SECOND EDITION

H E I N L E »% CENGAGE Learning'

Active Skills for Reading,

2nd Edition Student Book 2

Neil J. Anderson

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Dedicatian Л Acknowledgments

This book is deidicated to Meg DeWaal. You will develop into a competent, fluent reader of good books as you read with your

parents and family.

ACTIVE Skills for Reading has been a wonderful project to be involved with, I have enjoyed talking with teachers who use the

senes. I enjoy talking with students who have read passages from the book. When we published the first edition, I had ijo idea

that we would be preparing the second edition so quickly. The success of the book is due to the teachers and students who have

been engaged in ACTIVE reading. To the readers of ACTIVE Skills for Reading, I thank you.

I also express great appreciation to Kristin Johannsen for your significant contributions to this edition. It is a great pleasure to

work with a committed professional like you. I also express appreciation to Derek Mackrell, Sean Bermingham, and Chris

Wenger from Thomson. The support you provided me was unbelievable. I enjoy working with you. Special thanks to Maria

O’Conor who played an essential role in the conception of the first edition of ACTIVE Skills for Reading.

Neil J. Anderson

Reviewers for this edition

Chiou-lan Chem National Taiwan Normal University; Cheongsook Chin English Campus Institute, Inje University; Yang Hyun

Jimg-Ang Girls’ High School; Li Junhe Beijing No.4 High School; Tim Knight Gakushuin Women’s College; Ahmed M.

Motala University of Sharjah; Gleides Ander Nonato Colegio Arnaldo and Centro Universitario Newton Paiva; Ethel Ogane

Tamagawa University; Seung Ku Park Sunmoon University; Shu-chien, Sophia, Pan College of Liberal Education, Shu-Te

University; Marlene Tavares de Allmeida Wordshop Escola de Linguas; Naowarat Tongkam Silpakom University; Nobuo

Tsuda Konan University; Hasan Hiiseyin Zeyrek Istanbul Kiiltur University Eaculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences

Reviewers of the first edition ................................................................................................................................. ...... ....... ....

Penny Allan Languages Institute, Mount Royal College; Jeremy Bishop Ehwa Women’s University; William E. Brazda Long

Beach City College; Michelle Buuck Centennial College; Chih-min Chou National Chengchi University; Karen Cronin

Shinjuku, Tokyo; Marta 0. Dmytrenko-Ahrabian Wayne State University, English Language Institute; James Goddard Kwansei

University; Ann-Marie Hadzima National Taiwan University; Diane Hawley Nagatomo Ochanomizu University; Carolyn Ho

North Harris College; Feng-Sheng Hung National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology; Yuko Iwata Tokai

University; Johanna E. Katchen National Tsing Hua University, Department of Foreign Languages; Peter Kipp Ehwa Women’s

University; Julie Manning Ritsumeikan Uji High School; Gloria McPherson English Language Institute, Seneca College; Mary

E. Meloy Lara John F. Kennedy Primary School; Young-in Moon English Language and Literature Department, The University

of Seoul; Junil Oh Pukyong National University; Serdar Ozturk Terraki Vakfi Okullaij; Diana Pelyk Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific

University; Stephen Russell Meiji Gakuin University; Consuelo Sanudo Subsecretaria de Servicios Educativos para el Distrito

Federal; Robin Strickler Kansai Gaidai University; Liu Su-Fen Mingchi Institute of Technology; Cynthia Cheng-Fang Tsui

National Chengchi University; Beatrice Vanni University of Bahcesehir; Kerry Vrabel LaGuardia Community College; Aysen

Yurdakul Buyuk Kolej

Contents

Unit Chapter Reading Skill Vocabulary Skill Real Life Skill

f Exam Time Oh, No, Not Another

Test!

Magazine Article

Identifying Main and

Supporting Ideas

The Suffix -ize

Reading Test

Instructions

Page 11

For Better Grades—

Use Your Brain!

Reference Article

Understanding Cause

and Effect

Word Webs

g Going Abroad Safe Trave! Magazine

Article

Scanning The Prefix pre- Reading and

Understanding

Page 21

A Trip to Vietnam

E-mail Messages

Scanning for Details Adjective Endings -ed

and -ing

Immigration Forms

3 Movie Makers Moviemaking Behind

the Scenes Reference

Article

Using Titles to

Understand Main Ideas

The Prefix dis- Understanding the Use

of Italics

Page 31

Great Him Directors:

Ang Lee Biography

Recognizing Sequence

of Events

________

Organizing

Vocabulary

Review 1

Page 41

Fluency Strategy: PRO; Are Human Beings Getting Smarter? Reference Article Fluency

Practice: 1. Fair Trade Chocoiate Webpage;

2. A Different Kind of Spring Break Newspaper Article

4 Sports Heroes Sports History

Reference Article Scanning

Using Piay and Go with

Sports and Games Using Dates

Page 49

Sports Success: Yao

Ming Webpage

Predicting Adjectives with the

Suffix -ous

^ The Amazing

Human Body You Are Amazing: You

Are Human! Webpage

Skimming for the Main

Idea

Root Words Related to

Life; Nouns Ending in

-iogyZ-ology

Finding the Right Doctor

Page 59

Beyond the Body’s

Limits

Magazine Article

Predicting

Vocabulary

The Suffix -tion

0 Leisure and Hobbies

Scrapbooking

Webpage

Finding Definitions The Suffix -ment Using Key Words for

Internet Searches

Page 69

Work Hard, Piay Hard?

Reference Article

Identifying Main Ideas

within Paragraphs

Word Associations

Review 2

Page 79 Ruency Strategy: PQR+E; Movies for the BUnd? Newspaper Article Fluency Practice: 3. Meet

Freddy Adu, Soccer Sensation Webpage;

4. Combining New and Oid Medicine Newspaper Article

Unit Chapter Reading Skill Vocabulary Skill Real Life Skill

7

A World of Music

Where’s That Music

Coming From?

Magazine Article

Predicting The Prefix ex- Dictionary Usage:

Choosing the Right

Word

Page 87

The Hot World of Salsa!

CD Review

Scanning Easily Confused Words

В Career Paths

Be Your Own Boss

Webpage

Identifying Main Ideas

within Paragraphs

Compound Nouns Searching for a Job

Online

Page 97

The Right Job for Your

Personality Magazine

Article

Skimming for General

Ideas

Adjective Endings

a The Story of

Chocolate

The History of

Chocolate Reference

Article

Skimming to Assess a

Passage

Identifying Part of

Speech

Dictionary Usage:

Choosing the Right

Page W7

Addicted to Chocolate

Newspaper Article

Understanding Main

Ideas within

Paragraphs

Synonyms Definition

Review 3

Page 117 Fluency Strategy: KWL; GeocacWngWebpage

Fluency Practice: 5. The People Behind the Mus/cReference Article;

6. Is It Time to Change Jobs?Reference Article

m The Secrets of

Advertising

Ads Are Everywhere!

Webpage

Skimming for the Main

Idea

The Prefixes in-, im-,

and un-

Reading Numbers in

Text

Page 125

How Advertising Uses

Psychology Reference

Article

Distinguishing Between

Main and Supporting

Ideas

The Suffix -ist

11 Eating for Health Breakfast Like a King?

Newspaper Advice

Column

Making Inferences Word Families Understanding Units of

Measure

Page 135

Is Your Diet Destroying

the Environment?

Newspaper Article

Understanding Cause

and Effect

The Root Word vit/viv

Jg Saving the

Environment

Clean Up Australia,

Clean Up the World

Webpage

Scanning for Numbers The Prefix re- Recognizing Common

Acronyms

Page 145

Resources for the Futun

Reference Article

Skimming to Assess a

Passage

The Root Word due with

Prefixes

Review 4

Page 155 Fluency Strategy. Reading ACTIVEly; Billboards: Past and P/esentNewspaper Article

Fluency Practice: 7. The Life of a Food Crff/cWebpage;

8. Bringing Back the Aral SeaNewspaper Article

Vocabulary LBaming Tips

Learning new vocabulary is an important part of learning to be a good reader. Remember that the letter C in ACTIVE Skills

for Reading reminds us to cultivate vocabulary.

1 Decide if the word is worth teaming now

As you read you will find many words you do not know. You will slow your reading fluency if you stop at every new word. For

example, you should stop to find out the meaning of a new word if:

a. you read the same word many times.

b. the word appears in the heading of a passage, or in the topic sentence of a paragraph—the sentence that gives the

main idea of the paragraph.

2 Record information about new words you decide to learn ____________________

Keep a vocabulary notebook in which you write words you want to remember. Complete the following information for words

that you think are important to learn:

^ New word

Traneiation

^ Partofepeech

0 Sentence where found

My own sentence

collect

ШШ V

verb

Jamie Oliver collected more than 270,000 signatures from people.

My brother collects stamps.

3 Learn words from the same family

For many important words in English that you will want to learn, the word is part of a word family. As you learn new words,

learn words in the family from other parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.).

^ Noun happiness

Verb

^ Adjective happy __________ -----------

^ Adverb happily ______

4 Learn words that go with the key word you are learning

When we learn new words, it is important to learn what other words are frequently used with them. These are called

collocations. Flere is an example from a student’s notebook.

r -------------------------

long

take two-week next week

0 30 on a short vacation in Italy

0 need

summer

with my family

gk, have

school

by myself c* - ................ .....

5 Create a word web

A word web is a picture that helps you connect words together and helps you increase your vocabulary. Here is a word web

for the word “frightened”:

a frightened child

easily frightened

terribly frightened

frightful (adj), frightening (adj)

fright (n)

frighten (v)

petrified'

6 Memorize common prefixes, roots, and suffixes

terrified

Many English words can be divided into different parts. We call these parts prefixes, roots, and suffixes. A prefix comes at the

beginning of a word, a suffix comes at the end of a word, and the root is the main part of the word. In your vocabulary notebook,

make a list of prefixes and suffixes as you come across them. On pages 174-175 there is a list of prefixes and suffixes in this

book. For example, look at the word “unhappily.”

prefix: un- (meaning “not”)

— unhappily-

root; happy

7 Regularly review your vocabuiary notebook

suffix; -ly (meaning “an adverb”)

You should review the words in your vocabulary notebook very often. The more often you review your list of new words, the

sooner you will be able to recognize the words when you see them during reading. Set up a schedule to go over the words you

are learning.

8 Make vocabulary flash cards

Flash cards are easy to make, and you can carry them everywhere with you. You can use them to study while

you are waiting for the bus, walking to school or work, or eating a meal. You can use the flash cards with your

friends to quiz each other. Here is an example of a flash card: translation

tips far iFluant Raading

Find time to read every day.

Find the best time of day for you to read. Try to read when you are not tired. By reading every day,

even for a short period, you will become a more fluent reader.

Look for a good place to read.

It is easier to read and study if you are comfortable. Make sure that there is good lighting in your

reading area and that you are sitting in a comfortable chair. To make it easier to concentrate, try to

read in a place where you won’t be interrupted.

Use clues in the text to make predictions.

Fluent readers make predictions before and as they read. Use the title, subtitle, pictures, and captions

to ask yourself questions about what you are going to read. Find answers to the questions when you

read. After reading, think about what you have learned and decide what you need to read next to

continue learning.

Establish goals before you read.

Before you read a text, think about the purpose of your reading. For exampie, do you just want to get

a general idea of the passage? Or do you need to find specific information? Thinking about what you

want to get from the reading will help you decide what reading skills you need to use.

Notice how your eyes and head are moving.

Good readers use their eyes, and not their heads, when they read. Moving your head back and forth

when reading will make you tired. Practice avoiding head movements by placing your elbows on the

table and resting your head in your hands. Do you feel movement as you read? If you do, hold your

head still as you read. Also, try not to move your eyes back over a text. You should reread part of a

text only when you have a specific purpose for rereading, for example, to make a connection between

what you read previously and what you are reading now.

Tty not to translate.

Translation slows down your reading. Instead of translating new words into your first language, first

try to guess the meaning. Use the context (the other words around the new word) and word parts

(prefixes, suffixes, and word roots) to help you guess the meaning.

ih. 4k s

Read in phrases rather than word by word.

Don’t point at each word while you read. Practice reading in phrases—groups of words that

go together.

Engage your imagination.

Good readers visualize what they are reading. They create a movie in their head of the story

they are reading. As you read, try sharing with a partner the kinds of pictures that you create

in your mind.

Avoid subvocalization.

Subvocalization means quietly saying the words as you read. You might be whispering the

words or just silently saying them in your mind. Your eyes and brain can read much faster

than you can speak. If you subvocalize, you can only read as fast as you can say the words.

As you read, place your finger on your lips or your throat. Do you feel movement? If so, you

are subvocalizing. Practice reading without moving your lips.

Don’t worry about understanding every word.

Sometimes, as readers, we think we must understand the meaning of everything that we

read. It isn’t always necessary to understand every word in a passage in order to understand

the meaning of the passage as a whole. Instead of interrupting your reading to find the

meaning of a new word, circle the word and come back to it after you have finished reading.

Enjoy your reading.

Your enjoyment of reading will develop over time. Perhaps today you do not like to read in

English, but as you read more, you should see a change in your attitude. The more you read

in English, the easier it will become. You will find yourself looking forward to reading.

Read as much as you can.

The best tip to follow to become a more fluent reader is to read whenever and wherever you can.

Good readers read a lot. They read many different kinds of material: newspapers, magazines,

textbooks, websites, and graded readers. To practice this, keep a reading journal. Every day, make a

list of the kinds of things you read during the day and how long you read each for. If you want to

become a more fluent reader, read more!

Агв You an ACTIVE RBader?

Before you use this book to develop your reading skills, think about your reading habits, and your strengths

and weaknesses when reading in English. Check the statements that are true for you.

1 1 read something in English every day.

Start of course

□

End of course

□

2 1 try to read where I’m comfortable and won't be

interrupted. □ □

3 1 make predictions about what I’m going to read

before 1 start reading. □ □

4 1 think about my purpose of reading before 1

start reading. □ □

5 1 keep my head still, and move only my eyes,

when 1 read. □ □

6 1 try not to translate words from English to my

first language. □ □

7

1 read in phrases rather than word by word. □ □

8 1 try to picture in my mind what I’m reading. □ □

9 1 read silently, without moving my lips. □ □ 10

1 try to understand the meaning of the passage,

and try not to worry about understanding the

meaning of every word. □ □

11 1 usually enjoy reading in English. □ □ 12 1 try to read as much as 1 can, especially outside

class. □ □

Follow the tips on pages 8-9. These will help you become a more active reader. At the end of the course,

answer this quiz again to see if you have become a more fluent, active reader.

to

To the editor.

My daughter is preparing to take the university entrance exam

next month. For the last six months, she has slept only four

or five hours a night, and she never eats regular meals—just

a sandwich or a bowl of soup at her desk. She has lost five

kilos, and she looks tired all the time. She has no time for her

friends, for exercise, or for any normal activities—she just

studies. What kind of life is that?

The exam system in our country is unfair and unnecessary.

Students will face lots of pressure in the future in their careers

We need to find a better way to measure what students have

learned, so that young people can have time to enjoy their lives.

—Mia Chung

Getting ^eady

Read this letter to the editor of a

with a partner. 1 How is the situation in your country similar or different?

2 Do you agree with the writer’s opinion? ^ 3 What advice would you give to the writer? To her daughter.

newspaper and discuss these questions

rr

Unit 1 Chapter 1: Oh, No, Not Another Test!

Before You

Read; Too Many Tests?

A Look at this list of tests, and answer the questions below.

• a spoken English test

• a driver’s iicense test

• a vocabuiary quiz

• a test to get a job

' a school or university entrance exam ' a

standardized English test, such as the

TOEFL® test

' a placement test to put you in the correct

English class

1 Which of these kinds of tests have you taken? Which will you take in the

future?

2 Which are the most difficult? Why?

3 Which are the most important for your future?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Identifying Main and

Supporting Ideas

Every paragraph has a

main idea, or topic.

Often, you will find the

main idea talked about

in the first or second

sentence of a

paragraph, Supporting

ideas usually follow the

main idea. Sentences

with supporting ideas

explain or give us more

information about the

main idea.

A Read the passage on the next page. Underline the sentence in each paragraph

that expresses the main idea.r^ir^at least one supporting idea in each

paragraph.

В Look at the statements below. Put “M” next to the statement that is the main

idea. Put “S” next to the statement that is a supporting idea.

Paragraph 1

a. People take standardized tests to graduate from a sohool, or get a better job.

b. Standardized tests are used around the world to measure students' abilities. Paragraph 2 a. An achievement test measures how much a student has learned.

b. There are two types of standardized tests commonly used in academic

institutions. _ Paragraph 3

a. Students all over the world take multiple-choice achievement tests regularly.

b. Many people believe that taking a multiple-choice test is a good way of

remembering

information. ___

Paragraph 4

a. Many students are not always good test takers or good at memorizing information.

b. Educational reformers believe that standardized testing only measures some of a

student’s ability. ___

Paragraph 5

a. Students today should take fewer standardized tests. _

b. Paul Barton believes standardized testing needs to change.

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that foiiow.

IS Unit 1: Chapter 1

Oh, No Not Another Have you ever felt that you were just studying to pass a test?

Today, many schools and companies around the world use

standardized tests' such as the TOEFL® test to measure

students’ abilities. Thousands of people every year take

these kinds of tests in order to enter or graduate from a

school, or get a better job.

Test! There are two types of tests that are commonly used in academic institutions.

The first type of test is the achievement test. This is used at the end of a term, for example, to

evaluate how much students have learned about a subject. The other commonly used test is

the proficiency test. This kind of io test measures students’ overall skill in a language, and is

not directly related to a particular course or school. lELTS, TOEIC®, TOEFL®, and university

entrance exams are ail examples of proficiency exams.

In many educational systems throughout the world, students take regular multiple-choice

achievement tests. They have to pass these tests in order 15 to move to a higher level, or

graduate from an educational institution. Many advocates^ of this type of traditional

evaluation believe that students learn best, and increase their knowledge, by memorizing

facts and information.

These people also believe that teaching students to pass a test teaches them discipline, and

prepares them for the working world. 20

Educational reformers, however, believe that standardized testing alone is limited and can

only measure some of a student’s ability. They realize that many students, though intelligent,

are not always good at taking tests or at memorization. This makes it harder for them to

achieve passing grades, get into gocjd schools, or get the right job. In addition, factors such

as how a 25 person feels on the day of a test can also affect his or her score. Using only a

multipje-choice style of test to evaluate students’ abilities cannot always tell us what they

have learned, or how they may do in the future.

Even tek experts agree that current tests are not perfect. Paul Barton, the director of

Educational Testing Services’ (ETS) Policy Information Center, has зо suggested that

standardized testing needs to change. Students should take fewer standardized tests. The

ones they do take, he says, should tell us what students really know, and how they can use

that knowledge in real life.

To use standardized tests or not to—the debate continues. Meanwhile, many students’

futures are still decided based on their test results. 35

Reading Passage: Oh, No, Not

Another Test!

' standardized tests tests that are the same in every school 'advocate

someone who publicly supports or recommends something

Oh, l\la, \ot Another Test! 13

Reading Comprehension; Check Your

Understanding

A Match the sentence parts to make correct statements.

1 Achievement tests a. want to find better ways to evaluate

2 Proficiency tests students’ abilities.

3 Standardized tests b. use two different kinds of tests.

4 Educational reformers c. are the same around the world.

5 Academic institutions d. measure a student’s overall language

ability. e. measure how much students have

learned.

В Circle all the correct answers.

1 Which are examples of an achievement test?

a. a vocabulary quiz in English class

b. a swimming test for new employees at a pool

c. the TOEFL® test

d. a university final exam

2 Which are examples of a proficiency test?

a. the TOEFL® test

b. the final exam in an English class

c. a university entrance exam

d. a class assignment

Critical Thinking q C Read these statements and mark who would agree with each one, test

advocates (people in favor of testing) or test reformers. Then check the statements

you agree with.

Test

Advocates

Test

Reformers You

1 Standardized tests are a good way to

measure students’ learning.

2 Students today have to take too many tests.

3 A lot of tests don’t really measure students’

abilities.

4 Memorizing is a very important part of

education.

5 Without written tests, we can’t check what

students have iearned.

6 Standardized tests are not fair to some ^

kinds of students.

)

M Unit I: Chapter 1

A Match each word from the reading with a definition. Write the letter

of the definition next to the word.

1 academic _____ a. ability to do something; skill

2 measure _____ b. learning something so that you can

3 evaluate _____ remember or repeat it exactly

4 proficiency ___ c. a small amount; restricted in size or amount

5 memorizing ___ d. to reach a goal; to get something

6 limited ____ e. to determine the size or amount of something

7 reform ____ f. to change or improve something

8 achieve ___ g. to judge the value of something, or how well

someone has done something

h. relating to school or education

В Complete each sentence below using one of the words from A. Be sure

to use the correct form of the word.

1 Elena speaks German, Spanish, Russian, and English. She really has

a(n) __________ ___ in languages.

2 The company decided not to hire Nicholas. He is hard-working, but he

only has ______________ sales experience.

3 The new principal’s goal was to _______________ the testing system at the

Vocabulary Comprehension: Word Definitions

school, and make it better. 4 The only way to learn irregular verb forms is by. them.

A Look at the words below and use the suffix -ize to write the verb form next

to each one. Use your dictionary to help you with spelling.

1 standard.

2 memory _

3 modern _

4 revolution.

5 fantasy _

6 reality __

В Match each verb above to its definition below.

1 to understand something; to recognize something is true:.

2 to imagine or dream of having things you desire: _________

3 to learn something so you remember it exactly:___________

4 to change the way of doing something completely: ________

5 to bring something up-to-date; to make it current: _________

6 to make things the same or to fit a certain measurement:

C Complete each question below with a verb from A. Make sure you use the

correct verb tense. Then answer the questions with a partner.

1 Have you _________

2 Do you ever ______

3 Are you good at ___

What can you do to improve this skill?

4 What do you think will be the next big thing to.

people learn and study? Why?

. what career or job you want in the future yet?

__ about where you will live in the future?

_____ new vocabulary you learn in this class?

. the way

Vocabulary Skill; The Suffix -ize

In this chapter you

read the verb

"realize.” One

common suffix in

English is "-ize”

(spelled "-ise” in

British English),

which means “to

make” or "cause to

become."

Oh, No, IMot Another Test! 15

Unit f Chapter 2: For Better Grades—Use Your Brain!

Before You Read; Do You Remember?

Reading Skill: Understanding Cause

and Effect

One way to understand

the information in a

passage is to think

about cause and effect:

when one thing (the

cause) makes another

thing happen (the

effect).

A Answer these questions.

1 Do you think you have a good memory? Why, or why not?

2 What special methods do you use to remember important information?

3 How do you usually study for a test?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

A Read the first two paragraphs of the article on the next page. Then read the

two sentences below. Which is the cause and which is the effect?

a. You can’t remember the phone number five minutes later. cause / effect

b. You put a new phone number in your short-term memory. cause / effect

В Read the rest of the article and match the causes and effects.

Causes

1 You put a phone number into your

long-term memory.

2 You learn something new.

3 There are more connections to

the new information.

4 We are interested in a subject.

5 You recite new information

out loud.

Effects

a. Your brain remembers better.

b. You remember it next week.

c. It’s easier to find it.

d. You transfer it into your long-term

memory.

e. The structure of the brain actualiy

changes.

C Read the ailicle again and answer the questions that follow.

1Б Unit /; ChaptBr S

For Better Grades—

Use Your Brain!

20

30

35

If you're like most students, you probably started

this new academic year with a resolution to study

harder. Now, science can help you keep your

resolution. Recent discoveries in brain research

point to better ways to learn.

How does the brain save new information? Think of the last time you looked up

a number in the telephone book and dialed it. Could you remember that number

five minutes later? Probably not! That's because it's in your short-term memory.

Our memory actually has three components. Sensory memory takes in

information from our five senses, but these memories last just a few seconds.

Short-term memory works like a “holding area” for new information—that's

where you keep the phone number while you dial it. But if you can put the

phone number into long-term memory, you’ll remember that same phone

number next week. This part of your memory holds everything from irregular

verbs to the names of all your cousins.

When you study, you transfer new information into long-term memory. Every

time we learn something new, the structure of the brain actually changes, as

we build new connections to information that we already know. When there are

more connections to the new information, it’s easier to find it again.

Brain researchers have discovered four key points for effective study.

♦ Make an effort. The brain remembers better when we are interested in

the subject, already know a little about it, and know we will need

the information in the future.

♦ Find the most important information and organize it. Your brain can

process only a limited amount of information at one time, so don't try

to remember every detail. When studying a textbook, look for titles,

headings, and illustrations to show you the main ideas.

♦ Make the new brain connections stronger. One technique is to recite'

the ideas out loud in your own words. This is the most powerful way

to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory. Another

method is drawing a picture of the information, to activate the visual

part of the brain.

♦ Give the new material time to soak in—your brain has to build new

physical connections. For this reason, it’s better to study for several

short sessions than one long one. And cramming the night before

a big test doesn’t help.

By understanding how the brain works, and following these four tips, you can

make this your most successful academic year ever.

Reading Passage: For Better Grades-

UseYour Brain!

’ recite tc say something aloud from memory

Far Better Erades—Use Yaur Brain! /7

RBSdinQ A Complete the sentences. Try not to look back at the article.

Comprehension:

Check Your

Understanding

Critical Thinking

different kinds 1 Scientists have found that \we have ___________

of memory.

2 When we look up a phone number, we put it in our __________________

memory.

3 When we want to remember information for a test, we must put it in our memory.

4 When we learn something new, our brains build new __________________ inside.

В Answer true (T) or false (F).

r

T F

1 When we learn new facts, we save them in our sensory

memory.

2 You remember better if you study a short time before a big

test.

3 Our brains change physically when we learn new information.

4 Saying new information out loud is a good way to remember

it.

5 You need to remember all the small details to really ^ learn a

subject.

У

C Read the list of study techniques from the article and answer the questions.

1 Which ideas sound useful/don’t sound useful? Why? Have you tried any

of them in the past?

2 What other ideas do you have for better studying?

Vocabulary

Comprehension: Words in Context

A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read

each question or statement and choose the correct answer.

1 Some components of a healthy life are ____________ .

a. exercise and a good diet b. smoking and drinking alcohol

2 Two of our senses are _________ .

a. walking and talking b. seeing and tasting

3 If you transfer your money at the bank, you ___________ .

a. save it in one place b. move it from one account to another

4 If you make an effort with something you __________ .

a. try hard b. are lazy

18 Unit I: Chapter S

5 If you use effective ways to study, your grades will be _____________.

a. good b. poor

6 If you activate something, you ___________ .

a. make it ready to use b. stop using it

7 One technique for remembering new Engiish words is _____________ .

a. writing them in a notebook b. to take an exam

8 You look up the speiling of a word. You ____________ .

a. say it aloud b. find it in your dictionary

В Answer the questions below. Share your answers with a partner.

1 What's another component of a healthy life?

2 Which of the five senses do you think is most important?

3 Can you recommend some other effective ways to study?

4 What's another common technique for remembering new words?

A Look at the word web below. Are there other words you can think of to add to this

web? Explain your diagram to a partner.

В Now, on ^ sheet of paper, try creating a word web using one of the

categories in the box (or one of your own). See how many branches and

words you can add. Share your ideas with a partner.

c travel music the future food

Vocabulary Skill: Word Webs

One helpful strategy

that you can use to

memorize new

vocabulary is to create

a “word web." Word

webs can help you

remember the meaning

of new vocabulary and

relate this vocabulary

to other words you

know.

Far BettEr Grades—USE Your Brain! 13

Real Life Skill; Reading Test Instructions

In an exam,

understanding the test

instructions, as well as

the question itself, can

help you to improve

your test scores. Pay

special attention to the

verbs in the instructions,

such as “choose,"

“circle,” “underline,"

“cross out,” “write," or

“explain."

A Below are four common types of test questions used in standardized tests.

Review the directions for each item.

В Follow the directions to answer each question. Compare your answers

with a partner.

1 Choose a word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Mary is _______________ person I have ever met.

a. a nice b. the nicer c. the nicest

2 Choose the underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the

sentence to be correct. Do you want to get some cup of coffee?

3 Look at the word one in the text. Choose a word or phrase in bold

that means the same as one. I don’t have a car now, but I want to buy one next year.

4 With what topic is the paragraph mainly concerned? Circle a, b, or c.

When should a person begin learning a second language? Is learning a

second language not spoken in the home really easier for children? Contrary

to popular belief, many experts now believe that second language learning

and acquisition can be as difficult for many children as it is for adults.

a. how to learn a second language

b. speaking a second language in the home

c. children learning a second language

What Do You Think?

1 What effect do tests have on education in your country?

2 Which tests are useful to measure students’ progress? Which tests should be dropped?

3 What is the best way to measure students’ English ability?

га Unit 1: Chapter B

Getting Ready Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 This chart shows the world’s top ten tourist destinations, and the number of visitors they received in 2004.

Complete the chart by writing one famous thing that visitors can see or do in each place.

2 Which place would you choose for a vacation?

Rank Place Million

visitors

Something to do or see

1 France 75.1 vieitthe Louvre Mueeum

2 Spain 53.6

3 U.S. 46.1

4 China 42.9

5 Italy 37.1

6 U.K. 27.8

7 Hong Kong,

China 21.8

8 Mexico 20.6

9 Germany 20.1

10 Austria 19.4

B1

Lnit г Chapter 1: Safe Travel

Before You

Read; Preparing to Travel

A What things should you do before your trip to prepare for safe travel in

another country? What should you do during your trip to stay safe? Write

two ideas on each side of the chart.

’ Tips for safe travel 1 _______________________________

Before your trip During your trip

В Compare your ideas with a partner.

Reading Skill; Scanning

When we need to

read something to

find certain

information, we

move our eyes

very quictdy

across the text

When we “scan”

like this, we do not

read every word,

or stop when

weseeawordwe do

not know; we read

quickly, and stop

only to find the

information we are

looking for.

A Scan the first paragraph of the travel guide on the next page and find

what topic will be discussed.

a. things to do before a trip

b. things to do during a trip

c. things to do before and during a trip

В Scan the rest of the passage and complete the chart below. Were your ideas from Before You Read mentioned?

' Tips for safe travel 1 _______________________________

Before your trip During your trip

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

EB Unit E; ChaptEr 1

Many travelers feel nervous about going to

a new and unfamiliar place. By planning and

preparing carefully, and taking precautions

during your trip, you can relax and enjoy

yourself.

While you prepare for your departure, make

sure your paperwork is all in order. You don't

want to get to your destination and find that

you have the wrong visa, or worse, that your

passport is going to expire. Also, make sure that you travel with proper medical

insurance, so that if you are sick or injured during your travels, you will be able

to get treatment. Be sure to get an international driver’s license if you plan to

drive while you are abroad.

If you need to take medication with you—such as travel-sickness pills—keep it

15 in its original container. If you need prescription drugs, bring a letter from your

doctor. If you don’t have a letter, customs officials may ask you a lot of questions

at each destination.

Buy a guidebook and read about the local culture of the country you will be

visiting. Also, try to learn a few basic words and phrases of the local language.

20 Don’t assume that everyone will speak your language, or that they will

understand English.

Remember that a tourist will attract a lot of attention from people. While most

of the local people you meet will be friendly and welcoming, there are always

dangers for travelers. Theft is the most common of these dangers. Leave

25 expensive cameras and valuable Jewelry at home. If you prefer to stay in cheap

hotels while traveling, make sure you can lock the door of your room from

inside. If you must travel with a lot of cash or other valuables, you should ask

your hotel about a safe for storing them in. And Just as in your home country, do

not expect everyone you meet to be honest.

30 When you get to your destination, use official transportation. Always go to bus or taxi stands;

don’t accept rides from strangers who offer you a ride. If there is no meter in the taxi,

agree on a price before starting out. Always carry a city map with you so you can find your

way if you get lost.

If you have trouble communicating, look for students and young people 35 who might

speak a foreign language. And finally, remember to smile. It’s the friendliest and most sincere

form of communication, and is sure to be understood in any part of the world.

Reading

Passage; Safe Travel

Safe Travel S3

Reading

Comprehension: Check Your Understanding

A Decide if the following statements about the reading are true (T) or false (Я). If you

check false, correct the statement to make it true.

r

T

Л F

1 It is important to be prepared, as well as careful, when you

travel abroad.

2 Travelers should get their visas before they arrive in a new

country.

3 You should get insurance so that you can drive when you are

overseas.

4 You should bring a letter from your travel agent if you must

carry prescription drugs.

^ 5 Cheap hotels always have good locks on the doors.

)

В Write advice from the guidebook for each situation.

Situation:

1 You have a problem communicating in the local language.

2 You get sick or have an accident. ______

3 You want to rent a car during your trip.

4 You are traveling with a lot of money. _

5 You need to go from the airport to the city..

Critical Thinking f c Look at the tips from the guidebook that you listed in the chart.

1 Which tips are good advice for foreign visitors to your country? Why?

2 Are there any tips that don’t apply to your country? Why?

3 Write two more safety tips for foreign tourists who want to visit your country.

Vocabulary Comprehension; Words in Context

A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each question

or statement and choose the correct answer. Compare your answers with a

partner.

1 Which person would give you a prescription for something?

a. a teacher b. a doctor

2 Which of the following will expire!

a. a visa b. luggage

3 Someone who is sincere _______ .

a. can be trusted b. can't be trusted

4 Your departure time for your vacation is the time that you _________ .

a. leave your home b. arrive at your vacation place

Unit S: ChaptEr 1

5 You are in Taipei and you are going to Bangkok. Your destination is ________

a. Taipei b. Bangkok

6 To protect your home from a thief, what is one precaution'?

a. Lock your doors. b. Open your windows.

7 You see a woman hoiding a baby that is crying. What might you assume?

a. You taik to them. b. The woman is the child’s mother.

8 You want to eat iocai food while you are in another country, so you eat ______

a. food from your own country b. special dishes from that country

В Answer the questions below. Share your ideas with a partner.

1 Where is your ideal holiday destination? ______________________

2 What other precautions can you take to protect your home from a thief?

3 What have you assumed about one of your classmates?

4 What is a iocai food from your country?

A Read the article below, and circle all of the pre- words you find.

Ttavel Tips for San Francisco 1. Don’t try to predict the weather. Bring a warm jacket and sweater so that you’re

prepared lor changes in the temperature; even in the summer months of July and

August, it gets cold. 2. Buy a prepaid phone card. Many of the phone booths at San Francisco airport

and in the center of the city only accept prepaid calling cards. ^

3. Pre- arrange your hotel stay-especially in the summer months. Don’t assume that

it will be easy to find a room when you arrive. Hotels fill up quickly in San

Francisco all year, particularly in the summer.

4. San Francisco is a great city for walking-but there are hills! Bring a

comfortable

pair of walking shoes if you’re planning to go around on foot. Also, you can

prevent stiff muscles by stretching, or avoiding the hills on the first day. j

6. There are many wonderful cultural events happening in San Francisco year

round. ^

Go online to get a preview of up-to-date events happening at the time of your

visit.

юг visit, jf

В Write a pre- word from A for each definition below. Can you think of any other words

that begin with pre-? Make a list and share your answers with a partner.

1 ready for something before it happens:

2 see or show something in advance:

3 say what will happen in the future:

4 stop something from happening:

5 plan or schedule something in advance:

6 credited or paid in advance:

Vocabulary Skill; The Prefix pre-

In this chapter,

you learned the

noun

•precaution,’’

awordmafehy

combining the

prefix "pre-,"

meaning‘done

before'or “in

advance,” with

the noun

“caution,”

meaning “care.”

“Pre-" can be

combined with

nouns, verbs,

adjectives, and

root wortfc to

form many

words in

English,

Safe Travel S5

Unit ё Chapter 2: к Trip to Шпат

Before You

Read; Travel Knowledge

A Answer the questions.

1 What do you know about Vietnam? Write a few words about each topic.

a. location _________________________________________________

b. climate _________________________________________________

c. cities __________________________________________________

d. history _________________________________________________

2 Vietnam is becoming a very popular destination for tourists. Can you think of any

reasons for this?

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Scanning for Details

An important use

for scanning is to

find a piece of

information that

we need. We do

this in everyday

life when we look

up a word in the

dictionary, or

check a telephone

number in the

phone directory.

Use scanning

when you need to

find a fact in a

reading.

A Scan the reading passage quickiy and find the dates of the four messages.

Message 1:.

Message 2:.

Message 3:.

Message 4:.

В Read each e-mail message quickly to find the information.

Message 1: Which city did she go to first? Message

2: Where did she go to the market? Message 3:

How long did they go hiking? Message 4: What is in

Vung Tau?

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

ёБ Unit ё: OiaptEr ё

deceived Mesisages RE: A Trip to Vietnam

Message 1: March 24th ...................... .. ............................................. .. ............ .......................................

Hi everybody,

Greetings from Vietnam! We arrived here tired, but excited. This is our first trip to

Asia and the friendliness of the people is amazing. All the different sights and smells

make us curious to try the food. We are looking forward to eating Vietnamese food for

dinner tonight. Our hotel is cheap, but very clean. The owners are friendly and helpful,

and they seem to like us. They gave us drinks when we arrived, and have told us

about some places that we shouldn’t miss. We plan to stay here in Ho Chi Minh City

for a few days and visit temples in the city, then travel to the north.

Message 2: March 27th* .................... .. .................................. « » . • • • • • • .

Hi everybody,

Vietnam is fantastic! The pagodas are fabulous, and the different Buddha statues

are wonderful to look at. We visited a market in Cholon, and saw an amazing variety

of fruits and vegetables. Everything was so colorful, and we took hundreds of

photographs! Later today we take the train north. We’ll stay in Hanoi for two days,

then catch a bus to Sapa. We're going to go trekking in the mountains.

Message 3: April 4th** ............ .. ............................... ..

Hi everybody,

Now we’re in the old capital city of Hue. After hiking around the mountains, it’s nice

to have accommodation with electricity and a shower! Our trip to Sapa was long

and exhausting. From there, we took a van to a small village in the mountains, and

we went hiking for three days. The hill tribe people in Vietnam live a basic life-no

electricity or telephones. They don’t have many possessions, but they are the

kindest, friendliest people I’ve ever met. Everyone smiles and says “hello.” Kathy

and I can only speak a few words of Vietnamese, so smiling is the best way of

communicating. This afternoon, we’re taking a walking tour in Hue. We’re going to

visit the Forbidden Purple City, where the emperor lived.

Message 4: April 6th ............................................. * ......................... * .................

Hi everybody.

Hue is really a unique city with lots to see. I would

love to stay longer, but we’re both ready for the

beach. Tomorrow we’ll take the train back to the

south, and then we’re going to a town called Vung

Tau. It has several beaches, and it’s famous for

seashell crafts. Vietnam is an amazing country,

with so much variety—big modern cities and small traditional towns, mountains,

jungles, and the seashore. Three weeks here just isn’t enough.

Love,

Jan

I

Reading Passage; A Trip to Vietnam

A Trip to Vietnam S7

Reading

Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

A Answer true (7) or false {F). Circle the number of the message where you found

the answer.

r

T F

1 In the past, Vietnam had an emperor.

12 3 4

2 Everyone in Vietnam speaks good English.

12 3 4

3 This is Jan’s second trip to Vietnam.

12 3 4 4 Vietnam has many kinds of scenery. 12 3 4

5 Traveling in the mountains is easy and

relaxing.

V

12 3 4

)

В Number these places in the order that the writer visits them.

_ Cholon

. Ho Chi Minh City .

Sapa Hue

.a beach . Hanoi

, a small village in the mountains

Critical Thinking C How does the writer feel about these things? Circle your answers.

• Then write the words or phrases from the reading that helped you find the answers.

1 She thinks the market in Cholon is really (beautiful / expensive / noisy).

2 She thinks the hill tribe people are very (hardworking / modern / friendly).

3 She likes hotels that are (expensive / traditional / comfortable).

4 At the end of her trip, she wants to (go home and see her friends / visit more of

Vietnam / learn to cook Vietnamese food).

Vocabulary Comprehension: Odd Word Out

A For each group, circle the word that does not belong. The words in italics are

vocabulary items from the reading.

1 accommodation hotel motel school

2 terrible wonderful fabuious fantastic

3 tiring relaxing exhausting demanding 4 similar matching unique alike

5 possessions belongings plans stuff

6 surprising very bad amazing unbelievable

7 many kinds variety alike different

SB Unit S: Chapter S

в Complete the postcard below using vocabulary from

may be possible. A. More than one item

Greeting5 from Madrid! I can’t believe I'm finally here. The trip from

Seoul was long and 1 __________ , but I made it. My 2 __________

is nice; I'm staying in a small guesthouse in the center of Madrid.

My room looks out onto the park. It really is 3 ___________ ! The

weather here is 4 __________ —it's warm and sunny, with clear blue skies

every day. It's 5 __________ for sightseeing, because there is such a large

6 __________ of different things to see. Tomorrow I'm taking a train south to

Andalusia to visit the city of Granada. I’m really looking forward to seeing the

Alhambra Palace. I’m also really curious to try the food—especially gazpacho,

a kind of cold soup which I hear is c^uite 7 _________ —very different from

anywhere else in Spain. I promise I'll bring you back a present. See you next month!

Love, Young Min

A Write the correct form of the adjectives in the box on the lines below.

excite interest relax confuse

please stimulate bore worry

I fe e l . . . excited

because i t ’ s . . . exciting

В Change the verbs in the advertisement below into adjectives by using the correct

endings.

Are you (f)interest ____ in taking a vacation to an (2)excit _____ location? Do

you want to travel to a beautiful, (3)relax _____ beach, and help to save the

environment? If your answer is “yes” then you should book your holiday with EcoTours! At

EcoTours, we help vacationers enjoy their holiday and learn more about the places they

visit. In addition, EcoTours gives five percent of the cost of your trip to help protect the

local environment. Call us today to talk with one

of our experienced tour guides. We’ll help you choose and plan a (4)stimulat _______

vacation that is right for you! Our holidays are definitely not (5)bor _______ . If you are

(6)worr __ about the cost, don’t be. Our prices are very reasonable. We know

that yob’ll be (7)pleas ____ with your EcoTours holiday, so call today at (888) 555-

3458, or visit us online to find out more; www.heinle-ecotdurs.org.

Vocabulary Skill; Adjective Endings -ed

and -ing

When we talk

atxxithowwe feel,

it’s common to

use adjectives

that end in “-ed."

To describe

something, or

how we feel

about it, use

adjectives ending

in “-ing.”

A Trip to Vietnam gg

Real Life Skill; Reading and

Understanding

Immigration Forms

When you arrive in

a foreign country,

you must

complete an

immigration form

to give to officials.

These forms are

for personal

information, and

they are often

written in English.

A Read the immigration form below. Match the type of information with

the question.

1 given name a. Are you male or female?

2 gender ____ b. What’s your job? 3 marital status ____ c. What’s your first name?

4 occupation _____ d. What’s your family name?

5 citizenship ____ e. Are you married?

6 permanent address _____ f. What’s your nationality?

7 date of birth ____ g. When were you born?

8 surname ____ h. Where do you live?

Visitor Arrival Form

Surname: Given name(s):,

Permanent address:.

J / Gender: M F Marital status:. Date of birth:,

Citizenship: _____________________

Occupation: ______________________

Purpose of stay: tourism _____ business _____ visit relatives _____

other _______________

Length of stay: _ .days

Welcome to our country!

В Complete the form with information about yourself.

What Do You Think?

A friend from another country is going to visit you for a week. Your friend has never been here before, and would like

to see a variety of different places in your city and region. Which places will you visit with your friend? Plan a

schedule for the week, and then share your ideas with the class.

30 Unit B: OiaptBr В

This Week’s Reviews. . .

Over and Over After her husband dies, a young

woman decides to change her life, against her

family’s wishes. Lara Jordan stars in the film based

on the bestselling novel, and Sandy Stone is

unforgettable as her mother. Be prepared to cry!

Black Light A spy and a government agent who are

sent to kill each other discover that they both have a

bigger enemy. David Nguyen’s latest thriller is two

hours of non-stop action, with great special effects,

and wonderful acting by Kelly Flanagan and Jamal

Pierce. You’ll be sittingjon the edge of your seat.

Winteir and Spring Two young medical students

fall in love. They have big plans for the

future-getting married, having a baby, starting a

hospital for poor children. Then Paul (played by

Matt Keene) gets very sick, and Melissa (Angela

Yamada) must make a difficult decision.

Don’t Look in the Attic Rodney Jones and

Shontelle Deane star in this scary new movie. John

and Susan are a young husband and wife who buy a

new house. But their beautiful house hides a

terrible secret. How can they end their nightmare?

(Don’t see this movie alone!)

My New Job The story is unbelievable, but this

movie is veiy, very funny. A famous soccer star

named Adriano (played by Paulo Costa) gets a job

teaching in a kindergarten. The kids do many crazy

things, but Adriano leams some very important

lessons from a little girl (played by Becky Cho).

ing Ready Read these reviews. Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 What kinds of movies do they describe? 2 Which movie wouid you like to see? Why?

31

Unit 3 Chapter 1: Moviemaking Behind the Scenes

Before You

Read; Let's See a Movie!

A Answer these questions.

1 What is the best movie you’ve seen in the last year? Why did you like it?

2 Who are some of the people who work together to make a movie? What

does each of these people do? Why is their work important?

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Using Titles to

Understand Main Ideas

One way to quickly

recognize what a

reading passage is

about is by first looking

at the title and the

subtitles. Doing this

before you read can

help you to understand

what the main ideas of

the reading will be.

A Look quickly at the reading passage. Read only the title, subtitles, and

first paragraph. Then circle the correct word or phrase in each of the main

ideas below.

1 The other people who work in the movies are (just as important / not as

important) as the actors and directors.

2 Makeup artists help the actors and actresses (sound great / look like

different people).

3 The script supervisor works with (parts of the story / money for the film).

4 The special effects coordinator creates things that (are / are not) real.

5 Foley artists work with the things you (hear / see) in a movie.

В Now read the passage to see if the answers to A were correct.

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

3S Unit 3: ChaptEr I

Moviemaking Behind the Scenes Who makes movies? Actors and directors, of

course. But if you watch the aedits at the end of a

movie, you’ll find hundreds of other names.

Some o| the most important people in filmmaking

aren’t famous. Here are four important jobs

behind the scenes.

Makeup artist: Making characters look believable The makeup artist’s work

sounds simple. But it’s more than just making the lead actress look beautiful. If

the hero gets a cut on his face, the makeup artist creates that cut, and it has to look

exactly the same tomorrow. And the special makeup for a monster or a space alien

can take six hours! Sometimes makeup artists have only fifteen minutes to prepare

twenty actors for a crowd scene. Their work must always be careful and good, so

you don’t notice it when you watch the

movie.

Script supervisor: Putting movie scenes together Imagine shooting a

scene inside a living room. The clock says 9:05, and the actor is eating a

sandwich. Later, the director decides to change just the end of the scene. The

script supervisor must check everything. The clock must still say 9:05, and the

sandwich must not look different. If the script supervisor makes a mistake, it’s

very embarrassing. Sometimes an object disappears and reappears, or clocks

go backward! To avoid these problems, the script supervisor keeps precise

records of every scene and all its details.

Special effects coordinator: Making impossible things look real After a

movie, people often ask, “How did they do that?” In films, people can fly,

dinosaurs walk through cities, and spaceships travel to other planets. These are

all the work of the special effects coordinator. Some special effects, especially in

science fiction movies, are made with computers. Others are produced by

machines, which can make a rainy day or a snowy night at any time of the year.

Fires and explosions in movies are all created with special effects.

Foley artist: Creating the sounds of the cinema Think of your favorite scary

movie and its sounds—footsteps, loud rain, and creaking doors. All of these are

the work of the Foley artist. Many sounds can’t be recorded during the filming of

a movie, so Foley artists produce them in their studios. They create the sounds of

a fight scene, and the wind, rain, and thunder in the background. In a Foley

artist’s studio, there are even special floors for recording different kinds of

footsteps. Next time you see a movie, look for these names in the credits.

Reading

Passage: Moviemaking Behind

the Scenes

' behind the scenes happening during the making of a movie or TV show

Maviemaking Behind the Scenes 33

Reading Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

Critical Thinking

A Decide if the foliowing statements about the reading are true (7) or false (Я).

T F

1 All of the sounds of a movie are recorded while it is filmed.

2 Special effects coordinators use machines to produce

different kinds of weather.

3 The most important people in making a movie are all famous.

4 Movie makers want you to notice the great makeup when you

watch a movie.

5 A script supervisor must think a lot about small problems.

J

В Who did it? Write the correct job for each movie scene.

1 We hear a car accident outside the window.

2 A sea monster eats a boat and al! the people in the boat. _________

3 The restaurant looks exactly the same in the next scene.__________

4 The hero’s skin looks green after he returns from his space flight.

5 A fire starts in the family’s kitchen. __________________

C Answer the questions.

1 Which of these four jobs is the most important for a good movie? Why?

2 Which would be the most difficult to learn?

3 Which do you think you would enjoy most, and why?

Vocabulary Comprehension; Word Definitions

A Match each word from the reading with its definition.

director ___ a.

scene __ b.

script ___ c.

special effects ____

studio ____ d.

credits ____

disappear ____ e. precise ___ f.

g- h.

made

movie

a movie

34 Unit 3: Chapter 1

в Answer the questions below. Share your answers with a partner.

1 What is the scariest scene of any movie you’ve seen?

2 Name a movie that has a lot of special effects.

3 Who are some peopie listed in the credits of a movie?

4 Give an example of an event where you must be precisely on time.

A Use the prefix dis- and one of the words from the box to complete the

definitions.

agree like appear belief honest connected

1 not truthful:. 2 to vanish: _

3 feeling that something is not true or possible:,

4 to not enjoy something: _________________

5 not joined: _______________

6 have a different opinion to someone: _________

В Use a word from A with the prefix dis- to complete each sentence. Be sure you use

the correct form of the word.

1 I can see that Tom ___________ the fish. He’s hardly eaten any of it.

2 Now I know why the printer isn’t working; it’s _______________I

3 The girl was filled with fear and.

4 Now, where did my hat ________

5 I think this saiesman is ________

6 I’m sorry, Jean, but I __________

. when she saw the ghost.

.to?

. I don’t trust him.

_. I don’t think we should buy that car.

C Complete each question below using one of the words from A with the prefix dis-.

Take turns asking and answering the questions with a partner.

1 Which foods do you _

2 Have you ever met a _

3 Do you agree or ____

future?

4 Can you make a coin.

. person?

. that it is possible to predict the

Vocabulary Skill: The Prefix dis-

In this chapter you

learned the word

“disappear," a word

made by combining

the prefix “dis-,”

meaning “not," with

the verb "appear." It is

placed at the

beginning of a noun,

verb, or adjective to

make the word

negative.

Moviemaking Behind the Scenes 35

Unit 3 Chapter 2: Great Rim Directors: Ang Lee

Before You

Read: Excellence In

Moviemaking

Look at the title of the reading and the photo, and answer the questions.

1 What do you know about Ang Lee? What is he famous for?

2 What are some names for the award Ang Lee is receiving in the picture?

What are these awards given for?

3 What are some other film awards? Have you ever watched one of these

award ceremonies on TV? What happens at these ceremonies?

Reading Skill: Recognizing Sequence of

Events

Information in a reading

can be presented by

listing events in the

order that they

happened. Dates and

times are used with

words like “first,” “then,"

“next,” “today," and

“finally” to indicate the

sequence of events.

Recognizing this can

help you to understand

the reading better.

A Without reading the passage, put the events in the career time line in

order. Circle the words or numbers that helped you choose the correct

order. Compare your ideas with a partner.

Ang Lee: Career Time Line

1 Ang Lee studied acting at an art academy in his home country after he finished

high school.

Lee’s early movies were made in Chinese, and they were very popular in Asia.

Then in 1995, he moved back to the U.S. and directed his first film in English. When he was 23, he went to the U.S. to get a degree in theater from the University

of Illinois.

d After that, he made a variety of different kinds of movies in English. Then he went on to graduate school at New York University to study film

production.

He received the Academy Award for Best Director in 2006.

After he graduated from New York University, he couldn’t get money to make

movies, so he wrote screenplays.

5 V

In 1990, his screenplays won prizes, and he finally got the money he needed for

his projects. ^

Quickly skim the article. Compare the events in the reading with the order

of events in the time line.

Read the article again and answer the questions that follow.

ЗБ Unit 3: OiaptEr E

1^

Great Film Directors: Ang Lee

Ang Lee was born in Taiwan, in 1954. He was the

eldest of the six children in his family. When he

got a low score on his university entrance exam,

he decided to study acting at an art academy

5 instead. After he finished his courses there, he

went to the U.S. at the age of 23.

Lee earned a bachelor’s degree in theater from

the University of Illinois, and went on to study

film production at New York University. In his first

10 film job, he worked as an assistant cameraman

on another student’s project. The movie he made

to earn his degree at New York University, called

Fine Line, won awards for the best film and best

director at his university’s film festival In 1984.

15 Later, after graduating, he tried for five years to get money for his projects, without

success. He spent this time writing screenplays for movies that he wanted to make.

In 1990, Lee’s screenplays won the first and second prizes in a competition in Taiwan,

and he could finally begin making full-length movies.

Lee’s first movies were made in Chinese. Pushing Hands (1992), The Wedding

20 Banquet (1993), and Eat Drink Man Woman (1994) were very popular across Asia, as

well as in Europe and North America. Many of Lee’s best-known movies are about the

conflict between tradition and modern life. Often the story involves a strong father

who causes problems for his children.

Lee moved permanently to the United States and in 1995, he directed his first full-

25 length film In English. The story for Sense and Sensibility was taken from a novel

by Jane Austen, which was written in 1811. The movie was a hit with international

audiences. He followed it in 1997 with The Ice Storm, the story of an unhappy

American family.

Throughout his career, Lee has made many different kinds of movies. Ride with the

30 Devil (1999) was a historical movie set in the United States, while Crouching Tiger,

Hidden Dragon (2000) was a martial arts movie with a love story. In Hulk (2003), a

comic book character comes to life. Lee’s most successful movie so far, Brokeback

Mountain (2005), was set in America’s cowboy country. He received the Academy

Award (also called the Oscar) for Best Director for this film. 35 Lee married Jane Lin in 1983. She is a research scientist, and they have two sons,

Han ajid Mason. The family lives in New York.

Reading

Passage: Great Film Directors:

Ang Lee

Great Film Directors: Ang Lee 37

Reading Comprehension: Check Your Understanding

A Complete the sentences. Try not to look back at the reading.

1 Ang Lee studied ____________________

2 After he finished his studies, he wrote.

3 His first movies were in the ___________

in New York.

for movies.

changed to making movies in _ 4 He is

famous for making many.

. language, but then he

____ kinds of movies.

Criticai Thinking

В Answer true (7) or false {F). Change the false statements to make them true.

T F

1 Lee had very little training to become a filmmaker.

2 Lee has made several movies about problems in families.

3 It was easy for Lee to get the money to make his first movie.

4 Lee’s movies were popular in the U.S. before they became popular in

Asia.

^ 5 Lee is interested in different cultures and periods of history.

У

C Answer the questions.

1 What difficulties did Ang Lee have in becoming a filmmaker? How did he finally

succeed?

2 Why do you think Ang Lee changed from making movies in Chinese to

making movies in English?

Vocabulary Comprehension; Words in Context

A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each

question or statement and choose the correct answer.

1 They are the e/desf ____ .

a. children in their families b. buildings in the city

2 At the academy, he studied _____ .

a. engineering b. music

3 к screenplay \s _____ .

a. a play on television b. a script for a movie

4 A successful actor has made ___ movies.

a. many popular b. some bad

5 Having a conflict with my family always makes me feel.

a. great b. terrible

6 If you live in a city permanently, you stay there ______ .

a. sometimes b. always

38 Unit 3: OiaptEr E

7 The audience are all the people who ______ a movie.

a. act in b. watch

8 A movie that is set in Mexico _______ .

a. takes place in Mexico b. is popular in Mexico

В Complete the sentences using vocabulary from A. Be sure to use the correct

form of the word.

1 The movie 77fan/c, 2 My _____________

. the year 1912 on a big ship.

. brother is getting married next month. _______ between the husband and wife over money, 3 There was a _____________

and they often got angry at each other.

4 She graduated from the ________________ with a degree in art.

A One way to organize words is to categorize them by part of speech. List these

words by part of speech. Then quickly review their meanings with a partner.

director script disappear important supervisor

create studio Hollywood lead actress famous

scene credits produce impossible monster careful avoid hero prepare scary

Adjectives

В Another way to organize these words is by meaning, for example, nouns for people,

places, and things. Organize the nouns from A into one of these categories.

People Places Things

C You can also organize words by how you use them. Look at these adjectives from A

and think of other words you can use them with. Share your ideas with a partner.

famous a famous actor, ___________________________________________________

important an important teet,

scary a scary animal, ___________ careful ______________________ impossible ___________________

Vocabulary Skill; Organizing Vocabulary

One helpful way to

remember new words is

to group them into

meaningful categories,

for example by part of

speech, or by topic.

Organizing your

vocabulary can also

help you to relate new

vocabulary to other

words you know.

Great Film Directors: Ang Lee 39

Real Life Skill; Understanding the Use of

Italics

Italics are used to

distinguish certain

words in a text from

the others.

We commonly use

italics to emphasize

or stress a word or

phrase (I am

nofgoing.),toset

apart a word from

others (What does

station mean?), and

to identify titles of

books, newspapers,

magazines, and

movies.

A Why are italics used in each example below? Write a, b, or c.

a. to set apart a word from others

b. to emphasize or stress a word

c. to identify a title

1 In 1990, Ang Lee’s screenplays won the first and second prizes in

a competition. ______

2 The story for Sense and Sensibility was taken from a novel by

Jane Austen _______

3 Words like first, second, then, next, later, and finally indicate a sequence of

events. ______

В Why are italics used in the movie review below? Using a, b, or c from

exercise A, explain your answers to a partner.

New Movie The Spirits Opens to Rave Reviews

Scary and exciting are words that Big Screen magazine and viewers around

the country are using to describe the movie The Spirits, which opened

today in theaters everywhere. Set in a village outside London at the end

of World War 11, the movie tells the story of a woman living in a house

visited by ghosts from the war. The movie is based on the book The

Haunting of Powell Manor by Robert Johnston.

“I was really impressed,” said moviegoer Diana Owens of Los Angeles.

“It’s a ghost story that will keep you guessing and jumping. At one point,

a scene in the movie was so scary that everyone in the theater screamed.”

There’s also a surprise ending to the story. “1 won’t tell you what it is,”

said Owens, “but pay attention to the word invitation in the movie.”

C Write sentences of your own to show the three different uses of italics. Underline

the words that should be in italics.

1 ___________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________

What Do You Think?

1 What makes a movie exciting? funny? sad?

2 For you, what are the most important things for a good movie?

3 Which movies have you seen more than once?

4 Which movies from today will people still enjoy twenty years from now? Why?

40 Unit 3: Chapter В

Review Unit I Fluency Strategy: PRO

PRO stands for Preview, Read, Organize. This reading strategy wiil help you build your reading fluency

by helping you to organize and understand what you read. Ч. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ '

Preview

The first stage of PRO is to preview the reading material by looking for features of the text that can help you.

Read the title of the passage and any other headings. If any words in the passage are written in italics, read

them. Read the first paragraph, the first sentences in the middle paragraphs, and the final paragraph. After

doing this, stop for a minute and think about what the reading is about. Think about what you already know about

the topic and any questions you have that you hope the passage can answer.

Preview the reading passage on the next page, “Are Human Beings Getting Smarter?" Read the title.

What do you think the answer to the question will be? Now, read the first paragraph, the first sentences

in the middle paragraphs, and the final paragraph. Are there any questions you would like to answer as

you read? Make a list.

Read

Now, read “Are Human Beings Getting Smarter?” When you read, think about the questions you listed

in the Preview stage. Look for answers to your questions.

Organize

The final stage of PRO is to organize the information in some way that will help you remember what you have

read. One way is by creating a word web. The word web can help you easily see how the information in the

passage is organized.

A Here is an incomplete word web based on “Are Human Beings Getting Smarter?” Complete the rest

of the word web using the information in the passage.

exposure to 3 __________________

arithmetic reasoning and 6.

Part I 41

Are Human Beings Getting Smarter? Do you think you're smarter than your parents and grandparents? According to James Flynn, a

professor at a New Zealand university, you are! Over the course of the last century, people who have

taken IQ tests have gotten increasingly better scores—on average, three points better for every decade

that has passed. This improvement is known as "the Flynn effect," and scientists want to know what is

behind it.

IQ tests and other, similar tests are designed to measure general intelligence rather than knowledge.

Flynn knew that intelligence is partly inherited from our parents and partly the result of our environment

and experiences, but the improvement in test scores was happening too quickly to be explained by

heredity. So what was happening in the 20th j century that was helping people achieve higher scores on

intelligence tests?

Scientists have proposed several explanations for the Flynn effect. Some suggest that the improved test

scores simply reflect an increased exposure to tests in general. Because we take so many tests, we

learn test-taking techniques that help us perform better on any test. Others have pointed to better

nutrition since it results in babies being born larger, healthier, and with more brain development than in

the past. Another possible explanation is a change in educational styles, with teachers encouraging

children to learn by discovering things for themselves rather than just memorizing information. This

could prepare people to do the kind of problem solving that intelligence tests require.

Flynn limited the possible explanations when he looked carefully at the test data and discovered that the

improvement in scores was only on certain parts of the IQ test. Test- takers didn't do better on the

arithmetic or vocabulary sections of the test; they did better on sections that required a special kind of

reasoning and problem solving. For example, one part of the test shows a set of abstract shapes, and

test-takers must look for patterns and connections between them and decide which shape should be

added to the set. According to Flynn, this visual intelligence improves as the amount of technology in our

lives increases. Every time you play a computer game or figure out how to program a new cell phone,

you are exercising exactly the kind of thinking and problem solving that helps you do well on one kind of

intelligence test. So are you really smarter than your parents? In one very specific way, you may be.

4^ RBMEW Unit I

в Now, answer the comprehension questions below. Use the word web from A to help you.

1 The Flynn effect is ___ .

a. used to measure intelligence

b. an increase in IQ test scores over time

c. unknown in some parts of the world

d. not connected to our experiences

2 The Flynn effect must be the result of.

a. heredity

b. our environment and experiences

c. taking fewer tests

d. memorizing information

IQ tests evaluate ______ .

a. our knowledge

b. our environment

c. our intelligence

d. our memories

Which sentence from the article gives a main idea?

a. Scientists have proposed several explanations for the Flynn effect.

b. Because we take so many tests in our lives, we learn test-taking techniques that help us

perform better on any test.

c. Test-takers didn’t do better on the arithmetic or vocabulary sections of the test.

d. For example, one part of the test shows a set of abstract shapes, and test-takers must look for patterns

and connections between them and decide which shape should be added to the set.

According to the articie, newer educational techniques include _

a. exposure to many tests

b. children finding things out themselves

c. memorizing information

d. improved test scores

6 Why does the author mention computer games?

a. to give an example of technology that improves our visual intelligence

b. to explain why young people have poor vocabularies

c. to encourage the reader to exercise

d. to show that young people are not getting more intelligent

7 Which statement would Professor Flynn agree with?

a. People today are more intelligent in every way.

b. People today have fewer problems to solve.

c. People today are taking easier tests.

d. People today have more visual intelligence.

Part 1 43

Write a short answer to each of the following questions.

Review Unit 1

Review Reading 1: Fair Trade Chocolate

Fluency Practic

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in the

Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

Fair TVade Chocolate o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Have you ever wondered where the chocolate in your favorite candy bar comes from? Chocolate comes from

the cacao tree, which grows in warm, tropical areas of West Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, and South

America. And who eats the delicious chocolate made from the cacao grown in these places? The majority of

chocolate is consumed in Europe and North America. This probably sounds like a familiar story, with

developing countries producing inexpensive raw materials that are manufactured and sold as finished goods in

developed countries, and generally, that's what happens with chocolate. Large chocolate companies buy

cacao beans at a low price and produce cocoa and chocolate products to sell at a relatively high price.

But the familiar story has a new chapter. Beginning in the 1980s, some consumers learned that cacao farmers

were living difficult and uncertain lives. The farmers received money for their crops based on world markets,

and the market price for cacao was sometimes so low that farmers received less for their crops than the crops

had cost to produce. In response, groups of consumers in Europe and the United States developed "fair trade"

organizations to guarantee that farmers of cacao, as well as coffee and tea, would receive fair and consistent

prices for their crops.

Fair trade organizations benefit farmers by buying cacao beans or other products from them directly at

higher-than-market prices and eliminating "middle men" such as exporters. Fair trade organizations also

encourage farming techniques that are not harmful to the environment or to farm workers, for example,

growing cacao without chemical pesticides or fertilizers in the shade of rain forest trees. One organization.

Equal Exchange, helps farmers set up farming cooperatives in which they can share resources and work on

projects such as community schools. Another, Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO),

guarantees that products bearing its label meet standards that improve the lives of growers and producers.

The results of fair trade are a better standard of living for some farmers and gourmet chocolate bars made with

organically produced cocoa that consumers don't feel guilty about buying. And although fair trade chocolate is

somewhat more expensive than other chocolate and now makes up only 1 percent of chocolate sold, the fair

trade idea is spreading quickly. You may soon see fair trade chocolate right next to the more famous bars in

your favorite store.

I

w T

ж

394 words Time taken

Part 1 45

Reading Comprehension

1 Cacao trees might be grown in,

a. Brazii

b. Greece

c. Canada

d. Egypt

. probabiy eat a iot of chocolate. Peopie in.

a. Peru

b. Papua New Guinea

c. Switzerland

d. South Africa

Why does the author mention the large chocolate companies?

a. to accuse them of taking advantage of developing countries

b. to persuade readers to buy chocolate products from them

c. to give examples of companies that manufacture and sell finished goods

d. to explain why the price of cocoa is low

Consumer groups created fair trade organizations.

a. to invest in world markets

b. to get more money to farmers

c. to make crops cheaper to produce

d. to respond to consumers in Europe

5 Because of world markets,.

a. cacao farmers get a consistent price for their crops

b. prices for cacao beans go up and down

c. consumers in Europe and the United States pay high prices for chocolate

d. chocolate costs more than coffee or tea

6 Fair trade organizations benefit farmers _____ .

a. by buying cacao beans from “middle men”

b. by encouraging farmers to protect the environment

c. by giving farmers money for community projects

d. by labeling products that are not fairly traded

7 The author implies that ____ .

a. there will be more fair trade chocolate in the future

b. fair trade chocolate is not as tasty as other chocolate

c. consumers feel guilty about buying fair trade chocolate

d. there is probably no reason to worry about cacao farmers

4Б Review Unit 7

Review Reading 2: A Different Kind of Spring Break

Fluency Practic

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in

the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

I ' ‘ '• ■ ' '

A Different Kind of Spring Break ___________ For many American university students, the weeklong spring break holiday means an endless

party on a sunny beach in Florida or Mexico. In Panama City Beach, Florida, a city with a

permanent population of around 36,000, more than half a million university students arrive

during the month of March to play and party, making it the number one spring break destination

in the United 5 States.^

A weeklong drinking binge is not for everyone, however, and a growing number of American

university students have found a way to make spring break matter. For them, joining or leading a

group of volunteers to travel locally or internationally and work to alleviate problems such as

poverty, homelessness, or environmental damage makes spring break a unique learning

experience 10 that university students can feel good about.

During one spring break week, students at James Madison University in Virginia participated

in 15 “alternative spring break” trips to nearby states, three others to more distant parts of the

United States, and five international trips. One group of JMU students traveled to Bogalusa,

Louisiana, to help tebuild homes damaged by Hurricane Katrina. Another group traveled to

Mississippi to 15 organize creative activities for children living in a homeless shelter. One group

of students did go to Florida, but not to lie on the sand. They performed exhausting physical labor

such as maintaining hiking trails and destroying invasive plant species that threaten the native

Florida ecosystem.

Students who participate in alternative spring break projects find them very rewarding. While

most university students have to get their d^rees before they can start helping people, student

volunteers m are able to help people now. On the other hand, the accommodations are far from

glamorous. Students often sleep on the floor of a school or church, or spend the week camping in

tents. But students only pay around $250 for meals and transportation, which is much less than

some of their peers spend to travel to mote traditional spring break hotspots.

Alternative spring break trips appear to be growing in popularity at universities across the

United 25 States. Students cite a number of reasons for participating. Some appreciate the

opportunity to socialize and meet new (fiends. Others want to exercise their belieft about peoples

obligation to serve humanity and make the world a better place. Whatever their reasons, these

students have discovered something that gives them rich rewards along with a break from school

work.

400 words Time taken

Parte 47

Reading Comprehension

How many university students travel to Panama Beach City every March for spring break?

a. around 36,000

b. around 50,000

c. around 500,000

d. around 10,000

2 The article is mainly about.

a. spring break in Florida and Mexico

b. drinking problems among university students

c. alternative spring break trips

d. sleeping on the floor or camping in tents

3 According to the article, “A weeklong drinking binge is not for everyone.” The word binge

probably means ______.

a. doing too much of something

b. studying for too long

c. refusing to do something

d. having very little alcohol

4 Which of the following is not mentioned as a problem that alternative spring break trips try to help solve?

a. homelessness

b. environmental damage

c. alcoholism

d. poverty

5 Which of the following gives the main idea of the third paragraph?

a. One group of JMU students worked on homes damaged by a hurricane.

b. Children living in homeless shelters enjoy creative activities.

c. Some students work to help the environment on alternative spring break trips.

d. University students do many different types of work on alternative spring break trips.

6 The article implies that ____ .

a. university students spend more than $250 for traditional spring break trips

b. university students complain about the accommodations on alternative spring break trips

c. university students may take fewer alternative spring break trips in the future

d. university students would prefer to wait until they have their degrees to start helping people

Which of the following is mentioned as a reason for participating in alternative spring break trips?

a. a personal opinion that people must help other people

b. a desire to travel to glamorous places

c. a wish to get away from family and friends

d. the hope of earning more money

4B Review Unit I

Sports Hems

Getting Ready

Discuss ^ese questions with a partner.

I A How [jiany sports can you list?

i I

____ i

V

>4

в Now underline the sports played in teams.(^irc^he sports played individually. Put a star

★ by the sports you can see in the Olympics.

У

49

Lnit 4 Chapter 1: Sports History

Before You

Read; The History of

Sports

A How much do you know about the history of popular sports? Circle the correct

answer to complete each statement.

1 Baseball originally came from (Mexico / Canada / the United States).

2 Golf originally came from (France / Scotland / Italy).

3 The first golfing rules were created in the (1700s / 1800s / 1900s).

4 Skiing was developed by the (Swedes / Norwegians / Swiss).

5 Skiing was first used for (transportation / exercise / a sport).

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Scanning

We often use scanning

in daily life to find a piece

of information that we

need.

Some examples are

looking for a telephone

number in the phone

book, finding a word in a

dictionary, or finding the

answer to a question.

A Scan the encyclopedia article on the next page to find which sports it

describes.

List them here.

В Scan the article again to check the answers to the questions in Before You Read.

How many did you get correct?

C Read the encyclopedia article again and answer the questions that follow.

50 Lnit 4: Oiapter I

Sports History

Baseball Baseball is historically an American sport, which has spread

to a number of other countries. Many theories exist to

explain how baseball extended into Latin America from

the north in the nineteenth century. Some experts believe

that American marines first took it to Nicaragua; others say

that it was brought to Mexico by oil workers, or to Cuba

by sailors. However it happened, the i^on developed

a great interest in the game and exported it farther to

neighboring countries such as Puerto Rico, Venezuela,

and Panama. Missionaries, teachers, television, and mote recently U.S. piofisssional i players have spread baseball to Asian countries, and teams in the national leagues in i

Japan and Korea have many supporters. -

Golf Historians believe that golf originated in Scotland. As

eariy

as the 1400s, pebbles were knocked into rabbit holes

using

a stick or club. In 1744, the first set of golfing itguiatioiis

was creared in Edinburgh. In the nearby town of St.

Andrews, the Society of St Andrews Golfers was formed,

vriiich later became known as the Royal and Ancient Golf

Club of St Andrews. Today, St Andrews Links is one of

the most famous courses in the world.

In 1888, a Scotsman named John Reid established the St

Andrews Golf Club in New York. In 1895, the United States Golf Association was

formed, and by 1901 there were more than 1,000 golf courses in the U.S. Around

this rime, golfers from Scotland and England were invited to the U.S. to teach the

sport to enthusiastic Americans. Since then, the U.S. has produced some of the

world s leading golfers, and the sport now has fans worldwide.

Skiing The oldest known ski (about 4,000 years old) was found

in Sweden, but ancient people in many parts of the world

used pieces of wood to travel on snow. There are records

of skiing in northern China in the seventh century, and

the Vikir^ used skis in the tenth and eleventh centuries.

Originally, skiing was used for transportation, but the

people of Norway developed it into a sport in the 1700s.

After ski lifts were invented in the 1930s, skiing spread to

other countries in Europe and became a popular winter

pastime. It began in Chile and Argentina in the 1940s, and in Japan in the 1950s.

Now snow-making machinery makes skiing possible for a longer season every year.

Reading Passage: Sports History

Sports History 5J

Reading

Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

A Complete the statements, then discuss your answers with a partner.

1 Baseball moved from. to

the nineteenth century (the 1800s).

2 The first set of golfing rules was created in the city of ______________________

3 __________________ is one of the most famous golf courses in the world.

4 Skiing became popular internationally after _____________________ were

invented.

В Check the correct boxes. More than one answer may be correct.

f baseball golf skiing

1 This sport started in Europe.

2 This sport was first used for everyday life.

3 Workers brought this sport to other countries.

4 The rules for this sport are very old.

^ 5 This sport has spread to many countries.

J

Critical Thinking C Answer the questions. Then compare your answers with a partner.

1 Which of these sports do you think is the most popular? Why?

2 Why do some sports spread to other countries?

3 Are there any sports that are played only in your country? Can you think of

reasons for this?

Vocabulary Comprehension; Odd Word Out

A For each group, circle the word that does not belong. The words in italics

are vocabulary items from the reading.

extend spread enlarge reduce

skilled amateur professionai expert

independent league group organization rule law opinion reguiation

establish start create close

happy enthusiastic uninterested excited fan supporter critic enthusiast

time period season variety

5H Unit 4: OmptEr I

в Complete the sentences using the words in italics from A. Be sure to use

the correct form of the word.

1 Tina is a big _________ of the Chicago Buils; she never misses a game

the team piays during their whoie _____________ every year.

2 The Danube River begins in the north of Europe and ____________ south into

many countries inciuding Germany, Austria, and Hungary.

3 One of the __________ of Little League Basebali is that a player cannot

be older than 18.

4 In 1858, the first-ever amateur basebaii.

Association of Basebali Players—was _

- the National

. in the United States.

A Look at the sports and games in the box. Decide which verb is used with

each one. Are there other activities you can add to each verb?

I soccer golf skiing jogging swimming tennis

cycling chess surfing baseball skateboarding basketball

Go ekateboarding ____________________________________________________

Play ______________________________________________________

В Complete the following questions using go or play. Be sure to use the

correct form of the verb.

1 Do you know how to ______________ chess? 2 Is _____________ baseball more popular in your country than

soccer?

jogging or. . basketball to 3 Would you rather _________

keep fit?

4 Do you think _____________ golf is interesting or boring?

5 A friend of yours wants to ______________ swimming. Can you suggest a

good place in or near your city?

6 Do you think that it is dangerous to _______________ surfing?

7 Can you explain how to _______________ tennis?

Vocabulary Skill; Using Play mi Go with

Sports and Games

When we talk about

participating in sports

and games, we use

either the verb “play” or

“go" before the name

of the sport or game,

for example.

Let’s play baseball:

Let’s go

skateboarding.

C Now take turns asking and answering the questions with a partner.

Sports History S3

Unit 4 Chapter 2: Sports Success: Yao Ming

Before You Read: The Greatest

Athletes

Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 In your opinion, who are the three greatest athletes in your country today?

2 What does a person need to become a top athlete?

3 Look at the photograph on the next page. Who is Yao Ming? What do you know

about him?

Reading Skill; Predicting

When we know what the

topic of a reading is, we

can use what we already

know about the topic to

predict the kinds of

words, or the kind of

information, we will read.

Using this skill can help

us to understand what

we will read about.

A Look at the title of the reading and the photo. Which of these things do you think

the reading will mention?

. physical strength . good luck .

the right body type . good

coaches and training

_ the right personality .

hard work _ a

supportive family . lots

of money

В Now read the article to see which of your predictions were correct. C Read

the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

54 Unit 4: Chapter E

§parts SUCCESS: Уза Ming Yao Ming is one of the most famous stars in basketball

today. The center’ for the Houston Rockets in the USA

is the tallest player in the country, with a height of 2.29

meters.

5 Yao was born in Shanghai, China, in 1980. His mother

was a star of the Chinese national women’s basketball

team, and his father played for a team in Shanghai. By

the age of nine, Yao was already 1.7 meters tall, but

he wasn’t interested in sports. He was a shy child who

10 loved reading, especially about Chinese history. When he was 12, coaches

discovered him and enrolled him in a sports academy. In the 1990s,

basketball became extremely popular in China, and Yao began training for

his future career.

In 1997, he joined the Shanghai Sharks, the Chinese Basketball Association

15 team in his hometown. Before he joined, the team was very unsuccessful,

but Yao led them to the national championship. In the championship game,

he made 21 shots—and every one of them was successful. This was a new

world record. A foreign sports shoe company noticed Yao’s talent, and sent

him to their summer basketball camp in Paris. He met young players from

20 around the world there, and was Invited to a youth basketball program In

the U.8.

When Yao played with the Chinese national team at the 2000 Olympics

in Sydney, Australia, he got a lot of attention from international coaches.

The National Basketball Association (NBA) in the U.S. chose him to play

25 professional basketball in 2002. He joined the Houston Rockets. In his first

games, he scored only a few points, and his coaches thought he couldn’t

adjust to basketball in the U.S. But his playing improved very fast, and he

soon scored 30 points in one game. In 2006, he received the most votes for

the All-Star Team.^

30 Yao is a friendly man with a great sense of humor. This has made him

popular with basketball fans around the world. He has made many television

commercials for soft drinks, computers, and sports equipment, so everyone

in America knows Yao Ming’s name and his big smile. He was even the

subject of a documentary film called “The Year of the Yao,” about his first

35 year in the U.S.

Today Yao Ming lives in Houston, Texas, with his parents during the basketball

season. When he’s not playing or practicing, he enjoys reading American

newspapers to improve his English, or eating home-cooked Chinese meals

prepared by his mother.

I

4^

Reading Passage; Sports Success:

Yao Ming

’center one of the players on a basketball team “All-Star Team a team made up of all the best players in a country or in a sports league

Sports Success: Yao Ming 55

Reading Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

Critical Thinking

A Complete the statements by circling the correct answers.

1 Yao’s father and mother were (doctors / athletes / teachers).

2 Yao became a basketball star when he was (a child / a teenager/ in his 20s).

3 Yao now plays for a team in (Houston / Sydney / Shanghai).

4 Yao is well-known in the U.S. because he appears in (a TV show /

commercials / action movies).

5 Yao’s personality is (serious / lazy / funny).

В Answer true (7) or false (f). Change the false statements to make them true.

/ T F

1 In his elementary school years, Yao was interested in sports.

2 Yao was chosen for the sports academy because he loved basketball.

3 Yao was famous in China before he went overseas.

4 Yao’s team was very happy with his playing in his first games in the

U.S.

^ 5 Yao has adjusted well to living and playing in the U.S.

/ I C Answer these questions.

1 Why do you think filmmakers made a documentary about Yao’s first year in the

U.S.?

2 What kinds of things do you think the movie talks about?

Vocabulary Comprehension; Words in Context

A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each sentence and choose the correct answer.

1 If you are enrolled in an English class, you ____ that class.

a. are studying in b. have finished

2 The championship game in a sports league is the ____ game that year.

a. first b. last

3 Yao Ming has the record for points in a game because he _____ .

a. scored the most points b. talked about the game a lot

4 A youth sports program is one that is for _____ people.

a. poor b. young

5 The coach of a sports team has _____ experience than all the players.

a. more b. less

6 After you adjust to life in a new country, you feel _____ .

a. sad and lonely b. happy and comfortable

7 If you are extremely tired, you feel ___ tired.

a. a little bit b. very

8 If a person has a good sense of humor, he or she ____ .

a. is very funny b. doesn’t like jokes

56 Unit 4: Ompter S

в Now use the vocabulary from A to complete the paragraph. Be sure to use

the correct form of the word.

Young player leads his team to 4-3 victory

Nineteen-year-old Paulo Dias led the Metro City Rangers to victory last

night in the 1 _________________ game of the National Soccer League

when he scored a goal in the last minute of play. He set a new

2 ______________ for most goals scored in a season. The team’s

3 ______________ , Ray Palmer, said, “We’re 4 ________________

happy with Paulo. He’s very young but he has 5 _________________ very

well to playing on a professional team.” Dias began playing in a

6 _______________ sports program when he was nine years old, and

then 7 ________________ in a sports academy for four years. “Next year.

I’ll be even better and stronger!” Dias promised reporters after the game.

A Use the suffix -ous to change the nouns in the chart to adjectives. Use your

dictionary to help you with spelling.

Noun

humor

danger

fame

Adjective Noun

courage

nerve

adventure

Adjective

В Match each adjective from A with its definition.

1 being well-known; ______

2 worried, anxious: _______

3 to be unsafe or harmful:.

4 brave: ________________

5 funny; ________________

6 exciting; risky;.

C Complete each question below using one of the adjectives from A. (Some questions

have more than one possible word.) Then, take turns asking and answering the

questions with a partner.

Do you consider yourself a(n) _ . person? Why?

person? Have you, or has anyone you know, ever met a ___________

Can you make me laugh? Do you know any _______________

Have you ever been In a __________________situation? What happened?

___________ . Why are they

stories or jokes?

Describe someone you know who is _ 9

6 What’s the most . thing you have ever done?

Vocabulary Skill; Adjectives with the

Suffix -ous

One way of forming

adjectives in

English is to

combine “-ous” with

a noun. The suffix

“-0US" means "to

have” or “to be full

of.”

Sports SUCCESS: Yaa Ming 57

Real Life Skill; Using Dates

People around the

world write, and

say, the date

differently. Learning

which date formats

are commonly

used, and how

these are spoken

and written, can

help you avoid

confusion.

A Look at how the dates below are written and spoken in English.

Which format is common in your country?

Written ] Spoken

IntheU.S. March 5,2007 03/05/07 March fifth, two thousand seven

In England, Australia, 5 March 2007 05/03/07 the fifth of March, two thousand Canada, many European

and seven;

countries, and Latin March fifth, two thousand and

America seven

In some Asian countries 2007 March 5 2007/03/05 (not usually spoken in this

and some countries in format) northern Europe

Practice saying the following dates aloud.

f

February 17,2007 December 25, 2000 October 31,1999

17 February 2007 25 December 2000 31 October 1999

April 2,2003 November 5,1946 July 9, 2006

2 April 2003 5 November 1946 9 July 2006

V )

C Write out the date in full based on the country given below. Say your

answers aloud to a partner.

Example: (In the U.S.): 06/30/01 June 30, 2001

1 (In the U.S.): 03/04/07 ____________________

2 (In England): 03/05/02 ____________________

3 (In Australia): 01/12/99 ____________________

4 (In the U.S.): 07/12/05 ____________________

5 (In Canada): 08/09/08 ____________________

6 (In the U.S.): 04/02/06 ____________________

What Do You Think?

1 Would you rather play sports, or watch sports? Why?

2 Should children be required to take sports lessons in school? Explain your answer.

3 Who are some great heroes in sports? What can we learn from them?

SB Unit 4: OiaptEr E

Lnit 5 Chapter Is You Are Amaang: You Are Human!

Before You

Read; Sickness and Health

A Answer these questions.

1 Have you ever been inside a hospital? Who was sick, you or another person?

2 What health problem did the person have?

3 What kind of treatment did the person receive?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Skimming for the Main

Idea

Skimming means

reading quickly to get a

general idea of what a

reading is about. When

we skim we don’t need

to read every word, or

look up words we don’t

understand; we just

need to understand the

main ideas in a

reading.

A Skim the passage quickly. Read only the title, the first and last paragraphs, and the

first sentence of the other paragraphs. Don’t worry about words you don’t know.

Then complete this sentence.

This reading is mainly about ______ .

1 machines that are very similar to humans

2 ways that humans change as they get older

3 the human body and how we take care of it

В Skim each paragraph and choose the main idea.

Paragraph 1

Many facts about your body are surprising.

Your body is mostly made of water. _______

Paragraph 2

Your body is very complicated, like a machine. _______

Your body can develop many different problems. ________

Paragraph 3

Stress can cause many health problems. _______

We do many things that can damage our bodies. ________

Paragraph 4

Doctors can treat many health problems that come with old age.. Modern

medicine helps people live muoh longer than in the past. Paragraph 5

The most important habit for good health is regular exercise. _______

We can do many things to take care of our bodies. ________

C Now read the passage again, and answer the questions that follow.

БО Unit 5; ChaptEr 1

You Are Amazing: You Are Human!

You are made of 73 percent water. You have 206 bones. There are more

sweat glands in your feet than in any other part of your body. There are

about 60 muscles in your face; you use 20 of them to smile but 40 to frown.’

Your heart beats over 100,000 times each day. You really are amazingl

The human body is a complex machine. From the day we are born our bodies

grow and change in response to our environment, diet, and habits. The body

has many different organ^ systems and parts that work together to allow us

to breathe, move, see, talk, and digest food all at the same time. Most of the

time we are unaware of what is happening in our bodies; usually it is only

when we get sick or feel pain that we notice.

Many people do not take enough care of their complex machines. Bad habits

like smoking, drinking too much alcohol, and eating junk food damage our

bodies. Stress can also cause health problems. People who worry a lot or

have busy jobs often don't get enough sleep, or don't eat properly. We also

damage our bodies by playing sports or having accidents. A recent survey in

the U.K. found that 14 percent of people had visited the casualty department

(Emergency Room) or a hospital clinic in the previous three months. The two

most common reasons were for injury and poisoning. Clinic patients were

also treated for many other medical problems-from bad cuts and broken

bones to serious illnesses that needed surgery.

Just like any machine, different body parts sometimes go wrong from old

age. In fact, a study in the U.S. found that 60 percent to 70 percent of all

patients in the Emergency Room were aged 75 or over. Fortunately, older

people who suffer from an illness or injury can now receive treatment to

help extend their lives. Due to the increase in the population of elderly

people, gerontology is now one of the fastest growing areas of medicine. It

is now common for older people with damaged joints, for example, to have

surgery to replace the old joint with a new one made of plastic or metal.

As with any machine, the better you take care of it, the longer it will last.

Of course, the best way to take care of your amazing machine is to eat the right foods, do regular

exercise, and get enough sleep. Oh, and don't forget to smil^l

<сж

Reading Passage; You Are Amazing:

You Are Human!

’frown make an angry or unhappy expression with your face

‘organ a part of your body that has a speoial function, suoh as your heart or lungs

You Are Amazing: You Are Human! Б1

Reading A Complete the statements below. Then, discuss your answers with a partner.

Comprehension; Check Your 1 we are usually ________________________________ of what is happening in our Understanding bodies.

2 Three habits that can damage the body are ______________________________

3 Most people visited the hospital or clinic in the U.K. because of

4 One of the fastest growing areas of medicine is _ because

Critical Thinking

В Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence.

According to the reading...

1 Most people know (a lot / very little) about their bodies.

2 Most visits to the hospital emergency room are caused by (bad habits / accidents).

3 Our body is like a machine because it (is expensive to fix / has many complicated

parts).

4 (Children / Old people) have the most accidents and health emergencies.

f c Answer the questions.

1 The article talks about ways that our bodies are similar to machines. How

are our bodies different from machines?

2 What advice would the author of this article give to readers who want to have

better health?

Vocabulary Comprehension; Words in Context

A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each

question or statement and choose the correct answer.

1 Which is an example of an illness!

a. a broken leg b. a bad flu

2 Who usually works in a clinic?

a. a hairdresser b. a nurse

3 Which would make you suffer more?

a. a toothache b. a massage

4 You eat some fish and later get food poisoning. The fish ________________

a. cost too much b. made you sick

5 If you can't breathe, your body doesn’t get enough _________________ .

a. air b. food

6 You digest your food by using your _______________ .

a. hands b. stomach

БВ Unit 5; Chapter I

7 Which machine do you think is more complex^

a. a computer b. a coffee maker

8 What is the best treatment for a headache?

a. Lie down in a loud place, b. Lie down in a dark room.

В Answer the questions below. Share your answers with a partner.

1 Have you ever had a serious illness? What was wrong with you?

2 What is something that makes you breathe faster?

3 Name something that is difficult to digest. What is easy to digest!

4 Suggest a treatment for a stomachache.

A Match each root word with its meaning. Use a dictionary to help if you need to. Then,

check your answers with a partner.

Root Words Meaning

bio • • sound psych • • life

phon • • nature / body

physio • • mind

geo* • earth

de пжопс h i n Г -'^ayf-ology to complete the

correct suffix.

1 The study of life: _____

2 The study of the mind:

3 The study of the earth: ______

4 The study of speech sounds:

5 The study of the body:

C Complete the letter using words from B.

Dear Aunt Marie,

1 can’t believe it—my first year at the university is almost over. I havent chosen my major

yet. I've thought about becoming a doctor, so this semester, 1 took a (1) ----------------------------

class called “Introduction to Life Science" and a (2) _______________ class called “Tlie Human

Body.” I got a C- in one and a D in the other. This makes me think that I shouldnt study medicine.

Actually, the class 1 enjoyed the most was Spanish. 1 want to learn more about

the language, so next session. I’m going to take a (3) _______________ class. Who knows?

Maybe I’ll become a Spanish teacher.

That’s all for now. Til be coming home in three weeks. 1 can’t wait to see youl

Judy

Vocabulary Skill; Root Words Related to

Life; Nouns Ending in

-logyl-ology

Learning the

meanings of root

words and suffixes

can help you increase

your vocabulary. In

this chapter, you

learned the word

“gerontology." The

word is made up of

the root word

“geronto," which

means “old person,’’

and the suffix “-logy,”

which means “the

study of."

You ATE Amazing; You Are Human! БЗ

Unit 5 Chapter 2: Beyond die Body’s Limits

Before You

Read: stronger, Faster,

Higher

A Answer these questions.

1 Look at the photo on the next page. What is the name of this sport? What do you

know about it?

2 This sport is an event at the Olympic Games. How are Olympic athletes different

from ordinary people?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill: Predicting Vocabulary

By thinking about the

topic of a reading and

the vocabulary that you

expect to see, you can

increase your

understanding and

your fluency in reading.

A Look at the photo and the title of the reading. Circle the words that you expect

to see in the article.

team study endurance movie

cooking medal stress strain athlete training shopping determination

animals strength body memorize

injury dance

В Now read the article and see which of the words you guessed correctly. C Read

the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

B4 Unit 5; UiaptEr E

BeyoJid the Body's Limits

Matthew PinsenI and Steve Redgrave fright)

At the Sydney Olympics in 2000, a British man,

Steve Redgrave, showed the world how resilient the

human mind and body are. At the Olympics, athletes

demonstrate both their athletic skills and their strength.

In Sydney, Steve Redgrave and the British rowing

team won the gold medal. He beat every other rowing

team in the world—and coped with two very serious

illnesses.

Redgrave was one of the world's top rowers, with Olympic medals from

1984,1988,1992, and 1996, as well as nine World Championship medals. Then,

suddenly, he faced two serious health problems. In 1997, he had surgery for

appendicitis,’ and was unable to row for a time after the operation. The next year, he

was diagnosed^ with diabetes,^ a severe problem for an athlete. People with diabetes

need to watch their diet and exercise very carefully, and give themselves daily

injections of insulin to control their blood sugar.

"My first thought was that my rowing career was at an end," Redgrave said. But

instead of giving up rowing—a very physically demanding sport—he decided to

continue the exhausting training for the Olympics, even though his body was sick. He

had to test his blood sugar many times every day.

Athletes often push themselves to the limits of physical and mental endurance by

regularly trying to go faster, higher, and further in their chosen sport than any other

athlete has in the past. Many spend weeks or months recovering from damage they

have done to their bodies in training.

Athletes are not the only people who put great stress on their bodies. There are certain

occupations that test a person's endurance and put a greater strain on one's health.

Astronauts, for example, suffer from loss of calcium and other important minerals in

their bones almost as soon as they go into space. Many astronauts also lose bone

density and muscle strength while in I space. This occurs because they are floating,

rather than walking, for long period^ of time. For this reason, when an astronaut

returns to earth, he or she may ha.W difficulty walking.

Astronauts and athletes use great courage and determination to overcome the limjts

of the human body. At the Sydney Olympic Games, Steve I Redgrave and his team

rowed to victory, and his fifth Olympic gold medal. It was ani amazing achievement

for Redgrave—and it showed the world what the huihan body can endure.

'appendicitis a dangerous disease of the appendix (a small organ in the digestive system)

4liagnose to discover what disease a person has

’diabetes a disease in which the body doesn't produce enough insulin (the chemical that controls the

amount of sugar in your blood)

Reading Passage; Beyond the

Body’s Limits

Ввуапб the Body's Limits Б5

Reading

Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

A Answer true (T) or false (F). Change the false statements to make them true.

f T F

1 Steve Redgrave is a famous Olympic athlete from Sydney.

2 Steve Redgrave got diabetes before he became an athlete.

3 Steve Redgrave had to stop rowing for a while because of a health

problem.

4 Many athletes damage their bodies by training for a competition.

5 Astronauts develop very strong muscles while traveling in space.

J

В Complete the statements.

1 Steve Redgrave had t\wo very serious health problems: ___and

2 After he developed the second health problem, he thought about

_______________________ , but instead he ____________________

3 Astronauts are like athletes because they both __________________

and they both ________________________ .

4 At his fifth Olympic Games, Redgrave _________________________ .

Critical Thinking C Answer these questions. Then compare your answers with a partner.

1 What is the author’s opinion about Steve Redgrave?

2 List words from the reading that helped you find the answer.

Vocabulary A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word with

Comprehension; its definition.

Word Definitions 1 resilient a. to show something; to make something clear

2 strain or understandable

3 severe b. one’s will to do something; strength of mind

4 recover c. a force that causes pressure, tension, or stress

5 endurance on something 6 cope d. to deal with, or handle, something that is difficult 7 determination e. able to get better quickly from illness, injury.

8 demonstrate or tiredness

f. get better after an injury or illness

g. the ability to be strong and do something for a long

period of time; stamina

h. very bad and serious

ББ LInIt 5; ChaptEr S

в Complete the sentences below using the correct form of the words from A.

It takes a lot of physical.

every day.

Kathy's hard work and _

. to run five miles, but Yuko does it

. have finally paid off; she has been

accepted to Harvard University.

3 ______________ from a broken leg can take from one to three months.

4 Being more than twenty kilos overweight can put a dangerous __________________

on your heart.

5 Babies are actually very ________________ , and can recover from an injury or

sickness fairly fast.

__________ how an artificial brain 6 On TV last night I watched a scientist ____________

works. It was amazing!

7 His injuries from the car accident were ___________

hospital for almost a month.

8 Mln-Song has gone home early. He has a headache and can’t _ with

all the noise in the office.

. and he stayed in the

A Look at the nouns and verbs below and complete the chart with the missing words.

The first one has been done for you. Use your dictionary to help you with spelling.

Verbs

determine

demonstrate

inject

compete

participate

Nouns determination

В Complete the paragraph below with words from A. Be sure to use the correct form of

the word.

Vocabulary Skill; The Suffix -tion

In this chapter, you

learned the noun

"determination.” Many

common nouns in

English are formed by

adding the suffix "-tion"

to a verb.

Every four years, hundreds of athletes trom around the globe gather in one of [

the world’s major cities to 1 ________________ in the Olympic Games. Many

athletes who 2 ________________ in the games have trained long and hard and

come ready to 3 ________________ their skills to the world and win a gold medal.

In recent years, though, some athletes have come to the games with more than

their 4 _______________ to win. These athletes have practiced hard and traveled

far, only to be disqualified from the Olympic 5 __________________ because they have

taken steroids—drugs, usually taken by 6 _________________ , that increases muscle 1

size and, for a short time, can make one stronger. Now, every Olympic athlete is tested for

steroids before the games begin. If the Olympic Committee discovers that an athlete has

used steroids, he or she will be banned from the games. Future 7 in the Olympics will also

not be allowed.

Beyond the Body's Limits Б7

Real Life Skill; Finding the Right Doctor

Many people have a

doctor they visit

regularly. However,

when a person has a

serious illness or injury,

or a speciai medical

need, he or she will

often visit a specialist.

Learning the names of

these types of doctors

can help you find the

right health specialist.

A Study the list of root words in

the chart. derm-

opt-/opthalmo-

pod-/ped-

psych-

dent-

gyn-

Meaning

skin

eye

foot

mind

teeth

female

В Match the doctors with a description of what they do.

Dr. Kimberly Bentini. Dentist ........................ ..... 555-2356

Dr. Martin Lewis. Podiatrist .......................... ..... 555-9080

Dr. Sandy May. Gynecologist ...................... ..... 555-2234 Dr. Peter Rodriquez, Dermatolooist ............. ..... 555-0076

Dr. Mary Waters. Ph.D., Psvcholooist ........ ..... 555-6789

Dr. James Wong. Optometrist...................... ..... 555-8855

a. checks your eyes and fits you for glasses or contact lenses

b. a skin doctor

c. checks and treats your teeth

d. specializes in the human mind and emotions

e. a foot doctor

f. a doctor for women

C You are in Chicago and you need a doctor. Using the page from the phone

book above, write the correct phone number.

You have a toothache. __________________

You can’t read, so you need new giasses..

Your sister is going to have a baby. ________

You’re suffering from acne. ___ __________

You’ve been feeling really nervous and upset recently but you don’t know why.

_________________________

6 The bottom of your foot is really hurting you.

What Do You Think?

1 In general, do you think you are a healthy, resilient person? When you get sick, what do you usually do?

2 Why don’t many people take good care of their bodies? Are there some things you should do to take better care

of your health?

3 Do you know any other people who overcame an illness to achieve their goal? What was their health problem?

What did they achieve?

БВ Unit 5; Chapter S.

Leisure and Hobbies

Getting ^eady

Discuss these questions with a partner.

A Read the article and write these labels in the correct spaces on the chart.

A recent survey in the U.S. asked people how

they spent their time on an average day. This

chart shows the results for people with fiill-

timt jobs. The typical person spent 9.2 hours

working, 7.5 hours sleeping, 3.0 hours doing

leisure and sports aaivities, and 0.9 hours

doing

household activities. The remaining 3.4 hours

were spent in other activities, including

eating

and drinking, attending classes, and

shopping.

leisure work

sleep other

household

В How did you spend your time yesterday? Draw your

own chart and label the sections. How much leisure

time did you have?

У

Б9

Unit Б Chapter 1: Scrapbooking

Before You Read; Making Memories

A Answer these questions.

1 Do you have many photos of your family and friends? Where do you keep them? What

do you do with them?

2 When you go on vacation, what do you keep to remember your trip?

3 What kinds of papers and photos did your parents save from your childhood? Do you

ever look at them?

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill: Finding Definitions

Sometimes a passage

will give definitions or

explanations of new

words that are related

to the topic. The

definitions may be

shown by quotation

marks parentheses (),

or a dash —. When you

find a new word, look

carefully to see if the

author has explained its

meaning.

A Look at the first paragraph of the passage on the next page and find the meaning

of the word scrapbook.

What helped you find the meaning?,

В Read the rest of the article and write the explanations for these terms.

layout _________________________________________ _ ________________

scrappers _________________________________________________________

crops.

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

70 Unit Б: Chapter 1

ООО ■

Leisure Focus; Scrapbooking

The dictionary defines a scrapbook as “an

empty book for collecting and preserving

photographs, newspaper articles, and other

papers.” Today, scrapbooking is also a verb—

and a popular new hobby. We talked with

Diane Lucas of Scrapsforever.com.

What is scrapbooking, exactly?

When I make a scrapbook page, 1 take a few of my femdy photos and put them into a

“layout”—a page that uses fancy paper, stickers, drawings, and words to show the

theme. For example, this page about my son is called “First Day at School.” Here’s a

photo of him and one of his drawings, and I decorated it with alphabet stickers. I use

lots of things on my pages—ribbons, stickers, beads, and much more. When you make a

scrapbook, you put words and pictures together to show the important times in your life.

It’s like a personal history.

How did yon get started?

When I was a child, I always saved bits of paper, things like movie tickets, vacation

postcards, even paper napkins. I loved looking at them and remembering. I made my

first scrapbook ten years ago, when my father died. When I looked through his desk,

1 found the most wonderful things—like my parents’ anniversary cards, and photos

from his Army days. I couldn’t throw away anything, so 1 made two scrapbooks, for

my brother and me.

Do yon know other people who make saapbooks?

Oh, yes! We call ourselves “scrappers,” and we love to get together. We often have

“crops,” big parties where we all work on our scrapbooks. We bring our scissors and

papers and our boxes of photos, and we talk while making new pages. It’s a time for

enjoyment, when friends show pictures and tell stories about our families, and our lives.

At the same time, we create a book to keep those memories.

Why is scrapbooking so popular these days?

I think people want to preserve their family history, and display it to other people.

When you make a scrapbook, you can pass the stories to your children, and your

grandchildren. So many people today want to do that! In the U.S. alone there are 2,500

stores that sell paper and other supplies for scrapbooking. If you go online, you’ll find

scrapbooking websites from Norway, New Zealand, and South Africa.

It’s universal. We all have boxes of pictures, and we аИ want to keep those

precious memories. That’s the real meaning of scrapbooking: sharing your family

and your story.

Ж

Й

Reading

Passage: Leisure Focus:

Scrapbooking

Scrapbooking 71

Reading Comprehension: Check Your Understanding

A Complete the sentences with information from the article.

1 In her childhood, Diane liked to _

2 Diane started making scrapbooks after.

3 Her first scrapbook was about __________

4 People make scrapbooks to ___________ and to

Critical Thinking

В Answer true (T) or false (Я). Correct the false sentences.

r T

Л F

1 Scrapbooking has become an important business.

2 People in many countries make scrapbooks.

3 A “crop” is a kind of scrapbooking competition.

4 Most scrapbooks are about national history.

5 A scrapbook page has both words and pictures.

)

^ G Answer the questions.

1 What kinds of people do you think scrapbooking would be popular with— young or

old? Male or female?

2 Do you think scrapbooking would be popular in your country? Why, or why not?

3 Imagine you are going to make a scrapbook. What theme will you choose? What will

you put on your scrapbook pages?

Vocabulary Comprehension; Word Definitions

A Match these words from the reading with their definitions.

show something for other people to look at

1 define a.

2 preserve b.

3 throw away c.

4 precious d.

5 supplies e.

6 decorate f.

7 universal g-

8 display h.

7B Unit Б: Chapter 1

в Answer the questions below. Share your answers with a partner.

1 What is something you would like to preserve for your children in the future?

2 What is something that you really should throw away?

3 How do you like to decorate your room?

4 What are some leisure activities that are universaH

A Create the noun form of the verbs below. For each noun write a simple definition.

Use your dictionary to help you. Share your answers with a partner.

Verb

Noun Meaning

improv e improvement making something better

achiev г

measu 'e

develo Э

requirt

agree

^ goverr J

В Now complete the conversation below using the correct noun or verb from the

chart in A.

A; It’s quite an 1, B:

Yes, 12 ________

. to get into a university like Harvard or Yale.

but I'm not planning to attend either of those

schools. I’m trying to enter the University of Wisconsin. The problem is that

all international students have to take the TOEFL® test. It’s a 3 _____________

A: Well, if you want to go there, you’il need to 4 _________________ your test scor

B: I know, but my current score is stili an 5 _________________ over iast month’s

score.

A: Weil, I’m sure you’ll get into Wisconsin—your English is very good. And you

know that standardized tests don’t always provide an accurate 6

___ of a person’s ability to speak in English.

Vocabulary Skill: The Suffix -ment

Many common

nouns in English are

formed by adding the

suffix “-ment" to a

verb, for example,

“enjoyment.”

Now write three sentences of your own using three of the nouns from A.

1 __ __________________________________________________

2 __ ________________________________________________________

3 _____________________________________________________________

Scrapbooking 73

Unit Б Chapter 2: Work Hard, Play Hard?

Before You Read; Leisure-time Survey

A Complete the survey below.

Which phrase best describes your work or school week?

very busy somewhat busy not busy at all

How many hours a day do you spend commuting to and from school

or work?

0-1 2-3 4+

About how many hours per week do you have for relaxing or pursuing

a hobby?

0-3 4-8 9-r

Rank the list of free-time activities from your favorite (1) to least favorite (8).

____ reading _____ watching TV/videos

____ listening to music ____________ eating out

____ using the Internet ____________ going to the movies

____ gardening _____ spending time with family or friends

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; I Main ideas

I Paragraphs

Every paragraph has a

main idea, or topic,

which gives us the most

important information in

that paragraph. Often,

the main idea is talked

about in the first or

second sentence of the

paragraph,

A Read the first paragraph. Write “M” next to the statement that is the main

idea. Discuss your answer with a partner.

Paragraph 1

a. Americans work an average of fifty hours a week..

b. People today have busier iifestyles. _____

В Read the rest of the passage and mark the main idea of each paragraph.

Paragraph 2

a. Having free time and hobbies is good for physical and mental health. _______

b. People need time alone to relax. ____

Paragraph 3

a. Popular free-time activities differ around the world. ______

b. Reading is the most popular free-time activity in the U.S._______

Paragraph 4

a. Cultural differences exist in popular outdoor and indoor free-time

activities. ______

b. Gardening is a popular outdoor activity. _____

Paragraph 5

a. Surfing the Web is becoming an increasingly popular pastime. _____

b. The way that people spend their free time seems to be changing.

C Now read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

74 Unit Б; OiaptBr В

Work Hard. Play Hard? People today seem to have increasingly hectic lifestyles. Results of a 2001 Harris Poll’ on

free time, conducted in the United States, showed that the average workweek for many

Americans is fifty hours. In addition, many people spend up to two or three hours a day

commuting to and from work. With the time spent eating, sleeping, taking care of

household chores, and looking after the family, there is little time left for leisure activities

for many Americans.

However, having free time to relax and pursue hobbies and interests is important, and

good for a person's well-being. People need time away from the pressures of study or

work in order to relax, and enjoy time with friends and family.

In different countries and cultures around the world free time is spent in different ways.

The results of the Harris Poll showed that reading was the most popular spare-time activity

in the United States. This was followed by watching TV, then spending time with family. In

a U.K. survey on leisuretime activities, watching TV and videos was the most popular

pastime; listening to the radio came second. In a similar survey conducted in Japan, the

most popular free-time activity was eating out. The second most popular activity was

driving. Karaoke, which ranked fourth, was more popular than watching videos, which

came fifth. Listening to the radio or music ranked sixth.

There were also differences in the most popular outdoor pursuits between the three

countries. The most popular outdoor activity for Americans was gardening. In the U.K., it

was going to the pub, followed by visiting the cinema. In Japan, going to bars and pubs

ranked eighth in popularity, and gardening ranked ninth.

Altijiough people around the world may enjoy doing similar things in their free time there is

evidence to suggest that these interests are changing. In the U.S., for example, the

popularity of computer activities is increasing. Many more people in the States are

spending their free time surfing the Web, e-mailing friends, or playing games online. In the

2004 Harris Poll, computer activities ranked sixth in popularity; in 1995, only 2 percent of

people mentioned them. Currently, listening to music is ranked eleventh. With more

people downloading music from the Internet, it is possible that, in the future, music and

computer activities will become the same pastime for many Americans.

Reading

Passage: Work Hard, Play

Hard?

’ Harris Poll a survey in the U.S. that asks people's opinions about national issues

Work Hard, Play Hard? 75

Reading

Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

A Complete the chart below by filling in the correct country: the U.S., the U.K.,

Japan. Use each country only once.

Most Popular Pastimes by

Country 1

watctiing TV and videos

listening to radio

eating out

2 driving

reading

3 watching TV

В Complete the statements by circling the correct word or expression.

1 Many people spend up to three hours a day (eating / traveling to and from

work).

2 Having enough leisure time is important to help people (work / relax).

3 The most popular leisure activity is (the same / different) in these three countries.

4 Computer use in leisure time is (increasing / decreasing) for many Americans.

5 The author believes that, in the future, (more / fewer) Americans will listen to music

downloaded from the Internet.

Critical Thinking фс

Answer the questions.

1 Why does the author talk about people's hectic lifestyles in the beginning

of the article?

2 What are the most popular leisure activities in your country? Are these similar

or different to the countries discussed in the article? Why?

Vocabulary Comprehension;

A For each group, circle the word that does not belong. The words in italics

are vocabulary items from the reading.

1

2

3

4

5

3

7

hectic relaxing restful calm

commuting going to and from traveling staying in one place chore housework task hobby

do stop pursue participate in rank order number mix up

hobby pursuit chore pastime health well-being happiness stress

carry out do conduct follow

75 Unit Б: Chapter В

в Complete the sentences using the words in italics from A. Be sure to use the

correct form of the word.

1 The household.

the laundry.

2 Paul is tired of _

. that I dislike the most is doing

. to work by car and is going to try

taking public transportation instead. It will make his days less

_________________ your interest in 3 if you want to continue to ______________________

photography, you will need to buy a new camera.

4 Jamie loves outdoor ________________ _. His favorite pastime is hiking.

A Think aixrut the words hobby and activity. How are these words similar? How about

the words scissors and papers How are they related? How are they different?

В For each word in the box below, complete the associations using the vocabulary

shown. Then, explain to a partner how the words in each group are related. Can

you add more words to these associations?

commilting hobby e-mail common download enjoy hectic

1 activity:

2 computer:

3 workweek:

4 leisure:

5 pressure:

6 popular:

pastime

work

relax

stress frequent

C Use the “starter” words below to create word associations of your own. Begin by

saying the word to a partner. Your partner should reply with a synonym or a word

that is related. Continue this until you have a six-word association. Share your word

associations with the class.

Example: food: delicious, pizza, Italy, spaghetti, tomatoes, garden relax: ___ ,

travel:.

school:

your own idea: Word:. Association:

Vocabulary Skill; Word Associations

In learning new

vocabulary, think about

how words are related,

or associated, with

other words. Think

about words with

similar meanings, for

example “hobby"and

“activity." Also think

about words that are

related to the same

topic, e.g., “scissors"

and “paper.”

Work Hard. Play Hard? 77

Real Life Skill; Using Key Words for

Internet Searches

Before you begin to

search for information

on the Internet, ask

yourself “What am I

looking for?” To find

information about a

specific topic (e.g., the

origin of pop music),

you should use key

nouns, verbs, and

adjectives. Think of

some key word

synonyms that might

also help you find

information about your

topic.

A Look at the example below. Can you think of other key word possibilities?

You have to write a research paper for your Engiish class.

Your topic is The Origins of Pop Music.

Key words: origins, pop, music

Other key words: beginning, history, popuiar, songs

В Look at the following topics. What key words wouid you use to find

information about these topics on the Internet? Compare your ideas

with a partner.

1 learning how to use a digital camera to take photographs

Key words: _______________________________________________________

2 keeping tropical fish in an aquarium at home

Key words: _______________________________________________________

3 simple recipes for beginners to learn cooking

Key words: _______________________________________________________

4 biographies of film actors and actresses

Key words: _______

C Choose one topic from B. Do an internet search for the topic using the

key words you have listed. Share any useful websites you find with your

classmates.

Is the information on a website useful? Remember to ask yourself:

• Is the information on the site related to my topic?

• Where does this information come from?

• Who wrote it? Can i trust that it is correct?

• When was the information written? Is it up-to-date?

Topic: _______________________________________________________ Sites that were useful: __________________________________________

What Do You Think?

1 For you, what is the best way to relax after a stressful day? How often do you do this?

2 In your opinion, do people in your country have enough time to relax and pursue their hobbies? Explain

your answer. Do you have enough time?

3 What are some new hobbies and leisure activities that are becoming popular in your country? Which activities

are popular with young people? Which are popular only with older people?

78 Unit Б: Chapter В

Fluency Strategy: PQR+\

Paifsing, Questioning, Rephrasing, and Explaining (PQR+E) is a reading strategy to help you build your

reading comprehension In stages from sentences to paragraphs to full texts. Use this strategy when you

have difficulty understanding large pieces of text that you are reading.

Parsing

The first step in PQR+E is parsing—breaking a sentence into smaller parts. When you come to sentences that

are long or difficult to understand, try parsing them into smaller pieces.

A Look at one way the first sentence in the passage on the next page, “Movies for the Blind?”, can be

broken into smaller parts. Breaking a long sentence into smaller sections can make it much easier

to work out the overall meaning of the sentence.

i When you think of the cinema, the phrase “watching a movie” probably comes to

mind,

I and, in faa, moviemakets work very hard to make their films interesting

visually.

J When you think / of the cinema, / the phrase “watching a movie” / probably / comes to mind, / and in fact, /

moviemakers work very hard / to make their films / interesting visually.

В Look below at the second sentence of the passage. Parse this sentence by dividing it into smaller

parts.

But movies also contain stories, dialogues, music, and sound eflfects—things that

people

don’t need to see in order to enjoy. J

Questioning

The second step in PQR+E is questioning. Once you have finished parsing a long sentence, ask yourself

questions about the parts of the sentence. What do you understand? What are you not understanding?

Review the first two sentences from “Movies for the Blind?” What questions do you have as you read these two

sentences?

Read the example question for the first sentence, then write your own question for the second

sentence.

1. How are movies interesting, beeldee visually?

2.

Parti 79

Rephrasing

In step 3 of PQR+E, rephrasing, write in your own words what the sentence you parsed means.

Rephrasing helps you show that you have understood what you have read.

Read the example paraphrase of the first sentence of “Movies for the Blind?” Then write in your own

words what the second sentence from the passage means to you.

1. When people think about moviee, they mostly think about the visual features. _____________

To moviemakers, too, the vieual features of movies are very important. ___________________

2. _________________________________________________

Explaining (or Extending)

In the final step of PQR+E you explain what you have understood to a partner. Explaining what you understand to

someone else helps strengthen your comprehension.

A Explain the meaning of the first two sentences from “Movies for the Blind?” to a partner.

В Use PQR+E as you continue reading the passage. If there is a sentence you do not

understand, use PQR+E.

Movies for the Blind? When you think of the cinema, the phrase “watching a

movie” probably comes to mind, and, in fact,

moviemakers work very hard to make their films

interesting visually. But movies also contain stories,

dialogues, music, and sound effects—things that

people don’t need to see in order to enjoy.

Movie reviewer Marty Klein has created a website

called Blindspots to help visually impaired people

choose movies that they can follow without the help of

an assistant to explain what is happening on the

screen. Klein gives movies a rating from 1 to 10 based

on several factors. A movie receives a high rating if

there are only a few main characters whose voices are

easy to recognize. Klein also likes an interesting story

without too many changes in time and place. A large

amount of dialogue between the charaaers is better

than long silences or noisy action scenes.

Of course, blind or visually impaired people can enjoy

many films with help from a friend who doesn’t mind

explaining the parts of a movie that can only be seen.

But that means that someone is talking during the

movie, which could annoy some audience members.

It also means that blind people cannot go to the

movies independently. To solve these problems,

some 25 movie theaters have begun to offer recorded

audio descriptions of the movements, scenery, and

special effects that other audience members can see on

the screen. Blind moviegoers receive a wireless

headset to wear during the movie. This allows them to

listen to 30 the narration while still hearing a movie’s

music and other sounds that surround them in the

theater.

Another blind movie reviewer, Jay Forry, writes

movie reviews that are published on his website,

Blindside Reviews. He also writes for newspapers and is a

guest 35 on radio shows, forty gives movies one of five

ratings, including, “So good, blind people will like it”

and “I’m glad I couldn’t see it.” Forry became a writer

after going blind at the age of 28 and deciding to go to

college. His first articles appeared in the college 40

newspaper, and Forry’s writing skills and sense of

humor are what keep people reading his reviews or

listening to them on the radio. After “watching” The

Sixth Seme, Forry commented that he thought the movie

was excellent, but that he envied the boy who 45 was

the main chatacter: “He had six senses, and I only have

four.” (

80 Review Unit 8

с Answer the comprehension questions below.

1 What is the main idea of the article?

a. Marty Klein and Jay Forry write movie reviews for blind people.

b. Movie reviews and new technology are making it easier for blind people to enjoy movies.

c. There are severai probiems associated with bringing assistants to the movies.

d. Many biind peopie do not enjoy going to movies.

2 Which of the foilowing is not mentioned as something that can be enjoyed without being seen?

a. stories

b. diaiogues

c. music

d. special effects

3 Which movie might receive a good rating from Marty Klein?

a. a martial arts film with many fight scenes

b. a drama that often shifts between the past and the present

c. a romantic comedy with four main characters and lots of conversation

d. a space adventure with many explosions and special effects

4 Which synonym for blind is used in the articie?

a. visually interesting

b. rating

c. visually impaired

d. moviegoers

5 According to the article, how are some movie theaters deaiing with the problem of blind people attending movies with

assistants?

a. They are providing headsets so blind people can hear a recorded narration.

b. They are asking the assistants not to annoy the other audience members.

c. They are providing specialiy trained employees to describe the movie to blind people.

d. They are asking biind people to just enjoy the music and other sounds in the theater.

6 Movie reviewer Jay Forry has his own _____ .

a. website

b. newspaper

c. radio show

d. movie theater

Why does the author inciude this quotation: “He had six senses, and I only have four”?

a. to recommend the movie The Sixth Sense to readers

b. to compare Forry to the boy in the movie

c. to illustrate Ferry’s sense of humor

d. to demonstrate Ferry’s sense of hopelessness

Part I 81

Self Check

Write a short answer to each of the following questions.

r

'f

1. Have you ever used the PQR+E method before?

Yes No I'm not sure.

2. Will you practice PQR+E in your reading outside of English class?

Yes No I’m not sure. 3. Do you think PQR+E is helpful? Why or why not?

4. When you are reading, do you find yourself having to translate? If yes, what

do you think you can do to stop translating?

5. Which of the six reading passages in units 4-6 was easiest? ' Which

was most difficult? Why?

r

6. Which of the six reading passages in units 4-6 was easiest? Which was

most difficult? Why?

7. What improvements are you making as a reader? Look again at the “Tips

for Fluent Reading” on pages 8 and 9. Write down one or two things that

you know you can do better today than when you started this course.

8. What other improvements do you still want to make as a reader?

Review Unit S

Readings: Meet ddy Adu, Soccer Sensation

Fluency Practice

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in

the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

1

Й ■: 'Ч '

■

yifeet Freddy Adu, Soccer Sensation

Born in Ghana, West Africa, in 1989, Freddy Adu has become

one of the most promising young soccer players in the world.

Soccer fans have been extremely enthusiastic about Adu since

2003, when he became the youngest player ever to sign a

5 professional sports contract in the United States. He was 13

years old at the time! The next year, he became the youngest

athlete ever to play in an all-star game, a match in which the best

individual players from many professional teams compete.

As a child, Adu did what many children in Ghana love to do—play soccer. Although there were no

10 formal teams or leagues, Adu played soccer every day. He says that he loved learning the sport by

teaching himself. Adu’s mother recognized her son's talent and encouraged it by providing soccer

balls, which were expensive. Since he was the child with the sports equipment, other children

always came looking for Freddy when they wanted to kick the ball around a field.

Education was very important to Adu’s mother, and she wasn't sure that her son could receive a

15 good education in Ghana. She had some relatives in the United States, so she applied for residency

there. Adu’s family received U.S. residency cards and moved to Maryland in 1997, when Freddy

was eight years old. Freddy’s new school friends soon noticed his talent for soccer, and the

parents of one friend encouraged him to join a soccer club. This was Adu’s first experience playing

organized soccer, and he helped his team from the Potomac Soccer Association win a tournament

20 in Italy in 2000. One professional Italian team was so impressed by Adu that they offered him

$750,000 to play for them. Adu’s mother turned down the offer and insisted that her ten-year-old

son needed to finish school first.

Adu did finish high school at the age of 14 after enrolling at a boarding school for athletes.

Nowadays, he is playing professional soccer and living with his mother in a house he bought for her.

25 His annual salary with the D.C. United team is $500,000, and Adu is also paid to advertise products

such as sports shoes and soda. Adu is happy that his mother no longer has to work at two jobs,

and Adu’s fans are happy that they can watch him play their favorite sport for many years to come.

I

<CL 3^

395 words Time taken.

Part 1 83

Reading Comprehension

_ years old when he signed his first professional sports contract. 1 Freddy Adu

was.

a. 8

b. 10

C.13

d. 14

2 When did Adu become the youngest ever all-star team player?

a. 1989

b. 2000

c. 2003

d. 2004

3 In an all-star game,____ . a. athletes play with people who are not on their regular team

b. athletes receive large bonuses

c. all the players from the best teams compete

d. teams try to match their best scores

4 How did Adu’s mother encourage him to develop his talent?

a. by making him play soccer every day

b. by giving him soccer balls

c. by turning down a contract with an Italian team

d. by working at two jobs to support her family

5 Which event in the article happened first?

a. Adu’s family moved to the United States.

b. Adu became the youngest player ever to sign a professional sports contract.

c. Adu bought his mother a house.

d. Adu’s new school friends noticed his special ability to play soccer.

6 Adu’s mother rejected a contract worth $750,000 because _______ .

a. she refused to move to Italy

b. she wanted to support her family without her son’s help

c. the U.S. team offered more money

d. education was very important to her

7 How much money does Adu make in a year?

a. between $400,000 and $500,000

b. $500,000

c. more than $500,000

d. $750,000

84 REVIEW Unit S

Reviiw Reading 4; Combining New and Did Medicine

Fluency Practice

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in

the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

Combining New and Old Medicine The human body is an amazing and complex machine. It is very resilient, and we usually

recover from illness or injury on our own, without the help of a doctor. But what happens

when we need medical treatment? In the past, some people went to a clinic or hospital

to-see a medical doctor. Other people trusted ancient traditions and chose treatments such

as herbal medicine or acupuncture. These two types of medicine—one modern and

Western and the other ancient and Eastern—used to have nothing to do with each other.

In recent years, however, people around the world have begun to recognize and accept

both modern medical science and more traditional therapies. This new kind of medicine

can be called holistic medicine, integrative medicine (because it integrates, or combines,

different types of medicine), or complementary medicine. Some of the principles of this

type of medicine include preventing illness by helping people stay healthy, integrating

different types of therapies according to the needs of each patient, and considering the

health of the whole person rather than concentrating on a particular illness or injury.

One health maintenance organization (HMO) in Madison, Wisconsin, has opened its

Complementary Medicine and Wellness Center. At the center, HMO members are offered

a variety of services. If you are suffering from a sore back, try some massage treatments to

relax your muscles and encourage the flow of healing energy in your body. If you have

allergies or asthma, you could try homeopathy, which uses tiny amounts of allergens to

stimulate your body's natural immune response. And if you're not ill, but just want to

improve your strength and focus your mind, try a tai chi or yoga class.

Patients who use these complementary medicine services appreciate having an alternative

to surgery or to drugs and their side effects. They also enjoy activities and therapies that

make them feel better even if they're not sick. And from the financial point of view of the

HMO, preventing illness whenever possible is much less expensive than a hospital stay.

According to Dr. Andrew Weil, founder of the Program in Integrative Medicine at the

University of Arizona, integrative medicine combines the best parts of Western medicine

with complementary therapies such as acupuncture and nutrition. And because both doctor

and patient are working to prevent illness, they become partners with the same goal instead

of strangers who see each other only when the patient is sick.

404 words Time taken.

Part E 85

Reading Comprehension

1 The article is mainly about ____ .

a. Western medicine

b. acupuncture and herbal medicine

c. advances in medical technology

d. integrative medicine

2 Why does the author mention “preventing illness by helping people stay healthy” in the second

paragraph?

a. to inform readers about a principle of holistic or integrative medioine

b. to explain why most people don't believe in holistic or integrative medicine

c. to give readers advice about staying healthy

d. to recommend modern medicine rather than traditional therapies

3 What would be an example of integrative medicine?

a. taking aspirin for a headache

b. surgery to remove a patient’s cancerous tumor

c. acupuncture

d. using herbal treatments after surgery

4 Which sentence from the article gives a main idea?

a. At the center, HMO members are offered a variety of services.

b. If you are suffering from a sore back, try some massage treatments.

c. If you have allergies or asthma, you could try homeopathy.

d. And if you're not ill, but just want to improve your strength and focus your mind, try a tai chi or yoga

class.

5 According to the article, which treatment is helpful for patients with asthma?

a. massage

b. allergies

c. homeopathy

d. yoga

6 Which of the following is not mentioned as an advantage of complementary medicine?

a. It costs less than medical care in hospitals.

b. Patients can choose between complementary medicine and drugs or surgery.

c. Doctors can enjoy more recreational activities.

d. It helps patients feel healthier even when they’re not sick.

7 How would Dr. Andrew Weil describe the relationship between doctors who practice integrative medicine and their

patients?

a. Doctors and patients have the same goal of treating the patient’s illness.

b. Doctors and patients work together so that the patient does not become ill.

c. Doctors and patients see each other occasionally if there is a problem.

d. Doctors and patients are like strangers in order to prevent illness.

8Б Review Unit ё

■ 4

Sa idor Nagy and the National Orchestra present an all-Beethoven concert at Festival Hall, 8 p.m.

T1 ree guest DJs, including DJ 2-Cool from Los Angeles, play the latest dance hits from 10 p.m.

at The Warehouse.

Ss ve the planet! Ten top bands play all night at the Rockathon, a benefit concert for

er vironmental groups. Riverside Theater, beginning 6 p.m.

Hear the Jazz All-Stars—five of the greatest names in jazz, together for the first time. Starts

ai 9:00, Lacey’s Lounge. Silsa Party at Club Tropicale, starting at 9 p.m. Big prizes for the best dancers! From Jamaica—hear reggae band One Love in concert at Metro Auditorium, 8:00.

Festival of Irish Music and Dance at the Cross-cultural Center, 4-10 p.m. Irish food and drinks

vailable.

Getting [Ready

Read these ads, then discuss the following questions with a partner.

1 What kind of music would you hear at each event? 2 Which one would you like to go to?

У

B7

Unit 7 Chapter 1; Where’s That Music Coming From?

Before You

Read; My Favorite Music

A Look at the different styles, or genres, of music below. Circle the ones you like.

Cross out the ones you don’t like.

rock and roll classical folk reggae

blues country jazz hip-hop/rap flamenco house/techno pop salsa

other:

В Discuss your answers with a partner. How many other styles of music can you

name?

Reading Skill; Predicting

Before you read, it’s

helpful to review what

you already know

about the topic. This

will help you to predict

the things you will read

about, and will increase

your understanding of

the reading.

How much do you know about the history of musical styles? Circle your answers.

1 Flamenco is a traditional style that comes from (Spain / Mexico / Cuba).

2 Reggae is a style of music that originated in (Jamaica / Panama / Colombia).

3 Bhangra is a traditional kind of music that was brought to the U.K. by immigrants from

(Egypt / India / Nigeria).

4 One of reggae’s most popular artists is (Bob Marley / Enrique Iglesias / Chuck Berry).

5 Rock and roll is a style of music that originated in (Australia / the U.K. / the

U.S.).

6 One of the musical styles that influenced rock and roll was (rap / reggae / rhythm

and blues).

В

c

Read the article to see if your answers were correct.

Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

BB Unit 7: CJiapter I

(rmiiiii

What is your favorite type of music? Do you know anything about its history? Over the

years, as people have moved or traveled, they have taken with them the music of their

cultures—Celtic folk from Ireland and the U.K., flamenco from Spain, or bhangra from

India. As a result, a lot of today's popular music has its roots in the traditional songs and

rhythms heard in various countries around the world.

For decades, musicians have adapted traditional musical styles to make them more

appealing to average people. Bob Marley made reggae, previously unique to Jamaica,

popular around the world in the 1970s and '80s, with hits like "No Woman, No Cry." Now,

one can hear this laid-back rhythm on beaches across the globe.

Bhangra, a traditional music originally played to celebrate harvests’ or weddings in Indian

villages, was brought to the U.K. by Indian immigrants. It became popular in the 1980s as

the Indian immigrant population grew. This lively, energetic, drum-based beat has been

mixed with other musical genres such as jazz, house, and rock. Bhangra influence can

now be heard on dance floors in cities like London and Singapore, where a high

percentage of the population comes from Indian immigrant families.

In the U.S., rock and roll has its roots in African-American culture, and traditional musical

styles such as rhythm and blues. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, artists such as Chuck

Berry added the electric guitar to the R&B sound.

By the mid-'50s many white musicians, such as Elvis Presley, were singing and playing

music that was previously performed only by black artists. Many Djs in the U.S. also

began playing this "new" music, now called rock and roll, on their radio stations. A sound

that began in small nightclubs in the U.S. was eventually exported to other parts of the

world.

Language has helped to popularize music from different countries. The Japanese pop

star Hikaru Utada became famous in her native country, and around the world, by

combining Japanese pop styles with English lyrics. Other artists, such as the Spaniard

Enrique Iglesias, mix English lyrics with their native languages, and have also made a

big impact on the world pop scene.

Much of the pop music we hear today is a fusion, or mixture, of styles from various parts

of the world. With the ability now to share music using the Internet, the styles we listen to

tomorrow may be even more interesting and diverse.

Reading Passage: Where’s That Music

Coming From?

'harvest the time when farmers gather crops from their fields

WierB's That Music Coming Fmm? 89

Reading Comprehension: Check Your Understanding

A Answer the following questions and share your answers with a partner.

1 ________________ helped to make reggae popular around the world in

the 1970s.

2 Bhangra was originally played during ___________________ and

________________ ceremonies.

3 It is now common to hear a blend of bhangra with other musical styles

on _________________ around the world.

___________ culture.

Critical Thinking

. musicians were playing rock

^c

4 Rock and roll has its roots in __________

5 By the mid 1950s, many _____________

and roll.

В Circle the correct answers.

According to the article...

1 Bhangra and rock and roll both developed from (traditional / pop) music.

2 Musical styles are often brought to new countries by (famous musicians / immigrants

and travelers).

3 Musicians like to change traditional music so that (ordinary / rich) people will buy their

albums.

4 Singers who mix their own language with English in their songs become more

popular in (other countries / their own country).

Check the statements that you think the author would agree with.

____ 1 Popular music today is more interesting than it was twenty

years ago.

____ 2 When musicians try to mix two kinds of music together, the results often

sound terrible.

____ 3 It’s good for musicians and singers to travel to other countries.

____ 4 The Internet will have a positive effect on music in the future.

____ 5 We should respect traditional kinds of music, and not try to change or

improve them.

Vocabulary Comprehension: Word Definitions

A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word with its definition.

1 roots ____ a. type or style of music, art, or literature

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

roots a.

Ivrics b.

adapt c.

aenre d.

influence e. appealino f.

diverse g-

rhythm h.

the origins of something or someone the

words of a song

change something to make it more suitable

interesting or attractive

90 Unit 7; Chapter i

в Complere the sentences below using the words from A. Be sure to use the correct form of the word.

1 Many musicians from the 1960s, such as the Beatles and Jimi Hendrix, have

____ _ _______ a lot of today’s rock and pop artists.

2 The ___________ of rock and roll are actually very _________________ : it’s a

style of music that developed from rhythm and blues, gospel, jazz, and American

country music. 3 In a karaoke booth, the ______________ to the songs are usually shown on a

TV screen.

4 Jeff's taste in music is very interesting. He likes almost every musical

A Read the passage below, and circle all of the ex- words you find.

Tokyo Concert Review Last night was the fitst concert in Asia of rock band Small Minds world tout. The band

began their exhausting tour six months ago in New York. They are so popular in the States

that they extended their stay there by a week, and played five extra concerts that sold out

within hours of tickets going on sale.

In an interview yesterday, guitarist Lee Gray and lead singer Mark Lang said they were '

very excited to be in Tokyo. This is our first trip to Japan, so its a fantastic experience for

us,^ said Lang.

; The erjtensive tour continues to Nagoya, Osaka, and Fukuoka before moving to Korea,

Chinai Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Small Minds then plan to take

aihard-earned break at an exclusive island resort before heading back home to the U.K.

From there they will start the European leg of the tour. If you’re lucky enough to get

tickets to see them, expect to hear some fantastic new versions of their album songs, : and

aifew surprises from this lively band.

В Match each of the ex- words from A with the definitions below.

1 limited or restricted: ____________

2 veryjtiring; _____________

3 feeliipg happy and thrilled: __ __________

4 great or large in size, length: ____________

5 made something longer in space or time: _

6 more than usual; additional: ____________

7 an ej/ent or happening:. _______________ 8 to want, or wait for, something to happen:

Vocabulary Skill; The Prefix ex-

In this chapter, you

read the verb "export,"

a word made by

combining the prefix

“ex-," meaning “out of”

or “from within,” with

the root “port,"

meaning "to bring or

carry.” “Ex-” comes at

the beginning of many

words to form nouns,

verbs, adjectives, and

adverbs in English.

C Are there other words that begin with ex- that you can add to this list? What

do they mean? Share your ideas with a partner.

I/Uhene's That Music Coming From? 91

Unit 7 Chapter 2: The Hot World of Salsa!

Before You Read; Everybody Dance!

A Answer the following questions.

1 What kinds of music are good for dancing? Why?

2 What kinds of music come from Latin America? Are any of them popuiar in

your country?

3 How do you get information about new CDs? How do you decide which ones

to buy?

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Scanning

When we scan, we

read very quickly to find

just the information that

we are iooking for. We

might scan a magazine

in a store before we

buy it, to see if it

contains any

interesting articies. We

might scan a book in

the library to see if it

has the information we

need for a report,

A You are looking for a CD with songs by your favorite salsa artists. Scan

this CD review and see if the CD contains songs by these people.

Celia Cruz La India Ruben Blades. Ricky Martin.

В Scan the CD review again and find the information.

1 the number of tracks on the CD:

2 the years included on the CD: _

3 the writer’s opinion of this CD:

to

C Read the passage more slowly and answer the questions that follow.

gg Unit 7: ChaptEr В

О О О

CD Review: The Hot World of Salsa!

This new two-CD set contains thirty tracks that cover the

history of saisa, from the 1960s to today. If you’re not familiar

with salsa, it’s a great place to start. And if you already love this

hot Latin music, you’ll enjoy hearing some of your old favorites again.

5 The CD combines songs by classic salsa artists, such as Celia Cruz and Eddie

Palmieri, with newer artists like Marc Antony.

Salsa has been played for decades, and is still growing in popularity. Its fast

tempo and lively beat make everyone want to get up and dance. Salsa’s origins

are Cuban, but many believe that Puerto Ricans in the U.S.

10 developed the style of salsa that we know today.

Between 1940 and 1969, more than 800,000 Puerto Ricans emigrated to the

mainland U.S., especially to New York City and Miami. They brought with them

their culture, style, and infectious Latin rhythm. One type of music they brought

along was a blend of Afro-Cuban rhythms and Puerto

15 Rican traditional dance. In New York, musicians incorporated American jazz, and

salsa was born. During this time, Latino musical styles were becoming more

popular. Nightclubs in New York City and around the U.S. featured salsa music

and dance, as well as mambo and cha-cha.

The style of salsa popular in the 1960s was called salsa caliente, and this

20 CD has classic songs by Ismael Miranda and Ruben Blades. Many of the lyrics told

stories of the immigrants’ struggles to make a living in New York City. By the late

1970s, the trend had shifted to salsa romantica, with its romantic love lyrics. You’ll

hear a great song by Eddie Santiago from this period.

25 Today, young Puerto Rican musicians and singers continue to make unique blends of

salsa by fusing^ it with other musical genres. You’ll hear a mixture of hip-hop and

garage combined with salsa in Jennifer Lopez’s song on this CD. Ricky Martin,

another Puerto Rican star, became world famous by combining rock rhythms with

the salsa romantica style.

30 The rhythm of salsa is continuing to spread around the world, especially in Africa and

Asia. This CD features a great track by Ricardo Lemvo, who combines salsa with

West African music in an amazing blend. There’s even a track from a band in

Scotland, Salsa Celtica, mixing traditional Scottish sounds with salsa music.

35 The Hot World of Salsa! is sure to make you get up and dance!

<cx 'fusing putting two things together into a single thing

I

Reading

Passage: CD Review: The

Hot World of

Salsa!

The Hat World of Balsa! 93

Reading

Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

Critical Thinking

A Decide if the following statements about the reading are true (7) or false (F). If you

check (✓) false, correct the statement to make it true.

r T F

1 Many people believe that Cuban immigrants in the United

States developed salsa music.

2 In New York City, musicians added rock and roll to create the

type of salsa we know today.

3 Salsa is a mixture of African, Cuban, Puerto Rican, and

American music.

4 Salsa caliente tells romantic stories about young people in

love.

5 Today, many young Puerto Rican musicians mix salsa with

other musical styles.

J

В Put these events in the correct order (1-5).

, Salsa songs about romance become more popular.

. Many Puerto Ricans come to live in New York.

. Traditional music is mixed with jazz to make salsa.

. Salsa is mixed with music from many different countries. .

Most salsa songs tell about everyday life.

C 1 What rating do you think the reviewer gave to this CD?

★ ★★ ★★★ ★★★★ ★★★★★

poor O.K. good great excellent

2 Write the words and phrases from the reading that helped you choose the answer.

Vocabulary Comprehension: Words in Context

A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each

question or statement and choose the correct answer. Compare your

answers with a partner.

1 If you move from England to Canada, you are _______ from England.

a. emigrating b. immigrating

2 Tito is painting a picture of a dog. Ana suggests he add a child to the picture,

and he incorporates her idea. The painting is a picture of a ____________ .

a. dog b. dog and a boy

3 In-Sook is struggling to pass her math class because it’s a(n) _________

subject for her.

a. easy b. difficult

Э4 Unit 7: Oiapter S

4 Eduardo is trying to make a living in New York City. In other words, he is trying to

a. have a good time b. earn money

5 Classic songs are usuaily __________ .

a. oider and famous b. new and exciting

6 If something is infectious, it passes __________ from one person to another.

a. easily b. slowly

7 The tempo of this music is really ____________ .

a. fast b. loud

8 This new ________ has 17 tracks.

a. CD b. textbook

В Answer these questions. Compare your answers with a partner.

1 Why rhight a person emigrate from his or her native country to another one?

2 Was there a subject that you struggled with in high school? Is there one

you struggle with now? _________________________

3 How do you plan to make a living in the future?. 4 Which songs do you think are classics! _______

A Compare the verbs immigrate and emigrate. Use each in a sentence below.

immigrate /'imigreit/ к to enter another country to settle there permanently

emigipte /'emigreit/ v. to leave one country and move to another to settle thejre

permanently

1 My grandparents _ 2 My grandparents,

.hereto Brazil in 1945.

. from Japan to Brazil in 1945.

В Look at the word pairs below. Choose the correct word for each sentence. Use a dictionary to help you.

1 Smoking and drinking too much can (effect / affect) your health in a

negative way.

2 Smoking and drinking too much can have a negative (effect / affect) on your

health.

3 Marta gave me some good (advice / advise) and told me places to visit

in Spain.

4 If you visit Madrid, I would (advice / advise) you to stay in a guesthouse

near the Retiro Park.

5 Everyone (accept / except) Paul is going to the concert on Friday night.

6 Ben,i this is a lovely gift, but 1 can't (accept / except) it. It cost too much

money!

7 Graciela is older (then / than) Lucia.

8 I’m free at 8:00. Can we meet (then / than)?

Vocabulary Skill: Easily Confused

Words

In this unit, you’ve

seen the verbs

“immigrate” and

“emigrate.” Words like

this are often confused

because they are

spelled in a similar

way, and in spoken

English, are

sometimes

pronounced alike.

The Hat World of Salsa! 95

Real Life Skill; Dictionary Usage:

Choosing the Right Word

In English, there ■ are

many words that are

similar in meaning but

are not exactly the

same.

A good English- English

dictionary has usage

notes that explain how

each word is used.

These notes can help

you choose the correct

word.

A Expect, hope, and look forward to are similar in meaning. Read the

sentences and decide which word is correct. Use the dictionary entries

to help you. Explain your choices to a partner.

expect /ik'spekt/ к 1. to believe very strongly that something will happen

Compare: look forward to, hope

hope /houp/ к 1. to want something to happen, to believe that there is a

possibility that it can happen Compare: expect, look forward to

look forward to /luk 'foreword tu-Jphr. к 1. to expect that something will

happen and to be very excited about it; to anticipate something Usage: +

noun e.g., look forward to the concert Compare: expect, hope

I (expect / hope) to see Hiromi at the party this Saturday, but she might not be able to

come because she works until midnight.

I am really (looking forward to / expecting) a two-week vacation; it will be great to have

some time away from schooll

I’ve been saving as much money as I can, because I (expect / hope) to buy a piano in

the coming year.

I think Antonio is (looking forward to / expecting) his trip to be hard work, but

successful.

В Now write a sentence each for expect, hope, and look forward to. Share your

sentences with a partner.

1 ________________________________________________

2 ________________________________________________

3 ________________________________________________

Й What Do You Think?

1 Have musical styles from other countries influenced the music scene in your country?

Give some examples.

2 Who are the most popular musicians in your country right now? Do you like their songs? Do you know of

any musicians in your country who sing in another language?

3 Do you know any song lyrics in English? Say or sing a song for your partner!

9Б Unit 7: OiaptEr E

Career Paths

Д ^tting Ready

Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 Look at the photographs and label each occupation

f|- a #

2 Do you have any of the following skills or experience? Check all that apply.

other:

.overseas travel . speak a

foreign language . previous

work experience

. a university degree . additional

education or certificates , volunteer

experience

Based on your answers here, which of the jobs pictured might be right for you?.

3 What kind of work would you enjoy? Check all that apply.

. working with people .

following a routine . using

your mind j using your

body ; traveling for your

work

, working with ideas .

working in a group .

working alone . being

a leader

. working with objects . being a member of

a team . doing something different every

day . working near your home

4 Based on your answers here, which of the jobs above might be right for you? What other

jobs are you interested in? ____________________________________________

37

Lnit В Chapter 1: Be Your Own Boss

Before You Read; Working without a

Boss

A Answer these questions.

1 Would you like to have your own business? Why, or why not? If you answered

“yes,” what kind of business would you like to have?

2 What are some advantages of being a business owner?

3 What are some disadvantages of being a business owner?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Identifying Main Ideas

within Paragraphs

Every paragraph has a

main idea, and all the

sentences in the

paragraph talk about this

main idea. Sometimes

the main idea is not

stated directly in the

paragraph. Thinking

about this main idea can

help you to understand

the paragraph and the

whole reading better.

A Read the first paragraph of the article on the next page. Underline the thing:

that people enjoy about having a business. Then choose the main idea of

the paragraph.

a. If you have your own business, you can raise your own salary. _______

b. People think mostly about the advantages of having their own business..

В Read the rest of the article and check the main idea for each paragraph.

Paragraph 2

a. it takes a long time to start a successful business. ______

b. In reality, business owners face many difficulties. ______

Paragraph 3

a. Many new business owners have practical problems. ______

b. After only one year, half of all new businesses fail. _____

Paragraph 4

a. Business owners work much harder than employees do. _______

b. David Paik’s business is successful because he works very hard. _______

Paragraph 5

a. Making and selling T-shirts can be a very interesting business. _______

b. There are also many advantages to having your own business. ______

Paragraph 6

a. Small businesses can grow very quickly. _____

b. Some business owners have to find employees. _______

C Now read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

98 Unit 8: Chapter I

ШШшгШ/пВш5 For many people, having your own business sounds like the perfect job. You

can do work that you love. You can set your own schedule, and wear jeans to

work. You never have to listen to a boss, and you make all decisions

yourself. You can even raise your salary any time you want.

5 But the reality is different. "Having your own business can be lonely," says

David Paik. After working for an advertising agency for six years, he started a

website design business at home. His income in the first two months was $0.

Finally, he got a big project creating a website for a magazine. Then he had a

new problem; his schedule. "I was working 10 twelve hours a day, seven days a

week, because I didn't have employees to help me." Today, Paik Web Design is

successful, but David says, "I really wasn't prepared to be a business owner. I

didn't understand the challenges."

Some of the challenges are practical. With no boss, it's easy to take too 15

much time off—and get too little work done. With no co-workers, you might feel

bored or lonely. You have to pay for your own benefits, like vacations, insurance,

and a retirement plan. And if you make a bad business decision, you could lose all

the money that you invested. For all of these reasons, more than half of all new

businesses fail within one year.

20 Another problem is balancing work with personal life. As a business owner, you

can't just stop at 5 p.m. and forget about your work until tomorrow. "Even when

I'm watching TV in the evening, I'm always thinking about my clients and my

projects," says David Paik.

Still, hundreds of people around the world start businesses every day, and 25

most enjoy the experience. "There are lots of advantages to having your own

business," says Denise Williams, the owner of a women's clothing store. "You can

decide exactly how to do your work, how much money you want to make, and who

will work for you." Williams borrowed money from family members to get her

business started. She began by 30 making and selling T-shirts in her apartment,

and she has just opened a new, larger store.

Laura Castro, owner of a translation service, agrees. "When you are your own

boss, there are no limits. I started five years ago, translating Spanish and English.

Now I have employees who work with six different 35 languages. And five years

from now? I can't even imagine!" she smiles.

Ш

Reading

Passage: Be Your Own Boss

C • )► . ; - . .

• • - '....-in-.- .. .

Be Your Own Boss 99

Reading

Comprehension; Check Your

Understanding

A Complete the chart with information from the reading.

Critical Thinking

r Advantages of being your own boss Disadvantages of being your own boss

a. You can make decisions about a. You mioht feel

. because you work alone. b. Your can be a

and problem if you don’t have b. There are employees to do some of the work.

— your business can grow as c. You

much as you want. your vacations, insurance, and

retirement.

d. You mioht if you make a bad business

decision. V )

В Answer true (T) or faise [F). Correct the false statements.

T F

1 Most businesses are successful after one year.

2 Business owners have to pay for a lot of things employees

don’t pay for.

3 Many people don’t understand what it’s really like to have

your own business.

4 Most people who start new businesses don’t like

the work. V

J

According to the article, which of these statements would a successful

business owner agree with?

1 A regular schedule with plenty of time to relax is very important to me.

2 I enjoy making my own decisions, without relying on other people.

3 I have a lot of plans and goals for the future.

4 I always spend evenings and weekends doing things with my family.

Vocabulary Comprehension; Word Definitions

A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word with a definition.

1 salary ___

2 benefits _

3 schedule.

4 client ____

5 invest ___

6 balance

a. someone who gets services from a business

b. use money in a way to try and increase its value

c. good or useful qualities of something

d. extra things you receive for your work, such as

vacations

e. a plan with a list of times and tasks

too Unit B: Oiaptsr 1

7 co-workers __ f. the money you receive for your work

8 advantage __ g. to keep two things equal

h. people who work together

В Complete the sentences below using words from A. Be sure to use the correct form of

the word.

I’m exhausted! I had a really busy. ___________ today.

Most teachers don't earn a very high ___________________ , but they receive a iot

of ___ __ ___________ , such as a iong vacation every summer.

Mr. Kwan is our company’s most important ______________________ , so I aiways

taik with my ________________ before I go to a meeting with him.

Sometimes it’s difficuit to.

your famiiy iife.

. your job responsibiiities with

Look at how compound nouns are formed.

Some combine two nouns together into one word:

businessman housewife workforce

Others use words that work together to refer to a single thing:

job description fiight attendant cash register

В Match a word from each box below to form an occupation. Write the

occupations next to the definitions in the chart below. Note: some

occupations are one word.

--------------- Л r

Computer travel agent manager

book taxi dealer carrier

|ю11оо fire

programmer keeper office car dresser fighter

mail hair driver officer

Occupation

police officer

Definition

protects your city from criminais

helps you with a vacation

drives you from one place to another

sells you a new automobile

cuts and styles your hair

creates websites or software

puts out fires

runs an office

brings letters and packages to you

keeps a record of how much money a business has

C For each occupation above, try to think of one job requirement. Share your

ideas with a partner.

Vocabulary Skill; Compound Nouns

In this unit, there are

several examples of

compound

nouns—two nouns

that work together to

refer to a single thing.

There are many

compound nouns in

English, and quite a

few are used to talk

about jobs and

careers.

Be Your Own Bass lot

Unit 8 Chapter 2: The Right Job for Your Personality

Before You Read: A Job That Fits You

A Think about each of these jobs. What kind of personality do you need for it?

nurse firefighter actor engineer librarian

psychoiogist salesperson pilot athlete kindergarten teacher

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Skimming for General

Ideas

When we skim while

reading, we read quickly

to get a general idea of

the meaning of the text,

Later we can go back and

read more slowly to

understand all of the

details.

A Look at the title of the article on the next page. Think of three words that

describe your personality and write them here.

В Skim the section of the article in the box about Groups 1-6 and quickly decide

which group sounds the most similar to your personality. Circle the group

number.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

Group 6

Read the whole article in detail and answer the questions that follow.

WS ISntt 8: Chapter S

The Right Job for Your Personality Choosing a career is an important life decision-and yet, many people get their first

job without realty thinking about it. Here’s a personality quiz to help you find the

best job for you.

Imagine you are at a party where you see small groups of people with similar 5

personalities and interests. Look at these groups, and decide which one you have the

most in common with.

Group 1 These people are physically strong, and very practical. They like to be

outdoors, and they enjoy working with machines and tools, but they often feel

uncomfprtable when they are in a large group of people.

10 Group 2 These people love to learn, analyze, and solve problems. They like to

work independently, and they hate to do the same thing every day. They are

very quiet and prefer to be with just a few people.

Group 3 These people are creative and imaginative, and they don’t like rules or

bosses telling them what to do. They like to express their ideas by painting, writing, 15

or dancing. They are sometimes very emotional.

Group 4 These people are very friendly and interested in other people. They like

to interiact in groups, and they are very good at speaking. They understand other

people’; feelings very easily.

Gl'OU|; 5 These people are strong leaders. They like power, and they enjoy making

20 things f appen. They are good at influencing and persuading other people, and they

are very self-confident.

GroU): 6 These people are very careful and practical. They like to work with facts

and nuinbers, and they are very good with small details. They are calm, and they

like following instructions.

Which group did you pick? 1. You are the Realistic tipt. You like working with objects. Careers: mechanic,

farmer, police officer, athlete

2. You are the Investigative t^pe. You like solving problems. Careers: biologist,

doctor, computer programmer, researcher

3. You are the Artistictipe. You like creative work. Careers: actor, writer, artist,

musidan

4. You are the Social type. You like helping other people. Careere: teacher, minister,

social worker, psychologist

5. You are the Enterprising b/pe. You like influendng other people. Careers:

salesperson, poliiidan, manager, advertising executive 6. You are the Conventional Ще. You like organizing things. Careers:

accountant, ;tary, bank employee, librarian

Most people are a combination of two or even three of these types, so it’s important

to consider many different options before choosing a career, to find the job that’s

best for you.

Reading

Passage; The Right Job for

Your Personality

The Right Jab far Your Personality 103

Reading Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

Critical Thinking ^ C Think of one more job that would be good for each type of person.

Realistic ___________________ Social __________________________

Match the personality type with the description.

1 Realistic a.

2 Investiaative b.

3 Artistic c.

4 Social d.

5 Enterprising e.

6 Conventional f.

like to lead and Influence other people

like to organize things and check details

like to create new things and express their ideas

В Answer true [T) or false (f). Correct the false statements.

T F

1 Each person has only one of these types.

2 Realistic and Conventional people both like working with

things.

3 Most people think about their personality very carefully before

choosing a job.

4 Both Social and Investigative types like working with other

people.

J

Investigative.

Artistic______

Enterprising _

Conventional.

Vocabulary Comprehension; Odd Word Out

A For each group, circle the item that does not belong. The words in italics are

vocabulary items from the reading.

1 investigate find out about study ignore

2 analyze think about guess study 3 influence change ideas persuade make someone angry

4 shy nervous worried self-confident

5 talk interact stay alone have a conversation 6 detail main small piece

7 find the answer understand ask solve

8 controlled emotional calm serious

104 Unit 8: Chapter S

Answer these questions. Discuss your answers with a partner.

1 What are some jobs where people investigate things? Would you enjoy doing

one of these jobs? ___________________________________________________

2 What is the best way to persuade someone to do something?

3 What advice would you give to a friend who isn’t very seif-confidentl

4 Would you like a job where you have to be careful with detaiisl Why, or why not? ___________________________________________________________

A Look at some of the adjectives that describe peopie’s personalities. Note the

different adjective endings.

introverted adventurous responsible creative

patient energetic hard-working

В Complete the online job ads below with the appropriate adjective endings. Use

your dictionary to help you.

m

Looking for a (1)motivat ______ and (2)effect _____ teacher to join the staff at

our elementary school. You must have a teaching certificate and at least

five yeans' experience to apply. Must also be (3)interest _______ in working

with children ages 6-9.

(click here for more information)

Want to make $15,000 a month working in shorts and a T-shirt? Water World,

the swimming pool specialists, has an immediate opening for an Wadventur

and (5)aggress salesperson in the Boston area.

(click here for more information)

We have an immediate job opening for an (6)experienc _______ , (7)flex_

secretary in our very busy downtown office.

(Click here for more information)

ScorePro, a software company that creates fun and educational math

materials for children, is looking for a (8)dynam ______ , (9)enthusiast ___

computer programmer to join our company.

(Click jhere for more information)

< d

I

Vocabulary Skill: Adjective Endings

Adjectives can be

formed in many

different ways.

Knowing the most

common adjective

endings can help you

identify adjectives,

and differentiate them

from other word forms.

C Choose one of the ads above. Think of two or three reasons to describe why you

would be good for the job using adjectives to describe yourself. Share your

answers with a partner. The Right Job far Your Persanalitg fos

Real Life Skill; Searching for a Job Online

Jobs listed on many

websites are often

organized by category;

teaching jobs, for

example, will often be

listed within the

category "Education."

Understanding job

categories and

recognizing key

vocabulary in English

can help you to begin a

directed and

successful online job

search.

A Look at the career categories on the left. What kind of jobs might you find in

each? Match the jobs with the categories.

1 Administrative a. lawyer

2 Education b. clothing salesperson

3 Finance c. nurse

4 Food, Travel, Hospitality d. bank officer

5 Health Care e. English teacher

6 Computer f. secretary

7 Legal g. web designer 8 Retail Sales and Marketing h. hotel manager

How much do you want to work? Match a contract type with a definition.

1. full-time 2. part-time 3. contract/temporary (temp)

a. works about 5-20 hours per week ______

b. works for a company for a specific period of time, e.g., 1 month.

c. a regular employee of a company; works 40+ hours per week _____

C Choose a job that is interesting to you, and the type of contract you would like.

Visit an English-language website where jobs are advertised and find a job that

matches these requirements. Complete the information below.

Website: ___________________________________

Job Description (title, location, pay, working hours):

What Do You Think?

Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1 What is your ideal job? What are the requirements for this job? Is it easy or difficult to get this kind of job?

Why?

2 How do people get information about jobs that are available? Which of these places give the best information?

3 Is it easy or difficult to find a new job in your country? Why? What advice have you heard for getting a job? Do you

think these ideas are useful?

ЮБ Llnit 8: Chapter g

I

The

^Getting Ready Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1 How do you feel when you look at the food In the picture above?

2 What kinds of food and drink are made from chocolate?

3 How often do you eat chocolate? What kinds of chocolate do you like to eat?

/07

Lnit a Chapter 1: The History of Chocolate

Before You Read; What Do You Know

about Chocolate?

A How much do you know about chocolate? Circle the correct answer to

complete each statement.

1 Chocolate comes from a (tree / flower).

2 Chocolate is made from (leaves / seeds).

3 Originally, chocolate came from (Europe / the Americas).

4 People first consumed chocolate by (drinking / eating) it.

5 At one time, cocoa beans were valuable and were used like

(currency / jewelry).

6 Many people once believed chocolate had (positive / negative) effects

on health.

7 The (English / Spanish) were the first Europeans to use chocolate.

8 Most of the world's chocolate is now grown in (Asia / Africa).

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Skimming to Assess

a Passage

Sometimes we may

want to skim a reading

quickly to see if it

contains the

information that we

need. If the information

is there, then we can

read the passage again

more slowly and

completely.

‘ In 30 seconds, skim the passage on the next page. Which of the following

assignment topics could you use this passage to answer? _________

1 How Chocolate Moved Around the World

2 Cooking with Chocolate in Different Cultures

3 The History of the Chocolate Industry in Australia

В Read the passage more carefully and find three facts that you could use for the

assignment.

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

lOB Llnit 3: ChaptEr 1

The ^istory of Chocolate Chocolate is a food that is

made from the seeds of

the

Theobrorna cacao tree.

(Theobnoma is a Greek word

meaninjj “food of the gods.”)

The tree originally comes from

the Amazon region of South

America, Hand-sized pods that

grow in fche tree contain cacao

seeds—often called “cocoa

beans.” These seeds, or beans, are used to make chocolate.

The earliest use and consumption of cacao beans was in around 1000 B.C.

Later, the Ma)tan and Aztec civilizations consumed cacao as a drink. They often

15 flavoredjit with ingredients such as chili peppers and other spices. Drinking

cups of фосокге was an important part of Mayan rituals such as wedding

ceremoiiies. People also believed that consuming cacao had positive effects on

health. In Peru, eating or drinking a mixture of chocolate and chili was said to be

good for the stomach. The Aztecs thought it cured sicknesses such as diarrhea.

20 One stofy says that their ruler, Montezuma, drank fifty cups a day.

Christopher Columbus, along with Spanish explorers, made his fourth trip

across the Atlantic in the early 1500s, and arrived on the coast of Honduras. In

Central America, he discovered the value of cocoa beans, which were used as

currency in many plpces. In the sixteenth century, another explorer named

Hernando Cortez 25 took chocolate back to Spain. The Spanish people added other

ingredients such as Sugar and vanilla to make it sweet, and it remained a Spanish

secret for almost 100 years. It finally spread to France in the seventeenth century

after the marriage of Louis XIII to the Spanish princess Anna, who loved

chocolate. In about 1700, the English developed a new drink using chocolate and

milk, which 30 became very fashionable. The popularity of chocolate continued to

spread farther across Eprope and the Americas. The only Asian country to adopt it

at that time was the Philippines. Chocolate was brought there when the Spanish

invaded the countr)':in the sixteenth century.

As chocolate became more popular, the demand for people to work on the

cocoa 35 plantations' increased. Slaves were brought from Africa to the Americas

to farm the cocda. Later, the cacao tree was taken to Africa and cultivation began

there. Today, the African plantations provide almost seventy percent of the wotld’s

cacao, compared with one and a half percent from Mexico.

Reading Passage; The History of

Chocolate

'plantation a very large tropical farm that grows only one kind of crop

The History of Chocolate 109

Reading Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

A Decide if the following statements about the reading are true (T) or false (f).

T

Л F

1 Cacao seeds are also called cocoa beans.

2 The chocolate drink consumed by the Mayans and the

Aztecs tasted sweet.

3 At one time, people drank chocolate during important

ceremonies.

4 Chocolate was popular all over Europe and Asia by the

seventeenth century.

5 Slaves were brought to Africa to farm cocoa trees there.

У

В What happened first? Write “1” next to the correct statement in each pair.

1 a. __ Chocolate became popular in Europe.

b. __ Chocolate became popular in Asia.

2 a. ___ Chocolate was used in ceremonies.

b. __ Chocolate was fashionable.

3 a. __ Chocolate tasted sweet.

b. __ Chocolate tasted spicy.

4 a. ___ Chocolate was produced in the Americas.

b. __ Chocolate was produced in Africa.

Critical Thinking )) Ci How do you think chocolate tasted when the Mayans and Aztecs prepared it? Would

you like to drink this kind of chocolate? Why, or why not?

How did chocolate become popular in France? Do new ideas still become popular in

this way?

Why did chocolate become popular in the Philippines before other Asian countries?

Vocabulary Comprehension; Words in Context

A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each question or

statement and choose the correct answer. Check your answers with a partner.

1 If you adopt something, you ________________

a. accept b. dislike

2 Which is an example of an ingredient?

a. paper b. sugar

3 Which of the following would you consume?

a. a sandwich b. a shirt

4 Which is an example of a currency?

a. a dollar b. a fish

it.

ffO Unit 9; Chapter I

If you remain home, you are. a. in your house b.

away from your home

6 People use rituals for ______________ .

a. everyday life b. special events and holidays

7 Which of the following needs cultivation? a.

a house b. a plant

8 Which is more likely to be invaded? a.

a country b. a restaurant

В Answer the following questions. Share your answers with a partner.

1 Name a ritual that takes place in your country. ______________________

2 Name the currency of two other countries. _________________________

3 Name something else that might need cultivation. ___________________

4 Name a country that has been invaded in the past. __________________

A Look at the underlined word in each sentence. Write down what part of speech {noun,

verb, adjective, adverb, etc.) each word is and what it means. Then, circle the words in

the sentence that helped you to understand the meaning of the word.

1 Chocolate drinks were often flavored with ingredients such as chili peppers,

and other spices.

Part of speech; ______________ Meaning: _____________________________

Consuming cacao was believed to have positive effects on health. In Peru, eating

or drinking a mixture of chocolate and chili was said to be good for the stomach.

Part of speech;_______________ Meaning; ___________________________

Christopher Columbus discovered the value of cacao beans, which were being used as

currency in many parts of Central America.

Part of speech; ___ __________ Meaning: ___________________________

В Work out the meaning of each of these words from its context.

1 The popularity of chocolate continued to spread farther across Europe, and the

Americas.

Meaning: ____________________________________________________________

2 As chocolate became more popular, the demand for people to work on the cocoa

plantations increased.

Meaning; ____________________________________________________________

3 Slaves were brought to the Americas from Africa to farm the cocoa. Eventually, the

cacao tree was taken to Africa and cultivated there.

Meaning: ____________________________________________________________

4 It is believed that drinking cups of chocolate was important in Mayan rituals such as

wedding ceremonies.

Meaning; ____________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Skill: Identifying Part of

Speech

Knowing which part of

speech a word is can

help you to

understand its

meaning.

Other words in a

sentence can also

help you to

understand the

meaning of new

vocabulary.

The History of Chocolate lit

Lnit Я Chapter 2: Addicted to Chocolate

Before You Read; Is Chocolate Bad for

You?

A Answer the following questions.

1 Do you think chocolate is bad for your health? Why?

2 What might happen if you eat too much chocolate? List three things.

3 What is an addiction? Name three things that people become addicted to.

4 Look at the title of the reading on the next page. What do you think the

reading is about?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Understanding Main Ideas

within Paragraphs

Understanding the main

ideas of each paragraph in

a reading can help you to

follow the argument the

author is making, and to

understand the main idea

of the whole passage.

A Read the article on the next page and put the main idea from each

paragraph into the correct order (1-6). This will form the author’s argument.

___ People eat a lot of chocolate, but this is not harmful.

___ The chemicals in chocolate have both bad and good effects on our hearts.

___ Chocolate does not have negative effects on skin or teeth.

___ Is eating chocolate every day bad for your body?

___ People believe that chocolate causes health problems, but it also makes

us feel good.

___ Some chemicals in chocolate make us feel pleasure.

В Look at the author’s argument in A and answer the questions.

1 Does the author think that chocolate addiction is damaging to your health?

2 What reasons does the author give?

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

IIB Unit 9: Chapter В

Addicted to Chocolate How often do you eat chocolate? If you answered “every day," you may be addicted to

chocolate, but is this addiction damaging your health?

Eating too much chocolate is often thought to be the cause of tooth decay,^ weight

gain, headaches, and skin problems such as acne.^ On the other hand, chocolate is

known to make people feel happier. Eating chocojate releases a distinctive flavor that

gives us a pleasant, positive feeling. What is it that causes this feeling?

Chocolate contains over three hundred known chemicals. Like a drug,

thesejchemicals stimulate areas of the brain that enable us to feel pleasure. The most

well known chemical is caffeine, which is also founq in coffee, tea, and some types of

soda. Theobromine, a weak stimijiant, is present in higher amounts than caffeine. It is

believed that the combination of these two chemicals causes the temporary “lift" we

experience after eating chocolate.

However, does eating too much chocolate cause any real health risks? The popular

opinion of chocolate is that it is a fattening food that gives you Spots, and contains no

nutritional qualities. The fact is, chocolate does contain saturated fat. This type of fat

can contribute to heart disease by increasing levels of bad cholesterol in the blood. On

the othQr hand, scientists at the University of California have discovered that

chocolate also contains high levels of chemicals called phenolics, also foupd in red

wine, coffee, and tea. Some phenolics, if consumed in small amounts, are believed to

lower the risk of heart disease.

Evidence that eating chocolate does not cause acne comes from two studies: one by

the Pennsylvania School of Medicine, the other by the U.s[ Naval Academy. Their

research showed some interesting results. Th^y found that there was no difference in

the skin condition between the|' study participants who did, or did not, eat chocolate.

There is also no proof that chocolate is the cause of tooth decay. In fact, it is believed

that the cocoa butter in chocolate forms a coating over teeth that may help to protect

them. The sugar in chocolate can cause cavities, but no more than sugar in any other

food or drink.

Cqnsumption of cocoa around the world now amounts to almost three million tons a

year. That's equivalent to 500 grams of cocoa for every person on earth! No one has

ever died of eating too much chocolate, so this is one addiction that might be okay to

have.

Reading Passage: Addicted to Chocolate

’tooth decay holes in your teeth

'acne a skin problem where young people get red spots on their faces

’cholesterol fat in your blood

Addicted to Chocolate 43

ВбЗСПпу А Read the sentences below and underline the mistakes. Rewrite each

Comprehension; sentence using the correct information. Try not to look back at the reading Check Your for

the answers.

Understanding ^ Eating chocolate usually makes people feel unhappy and angry.

2 Chocolate contains chemicals that slow the brain.

3 There is real evidence that eating chocolate causes health risks.

4 It is popular opinion that chocolate contains saturated fat.

5 Eating chocolate causes tooth decay and cavities, so you shouldn’t eat it.

В Complete with information from the reading.

Positive effects of chocolate: __________________

Negative effects of chocolate:.

Critical Thinking

C Look at the information you listed above and answer these questions.

1 In your opinion, how often is it healthy to eat chocolate?

2 If this article appears in a national newspaper, what effect do you think it will

have on people’s diets?

3 If people don’t like chocolate, should they start eating it to improve their health?

Explain your answer.

Vocabulary Comprehension; Word Definitions

A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word or phrase with its

definition.

1 addiction _

2 chemicals.

3 stimulate _

4 release

5 distinctive ____

6 equivalent ____

7 contribute (to).

8 nutritional ____

a. let something out or let something go

b. a habit, usually harmful, that someone cannot

stop doing

c. easily recognizable

d. to make something become more active or energized

e. related to the vitamins, minerals, protein, etc., in food

f. substances with distinct properties that can affect living

things

g. to help make something happen

h. the same as something else

U4 Unit 9: OiaptBr S

в Now con^plete the sentences below using words from A. Be sure to use the

correct form of the word.

1 Smoking is an ______

2 This dish has a very.

3 One way to ________

themselves.

. that millions of people die from each year.

____ taste.

4 Fresh fruit and vegetables have much higher candy

and French fries.

a conversation is by asking people about

_____________ value than

A Read the article below, and see how many synonyms you can find for the

vocabulary items in the chart.

Vocabulary Synonyms

damaging

stimulate

proof

exercising

quit

Health News A report published today in a leading medical journal claims that working out can be hamiful to your

health. For many years doctors have told people that e.xercising regularly is good for your health.

However, they have found proof that e.xercising too much can have damaging effects on the body.

When we exercise, chemicals called endorphins are released into the brain. These endorphins

energize the body, and give us a lift or high. It is this "high" that people who exercise too much

become addicted to. Although scientists say that experiencing this lift regiilarly is good for health,

evidence shows that too much of it is damaging. People who ard addicted to exercise should not quit

altogether. Doctors advise them just to stop exercising too often.

В Complete the paragraph below using the words from the chart in A. Compare your

paragraph with a partner.

O.K.—I’m addicted. To cigarettes, coffee, junk food? No, not me. My addiction is

exercisiijg too much! I know that drinking too much caffeine or smoking can be

1 ^ _____________ to the body, but just how 2 _________________ can working out

be? I thought 3 _______________ was good for you. Then yesterday, I read an article

that say$ exercise can be as much of an addiction as smoking cigarettes. Here’s

the 4 __ ___________ ; according to the report, the brain releases chemicals

called endorphins that make a person feel really good, even though he or she

might be tired from exercising. These chemicals 5 _________________ the brain

and body, and 6 _______________ the person. The report says that it’s this “lift”

that we become addicted to. I’ll need more 7 _________________ than this before

18 ______________ exercising. I’m just not ready to stop!

Vocabulary Skill; Synonyms

A synonym is a word

that has the same or

similar meaning as

another word. One

way of increasing your

vocabulary is by

learning synonyms.

Addicted to Chocolate 115

Real Life Skill; Dictionary Usage:

Choosing the Right

Dictionary Definition

When you look

up words in a

dictionary you

will sometimes

see more than

one definition.

You can use the

sample sentence in

the dictionary, or the

sentence in the book

you are reading, to

help you decide

which definition is the

right one to use.

A Look at the dictionaiv entries below. Read the sentences underneath and decide

which definition is correct. Write “1” or “2” next to each sentence.

consume /kon'sjuim/ к 1. to eat and drink 2. to destroy contribute

/kon'tribjurt/ к 1. to give or donate something (time, money, etc.) 2. to take

part positively in something cultivate /'kAltiveit/ к 1. to prepare land for

growing crops, trees, and flowers; plowing, planting seeds, and fertilizing soil

2. to study and develop a good understanding of something (books, art,

music)

1 . Fire consumed the entire restaurant in less than an hour. Fortunately,

all the diners and staff escaped unhurt. 2 ____ Janet contributed to the charity picnic by baking one of her delicious

lemon pies.

3 ____ Steven cultivated his knowledge of Asian art while taking many

business trips to Korea and Japan.

В Now write three more sentences using the other definitions of the words

above.

1 _________________________________________________________

Jr?- What Do You Think?

Why do people get addicted to things? What are some ways to break a bad habit? Have you ever tried to

break a bad habit? Were you successful?

Why do you think chocolate is popular in so many countries? Can you think of any other foods that are as

popular as chocolate?

Are there any foods that you “can’t live without”?

ИБ Unit 9: Ojapter В

Fluency Strategy: KWL

Readers can ask themselves three questions to improve their reading fluency and comprehension.

The letters K, W, and L can be used to remind you of these questions. KWL stands for Know, Want,

Learn.

Know

The first step in KWL is similar to the Preview step in PRO (page 41) and the A in the Active approach (inside

front cover). This step will help you prepare yourself before reading.

A Look at the title of the article on the next page. Then read only the first paragraph of the passage.

From the title and first paragraph, decide “What is the topic of the passage?”

В Ask yourself, “What do I already know about this topic?” Write down three or four facts that you

already know about the topic in the Know column of the table below.

Know Want Learn

Want

In the second stage of KWL, ask yourself, “What do I want to learn as I read?” By doing this you are reading

with a purpose. This step is similar to the Question stage in PQR+E.

A Ask yourself what you want to learn as you read “Geocaching.” Write down some things you hope

to learn in the Want column above.

В Before going on to the L in KWL, read the passage “Geocaching” on the next page.

Continued on page 119

Part 1 H7

For many people, leisure time is an opportunity to get outdoors, have some fun, and

meet interesting people. Add two pieces of sophisticated 21 st century technology, global

positioning system (CPS) devices and the Internet, to get "geocaching."

The word geocaching comes from "geo" (earth) and "cache" (hidden storage). Geocachers log

5 onto a website to find information about the location of a cache—usually a waterproof plastic

box containing small items such as toys and CDs, along with a logbook where "finders"

can enter comments and learn about the cache's "owner," the person who created and hid

the cache. Finders may take any of the items in the cache but are expected to replace them

with something of similar value. They then visit the website again and write a message to the

10 owner.

Geocaching became possible on May 1, 2000, when U.S. President Bill Clinton announced

that a satellite system developed by the U.S. Department of Defense would be made public.

Using a fairly inexpensive GPS device, anyone on earth can send a signal to the satellites and

receive information about their position. This is basically a high-tech version of orienteering,

15 which uses maps and compasses to determine one's location.

Geocachers are a very considerate group. Owners are asked to think carefully about a cache's location in

order to give finders an enjoyable experience, such as a beautiful view or a good campsite. They must also

consider the environmental impact of their cache since it could result in an increased number of visitors to the

area. As for the content of the caches, owners 20 and finders are asked to remember that caches are found by

geocachers of all ages. Any treasures in the caches should be suitable for the whole family.

Since geocaching is a new activity governed only by the general agreement of people in online discussion

groups, it is always changing. Variations include "travel bugs," which are objects with tags that ask finders to

move them to new locations, which are then tracked 25 online. "Multi-caches" direct finders from one location to

the next until they locate the actual cache. "Virtual caches" are located in parks or environmentally sensitive

areas where physical caches are not appropriate. These are usually landmarks, such as monuments or historical

markers.

Interested in geocaching? Look for geocaching groups and events in Europe, Russia, and the 30 United

States, or visit geocaching websites from any computer in the world.

W T

HS REVIEW Unit 3

Now that you have finished reading, ask yourself, “What did I learn while reading?” Did you learn what you wanted

to?

A Write down three or four things you learned from “Geocaching” in the Learn column of the chart on

page 117.

В Now test how much you learned from the passage by answering these questions. 1 Geocaching is ___ .

a. a good leisure activity for people who don’t like the outdoors

b. President Clinton’s favorite leisure activity

c. not appropriate for families with young children

d. a new leisure activity

2 Which of the following is not part of geocaching?

a. a GPS device

b. a compass

c. toys or other small objects

d. the Internet

3 Where can finders learn about cache owners?

a. on a website

b. in a logbook

c. on a satellite signal

d. at a campsite

4 Which of the following is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?

a. Any treasures in the caches should be suitable for the whole family.

b. Geocachers must consider the environmental impact of their cache.

c. Geocachers are a very considerate group.

d. Owners are asked to think carefully about a cache’s location in order to give finders an

enjoyable experience.

5 Which of the following would probably not be found in a cache?

a. a music CD

b. a gold bracelet

c. a small toy

d. a notebook

6 Why do geocachers need to think about the environment?

a. Their GPS devices produce electrical signals.

b. They want to think carefully about everything.

c. Other geocachers will visit cache locations.

d. Young geocachers may not enjoy the items in a cache.

7 The author implies that ____ .

a. geocaching has many variations because it has few rules or regulations

b. geocaching is not suitable for families to do together

c. geocaching cannot be done in public parks

d. geocachers never meet each other in person

Part 1 na

Self Check

Write a short answer to each of the following questions.

7 V 1. Have you ever used the KWL method before?

/—' Yes No I’m not sure.

-Г 2. Will you practice KWL in your reading outside of English ciass?

Yes No I’m not sure. 3. Do you think KWL is helpful? Why or why not?

I

4. Which of the six reading passages in units 7-9 did you enjoy most? Why?

4^ 5. Which of the six reading passages in units 7-9 was easiest?

Which was most difficult? Why?

6. What have you read in English outside of class recently?

7. What time of day is the best time for you to read and comprehend

well? Do you use that part of the day to do your most important

reading and studying?

8. Are you keeping a vocabulary notebook?

r ----------------------------------- -------------------

tso ReviEW Unit 3

к^&111^^ 5ГШРеор1ёШШйШе Music

Fluency Practrc

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in

the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

The People Behind the Music Thirtli for a moment about the last music CD you bought. Most likely, you can think of the name of the

vocal: St who sang the songs that made you want to buy the CD. You might even know the names of

some of the performers who played musical instruments while the vocalist sang. Those talented musical

perfo 'mers, however, are only some of the people involved in making the music you enjoy. The

majority of people in the music industry work “behind the scenes,” but the roles they play in the musical

process are V(|ry important.

Songwriters ....................................................................................... Before you can hear a song, a songwriter must imagine it. Some songwriters work alone, but many

songwriting teams combine the talents of a lyricist, who writes the words to songs, and an

instrumentalist, often a piano player or guitarist, who writes the music. Pop music legend Elton John’s

best-inown songs, including Tiny Dancer and Your Song, were written to accompany the lyrics of Bernie

Taupjn, whose name you might not know.

Arrangers .......................................................................................... Afterja song has been written, music arrangers make it more appealing by deciding which instruments

will he used, what tempo, or speed, the song will have, and whether the song should have a lower or

highir pitch. A good arrangement can make a song a “classic” that people will remember and want to

hear again and again.

Redording Engineers ........................................................................ Recording engineers also play a major role in creating the final sound that you hear. First, these

engineers set up the recording studio, the room where the performers play, placing musicians and

microphones in exactly the right places to get the best sound. Next, they use electronic equipment such

as multi-track recorders to capture the music. Finally, long after the musicians have gone home,

recording engineers use a mixing board to balance the melodies and rh)4hms of each musician, and

sometimes to incorporate special sound effects or additional tracks.

Studio Musicians .............................................................................. Not ivery musician is a star, of course, and many talented singers and instrumentalists work in the

background as studio musicians. These artists are not a part of any one musical group. Instead, they are

hired for recording sessions that eventually become the CDs you buy, as well as soundtracks for

television shows, movies, and radio ads.

Many people make a living with music. You may not recognize all of their names, but all of them work

together to create the songs you love to listen to.

408 words Time taken.

Part I iBf

Reading Comprehension

1 The article is mainly about.

a. vocalists who sing the songs people enjoy

b. songwriting teams who combine their talents

c. people who play a role in creating music

d. instrumentalists who work in the background

2 Which of the following would an instrumentalist probably do?

a. play a violin

b. write the lyrics of a song

c. arrange a song after it has been written

d. sing a song

3 Why does the author mention Elton John and Bernie Taupin?

a. to give an example of a songwriting team

b. to explain how to become a pop music legend

c. to compare them with other talented songwriters

d. to persuade readers to buy their CDs

4 What does the author imply about Bernie Taupin?

a. He is less important as a songwriter than Elton John.

b. He is less famous than Elton John.

c. He plays both piano and guitar.

d. He writes the music that has made Elton John’s lyrics famous.

5 Which of the following do music arrangers probably not do?

a. decide which pitch to use

b. decide which tempo a song will have

c. decide which instruments to use

d. decide which people will hear a song

6 Which piece of recording equipment is used at the end of the recording process?

a. a microphone

b. a mixing board

c. a control panel

d. a multi-track recorder

7 Which statement would the author probably agree with?

a. Studio musicians would be more successful as members of one musical group.

b. It is important to buy music CDs made by performing artists who are not yet famous.

c. People who work behind the scenes to make music do important jobs.

d. Name recognition is an essential part of the music industry.

tSS REVIEW Unit 3

Review Reading 6: is It Time to Change Jobs?

Fluency Practice

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in

the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the foliowing page.

Is It Time to Change Jobs? Employees in many countries change jobs more often than previous generations of workers. They don't expect to find a

job with a company that will take care of them for the rest of their lives. But what is the cause of this trend? Is it a new

economy, new ways of doing business, or the employees themselves?

A more globalized economy has had an effect on employment. A large number of companies are now international, and

one of them may decide that moving its offices from Germany to Poland, for example, is in its best interest. That means

employees who live and work in Germany may be asked to relocate their families to a new country or be told that their jobs

are simply eliminated.

Companies have also responded to economic pressures by restructuring for greater efficiency. This sort of change within

a company usually means that unnecessary jobs are cut, or that fewer employees must do more work. In either case,

some employees find themselves looking for new jobs.

New technology has also had an impact on workplaces. The increasing use of personal computers has meant fewer jobs

for office secretaries, as their former bosses do their own word processing and letter writing, and for travel agents, as

more travelers make their own reservations online. Automation, including the use of robotic devices, has replaced

workers in clothing factories, post offices, and telephone companies, to name just a few.

Besides these economic and technological reasons, today's employees are also responsible for more frequent job

changes. Workers in the past were less likely to leave a company because they were dissatisfied with working conditions

or because they didn't get aiong with their fellow employees. People today expect to enjoy their work and to get a high

degree of personal satisfaction from what they do for a living.

Employees may also leave a job because they have learned all they can learn from their current job. Getting a new job

means gaining new skills and making new contacts, and these skills and relationships could bring them a step closer to

their "dream job," the one that is challenging, emotionally and financially rewarding, and preferably closer to home or their

children's school.

Finally, companies start up and close down more quickly than they once did. Employees who suspect that their employer

is not doing well may decide to start looking for a new position before the company closes its doors.

407 words Time taken

Part г 1S3

Reading Comprehension

1 The article is mainly about.

a. reasons companies aren’t taking care of workers as well as they once did

b. ways in which international business has caused a loss of jobs

c. reasons workers change jobs more frequently than in the past

d. the contrast between employers in the past and employers nowadays

2 How has globalization affected employment?

a. Companies may relocate and cut jobs.

b. Employees in Western Europe are at a disadvantage.

c. Companies are not interested in keeping employees.

d. Employees may refuse to move to a different country.

3 The word restructuring in the third paragraph probably means _______ .

a. causes of economic pressure

b. building a new company

c. changes inside a company

d. looking for new employees

4 How has new technology caused some workers to lose their jobs?

a. Travel agents are making more reservations than before.

b. Robots can do the work of secretaries.

c. Personal computers have replaced automation.

d. Bosses and travelers can do more things independently.

5 What is one reason employees might keep their current jobs nowadays?

a. They do not get along with the people they work with.

b. They are happy and satisfied with their work.

c. Their employer provides bad working conditions.

d. They want a higher salary and more benefits.

6 Which of the following is not part of most people’s dream job?

a. emotional rewards

b. a long commute

c. plenty of money

d. challenging work

7 What does the author imply about employees?

a. They cause some companies to go out of business.

b. They do not think carefully about changing jobs.

c. They get worried if the company is not successful.

d. They are looking for something they won't find.

Ig4 REVIEW Unit 3

gCietting Ready Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 In your daily activities yesterday, where did you see advertising? Circle your answers.

TV

signs

online

radio junk

mail others:

newspapers on

clothes

magazines

posters

in buses / trains

window displays

2 Which of these ads did you actually read? Mark them with a check [ 3 Did any of these ads persuade you to buy the products?

J

K5

Lnit to Chapter 1: Ads Are Everywhere!

Before You Read: Buy, Buy, Buy!

A Answer the following questions.

1 What are some common places for advertising? Have you seen ads in any

unusual places?

2 In one minute, list as many advertising slogans as you can—in English or

your own language.

В Compare your list with a partner. Why do you remember these ads? How

often do you see and hear them?

Reading Skill; Skimming for the Main

Idea

One way to quickly

recognize what a

reading passage is

about is by first looking

at the title and the

beginning of each

paragraph. Doing this

before you read can

help you to understand

what the main ideas of

the reading will be.

A Look quickly at the article on the next page. Read only the title and the first

few words of each paragraph. Then decide if the main ideas below are true

(Л or false (F).

/

T F

1 Each person sees hundreds of ads every day.

2 Brand names on clothes are one kind of advertising.

3 Until now, advertisers haven’t used entertainment for ads.

4 Most people don’t notice advertising after a while.

5 Advertisers want to show ads to more people.

6 People should stop paying attention to advertising.

J

В Now read the whole article to see If your answers were correct.

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that foliow.

ISB Unit tO: [Jiapter I

Ad§ Are E' Research has found that the average person sees almost 3,000 ads every day.

That sounds impossible. When we think about advertising, we usually think ofTV

and radio commercials, and ads in newspapers and magazines. But that's only the

beginning.

5 Your clothes probably have a brand name on them-a very common form of

advertising. Many T-shirts and caps carry advertising for different products.

If you like to wear sports clothes, they probably carry the logo of a big international

company or a professional sports team.

Your favorite forms of entertainment are also filled with ads. If you go to a 10 soccer

game, the stadium has huge advertisements for all kinds of products. Many soft drink

companies put on concerts and other events. In movies, you'll see characters driving a

particular brand of car, or eating a popular snack food, because the manufacturers of

the products paid to be in the film.

15 The problem with all these kinds of advertising is that after some time, consumers

don't notice them. After we have seen ads on the train or in the bus many times, we

don't even read them. So advertisers have to find unusual places for ads, to surprise

us and make us pay attention to them. These days, you can find advertising in

restaurant bathrooms, on ATM 20 machines, and on the back of airplane seats. On the

Internet, one web page might have a dozen ads, and you also find lots of ads in your

e-mail. Cars, taxis, and other vehicles have become moving commercials. You see

ads on public telephones, and in elevators. There are even tiny ads on the apples in

the supermarket. Soon, you'll see ads pressed into the sand on beaches!

25 Advertisers are now devising ways to reach a truly global audience. Several years

ago, the Russian government sent up a rocket with a 10-meter-high ad for a pizza

restaurant on its side. Some companies are trying to develop signs in space that

everyone on earth can see.

With all of these ads that we see, we need to be aware of the messages 30 they

give us. Advertising can have a strong impact on our thinking, even when we don't

realize it. This is especially true for children, because they believe that everything they

see is true. People of all ages need to think critically about the ideas that we get from

advertising, and how they affect our behavior.

I

Reading Passage; Ads Are Everywhere!

Ads Are Everywhere! IB7

Reading Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

Critical Thinking

A Decide if these are places where we can see ads now {N) or in the future (Я).

on pieces of fruit 4 in restaurant bathrooms

in the sand on beaches 5 inside airplanes

on signs in space 6 in movies

В Circle the correct answers.

1 According to the article, most people (think a lot / don’t think much) about the ads they

see every day.

2 After people have seen an ad many times, they usually (buy the product / don’t read

the ad).

3 Companies try to find new places for ads so that people will (notice / enjoy) the ads

more.

4 Now companies are trying to find ways to make very (large / small) ads.

C Which of these opinions would the author agree with? Check your answers.

1 Advertising is a harmless kind of entertainment. _______

2 People aren’t aware of the real effects of advertising on their lives. ________

3 We should teach children to think carefully about the advertising that they

see. __ _

4 There is too much advertising in everyday life today. _______

5 Advertising gives us useful information about the products we buy..

Vocabulary Comprehension: Words in Context

A The words in italics are vocabulary from the reading. Read each sentence and

choose the correct answer.

. to read. 1 If the writing on a package of food is tiny, it is very _

a. easy b. difficult

2 If the students in a class put on a play, they ______ .

a. decide to have it later b. have a show

3 A global company is one that is_______ .

a. around the world b. very new

4 The logo for the Olympic Games is _______ .

a. five circles b. Beijing

5 An example of a vehicle is_______.

a. a parking lot b. a truck

6 If you devise a new kind of software, you ________ .

a. buy it b. invent it

7 If you change your behavior, you change ________ .

a. the things you do b. everything you spend money on

8 If a company manufactures cars, they _______ .

a. produce cars b. buy cars to use in their work

1S8 Unit Ю: ChaptBr 1

в Answer mese questions. Discuss your answers with a partner.

1 Name another famous logo that everyone knows. ____________

2 What are some important manufacturers in your country?

3 If you could have any new vehicle you wanted, what would you choose? Why?

4 When you were a child, was your behavior usually good or bad? Give some

examples.

A Make the words in the box negative by adding un-, in-, or im-. Then match them to

the definitions.

believable

aware

appropriate certain

formal correct

happy tidy

not seeing or knowing something:.

surprising: ____________________

not sure about something:

not right; wrong: _________

not right for a certain situation: not suitable:

6 relaxed in speech or manner: ____________

7 sad; miserable: _______________________

8 messy: _____________________

В Use the prefixes in- and un- to complete the diary entry below. If you don’t

need a prefix, leave the space blank.

It's 7:C0 A.M. on Monday. I wake up, open the closet, but I'm 1 _______ certain about

what 15 wear to work today Jeansanda sweater? No, maybe a pair of shorts and a Tshirt

are better—it’s qoinq to be a warm day. Believe it or not, this type

of 2 _____ formal style of dress in the workplace isn't 3 _______ appropriate in

Califorijiia’s Silicon Valley—home to many of the world's leading computer and

techno ogy companies. Peter Kilborn, who 4 _____ originally comes from New York

City re members his first day at a company in the Valley. “On my first day at work,

I notic^ how different everyone looked. There were a lot of people in jeans, and a

couple pf people had shorts on. They didn't look 5 ______ tidy; they looked

6 ____ comfortable and relaxed. It was 7 ________ believable for me because I'd never

really seen people dressed this way in an office. S _____ fortunately, I felt a bit silly

because I wore a suit on my first day! This was completely 9 ______ appropriate. I

learned my lesson, though. Now I only wear a suit if I have an important meeting.

Otherwise, I'm in myjeans. I'm a(n) 10 ______ happy guy!"

Vocabulary Skill; The Prefixes in-, im-,

and un-

“In-,” "im-,” and “un-"

are prefixes that mean

“not.” They can come

at the beginning of a

verb, adjective, or

adverb. Recognizing

and remembering

what these prefixes

mean can help you to

understand more

words.

Ads Агв EvErywhere! tB9

Unit I a Chapter 2: How AdveiHsing Uses Psychology

Before You Read; Interesting Ads

AAnswer the following questions.

1 Have you seen or heard an interesting ad recently? Why do you like it?

2 Have you ever bought a product after seeing one ad for it? Why did the ad

persuade you to buy the product?

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; Distinguishing between

Main and Supporting

Ideas

Every paragraph has a

main idea, with

supporting ideas that

explain the main idea.

The main idea is usually

in the beginning of the

paragraph—but not

alwaysl By

distinguishing between

the main and supporting

ideas, you get a clearer

understanding of the

purpose of the reading.

A Look at the passage on the next page. Read the first three paragraphs and

mark the main idea in each paragraph (1И), and the supporting idea (S).

Paragraph 1 If you live in Tokyo or Toronto, you need a warnn coat in the winter. ________

The goal of advertising is to change our ideas about things we want and

need. _____

Paragraph 2

Many ads use people’s emotions—like fear or love—to persuade us that we need

the product. ______

Some advertisements use fear to sell products. ________

Paragraph 3

Commercials for soft drinks often show people having a party, playing sports, or

enjoying a day at the beach. ______

Some ads are based on people’s desire for fun and enjoyment. ________

В Now read the next two paragraphs. Write the main idea and one of the

supporting ideas.

Paragraph 4

Main idea: _________________________________________________________

One supporting idea:

Paragraph 5 Main idea:

One supporting idea:

C Now read the articie again and answer the questions that foliow.

130 Unit Ю: OiaptEr E

How Advertising Uses Psychology

If you live in Tokyo or Toronto, you need a warm coat in the winter. But you want г

coat that is short, or black, or has a designer brand. The aim of advertising is to

change our ideas about things we want and need.

Many ads use peoples emotions—like fear or love—to persuade us that we need the

product. Think of a TV commercial that shows a woman out driving in a car on a

(ainy day, with her two small children. Suddenly, another car turns in front of ber.

The mother quickly hits the brakes, and her car comes to a stop. The children are still

smiling and laughing. The message is: This car will keep you safe. Advertisements

like this one use fear to sell products. Other examples are slogans that tell you to

“take vitamins to prevent heart disease,” or “buy insurance—protect your family.”

Commercials for soft drinks often show people having a party, playing sports, or

enjoying a day at the beach. Everyone in the ad is having a good time. The message

is: If you buy this drink, you will have a good time too. Many ads like this are based

on peoples desire for fun and enjoyment.

Advertising for designer products uses peoples vanity to sell the product.

The adsjtry to create a personality for each brand. For example, one brand of watches'

is for people who like adventure, with ads featuring an auto racer or a pilot wearing

them. Another brand of watches is for elegant and fashionable people,,and the ads

show wealthy travelers on a cruise ship. The watches look almost the same—only

their images are different. When you buy that brand of watch, ^ou are buying the

image. This is the reason that people spend much more n|oney for a product with a

famous designer brand.

After an ad is prepared, advertisers use psychology to make it more effective.

Psychologists have found that people have positive feelings about things they see

more often, so the same ad is used for a long time before it is replaced with a new acj.

Other studies found that people react better to an ad when it is fresh in their iriemory,

so TV ads are repeated very often.

Knowing about psychology in advertising lets us make better decisions about the

things we buy. It helps us understand the difference between the things we

want-^and the things we really need.

Reading Passage: How Advertising

Uses Psychology

Haw Advertising Uses Psgchalogg 131

Reading Comprehension: Check Your Understanding

A Complete the sentences.

1 Advertisers use psychology to study people’s ____________

them to sell products.

2 Three kinds of feelings that are used in advertising are _

_________________ , and __________________ .

3 Psychology is also used to make advertisements more.

4 Researchers discovered that it's better to use ads for a,

and to show them ________________ .

В Answer true (7) or false (F).

According to the reading ...

and use

time

f T Л

F

1 Making people feel afraid is an effective way to make them

buy a product.

2 For some kinds of products, there is no real difference

between different brands.

3 The only reason people pay more for designer brands is

because of the higher quality.

4 Scientists don’t know very much about how people respond

to advertising.

5 People can use psychology to understand the advertising

they see.

У

Critical Thinking C Which emotion is each of these slogans appealing to?

1 The world’s most beautiful women use SoftSilk Shampoo.

2 Protect your health! Drink Crystal Water—it’s cleaner, purer, safer.

3 Food, friends, good times—with Giorgio’s Frozen Pizza.

4 Where is your child? Buy her a Saftel cell phone, and you’ll always know.

5 With a Magnasound Stereo in your home, every day is a party!

Vocabulary Comprehension: Word Definitions

A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word with a definition.

act in a certain way in answer to something

a phrase used in advertising

being too proud of yourself

1 aim ___ a.

2 slogan __ b.

3 product ___ c.

4 desire ___ d.

5 elegant ___ e.

6 image ___ f.

7 vanity ___ g-

8 react __ h.

I3E Unit Ш: Chapter B

в Complete the sentences using words from A. Be sure to use the correct

form of the word.

1 The dress she wore to the party was simple and very ____________________ . She

looked great!

2 Some advertising ________________ become so popular that people use them

in songs and jokes.

3 The ______________ of the ad is to persuade more people to use public

transportation.

4 Our company’s newest ____________

has a young, modern ______________ . for teenagers is a computer that

A Look at the examples in the chart below. Using the suffix -ist, complete the

chart with the names of occupations. See page 63 (Unit 5) for some jobs

ending in “oiogy.”

Vocabulary Skill; The Suffix -ist

A person who . . . Synonyms

plays guitar

studies living things

practices numerology

studies nature and the environment

writes novels

studies the Earth’s rocks and soil

plays the piano

In this chapter, you

read the word

"psychologist." The

suffix “-ist’’ can be

combined with many

nouns (e.g., ‘‘biology,’’

"guitar") to form the

name of an occupation.

Can you add any more?.

В Complete the questions using an occupation from the chart. Take turns asking

and answering the questions with a partner.

1 Which would you rather be, a _ 2 Who is your favorite _________

3 Why would someone go to see a _

4 Imagine that you are a __________

5 Do you believe that a ___________

future?

6 Can you name a famous ________

ora _? Why?

_. What will your next book be about? . can

predict what will happen in your

Haw AdVErtising Uses Psgcholagg 133

Real Life Skill; Reading Numbers in

Text

Different countries use

different counting

systems. Practice will

help you get used to

reading numbers in

another language.

A Look at the chart and review how these numbers are written and spoken

in English.

Number Written and spoken as . . .

1,000

1,500

10,000

100,000

225.0

1,000,000

1.500.000

one thousand, a thousand, 1К

one thousand five hundred, fifteen hundred

ten thousand

one hundred thousand, a hundred thousand two hundred (and)

twenty-five thousand one million, a million

one million five hundred thousand, one point five million (1.5 million)

В Read and then write the number.

1 two million ____________________

2 four million five hundred thousand.

3 four hundred fifty-five thousand ___

4 seventeen hundred twenty-eight _

5 ten thousand seven hundred _____

C Read the ad to yourself. Then, read one paragraph aloud to a partner, and listen

as your partner reads the other paragraph to you.

Play the state lottery . . . Win your dreamsi Yesterday, the state lottery made two new millionaires. The total jackpot was

$4,600,000; each winner will take home half that amount, or $2,300,000. The first

winner is Lisa Morton, age 45, of Santa Rosa. Ms. Morton says she plans to spend

$475,000 right away to buy the house that she has always wanted.

The other winner is Winston Yu, age 62, of Bakersfield. Mr. Yu plans to quit his job,

give each of his children $125,000, and spend $8,500 fixing his house. Next

Tuesday's lottery jackpot is now set at $1,200,000. You could become a

millionaire, and make your dreams come true!

What Do You Think?

1 What kinds of ads are the most effective in getting people to buy the product that is advertised- funny?

dramatic? informational? Explain your answer. 2 Are there any places where advertising should not be allowed? Why? 3 In your opinion, should there be restrictions on advertising to children?

134 Lnlt ID: Chapter E

Eating for Health

Getting Ready

Write these foods in the chart. Then compare your answers with a partner, expiaining your reasons.

lettuce potatoes coffee sausage

baiianas oranges pizza ice cream

hamburgers butter tea steak

chocolate cookies bacon tomatoes

French fries fish bread

carrots corn flakes rice

chicken cheese pasta

Unhealthy

135

Lnit 11 Chapter 1: Breakfast Like a King?

Before You Read: A Good Breakfast

Reading Skill; Making Inferences

Information in a reading

passage is not always

stated directly.

Sometimes a reader

has to infer (make

guesses about) events

or a writer’s opinion,

using the information

that is available in the

reading.

A Answer these questions.

1 Did you eat breakfast today? Do you think it is an important meal?

Why, or why not?

2 Read the sayings below. What do you think they mean?

a. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. b. You are what you eat.

3 Do you have sayings related to food and health in your country?

4 Read these two statements about James.

For years, James ate two eggs and three pieces of bacon every day

for breakfast.

Yesterday, at the age of 50, James had a heart attack that almost killed him.

What can we infer, or guess, about James?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

A Scan the reading quickly and choose the best answer to the questions

below. You will have to infer information from the reading. Explain

your answers to a partner.

1 What kind of food shouldn’t a person eat every day?

a. cereal b. meat c. vegetables

2 Which sentences in the reading helped you find the answer?

В Make inferences to answer these questions.

1 In the opinion of Dr. Lee, which country has the unhealthiest eating habits?

a. The United States b. Mexico c. Switzerland

2 In Mexico, the main meal probably _________ .

a. is quite short

b. finishes around 2:00 P.M.

c. lasts an hour or more

C Read the passage on the next page and answer the questions that follow.

13Б Unit 11: Oiapter 1

Breakfast Like a King? Dear Dr. Lee,

I’ve heard that a person should eat a large

breakfast. What’s the healthiest breakfast,

and why.’

- Antonia, Toronto, Canada

Dear Antonia,

There’s an old saying: “Breakfast like a king,

lunch like a prince, and dine like a poor man.”

In most countries, dinner is the biggest meal of the day. So why does this saying I

tell us to eat a large breakfast instead?

The answer is in the word “breakfast” itself. It means the “breaking” of a “fast,” or a

long period without eating. The time between dinner and breakfast can be more than

twelve hours, so the meal that breaks your fast is very important. It should be

healthy and nutritious. Also, unlike your evening meal, the food you consume for

breakfast gives you the energy you need during the most active part of your day.

Researchers have found evidence that eating a big breakfast can improve your

concentration and mood, and boost your energy level.

Experts agree that it’s important to eat a good breakfast, and to have your main meal

earlier in the day. However, not enough people are heeding their advice. In the U.S.,

for example, many people skip breakfast or have only a cup of coffee in the

morning. About two-thirds of the population still have their main meal in the

evening. Many popular dinner foods, such as steak and French fries, are heavy in

fat, which makes people feel lethargic.

Other countries follow healthier patterns of eating. In Mexico, families generally

have a light breakfast, and eat their largest meal at 2 p.m. It might include an

appetizer; soup, pasta, fish, meat with a salad, dessert, and finally tea or coffee.

In Switzerland, the main meal is also eaten in the middle of the day, and usually

contains a lot of fresh vegetables and fruits; the Swiss generally eat meat only two

or three times a week.

The best breakfast is one that contains plenty of protein and carbohydrates to give you

the energy for your daily aaivities. Two examples of such a breakfast are eggs and

whole wheat toast, or cereal with milk. Of course, there are many different kinds of

healthy breakfasts. In Japan, people like to have rice, soup, and an egg in the morning;

a typical Arab breakfast is bread, cheese, and olives. There are many wholesome foods

you can choose—^the important thing is to start your day with breakfast, and get the

nutrition you need.

Reading Passage; Breakfast Like a King?

Breakfast Like a King? 137

Reading Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

Critical Thinking

A Circle the correct word or phrase to complete each statement.

1 The most important meal of the day is (breakfast / lunch / dinner).

2 Health experts stress the importance of eating a main meal (without meat / in the

evening / earlier).

3 Generally, Swiss people eat meat (every day / several times a week / two or

three times a year).

4 According to the article, people in (the U.S. / Mexico/ Japan) don’t follow healthy meal

habits.

В Answer true (7) or false (Я).

T Л

F

1 Breakfasts in countries around the world are very similar.

2 Doctors say that you should eat most of your daily food early

in the day.

3 Scientists have found that your dinner has the most

important effect on your level of energy.

4 There are many different kinds of food you can eat ^ for a

healthy breakfast.

У

C Look at these breakfasts. Which ones are healthy, according to the article?

How could you change the others to make them more nutritious?

1 a ham sandwich and a glass of milk

2 toast and coffee

3 a banana and an orange

4 soup and tea 5 yogurt, bread, and an apple

Vocabulary Comprehension; Odd Word Out

A For each group, circle the word that does not belong. The words in italics

are vocabulary items from the reading.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

В Complete each sentence using a word in italics from A. Be sure to use the

correct form of the word.

1 Don’t talk to Mark this morning. He got bad test grades and is in a very

bad ______________ .

concentration attention focus daydreaming

quote proverb saying book

boost lower improve increase

wholesome healthy harmful good

pay attention heed listen ignore

feeling emotion diet mood

lethargic energetic sleepy lazy

generally rarely usually normally

I3B Unit 11: ChaptEr 1

2 Even when I’m tired, I find exercising always _________________ my energy

levels.

3 It takes a lot of _______________ and skill to translate from one language to

another as people are speaking.

4 I think that yogurt is one of the most ________________ foods you can eat.

It’s good for your teeth, bones, and digestion.

A Complete the chart with the appropriate noun, verb, and adjective forms. Be

careful—not every word will have all three. Compare your answers with a partner.

Noun Verb Adjective

suflciestion suflciest suoflested

nutritious

consume

digest

concentration

mood

boost

В Now complete the article below with the appropriate word from the chart.

Time for a Coffee Break—or a Break from Coffee? On Thursday, October 3, Adam Harper decided to stop drinking coffee. Adam

is an MBA student. He studies long hours, gets very little sleep and, as a result,

he drinks a lot of coffee—anywhere from five to six cups a day. Recently,

Adam felt that drinking this much coffee was making it hard for him to sleep

at all. He also began having problems with his (1) ______, and complained

of stomachaches. Adam's doctor made this (2) ______ : stop drinking coffee

altogether.

When Adam got up on October 3, he began his day without his morning

coffee. By 11:00 A.M., Adam was in a terrible (3) ______ . He was tired and

had a headache. At 11:30, he had a meeting with his student advisor but he

found it almost impossible to (4) ______ . What was going on?

Caffeine, a chemical found in coffee, was most likely the reason for how

Adam

felt. Caffeine is a stimulant that (5) ______ energy levels and improves

(6) _______ but only for a short time. Lowering caffeine (7) ________

often causes a drop in blood pressure, and the result is a "coffee headache."

People who stop drinking coffee often say they feel tired and (8) ______,

and find it hard to focus.

The good news is that these feelings usuaffy pass after four to five days.

During this time, doctors (9) ______ taking some aspirin for the headache.

So, if Adam can wait, in less than a week, he may be feeling much better.

Vocabulary Skill; Word Families

When you learn a new

word in English, it is

helpful to also learn

words in the same

“family” that form the

different parts of

speech. Learning

these different parts of

speech that make up

the word family can

help you to expand

your vocabulary.

C Do you drink coffee? Do you think it’s bad for your health? Discuss your

opinion with a partner. Use the words from the chart to help you.

Breakfast Like a King? 139

Unit 11 Chapter 2: Is Your MDesImimg the Envinment?

Before You Read; Diet Questionnaire

A Complete the questionnaire by choosing the answers that best describe you.

1 1 eat meat __ .

a. never; I’m a vegetarian b. several times a week c. at least once a day

2 1 usually drink __ glasses of water every day.

a. 6 or more b.3-5 c.1-2

3 1 usually eat ___ servings of fruit and vegetables a day. a. 5 or more b.3-4 c.1-2

4 1 eat junk food ___ .

a. once a week or less b. several times a week c. every day

5 1 take vitamins ___ .

a. every day b. sometimes c. never

The key to your health; a = 3 points, b = 2 points, c = 1 point. Now add up your score,

and read the results below.

12-15 points: You're in great health! Keep up the good work.

7-11 points: You’re pretty healthy, but remember, there are always ways that we can

take better care of ourselves! There are some things you need to do to be healthier.

6 or fewer points: Do you get sick often? It might be your diet. You should think

about changing your eating habits and perhaps your lifestyle—soon!

В Compare your answers with a partner. Who has a healthier diet?

Reading Skill: Understanding Cause

and Effect

Sometimes a reading is

organized by telling

about the causes and

effects of a problem or

situation. Understanding

these relationships of

cause and effect will

help you to understand

the author's main idea in

the reading.

A Read the article and complete the sentences about the causes and their effects.

1 Because people consume a

lot of meat in their diet,

2 Because farm animais expel

gas from their bodies,

3 Because farmers raise more animals

for meat,

4 Because farmers switch from raising

animals to raising crops,

5 Because some people eat a vegan

a. more food is produced on the same land.

b. the environment is harmed.

c. they don’t get enough vitamins and

minerals.

d. global warming increases.

e. a lot more water is needed for farming.

(strict vegetarian) diet,

В Look at your answers in A. What are two bad effects that our diet can have on the

environment?

1

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

MO Unit II: Chapter S

Sciejnce Today:

Is Your Diet Destroying the

Environment? Many people know that eating a vegetarian diet has important health benefits. Vegetarians

usually have lower levels of heart disease, and studies have also shown that thtly have a lower

risk of diabetes than people who eat meat. Most people don’t realize, however, that a

vegetarian diet is also better for the health of our environment.

Recently, researchers from the Union of Concerned Scientists in the U.S. released a report on

how consumer behavior affects the environment.Their study showed that meat consumption

is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment, second only to the use of

motor vehicles.

10 So, how can a simple thing like eating meat have a negative effect on the

environment? The most important impact of meat production is through the use of water and

land. Two thousand five hundred gallons' of water are needed to produce one pound’ of beef,

whereas only twenty gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of wheat. By producing

crops instead of animals, we 15 can n)ake more efficient use of the land and water. One acre’ of

farmland that i| used for raising livestock can produce 250 pounds of beef One acre of farmland

used for crops can produce 40,000 pounds of potatoes, 30,000 pounds of carrots, or 50,000

pounds of tomatoes.

Furthermore, farm animals add to the problem of global warming. All livestock 20 animjais

such as cows, pigs, and sheep release methane by expelling gas from theirj bodies. One cow can

produce up to si.xty liters of methane each day. Methane gas is the second most common

greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Mar|\’ environmental experts now believe that methane is

more responsible for globjal warming than carbon dioxide. It is estimated that twenty-five

percent of 25 all nliethane released into the atmosphere comes from farm animals.

Peo ale are becoming aware of the benefits of switching to a vegetarian diet, not just for

health reasons, but also because it plays a vital role in protecting the environment. Some people

go further, and eat a vegan diet, which excludes all products from animal sources, such as cheese,

eggs, and milk. However, some 30 nutritionists believe that a vegan diet can be deficient in some

of the vitamins ancj minerals that our bodies need daily.

Today, many people are concerned about improving their health, and about pnjtecting the

environment. Switching to a vegetarian diet—or just eating less meat—is a good way to do

both of these things at the same time.

Reading Passage: Is Your Diet Destroying the

Environment?

’gallon 1 gallon = 3.78 liters in the U.S., 4.5 liters in the U.K. 'pound 1 pound = 0.45 kg

'acre 1 acre = 4.046 m'

Is Your Diet Destroying the Environment? 141

Reading Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

Critical Thinking

A Read the sentences below and underline the mistakes. Rewrite each sentence

using the correct information.

1 Many vegetarians are at risk of heart disease and other serious illnesses.

2 Eating meat is bad for the environment because livestock animals produce

carbon dioxide. ______________________________________________________

3 It is possible to produce more meat than vegetables on one acre of farmland.

4 Nutritionists believe that following a diet without any animal products is always

healthy. ____________________________________________________________

5 According to the reading, there are now too many vegetarians.

В Which amount is larger? Circle the correct item in each pair.

1 a. the rate of heart disease in vegetarians b.

the rate of heart disease in other people

2 a. the amount of global warming caused by methane

b. the amount of global warming caused by carbon dioxide

3 a. the water needed to produce a pound of meat

b. the water needed to produce a pound of vegetables

4 a. the pounds of meat you can produce on a piece of land

b. the pounds of vegetables you can produce on a piece of land

5 a. the vitamins in a vegan diet

b. the vitamins in a vegetarian diet

C Answer the questions.

1 This article gives several reasons for eating a vegetarian diet. What are the

reasons? Do you think these reasons will persuade people?

2 Would you be happy eating a vegetarian diet? Why, or why not?

3 Do you think more or fewer people will be vegetarian in the future? Why?

Vocabulary Comprehension; Word Definitions

A Match the words from the reading with the correct definitions. Write the letter of

the definition next to the word.

1 livestock a.

2 vital b.

3 expel c. 4 estimate d.

5 deficient e.

6 exclude f.

7 efficient g-

8 crop h.

most important; necessary

14S Unit 11: Chapter S

в Complete the questions below using vocabulary from A. Then take turns

asking and answering questions with a partner.

1 What food or drink would be hard for you to __________________ from your diet?

2 Is your diet ________________ in any way? Is there something you should be

eating more of?

3 What is the best way to ____

4 Which is more ___________ . how healthy you are?

. for life — meat or fruit?

A For each word write the part of speech and a simple definition. Use your

dictionary to heip you. Share your ideas with a partner.

Word Part of speech Definition vitamin

survive

revive

vitality

vivacious

vivid

В Complete each sentence using a word from the chart. Be sure to use the correct

form of the word.

1 The couple was in a serious car accident, but luckily they. 2 Taking these ______________ can help to restore your _____

3 Sandra is such a.

office likes her.

4 Which has more

_ and outgoing woman that everyone in the .

C—an orange, or a glass of orange juice?

5 I know you’re tired. Maybe drinking some coffee will help to ______________ you.

6 I have very _______________memories of growing up in Italy as a child.

Vocabulary Skill; The Root Word vit/viv

In this chapter, you

learned the adjective

"vital,” a word made by

combining the root word

“vit,” meaning “life,” with

the suffix “-al,” meaning

"like” or “relating to.”

“Vit,” also sometimes

written as “viv," can be

combined with other

prefixes and suffixes to

form many words in

English.

C Now write four sentences of your own using words from the chart. Share your

sentences with a partner.

Is Yaur Diet Destroying the Environment? 143

Real Life Skill: Understanding Units of

Measure

A Look at the chart and review the measurements. What does each measure?

Most of the world uses

the metric system to

measure things like

length and weight.

Some countries,

though, use non-metric

measures, or a

combination of both.

Becoming familiar with

the different measuring

systems will help you to

understand readings

from these countries.

Metric Non-metric Measures Comparison

kilogram

centimeter

liter

kilometer

Celsius

hectare

pound foot, inch

gallon mile

Fahrenheit*

acre

1. weight

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1 lb = .45 kg

1 ft = 30 cm, 1 in = 2.5 cm 1

gallon = 4.5 1 1 mile = 1.6 km

32°F = 0°C

1 hectare = 2.47 acres

’to convert °F to °C: subtract 32 from the °F temperature and then multiply by .555

В Complete the sentences below using the non-metric measurement units

from the chart.

1 For dinner, Angela needs to buy four _____

half _________________ of milk, and two.

meat.

2 Junil’s temperature is 102° _____________

3 Tomoko’s school is seven ______________

4 John is 5 _________________ 10 ____________

250 ________________ .

5 Carla needs to drive twenty__________________

has eight ________________ of gas in her car.

. of potatoes, a

__ of ground

. from her home. tall,

and weighs

6 My Uncle Dan has 500 _ of land in Texas.

C Complete each statement by circling the correct answer. Explain your

answers to a partner.

1 Angela is probably preparing dinner for (2-3 /10-12) people.

2 Junil probably (feels great / has the flu).

3 Tomoko probably (walks / takes a bus) to school.

4 John is a little (underweight / overweight).

5 Carla probably (needs / doesn’t need) to get some gas for tomorrow’s drive.

6 Uncle Dan has a (big/ small) farm.

. tomorrow. Right now she

What Do You Think?

1 What are three things that you could do to improve your diet? How difficult would it be for you to make these

changes?

2 How have people’s eating habits in your country changed in the last ten years? Do you think these changes

are good or bad?

3 How do you think our food will be different ten years in the future?

/44 Unit 11: ChaptBr S

Saving

Getting Ready Take this quiz. Compare your answers with a partner.

Number of “always” answers: Are you a friend of the environment? Circle your answers.

1 I turn off lights when I leave the room to save electricity,

always sometimes never

2 I recycle paper, or write on the reverse side of the page,

always sometimes never

3 I recycle aluminum cans and plastic drink bottles,

always sometimes never

4 I use public transportation such as buses or trains,

always sometimes never

5 I buy used or recycled products,

always sometimes never

6 I take short showers and use water carefully,

always sometimes never

7 I eat vegetarian food.

always sometimes never

8 I avoid buying products with wasteful packaging,

always sometimes never

Number of “sometimes” answers:

Number of “never” answers:

How can you change one of your

“never” or “sometimes” answers?

I4S

Unit IS Chapter 1: Clem Up Austalia, Clean {/p the Worid

Before You Read; How Clean Is Your

City?

A Answer these questions.

1 Do you think your city is clean or dirty? Why? Why are some cities cleaner than

others?

2 What can people do to make their cities cleaner?

3 What are some kinds of volunteer work that people do to help the environment?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill: Scanning for Numbers

Numbers are often

important information in

a reading. You can use

scanning (quick reading

for specific information)

to find the important

numbers and statistics

in the passage that you

are reading.

A Read the title and the first two paragraphs of the passage on the next page. Then

quickly scan the rest of the article to find these numbers.

1 the year of the first Clean Up Sydney Harbour __________

2 the number of volunteers in Clean Up Sydney Harbour ___________

3 the number of tons of garbage picked up in Clean Up Australia Day 2005

4 the percent of plastic packaging that is recycled. 5 the year Kiernan's new program started __________

6 the number of volunteers in Clean Up the World. 7 the number of countries in Clean Up the World _

В Look at your answers in A. Then answer these questions.

1 How long has Kiernan worked on environmental projects?

2 How would you describe his projects?

3 How did Kiernan’s projects change during this time?

C Read the entire passage and answer the questions that follow.

I4B Unit IS: Chapter I

Clean Up Australia, Clean Up the World Ian Kiernan was born in Sydney, Australia, and grew up near the sea. As a

child, he loved swimming, fishing, and sailing in Sydney Harbour, After finishing

school, he started a construction company, which specialized in restoring

historic buildings. But his main love was the sea and sailing.

5 For more than 40 years, he represented Australia in international sailing

competitions.

In 1987, Kiernan was competing in an around-the-world sailing race when he

began to notice the enormous amount of garbage in the world’s oceans. When he

returned to Australia, he decided to do something 10 about it.

He started close to home by organizing a community event called “Clean Up

Sydney Harbour,” On Sunday, January 8,1989, more than 40,000 volunteers

came out to clear away garbage. The next year, Kiernan decided to make the

clean-up a national event. It was a huge success.

15 Across Australia, an estimated 300,000 people spent the day working to improve

their local environment.

Clean Up Australia Day has been held annually since then, growing bigger every

year. In 2005, for example, 670,000 people removed more than 8,450 tons of

garbage from beaches, parks, streets, and waterways. They 20 picked up empty

glass and plastic bottles, plastic bags, and thousands of snack food wrappers. There

were also some more unusual items, including an electric guitar, a plastic monkey,

and a full bottle of whiskeyl

Kiernan is delighted with the success of his project. “Just the spirit of Clean Up is

great. People out there are really, really into it,” he said, after 25 last year’s Clean Up

Australia Day. “We saw 1,500 roadsides cleared, 700 parks, 1,300 waterways, and

coastal areas. The only thing is—of ail of the plastic that we find out there, only 20 per

cent of plastic packaging is actually recycled. When you look at paper recycling, we

have got 80 per cent recovery. There is a lot that needs to be done there.”

30 In 1993, Kiernan started an even more ambitious program. With the help of the

United Nations Environment Program, he launched Clean Up the World, an

international program that supports communities around the world in cleaning up

and conserving the environment. Every year, the third weekend in September is

Clean Up the World weekend. In its first year,

35 more than 30 million people in 80 countries participated. Since then. Clean Up

the World has grown larger and more popular every year. Ian Kiernan’s unique

idea has spread from one city to the whole world.

I

Reading Passage; Clean Up Australia,

Clean Up the'

Clean Up Australia, Clean Up the World 147

Reading Comprehension; Check Your Understanding

A Write numbers to put these events in the correct order.

Critical Thinking

. Forty thousand people picked up garbage in Sydney.

. Kiernan started his own business.

. People across Australia worked to clean up garbage.

. Kiernan worked with the United Nations to start an international program.

. Kiernan became concerned about environmental problems.

. Kiernan competed in international sailing races.

В Choose the correct answer.

1 Kiernan started Clean Up Sydney Harbour because he loves _____ .

a. the sea b. animals c. the city

2 On Clean Up Australia Day, volunteers picked up garbage in _____ .

<|)c

a. cities b. the countryside

Kiernan is not satisfied with ____ .

a. the amount of garbage picked up

b. the number of volunteers

c. the amount of recycling

Clean Up the World is ____ every year.

a. one day b. two days

c. cities and the countryside

c. one week

Would a clean-up day like this be popular in your country? Why, or why not? Do you

think volunteer activities are a good way to solve environmental problems? Explain

your answer.

Vocabulary Comprehension; Words in Context

A Read the sentences and choose the correct answers. The words in italics are

vocabulary from the reading.

1 That music store specializes in classical music. They sell _______ .

a. many different things b. only one thing

2 Air pollution is an enormous problem in my country. The air here is very ________ .

a. dirty b. clean

3 If you do voiunteer work, you _____ for the work you do.

a. get a salary b. don’t receive pay

4 If you represent your school at a meeting, you go to the meeting ________ .

a. alone b. with all the students from your school

5 The children picked up garbage in the park. After they were finished, the park

looked _____ .

a. beautiful b. terrible

6 My uncle’s hobby is restoring _____ .

a. stamps b. old cars

7 Jamal has ambitious plans. After he graduates, he wants to________ .

a. relax and take it easy b. start his own business

8 If you participate every day in English class, you will ______ .

a. learn a lot b. fail the exam

MS Unit IB; Chapter I

в Answer these questions. Discuss your answers with a partner.

1 Have you, or someone you know, ever restored something old?

1 Name a volunteer organization that does important work in your country.

2 Do you know someone who has ambitious plans? Give some examples.

3 What are some good ways to participate in your class?

A Read the announcement below, and circle all of the re- words you find.

Sunrise Collection Services announces two more reasons to recycle...

Now there is even more reason to separate recyclables such as

plastic, tin, aluminum, and papet from your weekly trash. Please

review the following information and contact us with your questions

or comments.

fetTry^^und'oktash you recycle, we will take 50 cents offyour garbage bilT

Those who return recyclables to one of our locations directly will get 60 cents

ott. You will receive a refund for the total amount at the end of the year. Help to repair our neighborhood parks. — j ~

Did you know that 20% of the materials you recycle are used to fix things lik

park fences, benches, and play structures? Help improve your community у recycling. ____________________

В Match each of the re- words from A with the definitions below.

1 to fix something that is broken: ____

2 things that can be used again: ____

3 to make something smaller: ______

4 to use a waste item again: _______

5 to give money back to a person: _

6 to get, take, or accept something:

7 to look something over: _________

What do they mean? Share your ideas with a partner.

Vocabulary Skill; The Prefix re

in this chapter, you

read the verb

"recycle," a word

made by combining

the prefix “re-,”

meaning “again or

back/return,” with the

verb “cycle,” meaning

“to happen in an

order." “Re-” can be

combined with nouns,

verbs, adjectives, and

root words to form

many words in

English.

Clean Up Australia, Clean Up the World 149

Unit 1ё Chapter 2: Resources for the Future

Before You Read; Our Natural

Resources

Answer the following questions.

1 How many natural resources can you list?

water, oil,

2 Which of these resources does your country have plenty of? Circle them.

Which of these resources are limited now, or will be a problem in the future?

Underline them.

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill: Skimming to Assess a

Passage

Skimming can help you

decide whether a

reading contains the

information that you are

looking for. If it does

contain useful

information, then you

can read it again more

slowly.

A Imagine you are writing a report about rainforests. You are looking for

information on the following topics. Skim the article quickly and check the

topics that it contains.

____ why the rainforests are important

____ where rainforests are located

____ how fast the rainforests are disappearing

____ how to save the rainforests

В Skim the article again and write the correct paragraph number for each

main idea.

Rainforests are a very important part of our environment.

Paragraph _____

The rainforests will disappear if we don’t take action now to save them.

Paragraph ____

Scientists are worried about the future of our fresh water and rainforests.

Paragraph ____

Environmental problems are reducing the amount of fresh water that we have.

Paragraph ____

Water is important for every form of life.

Paragraph _____

All countries must work together to preserve our resources for the future.

Paragraph ____

C Read the passage again more carefully and answer the questions

that follow.

ISO Unit IS: Chapter S

Resources for the Future The world’s population grows larger every day, and with population

growth comes greater consumption of all kinds of materials. Scientists

and environmental groups are increasingly concerned about conserving

two important natural resources: our fresh water, and our rainforests.

5 Water supports every form of life. Neither plants nor animals can survive

for very long without it. It is the most widely used resource in industry,

and plays a шгцог role in energy production. The quality of Ufe, as well

as life itself, depends on a continual supply of clean, fresh water.

10 However, clean water suppUes are now dwindling in China, India, and the

U.S,, countries which together produce half the world’s food. The main

causes of this shortage are overpopulation, water pollution, and

deforestation. In India, it is estimated that future water shortages could

reduce grain harvests by twenty-five percent. In a cormtry where the

15 population exceeds 1,000,000,000 and is increasing by approximately

18,000,000 every year, this is a serious concern. Possible solutions to this

problem include introducing better ways of recycling water, and limiting

population growth.

Another valuable and endangered resource is the world’s rainforests.

20 The Atnazon rainforest of Brazil has often been called the “Lungs of the

Planet,” because it naturally takes in carbon dioxide and puts out oxygen,

which helps keep our atmosphere clean. The Amazon rainforest is home

to more than half of the world’s estimated ten million species of plants,

animals, and insects. It also produces raw materials for cancer-

25 fighting drugs and other pharmaceuticals.

Rainforests once covered fourteen percent of the earth’s land surface.

Now they cover only six percent, and experts beheve that we may destroy

these rainforests completely in less than forty years. One clear solution is

using recycled products instead of cutting trees for wood.

30 Another solution is reducing people’s consumption of meat, since many

rainforests are destroyed to provide farmland to raise livestock and food

for livestock. We wiU need to provide new sources of income for the

people of the rainforest, such as harvesting medicinal plants, fruits, and

nuts that grow there.

35 Environmental organizations must work together with different

communities, and different countries, to find solutions to these resource

problems. As citizens of the earth, we need to work towards a sustainable

way of hving that will preserve natural resources for our children and

grandchildren.

Reading Passage: Resources for the

Future

Resources far the Future IS!

Reading A Read the sentences below and underline the mistakes. Rewrite each

Comprehension: sentence using the correct information.

Check Your ^ Scientists are now very worried about only one of the earth’s most important

resources.

Understanding

Critical Thinking

2 Water pollution is the only cause of dwindling water supplies.

3 Grain harvests in India have increased because of clean water supplies.

4 Rainforests are important because they put out carbon dioxide and provide us with

medicine.

5 Raising people’s consumption of meat can help to save the rainforest.

В Check all the correct answers. More than one answer may be correct.

f Water shortage

'\ Rainforest loss

1 This problem involves an important

resource being destroyed.

2 Pollution is one cause of this problem.

3 Recycling is a possible solution to this

problem.

4 This problem will affect the air that we

breathe.

5 Population growth is one cause of this

problem.

J

C Answer the questions.

1 Why does the author talk about the reasons we need water in paragraph 2?

2 Why does the author give information about the rainforest in paragraph 4?

3 In your opinion, are there any resources that will never be a problem in the

future? Explain your answer.

Vocabulary Comprehension; Word Definitions

A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word with its

definition.

1 endangered.

2 solution ____

3 sustainable.

a. to be, or have, more than

b. to be in danger of becoming extinct

c. to become smaller in number or amount

1SB Unit iS: Chapter В

4 _________ exceed d. relating to medicines

5 __________ shortage e. not having enough of something

6 dwindle _____ f. able to continue without hurting the environment

7 pharmaceuticai _____ g. the answer to a problem

8 major _____ h. very large or important

В Complete the questions using vocabulary from A. Use the correct form of the word.

Then take turns asking and answering questions with your partner.

1 What is a . environmental problem in your country?

2 There is a lot of trash on your city’s streets. What is a(n) ______

this problem?

3 Can you name a(n) _______________ species?

4 If there is a(n) ______________ of water, what will happen?

to

A Here are some common prefixes and how they are used with the root due. Match

the prefix with its correct meaning. Use a dictionary to help you, if you need to.

Prefix Meaning

1 pro a. again; back/return

2 re b. into; onto 3 intro c. together, with

4 con d. forward; before

5 in e. within; into

В Now match each of the verbs below with their definitions.

1 produce a. to create or make something

2 reduce b. to iead or direct something

3 introduce c. to make something smaller in size

4 conduct d. to present a person to another for the first time 5 induce _____ e. to cause or make something happen

C Use each of the verbs from В in a sentence. Use your dictionary to help you. Share

your ideas with a partner.

Vocabulary Skill; The Root Word due

with Prefixes

Many words in English

are formed by

combining prefixes with

root words. One

common root word in

English is “due.” The

word “produce,” for

example, is made by

combining the prefix

“pro-,” meaning

“forward or before,”

with the root word

“due,” meaning “to

bring or lead.”

RBsaurces far the Future 153

Real Life Skill; Recognizing Common

Acronyms

English uses many

acronyms—words

made from the first

letters of the name of

something. Acronyms

like this in English are

written as well as said.

When spoken, each

letter of the

abbreviation is usually

pronounced.

A Practice saying each acronym. Then, match an acronym with the

correct phrase.

1 FAQ_

2URL_

3DVD_

4 ASAP.

5CV_

6CD_ 7

PC

a. personal computer

b. compact disk

c. as soon as possible

d. frequently asked questions

e. uniform resource locator (website address)

f. curriculum vitae (resume)

g. digital video disk

В Complete the sentences using the acronyms from A. Check your answers with a partner.

1 We can’t watch movies at my house tonight; my __________ player is

broken.

2 My _______ has a ________ player, so I can listen to music while I work.

3 Alan, when you get this phone message, please call me back ___________ .

I need to talk to you.

4 What’s the _______ for that ESL website? I want some extra writing

practice in English.

5 A list of common questions about this website are featured on the

page.

6 Before I start looking for a job, I first need to update my __________ .

C Now use three of the acronyms from this activity in sentences of your own.

Share your ideas with a partner.

1 __________________________________________________

D Are there other acronyms that you can think of? What do they mean? Use

them in sentences, then share your ideas with a partner.

ШШ Do You Think?

1 What is the most beautiful natural place you’ve ever visited? Is it affected by any environmental problems?

2 What do you think our environment will be like twenty years in the future? Make predictions about air, water,

endangered species, and garbage.

3 What are the most important things that individual people can do to preserve the environment? What are the

most important things that countries can do?

1S4 Unit tB: Chapter В

Fluency Strategy: Reading ACTIVEi ft V

In order to become a more fluent reader, remember to follow the six points of the ACTIVE

approach—before, while, and after you read. See the inside front cover for more information on the

ACTIVE approach.

Activate Prior Knowiedge

Before you read, it’s important to think about what you already know about the topic, and what you want to get out of

the text.

A Look at the passage on the next page. Read only the title. What do you think the article is about?

What are “biliboards”?

В Now read the first three sentences of the passage. What do you know about billboards? Where

can you see them in your country? What products are advertised on them? How do people feel

about billboards? Discuss with a partner.

Cuitivate Vocabulary ____________________________________________

As yo(j read, you may come across unknown words. Remember, you don’t need to understand all the words in a

passage to understand the meaning of the passage. Skip the unknown words for now, or guess at their meaning and

come back to them later. Note useful new vocabulary in your vocabulary notebook—see page 6 for more advice on

vocabulary.

A Now read the first paragraph of the passage. Circle any words or phrases you don’t know. Can

you understand the rest of the paragraph even if you don’t understand those items?

В Wi’ite the unknown words here. Without using a dictionary, try to guess their meaning. Use the

words around the unknown word and any prefixes, suffixes, or word roots to help you.

New word/phrase I think it means:

Think About Meaning

As you read, think about what you can infer, or “read between the lines,” for example about the author’s intention,

attitudes, and purpose for writing.

Read the opening paragraph again and discuss these questions with a partner.

• Where do you think you might see this piece of writing? Whom do you think it was written for?

• How do you think the author feels about billboards? Do you think he or she is in favor of them, or against them?

• What do you think the author means by “high-tech devices”? How can billboards be “high-tech”?

i Part 1 tS5

Increase Reading Fluency

To increase your reading fluency, it's important to monitor your own reading habits as you read. Look again at the tips on

page 8. As you read, follow these tips.

Now read the whole passage “Billboards: Past and Present." As you read, check your predictions from “Think

About Meaning.”

’20

Billboards: Past and Present It's everywhere. Indoors, advertising is in magazines and newspapers, on television, and even

popping up on computer screens. Outdoors, advertising means billboards. They're in train stations

and on the sides of buildings. They're along highways in the countryside. Billboards were once

large painted signs that urged consumers to buy anything from fried chicken to dish soap.

Nowadays, billboards are high-tech devices that advertise the products of the modem world, from

cellular phone service to perfume.

Billboards have changed along with technology. Originally painted directly onto wooden boards or

the sides of buildings, billboards were first improved by attaching large printed vinyl strips to a

structure to form an advertiser's message. Later, mechanical billboards were developed which could

display three different images. As one image changed to the next, the movement caught the eye of

anyone passing by. More recently, electronic technology has produced back-lit billboards, which

shine a light through an image printed on a sheet of plastic, and digital billboards that can display

huge images similar to those on a television screen.

The latest trend in billboards is interactivity. In Belgium, a billboard that looked like a pinball

machine had people on the street using text messaging to answer a question the billboard sent to

their cell phones. If they answered correctly, they had a chance to win a new car. In Japan, some

billboards feature QR ("Quick Response") codes, a newer version of bar codes, which can be read

by specially programmed camera cell phones. When a person takes a picture of a billboard with a

QR code, the advertiser's website appears on their phone. A billboard in New York's Times Square

lets people on the street play a video game using their cell phones, and a huge digital sign in

London's Piccadilly Circus responds when someone waves at it and displays different images

depending on the weather.

Billboards do not always get a positive reaction, however. The large number of billboards along

American highways led to the Highway Beautification Act of 1965. This group of laws aimed to

preserve the scenic beauty of the countryside as well as the safety of people driving in cars by

limiting the number and location of billboards. In Athens, Greece, city officials ordered the removal

of hundreds of downtown billboards before the 2004 Olympic Games in an effort to restore the

city's historical beauty. Billboards may be a favorite of advertisers, but not everyone wants to look

at them.

Verify Strategies

To build your reading fluency, it's important to be aware of how you use strategies to read, and to consider how successfully

you are using them.

Use the questions in the Self Check on page 158 to think about your use of reading strategies.

15Б REVIEW Unit 4

Evaluate Progress

Evaluating your progress means thinking about how much you understood from the passage, and how fluentiy you were

able to read the passage to get the information you needed.

Check how well you understood the passage by answering the following questions.

1 Billboards have changed over time because ______ .

a. they advertise products outdoors

b. people didn’t notice billboards in the past

c. technology has changed

d. some people dislike billboards

2 Where will you probably not see a billboard?

a. on a building

b. in the countryside

c. in a magazine

d. in a train station

3 Which type of billboard is the oldest?

a. a digital billboard

b. a painted billboard

c. a mechanical billboard

d. a printed billboard

4 What does the author imply about QR codes?

a. they are similar to bar codes

b. they are found on the Internet

c. they are older than bar codes

d. they do not appear in photographs

5 Which billboard could people without a cell phone interact with?

a. the one in Belgium

b. the one in Japan

c. the one in New York

d. the one in London

6 What does the author imply about billboards along highways?

a. Everyone thinks they are beautiful.

b. They are against the law in the United States.

c. They can be dangerous for people in cars.

d. There are not enough of them.

7 Why were billboards in Athens removed before the 2004 Olympic Games?

a. The billboards were too old.

b. The billboards could not be removed during the games.

c. The advertisers didn’t want to support the games.

d. The government wanted downtown Athens to look better.

Part I 157

Self Check

A Here is a list of all the reading skills in Active Skills for Reading Book 2. For each skill, say whether you found

the skill useful, not useful, or if you need more work with it. Check (✓) the correct box.

Reading skill Useful Not useful Needs work

Distinguishing between Main Idea and Supporting Ideas

Finding Definitions

Identifying Main and Supporting Ideas

Identifying Main Ideas within Paragraphs

Making Inferences

Predicting

Predicting Vocabulary

Recognizing Sequence of Events

Scanning

Scanning for Details

Scanning for Numbers

Skimming for General Ideas

Skimming for the Main Idea

Skimming to Assess a Passage

Understanding Cause and Effect

Using Titles to Understand Main Ideas

В Here are the four fluency strategies covered in the Review Units. For each strategy, say whether you found it

useful, not useful, or if you need more work with it. Check (✓) the correct box.

Fluency strategy Useful Not useful Needs work

PRO

PQR+E

KWL

Reading ACTIVEly

C Look again at the Are You an Active Reader? quiz on page 10 and complete your answers again. How has your

reading fluency improved since you started this course

158 Review Unit 4

Review Reading 7: The life of a Food Critic

Fluency Practic

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in

the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

http://www.asrinfo.neVfood-critics/

The Life of a Food Critic

You’ve seen restaurant reviews in newspapers, or perhaps in magazines or on the Internet.

You’ve read those reviews when you wanted to know about the quality and price of the food

at a new restaurant. Or maybe you were looking for a restaurant with a certain atmosphere-

dark and romantic, bright and cheerful, or modern and sophisticated. But who writes the

5 articles? Who gets paid to eat? Those lucky people are food critics.

Food critics are journalists who eat at restaurants and write reviews that give readers the

feeiing that they have visited the restaurant themselves. The articles almost always include

a description of the restaurant, for example, whether it is nicely decorated or has a beautiful

view of the ocean. The menu, prices, and service are generally described as well, but a food

10 critic’s main task is to write about the food.

For “foodies”—people who love and study food and cooking—dining is a feast for the

senses, not just for the stomach. Food critics may tell readers about the colors of fresh

vegetables, the silky texture of a soup, or the rich aroma of a perfectly cooked chicken. They

will mention whether they were listening to soft music while they ate, or the noises of pots

15 and pans being washed in the restaurant’s kitchen. And most importantly, they will describe

the taste of every dish on the table, starting with the appetizer and ending with the dessert.

All of this may sound easy enough, but food critics do face some challenges. First, food

critics must be excellent writers. Their job is to give accurate information in an entertaining

wa^ because newspapers and other publications want the restaurant review to be an

20 enjoyable feature. It is also important for food critics to be very observant by nature, and to

have an excellent memory since taking notes at the table is not something most dine'rs do.

And looking like a typical customer is essential for remaining anonymous, perhaps the most

difficult challenge. Former food critic Ruth Reichl, now editor in chief of Gourmet magazine,

used to go to restaurants wearing disguises so that she received the same food and service ,

26 as any other diner.

Despite the challenges, a career as a food critic appeals to rnarty people. Anyone who is thinking

about becoming a food critic should start by developing strong writing skills and learning as much

about food and cooking as possible.

401 words Time taken.

Parti isa

Reading Comprehension

1 Food critics are _

a. restaurant owners

b. professional cooks

c. professional writers

d. magazine editors

2 Which of the following would probably got be Included In a restaurant review?

a. a description of a restaurant’s atmosphere

b. Information about a restaurant’s hiring procedures

c. information about a restaurant’s prices

d. a description of a restaurant’s food

3 Which detail from the third paragraph Is about the sense of sight?

a. the colors of fresh vegetables

b. the silky texture of a soup

c. the rich aroma of a perfectly cooked chicken

d. the taste of every dish on the table

4 Why does the author mention soft music and the noises of pots and pans being washed?

a. because food critics must listen carefully to the waiters

b. because It’s important for restaurants to use clean dishes

c. because food critics generally focus on the positive

d. because the sense of hearing Is part of the dining experience for food critics

5 According to the article, why do food critics need to have good memories?

a. They don’t want to take notes at the table.

b. They are very observant.

c. They like having a challenging job.

d. They don’t like to repeat themselves.

6 Why did food critic Ruth Reichl go to restaurants wearing disguises?

a. She didn’t want to get special food and service.

b. She didn’t want her friends to know she was a food critic.

c. She enjoyed seeing people’s reactions.

d. She had a different job during the day.

7 A person who wants to become a food critic might ______ .

a. buy a better car

b. take a break from writing

c. take a weightlifting course

d. enroll in a cooking school

/60 Review Unit 4

Rii^Reatlmg 8: BringingBacktheAral^

Fluency Practic

I

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your

________ ____ у

Bringing Back the Aral Sea

The Aral Sea, in the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, was once the world's fourth

largest lake. Filled with salt water and at least 24 species of fish, the Aral Sea supported a large fishing

industry. Then, starting in the 1960s, the former Soviet Union decided to use'water from the Aral to

irrigate dry fields to produce cotton. An astonishing three-quarters of the water was drained from the sea

over the next two decades, leaving behind a salt-covered desert. The disappearing Aral Sea split into two

separate lakes—the small Northern Sea and a much larger body of water to the south made up of the

connected Central and Western Seas.

By that time, most of the fish in the Aral Sea were gone, but the destruction of the fishing industry was

only part of this ecological disaster. Salty irrigation water soon damaged the soil in the cqtton fields, so

huge amounts of chemical pesticides and fertilizers were used in an attempt to keep the fields

productive. By the 1990s, most of the cotton fields were gone, but the pesticides and fertilizers could be

found in the groundwater and drinking water, and the wind picked up salt from the dried-up lake and

carried it to farmland far from the Aral. People who lived in the area experienced many health problems,

including kidney disease, cancer, and a high rate of infant mortality.

Today, however, there is some hope for the region, at least for the northern part of the Aral Sea in

Kazakhstan. In the late 1990s, people there used sand and soil to build a dam that would prevent the Syr

Dar'ya river water that fed the lake from flowing out of the lake. They also decided to take less water

from the river for irrigation. The water level began to rise, and places that had been completely dry for

decades began to show signs of life. People who lived nearby began to believe that the Aral Sea might

return.

In 2001, the World Bank agreed to lend Kazakhstan money to build a permanent dam to replace the

darthen dam that had been damaged by storms. The Kok-Aral dam was completed in August 2005. By

April 2006, the water level had already risen three meters, and the water was less salty. The northern part

of the Aral Sea may soon be a much healthier place to live for both fish and people. I

406 words Time taken

Part г 1Б1

Reading Comprehension

1 Before the 1960s, how many lakes in the world were larger than the Aral Sea?

a. two

b. three

c. four

d. five

2 What caused the Aral Sea to become much smaller?

a. Water was removed for cotton farming.

b. Salt water evaporated more quickly than fresh water.

c. The fishing industry drained water from the sea.

d. The water from the Northern Sea flowed to the south.

3 According to the article, why were chemical pesticides and fertilizers used near the Aral Sea?

a. The chemicals killed the fish in the Aral Sea.

b. The Soviet Union had huge amounts of these chemicals.

c. The fields were naturally dry.

d. The salt water from the sea made soil in the cotton fields unproductive.

4 Which of the following health problems is not mentioned?

a. cancer

b. death of babies

c. heart disease

d. kidney disease

5 The dam that was built _____ .

a. keeps river water out of the lake

b. removes water from the Syr Dar’ya river

c. keeps river water in the lake

d. increases the need for irrigation

6 Kazakhstan borrowed money from the World Bank,

a. to replace a damaged dam

b. to build an earthen dam

c. to create jobs for people who lived nearby

d. to reduce the level of water in the lake

7 The Kok-Aral dam will probably not _____ .

a. raise the water level of the northern part of the Aral Sea

b. improve the health of the people who live nearby

c. decrease the saltiness of the northern part of the Aral Sea

d. raise the water level of the southern part of the Aral Sea

IBS Review Unit 4

Vocabulary Indax

Unit1 Chapter 1 academic /aeka'demik/ aJj. related to studying

and learning: His academic work is exceilent

achieve /s^iiv/ v. to reach, to gain (success,

happiness, one’s goals, etc.): The movie star

achieved success and weaith. evaluate /I'vaelyuieit/

v. to study and make a judgment about: The

committee evaluated the reports and reached a

conclusion. limited /Чшийс!/ adj. restricted in extent or amount: He is old and has limited use of

his legs. measure /'тезэг/ v. to find the size,

weight, speed, etc., of something: / measured the

size of the floor for a new rug. memorize /'memaraiz/

v. to remember

something exactly, to learn something by

heart: Students memorize the verb forms of a

new language.

proficiency/pra'fijsnci/ n. skill, ability in

doing something: That student has a

proficiency for mathematics.

reform /ri'fo:rm/ v. to change something, to improve something that exists, especially

government: A new president reformed the

nation's health-care system.

Chapter 2 activate /'aektiveit/ v. to put in motion, to start:

She activated the machine by pressing a button.

component /кэш'роипэпг/ n. a part of a whole:

Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are

components of a car. effective /a'fektiv/ adJ. having

the result that one wants, productive: The

medication is quite effective; it relieves pain quickly.

make an effort /meik эп 'efsrt/ phr. v. to try, to

attempt: Most students made an effort to improve their

test scores. sense /sens/ n. one of the five feelings

of the body—sight, hearing, taste, smell, and

touch: He smokes so many cigarettes that he has

lost his sense of taste. technique /tek'ni;k/ n. a method,

a procedure by which something is performed: Surgical techniques have developed so that only small cuts

are needed for many operations. to look (something)

up Лэ luk лр/ phr. v. to try to find something in a

dictionary or other reference: Look up the number in

the telephone book.

transfer /'traensf3;r/ v. to move from one place,

vehicle, etc., to another: We transferred our

bags from the bus to the car.

Unit 2 Chapter 1 assume /a'sjuim/ v. to believe something is true

without knowing: / assume that the moving van will be

here this morning. departure /di'pcirtfar/ n. a leaving:

My departure for Los Angeles is at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.

destination /desta'neijan/ n. the place where

someone is going or something is being sent:

The destination of our trip is San Francisco.

expire /ik'spair/ v. to stop being valid: My driver’s

license expires in June. local /'loukal/ adj. located

nearby, as in a neighborhood, town, or area: We

have plenty of local stores to choose from. precaution

/рп'ко:^эп/ n. a step taken in advance to prevent

harm: She took the precaution of bringing a sweater in

case it got cold on the boat trip. prescription

/pri'skripjan/ n. an order for medicine: Her doctor

wrote her a prescription for blood pressure medicine.

sincere /sm'si:r/ adj. honest in one’s thought and

action, true: Her love for you is sincere; she will stay with

you in bad times.

1БЗ

Chapter 2 accommodation /skDmd'deiJsn/ л. rooms,

especially in a hotel; The accommodations at that

hotel are first-class. amazing h'meaiq/ аЩ. surprising and wonderful: That meal was amazing! exhausting

/eg'zostn/ very tiring: I’ve had an exhausting day,

so I'm going to bed. fabulous/’faebjalas/e^f. great,

wonderful: И/е had a fabulous time on our vacation!

fantastic /faen'txstik/ adj. wonderful, fabulous:

We had a fantestic time on our vacation in the Rocky

Mountains.

possession /pa'zejsn/ n. a piece of property, a

belonging; Her most valuable possession is a

car worth $40,000.

unique /jui'nidc/ adj. one of a kind: Each person in

the world has a unique personality. variety /va'rajati/ n. different types of things: That store carries a

wide variety of merchandise, fmm clothes to furniture.

Units Chapter 1 credits /'kredits/ n. a list of people who made a

movie, etc.: The movie star’s name was first in

the credits.

director/da'rektar/ n. artistic manager and

guide: The director of the film was Steven

Spielberg.

disappear /diss'pii/ v. to go out of sight: The little

dog was just here, then he disappeared.

precise /pra'sais/ adj accurate: / need the precise

street address of the doctor’s office.

scene /si:n/ n. a piece of a film or play, usually

showing one situation: There is a very

exciting chase scene in that movie.

script /sknpt/ n. the written words for a speaker

or actor (in a film, play, etc.): The actors

men.orized the script

special effects /spejal afeks/ n. (in film, radio,

TV, etc.) sights and sounds created by people to seem real, such as things

disappearing, strange monsters walking

around, etc.: You should see the dinosaurs and other

special effects in that new movie! studio ystuidiou/ n.

a place where an artist works: We take lessons at

a ballet studio.

Chapter 2 academy /a'kaedemi/ n. a private school or

college: My daughter attends the police (military,

naval, etc.) academy. audience /'aidians/ n. the

people who gather to listen to and watch an

event: The audience at the rock concert was very

enthusiastic. conflict /'konflikt/ n. a difference, a

disagreement: There is a conflict between what you

are saying and what the contract says. eidest /'eldast/

adj oldest: She is the eldest child in the family.

permanent /'рз:гтэпэп1/ adj lasting, or meant to

last, forever or for a long time: They hoped their

marriage would be permanent. screenplay /'skrimplei/

n. the script for a movie—like a play but

written for film: A Hollywood producer asked the

writer to put a car chase in the screenplay. successful

/ssk'sesfsl/ adj with success: No one likes the

new movie; it’s not successful. to be set in Лэ bi: set

эп/ phr. v. (a movie, book, play, etc.) taking

place in a particular time or place: That movie is

set in 14th century Venice.

Unit 4 Chapter 1 enthusiastic /9n0u:zi'aestik/ adj eager, excited:

She is enthusiastic about beginning her new job.

1Б4 Vocabulary Index

establish /g'staeblij'/ v. to found, to create: The

English established a colony in Africa. extend

/ek'stend/ v. to make longer in space or time;

We’re extending our vacation from two to three weeks.

league /li:g/ n. a group of sports teams that compete against each other: Our local team

belongs to the National Football League. professional

/pra'fejanal/ adj. related to a profession (e.g.,

medicine or law) or a person who makes his

or her living as an artist or athlete; Professional

football players must train hard. regulation /regialeijan/

n. a rule, a statement about what can be done

and what cannot: The state board of health makes

many regulations about the food, water, and

cleanliness in restaurants and food stores. season

/'siizan/ n. a time for a certain activity:

In some states the hunting season begins

September 1.

supporter/sa'posrtar/ n. a person or group that

provides support: The politician’s supporters

held a dinner in his honor.

Chapter 2 adjust/a'cfeAst/ V. to feel comfortable; / adjusted to

the increased workload when my coworker went

on vacation.

championship /’Jaempionj'ip/ n. the last in a

series of contests, the winner of which

will be champion: He won the championship

in golf.

coach /kou^/ n. a person who leads, teaches,

and trains people in sports or in acting,

singing, etc.: That school has a good football

coach.

enroll /en'roul/ v. to join officially: / enrolled in

college this autumn; I will graduate in four years.

extremely /ak'striimli/ adv. very: That movie was

extremely funny (violent, sad, etc.).

record /’rekoa-d/ n. the best time, distance,

etc..

in an athletic event: She holds the world record

for the 100-meter dash. sense of humor /sens av hjimnar/ phr. n. ability to find things funny, not

always being serious: He has a great sense of humor.

youth /ju:0/ n. young people: The youth of today are

worried about jobs.

Units Chapter 1 breathe ^ri;б/ v. to take air into and out of the

lungs: She breathes deeply and slowly while she

sleeps.

clinic /'klmik/ n. a medical facility: In that health

clinic, doctors treat patients who go back home

afterwards.

complex /'kompleks/ adj. having many parts or details that make something hard to

understand or deal with: Finding a cure for

cancer involves complex scientific research.

digest /dai'cfeest/ v. to process in the stomach:

He can’t digest milk.

illness yilnas/ n. sickness, disease: Her illness kept

her out of work for a month.

poison /'poisan/ m any substance that harms or

kills people, animals, or plants If it is

swaliowed or touched: She almost died when

she drank poison by mistake.

suffer fsAfar/ v. to experience pain, loss, hardship, etc.: His wife suffered when her mother

died.

treatment /'triitmant/ n. medical attention, cure:

She went into the hospital for treatment.

Chapter 2 cope /коир/ V. to face difficulties and try to

overcome them: He coped with the pain of cancer and

finally got well again. demonstrate /'demanstreit/ v. to

show (how something works, its advantages, etc.): I’ll demonstrate how our new computer works.

Vacabulanj Index 1Б5

determination /datairma'neij'an/ «. strong will: She

has great determination to succeed. endurance

/en'duirons/ n. the ability to function (work, run, swim,

etc.) properly over a long period of time: Olympic athletes

have great endurance.

recover/гэ'клуэг/ v. to regain one’s health: He

recovered from his illness and is well again. resilient

/ra'ziljsnt/ adj. able to restore one’s energy, recover from

difficulty: The children are tired now, but they are

resilient and will have more energy soon. severe

/sa'viir/ adj. very strong: The severe storm blew down

a tree. strain /strein/ v. to stretch a part of one’s body

until there Is pain or damage: / strained a muscle in my

back playing baseball.

Unite Chapter 1 decorate /'dekareit/ v. to beautify, to make festive: Ш

decorated our house for the holidays.

define /ds'fain/ v. to explain the meaning of: Dictionaries

define words.

display /diis'plei/ v. to place in a position to be seen: The

store displays merchandise in glass cases.

precious /'prejas/ adj. extremely valuable, costly: Precious

metals include gold and platinum.

preserve /pra'z3;rv/ v. to guard, to protect from harm or

change: The government preserves the rights of

the individual person.

supplies /sa'plaiz/ n. a quantity of goods of a specific kind

necessary for an operation: That farm buys Its

supplies of feed and grain from the local feed

store.

to throw (something) away /taBrouawei/ v. to discard, to

get rid of: He threw away the old newspapers.

universal /juina'vairsal/ adj. found or practiced 1ББ

Vocabulary Index

everywhere: Poverty is a universal problem all

over the world.

Chapter 2 chore ф:г/ n. a boring but necessary act: / have to do the

chores at home, like taking out the garbage and

washing the dishes. commute /ka'mjuit/ v. to travel to and

from one’s work or school regularly: He commutes between

his house in the country and his office in the city every

day. conduct /kan'ckkt/ v. to do something: That store

conducts business from 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.

hectic /'hekti:k/ adj. rushed, fast-paced: / had a very

hectic week; I worked late every night, and my

child was sick.

pursue /par'su:/ v. to work hard at something: She is

pursuing a college degree. pursuit /par'suit/ n. a career, an

occupation: Her current pursuit is a career in advertising.

rank /гаег)к/ v. to have a certain place or position in an

ordered group: An admiral ranks above a captain in the

navy. well-being /wel bii'ir)/ «. one’s mental and physical

condition: He telephones his sick mother daily, because

he is worried about her well-being.

Unit? Chapter 1 adapt /a'dspt/ v. to change, to function in a new way, to

adjust: She adapted quickly to her new job.

appealing /s'pidig/ adj. pleasing and attractive: Your

suggestion sounds very appealing.

diverse /di'vairs/ adj. varied, different from each other: New

York City has a diverse population, including

many Aslans, African- Americans, and Puerto

Ricans.

genre /'зопгэ/ n. a specific type of literature.

art, or music grouped according to a

style or subject: Comedy and horror

movies are different genres.

influence /'mfluiens/ v. to change someone’s

mind, to have an effect on; Lenin’s ideas

influenced the Russians during the 1917

Revolution.

lyrics /'links/ n. the words of a song: The lyrics to

that song are clever.

rhythm /'пбэт/ n. a regular beat, especially in

music or movement: A symphony conductor

keeps the rhythm for the orchestra.

roots /ru:ts/ n. the place or culture that

something or someone comes from: The

roots of the problem go back hundreds of years.

Chapter 2 classic /'klaesik/ «, something regarded as an

example of the best of something: That 1950

Mercedes is a classic. emigrate /'emagreiit/ v. to

leave one’s country to live In another: My

parents emigrated from Vietnam before I was born.

incorporate /m'koirpsreit/ v. to include, to contain: The spending agreement incorporates ideas

from both political parties.

infectious /m'fektfas/ iuij. easily spread from

person to person: You should stay home if you

have an infectious illness. make a living

/meika'livir/phr. v. to make money to live on: He

makes a living as a cook. struggle /'strAgal/ n. a

difficult time or task using much effort and

energy: He has had a struggle all his life with bad

health. tempo /'tempou/ n. rate of speed of a

piece of music: That song has a fast tempo. track

/Ггшк/ n. one piece of music on a CD or record: The last track on that album is fantastic.

Units Chapter 1 advantage /sd'vasnts^/ n. a good feature, a benefit:

The house is new and near a good school. It has many

advantages. balance /'baelsns/ n. in equal strength,

weight, etc.: When his mother died, he tried to keep his

emotions in balance. benefits /‘benafits/ n. money or

other perks that come with your job: The job

benefits include free dental and medical insurance. client

/'klaiant/ n. a customer of someone who provides

a professional service, such as a lawyer, tailor,

hairdresser, etc.: He likes to take his clients to lunch.

co-worker /kouwsa-kar/ n. a person one works with:

One of my co-workers was on vacation, so I had to deal

with his customers as well as my own.

invest /m'vest/ v. to put money into a business idea or activity in the hope of making more

money if it is successful: We invested in a hamburger

restaurant and became rich when it expanded to Europe.

salary /'saelariy n. a regular payment from a

business or organization for work done:

My salary increased 5 percent this year. schedule

/'skedjuil/ n. a list of timed, planned activities or

events: On the airline schedule,

I saw that there was a flight to Osaka at

seven o'clock.

Chapter 2 analyze /'asnalaiz/ v. to examine something to

understand what it is and means, to study:

A scientist analyzed data from a study of cancer

patients.

detail /'diiteil/ n. a small point: There is one detail in

the plan (contract, agreement, etc.) that is unclear to

me.

emotional /э'тои|эпэ1/ M/J- full of strong feelings,

excited with emotion: When he disagrees

Vocabulary Index IB7

with you, he becomes quite emotional. interact

/mtg'raekt/ v. to communicate with someone

through conversation, iooks, or action: The

couple interacted wordlessly with their eyes.

investigate /m'vestigeit/ v. to look at something carefully, to examine; My car

was stolen last week; the police are investigating.

persuade /pair'sweid/ v. to lead a person or

group to believe or do something by arguing

or reasoning with them: / persuaded my friend to

join me on vacation. self-confident /selfkDnfadsnt/

adj. sure that one’s actions are good and

right: He has a self-confident way of speaking, with a

strong voice and definite opinions. solve /solv/ V. to

find an answer or solution for something; We

solved the problem by reading the directions.

Unit 9 Chapter 1 adopt /a'dDpt/ v. to copy: The boy adopts the same

way of talking that his father has. consume

/kan'suim/ v. to eat and drink: That big guy

consumed six bottles of beer and three hamburgers.

cultivation /kAlts'veiJsn/ ». preparation of land,

such as plowing, planting seed, etc., for

growing: The cultivation of bananas is one of the

island's main industries. currency /Wansi/ n. the

money used to pay for goods and services in

a country: The currency in the United States is made

up of dollar bills and coins. ingredient /m'griidiant/ n.

a food item in a recipe: Flour, milk, butter, and

yeast are some ingredients in bread. invade /m'veid/ v.

to enter by force: Napoleon’s armies invaded

Russia. remain /гэ'тет/ v. to continue to be a

certain way: That writer’s books have remained

1БВ Vocabulary Index

popular for many years.

ritual /'ritfuaiy n. a ceremony performed to mark

a serious or sacred event or day: A

common ritual at a wedding is giving and

receiving wedding rings.

Chapter 2 addicted /'aedikt/ adj. physically or emotionally

dependent on a substance, such as a

drug; a fan: He is addicted to golf; he plays

every day.

chemicals /'kemikslz/ n. substances produced in chemical processes, i.e., by combination and

change in different kinds of matter: Some

chemicals that are added to food can be harmful in large

quantities. contribute /kan'tribjurt/ v. to participate

positively in something: Everyone on the team

contributed to winning the game. distinctive /da'stiriktiv/

adj. different from others, special: Spices give that

dish its distinctive flavor.

equivalent /a'kwivalant/ adj. equal, the same: The two

computers are equivalent in speed. nutrition /nui'trijan/

n. the processes by which the body uses food:

The body requires proper nutrition in order to maintain

itself. release /rii'liis/ v. to let something go, to set

free: He releases his pet birds from their cage each day.

stimulate /'stimjudeit/ v. to increase energy or

activity: Her love for him stimulates his

creativity.

Unit 10 Chapter 1 behavior ^э'heIvjэг/«. a way of acting: She refused

to work closely with anyone and was fired for bad

behavior.

devise /da'vaiz/ v. to create, to develop, to invent:

She has devised a plan for company expansion.

global /'gloubal/ adj. relating to all the world, worldwide: Ш have a global economy today.

logo /'lougou/ Я. a design symbol of a

business, an institution, or a product:

The company's logo, with Its silver streaks, Is

recognized the world over.

manufacture /msnja'fektfar/ v. to make

something for sale using machinery: Our

company manufactures furniture. put on /'put on/ V.

perform or organize (a show, play, event,

etc.): The band put on a free concert in the park.

tiny /'taini/ adj. very small: Cells are too tiny to see

with the bare eye; one needs a microscope to see them.

vehicle /'viiiksl/ n. a machine, such as a car or

truck, that travels to transport people or

goods: l^e took our vehicle to the mechanic for its

yearly safety inspection.

Chapter 2 aim /eim/ Я. purpose, target: Her aim is to go to

college.

desire /ds'zaiar/«. a wish, a want: She expressed a

desire to go on vacation. elegant /’ebgont/ adj.

stylish in appearance, graceful, refined: The

living room of the model apartment has elegant

furniture. image /'тэф/ n. one’s appearance to

others, reputation: She is very concerned about her

image as a good lawyer. product /'procLOct/ n.

anything produced with materials and labor,

goods and services: That store sells food

products. react /rii'aekt/ v. to act in a different

way because of someone or something: The

teacher reacted to the student's bad grades by giving

him more homework. slogan /'slwgsn/ n. a saying or

phrase that expresses a group’s or a company’s main message: “Just do it” is one

company's well-known slogan.

vanity /vaenati/ n. conceit, too much concern

with one’s looks or importance: His vanity

about his appearance is ridiculous; he is always

looking at himself in the mirror.

Unit 11 Chapter 1 boost /bu:st/ V. to lift or push up, to improve one’s

emotions: He was feeling sad, so his friends

boosted his spirits by giving him a party.

concentration /konsan'treijan/ n. total attention to

something: He studies his textbook with complete

concentration.

generally /'c^enarali/ adv. by most people: The bad

news was generally accepted well, but some people

were unhappy.

heed Л1:(1/ v. to follow someone’s advice:

/ heeded my doctor's advice and stopped smoking.

lethargic /la'Gaa-^ik/ adj. sleepy, tired: Some

medicines make people lethargic.

mood /mu:d/ n. an emotional state or feeling, such as happiness or sadness: She is in a good

mood today and smiles a lot.

saying Z'seiii)/ n. wise thought: There is a saying that

“you can't teach an old dog new tricks.”

wholesome /'houlsam/ adj. good for one’s health,

healthy: Our family eats wholesome food, such as

fresh fruits and vegetables.

Chapter 2 crop /кгор/ n. planting and harvesting of grain,

vegetables, or fruit: Farmers had a good crop of rice

this year. deficient /da'fijant/ adj. not enough,

insufficient: Her diet is deficient in protein.

efficient /a'fijant/ adj. productive, economical:

She performs her job well and quickly; she is

very efficient.

Vocabulary Indox 1Б9

estimate /'estsmeit/ v. to figure the amount or

extent of, to calculate: / estimated that the trip will

take about two hours. exclude /eks'kluid/ v. not to

include, to leave out: / put all but one Ingredient

into the soup; I excluded the hot peppers. expel

/sk'spel/ v. to force out: The volcano expels smoke.

livestock /'laiivstok/ n. farm animals, such as

cattle, sheep, and chickens: In winter, the farmer

keeps his livestock in the barn. vital /'vaital/ adj. most

important, absolutely necessary: Water is vital

to life.

Unit 12 Chapter 1 ambitious /asm'bijss/ adj. (of a plan) large- scale,

needing a lot of work to succeed: Jamie

Oliver's plan to improve school lunches across

the country was very ambitious.

enormous /I'noirmas/ adj. extremely big, huge:

The Sears Tower in Chicago is enormous; it’s

more than 100 stories tall!

participate /pairtisapeit/ v. to take part or have a

role in an activity or event: She likes to

participate in political campaigns.

pick up /р1к'лр/ V. to collect, to lift up: This room

is very untidy. Please pick up your clothes.

represent /repra'zent/ v. to act in the place of, to act on behalf of: The U.S. Embassy

represents the United States in other countries.

restore /rs'stoir/ v. to make something look

like it did when it was new: We want to

buy an old house and live there while we

restore It.

specialize /'spefslaiz/ v. to study and work in a

specific subject: She specializes in AIDS

research.

volunteer /vDibn'tiir/ v. to agree to do

something of one’s own free will rather

than by necessity: He volunteers his time at

the church.

Chapter 2 dwindle /'dwindl/ v. to lessen in number or

intensity: By the end of the boring football

game, the crowd had dwindled to a few fans.

endangered /an'dem^ard/ adj. an endangered plant

or animal is one whose population is so

low that it is in danger of extinction: We

give money to the wiidlife fund to protect

endangered species.

exceed /ik'si;d/ v. to be more than (what is

expected): Sales of the new product exceeded

our estimates.

major/'тегфг/Ц'. main, most important: The major

reason for working is to make money to live.

pharmaceuticals /fama'sudikl/ n. drugs or

medicines: Pharmaceuticals are sold through

drugstores.

shortage /'Joirtic^ n. a state of not having

enough, a lack of something: A shortage

of oil made gasoline more expensive.

solution /so'luijgn/ n. an answer to a problem, a

way of solving it: The police found the

solution to the mystery.

sustainable /sa'stemabl/ adj. used at a level that

won’t damage the environment: The wood

for this furniture is taken from a sustainable

source.

170 Vocabulary Index

Maps: North & South America

Март: Еигарв & Africa

ITS

Maps: Asia & Oceania

Prefixes and Suffixes Here is a list of prefixes and suffixes that appear in the reading passages of this book.

Meaning Example

best- most best-known, best-loved

bi two biathlon, bicyole

con, com with, together connect, communicate

cross- across cross-country, cross-cultural

dis not, negative disapprove

ex related to outside or away expense

im, in not, negative impolite, independent, insensitive, inconsistent

in related to inside, or inwards income

inter between two or more places or groups Internet, international

kilo a thousand kilometer

micro very small microphone

mid referring to the middle midnight

milli a thousandth milliliter, millimeter

mis badly or wrongly misunderstood

pre done before / in advance precaution, prepaid, predict

sub below, under submarine

tele far television, telephone

trans across transportation

un not, negative uncomfortable, unhealthy, unusual

uni one university, united

well- done well, or a lot well-known, well-liked

Suffix Meaning Example

able full of comfortable, valuable, knowledgeable able able to be believable

al used to make an adjeotive from a noun additional, personal, national

an, ian relating to American, Canadian, Australian, Italian

ant one who does something applicant, occupant

ant/ent indicating an adjective important, independent ate used to make a verb from a noun originate

ation/ution/ition used to make a noun from a verb combination, resolution, competition

dom state of being freedom

eer one who does something engineer

174

Suffix Meaning Example

en used to form verbs meaning to increase a

quality harden, threaten, frighten

ence added to some adjectives to make a noun excellence

ent used to make an adjective from a verb excellent

ent one who does something student

er, or

someone or something that does something

computer, air conditioner, ringer, reporter,

competitor, learner, teacher

er (after an adjective) more faster, safer

ese relating to Taiwanese, Japanese est (after an adjective) most closest, earliest, thinnest

ever any whatever

ful filled with harmful, useful, beautiful, colorful, forgetful

hood state or condition adulthood, childhood

ion, Sion, tion indicating a noun opinion, religion, permission, discussion, education,

invention

ine indicating a verb combine

Ish relating to British, Irish, foolish

ist one who does something terrorist

ity used to make a noun from an adjective personality, celebrity

ive indicating an adjective expensive, sensitive

ize used to make a verb from an adjective socialize

less without, not having hopeless

logy the study of biology, psychology, geology

ly used to form an adverb from an adjective carefully, frequently

mate companion roommate, classmate

ment used to make a noun from a verb movement, excitement, government

ness used to make a noun from an adjective foolishness

ous, lous relating to adventurous, dangerous, delicious, curious

-shaped in the shape of moon-shaped

some full of awesome, handsome

th indicating an order fifteenth, eighteenth

un not, negative unhealthy, unfortunate

ure indicating some nouns culture, temperature, candidature

У indicating an adjective healthy, flashy

PrefixES and SutfixES 175

ring

Time

(minutes)

Review Reading Rate

(words per

minute) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1:00 400

1:15 320

1:30 267

1:45 229

2:00 200

2:15 178

2:30 160

2:45 145

3:00 133

3:15 123

3:30 114

3:45 107

4:00 100

4:15 94

4:30 89

4:45 84

5:00 80

5:15 76

5:30 73

5:45 70

6:00 67

6:15 64

6:30 62 6:45 59

7:00 57

7:15 55

7:30 53

7:45 52

8:00 50

8:15 48

8:30 47 8:45 46

9:00 44

9:15 43

9:30 42 9:45 41

10:00

wmmmmmm шттштвшт шттявтт 40

НваШпд Ijtmprehensian Chart

Score

Review Reading

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

7 I

6

5 !

4

3

2

1

0

17Б