorships Thefts of ballot boxes Violent intimidation of opposition

Independent National Electoral Commission Commission not independent of the president (appoints) “Unprepared for 2007 election…environment of uncertainty,

growing insecurity among the population, rising political violence, and a disastrous voter registration process [computerized]” (int’l ngo: National Democratic Institute)