Second Quarter EOC Review

Remember!!!All LIVING things need energy for necessary life functions!!

Energy comes from the sun.Producers capture light energy and

store it in food molecules.Energy in food is broken down by

cellular respiration.Energy in foods provide organisms the

fuel necessary for work such as reproduction.

Photosynthesis

Plants are autotrophs (make their own food)

Occurs in chloroplast inside leaf cells

Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs sunlight

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Affected by light, temperature and water

Organisms that Photosynthesize

 

Some BacteriaEuglena (Protist)

Green Algae (Protist) All plants

Plant cell

Cellular RespirationOccurs in ALL LIVING

thingsReleases energy by

breaking down GLUCOSEOccurs in the

mitochondria C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

Produces 36 ATPPlants go through cellular

respiration at night

2 Types of Cellular Respiration

1. Aerobic respiration – does require oxygen– Occurs in the mitochondria– Produces more ATP than Anaerobic Respiration

2. Anaerobic respiration- does NOT require oxygen

-Occurs in the cytoplasm

2 Types of Anaerobic Respiration

1) Alcoholic fermentation– Occurs in Yeast cells– Produces CO2 & Alcohol (2 ATP)

2) Lactic acid fermentation – Occurs in Muscle cells

(strenuous activity)– Occurs in bacteria cells

(used in making yogurt)– Produces lactic acid (2 ATP)

Cellular Respiration

Glucose

+

Oxygen

Glycolysis

2 ATP

Krebs Cycle

2 ATP

Electron Transport Chain

32 ATP

Carbon dioxide

+

Water

+

36 ATP

=

Occurs in cytoplasm

Occurs in mitochondria

anaerobic aerobic

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Function Stores Energy Energy release

Location Chloroplast Mitochondria

Reactants Carbon dioxide and water

Glucose and oxygen

Products Glucose and oxygen

Carbon dioxide and water

Photosynthesis & Cellular

Respiration• Balances CO2 in the ecosystem

The Cell Theory

1. All LIVING things are made up of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of life.

3. New cells come from existing cells.

Asexual Reproduction• Production of offspring

by a single parent• Offspring are

genetically identical• Process -Mitosis

(asexual reproduction of body cells)

• Five types:1) Binary Fission2) Budding3) Regeneration4) Sporulation5) Vegetative Sporulation

Types of Asexual Reproduction

Binary Fission

Regeneration

Sporulation

Vegetative Propagation

Budding

Sexual Reproduction

• Two parent cells join together to form a new individual– Sex cells (sperm & egg)

produced by meiosis(Meiosis= reproduction

cells)– Fertilization – combining

of sex cells

• Offspring are different from parents

• Occurs in worms, insects, amphibians, plants and mammals

Sexual Reproduction

Types of Fertilization1) Internal Fertilization: Occurs inside females

body Example: reptiles, birds,

and most land animals

2) External Fertilization: Occurs outside the

females body Example: Frogs and Fish

Types of Development

1) Internal Development: Occurs inside females body Example: most land animals

and dolphins

2) External Development: Occurs outside the females

body Example: Frogs and Fish

Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Starts with one cell

Starts with two cells

One cell splits to form two new cells

Two cells combine to form new organism

New cells are genetically identical to parent cell

New organism is genetically different from parent cells

-Reproduction for unicellular organisms-Growth and development for multicellular organisms

-Involves production and fusion of gametes

THE CELL CYCLE Series of events that

cells go through as they grow and divide

Consists of four phases:– G1 PHASE – CELL

GROWTH – S PHASE – CHROMOSOME

REPLICATION– G2 PHASE –

PREPARATION FOR MITOSIS

– M PHASE – MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS

Mitosis o Asexual reproductiono DNA condenses into

chromosomeso Cells are Diploid (2N) “have paired

chromosomes”o Four phases of Mitosis:

(Hint: PMAT)1st P= Prophase

2nd M= Metaphase 3rd A= Anaphase

4th T= Telophase

MeiosisSexual reproductionTwo cell divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) Produces four haploid (N)

cells “chromosomes unpaired”

Produces gametes “sperm & egg cells”Crossing Over Increases

genetic variation

Lets Compare Meiosis to Mitosis!!

• Mitosis• Starts with diploid

cell• One nuclear division• Ends with two

diploid cells (2N)• Asexual

reproduction

• Produces body cells

• Meiosis• Starts with diploid

cell• Two nuclear

divisions• Ends with four

haploid cells (N)• Sexual

reproduction• Produces gametes

GENETICS

Mendelian Genetics Punnett squares- used to show

probability in genetic crosses Probability – chance of an event

happening Simple traits governed by two

alleles Alleles – alternate forms of a gene

(AKA: LETTERS)Dominant allele= CAPITAL LETTERSRecessive allele= lowercase letters(Dominant masks recessive)

Genotype – genetic make up (letters)

Homozygous – same alleles (AA)Heterozygous – different alleles

(Aa)

Phenotype – organism’s physical appearance (looks)

EXAMPLE: Brown Hair or Blue Eyes Test Cross: Always homozygous recessive

Monohybrid Cross(one set of traits)

In guinea pigs, black fur is dominant to white fur.

Cross two heterozygous Black guinea pigs.

Parents: Bb x Bb

• Genotypic Ratio:1 BB: 2 Bb: 1 bb

• Phenotypic Ratio:3 black: 1 white

BB Bb

Bb bb

B

b

B b

Remember!!

• NOT ALL traits follow Mendel’s Law of dominance.

• These are complex inheritance patterns.Incomplete dominanceCodominanceMultiple allelesPolygenic Inheritance

Incomplete Dominance (BOTH genes BLEND)

In Four O'clock Plants• One allele is not

completely dominant over the other

• Both alleles are partially expressed

• Produces a 3rd phenotype (Pink)

Remember: Capital letters only, NO recessive letters

Four O'clock flowers

Alleles: Key:

R = Red RR = Red

W = White RW = Pink

WW = WhiteImage from: http://www.gwu.edu/~darwin/BiSc150/One/rose.GIF

Incomplete Dominance

Cross two pink-flowered plantsParents: RW X RW

R W

R

W

RR RW

RW WW

Genotypic Ratio:

1 RR: 2 RW: 1 WW

Phenotypic Ratio:

1 Red: 2 Pink: 1 White

Codominance Both traits are expressed at the same time

(NO BLENDING)

• Both alleles are completely expressed

• Results in a 3rd phenotype (checkered)

• In chickens:– Black and White alleles

are both dominant

• In blood groups:– Alleles IA and IB are

codominantRemember: Capital letters only, NO

recessive lettersImage from: http://www.harvestofhistory.org/assets/object-images/main/dominique.jpg

CodominanceCross a black chicken (B) with a white chicken (W)

Parents: BB X WW

B B

W

W

BW

BW

BW

BW

Phenotype:

4 Checkered Chickens

Genotype:4 BW

Multiple Alleles

Four Human Blood Groups Types A, B, AB, O• Type A: IA IA (homozygous dominant) orIAi (heterozygous dominant)

• Type B: IB IB (homozygous dominant) or IBi (heterozygous dominant)

• Type AB: IA IB (Codominant)

• Type O: ii (only recessive blood group)

Image from: http://science.uwe.ac.uk/research/uploads/CRIB_blood_cells.jpg

Determined by three alleles (IA, IB, & i)

Multiple Alleles:Cross a heterozygous type A person (IAi) with a

heterozygous type B (IBi) person

Parents: IAi X IBi

IA i

IB

i

IAIB

IAi ii

IBi

Genotypic Ratio:

1 IAIB

1 IAi

1 IBi

1 ii

Phenotypic Ratio: 1 Type AB 1 Type A 1 Type B1 Type O

Multiple Alleles: Cross a male type O person (ii) with a female type AB (IAIB)

person

Parents: ii X IA IB

i i

IA

IB

IAi

IBi IBi

IAi

Genotypic Ratio: 2 IAi

2 IBi

Phenotypic Ratio: 2 Type A2 Type B

Polygenic Inheritance• Determined by more than

one gene (A, B, C, D)• Results in a broad range of

phenotypes– AABBCCDD – darkest

(dominant)

– AaBbCcDd – intermediate– aabbccdd – lightest

(recessive)

• Examples:– Skin color, eye color, height– Forms bell shape when

graphed– Intermediates are more

common

Human Heredity

Human Chromosomes(one chromosome from mom and one from dad)

• Karyotype – A picture of a person’s chromosomes Shows genetic

disorders Shows gender

• In humans 1st -22nd pairs are

called autosomes 23rd pair are called sex

chromosomes Sex chromosomes are XY – males (BOY)(one large, one small)XX – females (two matching large)

Image from: www.bioteach.ubc.ca

Karyotypes

Normal Male Normal Female

Pedigree (used to trace traits)

Look at the Pedigree and see if you can find the pictures that are represented on

the KeyImage from: www.uihealthcare.com/.../images/pedigree.jpg

Who are siblings? Who is married? Who is affected with a trait?

-Sara, Joe, and Jim-Tim and Lori

-Tom and Sue-Jim and Kay

Sue, Joe, Jim and Tim

Who is unaffected?

Tom, Sara, Jeri, Lori, and Kay

Key

Autosomal Recessive Alleles“Defect on chromosomes 1-22”

Albinism, Cystic Fibrosis, PKU, and

Tay Sachs

•Lack of pigment

•Accumulation of mucus in the lungs

•Lack an enzymenecessary to break downPhenylalanine

•Nervous tissuedeterioration

Dominant Alleles disorder“one dominant allele needed to be

expressed”

Achondroplasia and Huntington's Disease

•Heads and limbsnot proportional to body torso

•Deterioration of brain and nervous system

Chromosomal disorders“caused by nondisjunctions; chromosomes fail to separate”

Down Syndrome, Turners, and Kleinfleters

•Male has an extra Xchromosome•Female missing

one X chromosome•Extra 21st chromosome

Down Syndrome

Turners Syndrome

Kleinfleters Syndrome

Chromosomal Disorders Karyotype

Sickle-Cell Disease(Both alleles are equally expressed)

• Caused by codominant alleles– S - sickle blood– N – normal blood

• More common in African Americans

• Heterozygotes(NS) in Africa are immune to Malaria• Clumping of blood cells

N

S

S

N NN NS

NS SS

Sex-linked Genes

• Found on sex chromosomes

(Only on the X chromosome)

• More often expressed in males than females**Why? Because males

inherit the X chromosome from their mother

Example: • Colorblindness• Hemophilia

Image from: http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_activity_library/images/red_green_colorblind.jpg

Sex-Linked GenesColor blindness Hemophilia

•Individuals lack clotting factor in blood•Individuals have a hard time distinguishing between colors

Biology – Second Quarter Review

NC DPISample EOC Questions

http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5

1.Cellular respiration is carried out by which of the following?

A. all living organisms all of the time

B. animals but not plantsC. animals all of the time but

plants only at nightD. heterotrophs but not autotrophs

2. Two students set up the following apparatus in a lab. A pipette was filled with a mixture of yeast and apple juice and inverted in a test tube filled with warm water. The students observed bubbles being released from the end of the pipette.

Which of the following most likely represents the gas being released?A. carbon dioxideB. hydrogen peroxideC. oxygenD. nitrogen

3. Which of the following processes releases the most ATP per molecule of glucose for immediate cell use?

A. aerobic respiration B. anaerobic respiration C. chemosynthesis D. photosynthesis

4. Which statement is true regarding asexual reproduction as a method ofproducing offspring?

A. common among mammalsB. not a method used by plantsC. produces offspring that are genetically identicalD. limited to unicellular organisms

5. Which process is responsible for the diversity of plants within a species?

A. cross-pollination B. transpiration C. self-fertilization D. photosynthesis

6. Which of the following demonstrates themost significant difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A. The chromosome number is reduced during asexual reproduction.

B. The number of chromosomes is reduced during sexual reproduction.

C. The appearance of the organism is changed as a result of asexual reproduction.

D. There is genetic variation as a result of sexual reproduction.

7. What is true about any two normalgametes from a human male parent?

A. Each has a diploid number of chromosomes.

B. They can combine to form a new organism.

C. Their chromosomes are exactly the same.

D. They have the same number of chromosomes.

8. A cell has undergone a meiotic division cycle. In order for the cell to achieve a diploid state, what must occur?

A. cleavage B. fertilization C. meiosis D. mitosis

9. A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell?

A. 23B. 46C. 92D. 138

10. Some traits are determined by more than two alleles. If aabbcc iscrossed with AABBCC, what would be the genotype of the offspring?

A. AaBbCc B. AABBCC C. aabbcc D. aaAAbbBBccCC

11. In a genetics laboratory, twoheterozygous tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant over short, what are the expected phenotypic results?

A. 100% tallB. 75% tall, 25% shortC. 50% tall, 50% shortD. 25% tall, 75% short

12. Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs.Jones has blood type AB. What is theprobability that they will have a child with blood type A if both of Mr. Jones’s parents were AB?

A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 100%

13. Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A mother with normal color vision and a color blind father have a color blind daughter. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. All of their daughters will be color blind.B. The mother is a carrier of the color blindness geneC. All of their sons will have normal color vision.

D. All of their sons will be color blind.

14. In sickle cell anemia, the heterozygous condition results in resistance to malaria. If two heterozygous parents have a child, what are the chances of that child being resistant to malaria but not having sickle cell anemia?

A. 25%B. 50%C. 75%D. 100%

15. In guinea pigs, the allele for roughcoat (R) is dominant to the allele forsmooth coat (r). A rough coat male and a smooth coat female mate. They produce several litters, of which 50% are rough coat and 50% are smooth coat. What were the genotypes of the parents?

A. RR × rrB. Rr × rrC. RR × RrD. Rr × Rr

16. Which genotype is used in a test cross?

A. homozygous dominantB. heterozygous dominantC. homozygous recessiveD. heterozygous recessive

17. After performing amniocentesis,which analysis is most often used to determine the chromosomal condition of a developing fetus?

A. blood typeB. DNA sequenceC. genetic markerD. karyotype

18. When viewing a karyotype to detect genetic disorders, which of the following would be a concern?

A. different chromosomes of different lengthsB. two X chromosomesC. twenty-three pairs of chromosomesD. three chromosomes in any one set

19. Albinism is a genetic mutation that results in some animals being born without the enzyme that produces the pigment for skin and eye color. Which of the following best explains this mutation?

A. The DNA failed to replicate.B. The deoxyribose sugar became separated from the DNA.C. The genetic code change caused the wrong protein to form.D. The RNA necessary to produce proteins was not present.

20. A student has cystic fibrosis, a genetic conditioncaused by the presence of a homozygous recessive gene. What could be her parent’s genotypes for the cystic fibrosis trait?

A. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is homozygous recessive.B. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous dominant.C. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is homozygous dominant.D. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous recessive.

21. The bacteria that cause tetanus can survive in a puncture wound that has healed on the outer surface of the skin. Through what process do these bacteria acquire the energy they needto survive?

A. aerobic respirationB. anaerobic respirationC. chemosynthesisD. photosynthesis

22. In terms of ATP production, which process results in the most stored energy?

A. aerobic respirationB. anaerobic respirationC. fermentationD. photosynthesis

23. Which statement best distinguishes aerobic from anaerobic respiration?

A. Only aerobic respiration involves fermentation.B. Only anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.C. Only aerobic respiration requires

oxygen.D. Only anaerobic respiration produces

carbon dioxide.

24. Which most accurately describes the difference in ATP production between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

A. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

B. Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.

C. Only anaerobic respiration produces measurable amounts of ATP.

D. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration produce the same amount of ATP.

25. Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis, which process must be carried out by the DNA in the nucleus?

A. replicationB. nondisjunctionC. transcriptionD. translation

26. Sexual reproduction provides for what to occur?

A. cloningB. buddingC. genetic stabilityD. genetic variation

27. Which term best describes the type of cell division in which parent cells produce daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells?

A. mitosisB. meiosisC. spermatogenesisD. oogenesis

28. What is the primary cause of variation in the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms?

A. cytoplasmic divisionB. environmental changesC. mutationD. recombination of alleles

29. Which is responsible for most genotypic and phenotypic variation among humans?

A. meiosisB. buddingC. mitosisD. regeneration

30. In genetics research, what is the purpose of a test cross?

A. to determine the phenotypes of the parents

B. to determine the genotypes of the parents

C. to determine whether or not two parents could produce viable offspring

D. to determine how many offspring can be produced by two parents

31. Most sex-linked, recessive traits–including hemophilia and colorblindness–appear in males. This phenomenon is best explained by which statement?

A. Males have an X chromosome with dominant genes.

B. Most of the genes on the X and Y chromosomes of males are recessive.

C. In males, the recessive sex-linked genes appear only on the Y chromosome.

D. In males, the Y chromosome lacks the genes needed to mask the recessive genes on the X chromosome.

32. A karyotype of a human female showsthat she has only one sex chromosome. Which genotype would represent her genetic condition?

A. XOB. XXXC. XYD. XYY

That was