second contribution to hallucinogenic fungi

441Scientific Area D • Fungal diversity

Second contribution to hallucinogenic fungi in the Republic of Macedonia

Mitko Karadelev1 & Sofce Spasikova2

1 Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Arhimedova 5, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, e-mail: [email protected];

2 Macedonian Mycological Society, Arhimedova 5, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. To date a total of 30 fungi species with hallucinogenic properties have been recorded in the Republic of Macedonia. These species belong to the genera Claviceps, Elaphomyces, Panaeolus, Psathyrella, Gymnopilus, Amanita, Pluteus, Psilocybe, Stropharia, Hygrocybe, Mycena, Rickenella and Vascellum. Due to the presence of various compounds in their fruit bodies, these fungi can cause the syndromes psilocin–psilocybin, muscarine and ergotism. This article contains a list of data concerning the distribution and ecology of these species in the Republic of Macedonia. Most of the species are widespread, and grow on various substrates, such as soil, dung and enriched soil. There are representatives that are lignicolous, some are hypogeic, and one species is parasitic.

Key words: distribution, ecology, hallucinogenic fungi, R. Macedonia

Introduction

To date a total of 30 fungi species with hallucinogenic properties have been recorded in the Republic of Mac-edonia. According to Guzmàn (1983) and Guzmàn & al. (2000), the species that belong to this group of fungi can be divided into four smaller groups, according to the neurotropic compounds present in their fruit bodies:1. Species that contain psilocin, psilocybin, baeocys-

tin and nor-baeocystin and cause the psilocin–psi-locybin syndrome (species that belong to the gen-era Psilocybe, Gymnopilus, Panaeolus, Copelandia, Hypholoma, Pluteus, Inocybe, Conocybe, Paneoli-na, Rickenella, Agrocybe, Galerina and Mycena);

2. Species that contain the ibotenic acid and its de-rivatives: muscimol and muscazone and cause the muscarine syndrome (Amanita muscaria var. mus-caria, A. muscaria var. regalis and A. pantherina);

3. Species that contain ergotine derivatives and cause the ergotism (5 species from the genus Claviceps and 2 species from the genus Cordyceps);

4. Species that have been used as hallucinogenic in sa-cred rituals in Mesoamerica, but to date no adequate

chemical studies about their neurotropic properties have been made (8 species from the genus Boletus, 6 species from the genus Russula, 3 species from the Gasteromycetes: Lycoperdales and Phallales).

In this article the authors have made an attempt to draft a complete list of the registered and published halluci-nogenic species of fungi in the Republic of Macedonia. According to the published data, as well as to the re-sults of the authors' investigations, out of the 30 species of registered hallucinogenic fungi, 23 species from the genera: Panaeolus, Psathyrella, Gymnopilus, Hygrocybe, Pluteus, Psilocybe, Stropharia, Rickenella belong to the psilocybin fungi from the first group; 3 species from the genus Amanita belong to the second group and cause the muscarine syndrome; 1 species from the genus Claviceps that belong to the third group and causes the ergotism, and 3 species that belong to the fourth group and belong to the genera Elaphomyces and Vascellum.

Material and methodsThe material was collected in various forest associa-tions, as well as in pastures, meadows, at roadsides,

442 Plant, fungal and habitat diversity investigation and conservation • Proceedings of IV BBC – Sofia ' 2006

etc., growing on various substrates: soil, enriched soil, dung, wood debris, under soil, etc. The species were identified during the field trips, or later, in the Myco-logical Laboratory at the Institute of Biology, Facul-ty of Natural Science and Mathematics, microscopi-cally, using reagents, such as Melzer's reagent, KOH, sulfovaniline, etc. All the data were put in the MAC FUNGI database, while most of the species were pre-served in the National Mycological Collection FUNGI MACEDONICI, placed in the Mycological Laborato-ry at the Faculty of Natural Science and Mathemat-ics. For identification were used the following identi-fication keys and field guides: Guzmàn (1983), Moser (1983), Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1991, 1995, 2000), Stamets (1996), Kriegelsteiner (2000a, b) and Dänke (2001). The nomenclature and synonymy follows In-dex Fungorum (2005).

ResultsA list of hallucinogenic fungi, with their ecology and distribution in the Republic of Macedonia is present-ed. These data are provided by authors' field investiga-tions as well as by 20 publications (see legend).

A S C O M Y C O T A

A s c o m y c e t e s

Clavicipitaceae

Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.This ascomycete is a parasite on rye (Secale cereale).

It is found in rye plantations throughout the country.

Elaphomycetaceae

Elaphomyces granulatus Fr.Ograzhden Mt, Suvolak, 800 m, 02.05.1990, Fes-

tuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, under soil, exs. MAK 90/4708; Jakupica Mt, Cheples, 1300–1400 m, 12.07.1999, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, under soil, exs. MAK 99/245410,17,18.

Elaphomyces reticulatus Vittad.Pelister Mt, vill. Brajchino, 1000 m, October 2002,

Quercetum frainetto–cerris, under soil18; Galichica Mt, Pljuska, 1000 m, October 1991, Quercetum frai-netto–cerris, under soil18; Kozhuf Mt, Smrdliva Voda, 800 m, October 1985, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, under soil18.

B A S I D I O M Y C O T A

G a s t e r o m y c e t e s

Lycoperdaceae

Vascellum pratense (Pers.) KreiselKozhuf Mt, between summer resort "Mihajlovo"

and Crvena Zemja, 1200–1400 m, 10.07.2005, at roadsides, soil, exs. MAK 05/5053; between sum-mer resort "Mihajlovo" and Lokvichki, 09.07.2005, beech forest, soil, exs. MAK 05/4998; Pelister Mt, from PTT resort to mountain house Kopanki, 1340–1610 m, 21.09.1983, meadow, soil; Kumanovo, near vill. Miladinovci, Pinus plantings, soil; Osogovski Planini Mt, vill. Konopnica, 1100 m, 03.09.2002, meadow, soil; Skopska Crna Gora Mt, between vill. Gornanje and vill. Blace, 700 m, 25.01.2003, degraded oak forest, soil; Katlanovo, St. Bogorod-ica Monastery, 200 m, 23.10.2002, Querco–Carpin-etum orientalis, soil, exs. MAK 02/2885; near Sko-pje, Vodno, between St. Pantelejmon and Sredno Vodno, 800 m, 12.10.1998, meadow, soil, exs. MAK 98/196319; Matka, 250–300 m, 25.10.1998, mead-ow, soil, exs. MAK 98/1884; Bistra Mt, Mavrovo, Bunec, 1350–1400 m, 25.09.1998, Calamintho gran-diflorae–Fagetum, soil, exs. MAK 98/181414; Ruen Mt, vill. Staro Nagorichane, 600 m, 30.11.2002, de-graded stands (Paliurus, Q. pubescens, Crataegus), soil, exs. MAK 02/2932.

B a s i d i o m y c e t e s

Bolbitiaceae

Panaeolus acuminatus (Schaeff.) Quél. (syn. Panaeolus rickenii Hora)

Near Skopje, Katlanovska Banja, 250–350 m, Quer-co–Carpinetum orientalis, soil, PRM1,5; Galichica Mt, vill. Stenje, 900 m, 10.10.2000, Quercetum frainetto–cerris, soil, exs. MAK 00/4631.

*Panaeolus ater (J.E. Lange) Kühner & Romagn.Veles, vill. Gorno Vranovci, 08.11.1998, Quer-

co–Castanetum, soil, under Quercus, exs. MAK 98/1861.

Panaeolus campanulatus (L.) Quél.(syn. Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quél.)

Near Skopje, Katlanovska Banja, 250–350 m, Quer-co–Carpinetum orientalis, soil, PRM1,5.


*Panaeolus fimicola (Pers.) GilletPelister Mt, between Palisnopje and hotel "Moli-

ka", 1400 m, 19.10.2005, Digitali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, soil, exs. MAK 05/5583.

*Panaeolus olivaceus F.H. MøllerPrespa, vill. Nakolec, 850 m, 20.06.2003, Salicetum,

soil, exs. MAK 03/3255.

Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél.Pelister Mt, around Kopanki, 1600 m, Sep-

tember 2002, Digitali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, dung15,17,18; vill. Lavci, 800–900, 18.10.2004, mixed forest, dung, exs. MAK 04/4996; Skopska Crna Go-ra Mt, vill. Ljubanci, Zgurovci, 800 m, 09.10.2005, meadow, dung, exs. MAK 05/5475; Kozhuf Mt, Du-dica, 2100 m, 12.06.2005, pasture, dung, exs. MAK 05/5489; Strumica, Monospitovsko Blato, 250 m, 14.10.2000, Periploco graecae–Alnetum glutinosae, dung, exs. MAK 00/4630; Galichica Mt, vill. Stenje, 900 m, 10.10.2000, Quercetum frainetto–cerris, dung, exs. MAK 00/4629; Berovo, 850 m, May, 2004, mead-ow, dung, exs. MAK 04/400920; near Skopje, Vodno, 950 m, 17.05.2002, Pinus plantings, dung, exs. MAK 02/263717,18; Jablanica Mt, between vill. Gorna Be-lica and vill. Visni, 15.06.2006, meadow, dung, exs. MAK, 06/2388.

*Panaeolus reticulatus Overh.Pelister Mt, vill. Rotino, 1000 m, 26.10.2004, mead-

ow, soil, exs. MAK 04/4960.

Panaeolus semiovatus var. semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell & Nannf.(syn. P. semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell & Nannf.; Anellaria semiovata (Sowerby) A. Pearson & Dennis)

Pelister Mt, around vill. Trnovo 1000 m, 26.05.2002, meadow, dung15; around Kopanki, 1650 m, September, 2002, meadow, dung17,18; Go-lemo Ezero, 2400 m, 08.10.2001, high mountain pas-ture, dung, exs. MAK 01/8715; Skopska Crna Go-ra Mt, dung, ZA5; vill. Ljubanci, Las, 800–900 m, 01.05.2006, meadow, dung, exs. MAK 06/1907; Oso-govski Planini Mt, Ponikva, near Children's resort, 1400 m, 13.06.2005, meadow, Fagus and Quercus for-est, dung, exs. MAK 05/841; Shar Planina Mt, Ce-ripashina, 1950 m, 14.07.1995, meadow, dung; Kit-ka Mt, 1000–1200 m, 11.05.2002, meadow, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, dung, exs. MAK 02/267320; Strumica, vill. Koleshino, 300 m, 14.10.2001, mead-

ow, Periploco–Alnetum glutinosae, dung (coprophil-ous), MAK 01/56620.

Panaeolus sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quél.(syn. Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quél.)

Jakupica Mt, vicinity of mountain hut Karadz-ica, 1400, conifer plantation (Pinus nigra, P. sylves-tris, P. strobus, Larix spp., Picea spp.), dung, herb. Sy.4,5; Osogovski Planini Mt, Ponikva, 1500–1600 m, 20.09.2001, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, dung; Pelister Mt, Gjavato, old road to Bitola, 1150 m, 24.04.2002, small forest of Alnus glutinosa, dung, exs. MAK 02/248720; Strumica, Grlieva Ceshma, 30.04.2002, Osmunda stand, grassy places near Os-munda stands, dung, exs. MAK 02/266720; Veles, vill. Gorno Vranovci, 08.11.1998, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, dung, exs. MAK 98/178620.

Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.Pelister Mt, on the foot of the mountain, 750 m,

meadow, soil20.

Coprinaceae

Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) MaireJakupica Mt, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum,

herb. Sy.4,5; Cheples, 1300–1400 m, 10.07.1999, Cala-mintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, trunk of Fagus10; Chep-les, 1300–1400 m, 11.07.1999, Calamintho grandiflo-rae–Fagetum, enriched soil, exs. MAK 99/2455; Shar Planina Mt, Jelak, 1750 m, Abieti–Piceetum scardi-cum, enriched soil20; Calamintho grandiflorae–Fage-tum, on Fagus17; Ruen Mt, vill. Staro Nagorichane, 300 m, 03.06.2004, meadow, enriched soil, exs. MAK 04/401120; Skopje, MANU, near the river Vardar, 250 m, 14.04.2002, enriched soil, exs. MAK 02/260120.

Cortinariaceae

Gymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P.D. Orton(syn. Gymnopilus spectabilis (Fr.) Sing.)

Kitka Mt, near mountain house Kitka, 800–900 m, October 1999, Orno–Quercetum petraeae, trunk of Quercus; Bistra Mt, Mavrovo, Bunec, 1350–1400 m, 25.09.1998, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, log of Fagus, exs. MAK 98/19788,17,18.

Gymnopilus sapineus (Fr.) MairePelister Mt, Kopanki, 1650 m, 21.09.2002, Digitali

viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, trunk of Pinus peuce, exs. MAK 02/313615.


Pluteaceae

Amanita muscaria var. muscaria (L.) Lam.(syn. Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.)

Pelister Mt, around mountain house Kopanki, 1640–1700 m, 03.10.2001, Digitali viridiflorae–Pine-tum peuces, soil15,17,20; between mountain house Ko-panki and Palisnopje, 1640–1540 m, 04.10.2001, Digi-tali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, soil15,17,20; Kopanki, 1650 m, 06.10.2000, Digitali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, soil, exs. MAK 00/458015,17; Caparska Prese-ka, 1500 m, 08.10.2001, Digitali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, soil15,17,20; vill. Magarevo20; river Rotinska Re-ka20; hotel "Molika", soil20; Begova Cheshma, 1400–1500 m, Gentiano luteaea–Pinetum peuces abietetosum, soil, ZA2,5,15,20; Begova Cheshma, 1400–1500 m, Digi-tali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, soil, ZA2,5,15,17,20; Go-lema Livada, soil20; Bistra Mt, Mavrovo, Bunec, 1050–1100 m, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, soil5,17; vicinity of Mavrovo Lake, 1300–1400 m, summer–au-tumn 1998–1999, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, soil8,17; Mavrovo, Bunec, experimental plot, 1350–1400 m, 25.09.1998, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, soil8,17; vill. Galichnik, Kuliche, 1360 m, 08.08.2002, Pi-nus plantings, soil16; Mavrovo, 1400 m, Fago–Abiete-tum meridionale, soil18; Kozhuf Mt, Smrdliva Voda, 800 m, 24.10.2005, beech forest, soil, under Betula, exs. MAK 05/5548; between vill. Konjsko and vill. Huma, 700–750 m, 23.09.1995, Pinus plantings, soil; between vill. Majdan and Tribor, 800–1400 m, 08.10.1998, Abi-eti–Fagetum with Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris, soil; Fagetum, soil, ZA5,17; Krusha, 1000 m, Abieti–Fagetum, soil20; vill. Konjari, 1100 m, Fagus and Pinus nigra for-est, soil18,20; Belantrok locality, 1250 m, Abieti–Fagetum, soil, ZA5,17; Smrdliva Voda, 1000 m, Calamintho gran-diflorae–Fagetum, soil18,20; Jakupica Mt, bellow Begovo Pole, 1600 m, Pinetum mughi silicicolum, soil, herb. Sy., ZA4,5,17; Preslap, 1000 m, Quercetum frainetto–cerridis, soil, herb. Sy., ZA4,5,17; Kitka Mt, 1000–1300 m, Festu-co heterophyllae–Fagetum, soil, herb. Sy., ZA4,5,17; vicini-ty of mountain hut Karadadzica, 1400 m, conifer plant-ings (Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, P. strobus, Larix spp., Picea spp.), soil, herb. Sy., ZA4,5,17; Krushevo, 1300–1400, planted Pinus nigra stands, soil5,17; 1300–1400 m, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, soil5,17,18; 1300–1400, conifer plantings, soil5,17; Belasica Mt, above vill. Ban-sko, 20.10.1996, Pinus sylvestris plantings, soil; Ka-vadarci, vill. Vitachevo, 28.09.1998, Pinus plantings, soil20; Osogovski Planini Mt, Ponikva, 1500–1600 m,

20.09.2001, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, soil, exs. MAK 01/80517,18,20; Gevgelija, Bolovan, 150 m, 20.11.1997, Juglando–Platanetum orientalis, soil.

*Amanita muscaria var. regalis (Fr.) Sacc.(syn. Amanita regalis (Fr.) Michael)

Kozhuf Mt, vill. Konjsko, 600 m, 23.10.2005, Pinus nigra plantings, soil, exs. MAK 05/5551.

Amanita pantherina (DC.) Krombh.Pelister Mt, vill. Brajchino, 1200 m, 15.08.2002, Fes-

tuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, soil; July 2001, Pinetum peuces, soil12; Golema Livada, 1300 m, mixed forest (Bet-ula, Populus, Pinus peuce, Abies), soil17,20; Begova Chesh-ma, 1400–1500 m, Digitali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, soil, ZA2,5,15,17; Veles, vill. Smilovci, 21.09.1996, oak for-est, soil20; vill. Oraov Dol, Kadiica, 18.06.1993, beech forest, soil; Kavadarci, vill. Vitachevo, 28.09.1998, Pi-nus plantings, soil20; vill. Lavci, 800–900 m, 18.10.2004, mixed forest, soil, exs. MAK 04/4984; Skopje, Hipo-drom, 240 m, 07.11.1993, meadow, soil20; near Skopje, Katlanovo, 16.10.2002, Pinus plantings, soil; Katlanovo, 250 m, oak-hornbeam forest, soil17,20; vill. Bulachani, 700 m, 02.06.2002, oak forest, soil, exs. MAK 02/916; Kozhuf Mt, between vill. Konjsko and vill. Huma, 700–750 m, 23.09.1995, Orno–Quercetum petraeae, soil; Vi-soka Chuka, 1100 m, 20.06.1998, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, soil17,20; near river Slivka, 800 m, 12.07.2004, Fagetum, soil20; road to Asan Cheshma, 750–1350 m, 11.07.2004, beech forest, soil, exs. MAK 04/415120; Ma-la Rupa, 1000 m, 16.07.2004, mixed forest (Fagus, Pinus, Abies), soil20; Resa, 700–800 m, 14.07.2004, Quercetum, soil20; footpath to vill. Huma, 800 m, 05.10.1996, beech forest, soil; Smrdliva Voda, 800 m, 24.10.2005, beech forest, soil; Fagetum, soil5,17; way to Mala Rupa, 1000 m, 16.07.2004, mixed forest (Fagus, Pinus, Abies), soil, exs. MAK 04/4152; between summer resort "Mihajlovo" and Cvrstec, 1250–1500 m, 13.07.2005, beech forest, soil; Bistra Mt, vicinity Mavrovo Lake, 1300–1400 m, summer–autumn 1998–1999, Calamintho grandiflo-rae–Fagetum, soil8,17; Mavrovo, Bunec, experimental plot, 1350–1400 m, 25.09.1998, Calamintho grandiflo-rae–Fagetum, soil8,17; between vill. Lazaropole and vill. Tresonche, 1300 m, 12.07.2003, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, soil14,16,17; Mavrovo, Abies forest, soil17; Bela-sica Mt, above vill. Bansko, 20.10.1996, Fagetum, soil; Ograzhden Mt, Suvi Laki, 1100–1300 m, 19.10.1996, beech-pine forest, soil; Galichica Mt, vill. Oteshevo, 900 m, 09.11.2002, oak forest, soil20; Kichevo, be-tween vill. Tuin and vill. Popovjani, Shumjak, 800 m,


05.11.2002, oak forest, soil; Bigla Mt, 04.06.2005, oak forest, soil, exs. MAK 05/5351; Skopska Crna Go-ra Mt, vill. Rashtak, 01.10.1998, oak forest, soil; Fa-gus forest, soil17; above vill. Chucher – Sandevo, 600 m, 06.10.1998, degraded oak forest (Querco–Carpinetum orientalis), soil; Kumanovo, vill. Vince, 700–800 m, 27.10.2002, meadow, soil17,20; Osogovski Planini Mt, Ponikva, 1500–1600 m, 20.09.2001, Calamintho gran-diflorae–Fagetum, soil, exs. MAK 01/80617,20; Ponikva, 13.06.2005, Fagus and Quercus forest, soil, exs. MAK 05/1577; Kitka Mt, Preslap, 1000 m, 24.06.1994, decid-uous forest (Fagus, Carpinus betulus, Quercus cerris), soil; Krushevo, Fagus forest, soil17; Jakupica Mt, Fagus forest, soil17; Preslap, 1000 m, Quercetum frainetto–cer-ridis, soil, herb. Sy.4,5,17; Plachkovica Mt, Fagus forest, soil17; Shar Planina Mt, vill. Gorno Jelovce, July 1998, beech forest, soil9,17; Nidze Mt, Chemerikata, 1640 m, July 2002, Pinetum sylvestris, soil, exs. MAK 02/88813; Karadzica Mt, oak forest, soil17.

Pluteus cervinus var. cervinus P. Kumm.(syn. Pluteus atricapillus (Batsch) Fayod)

Pelister Mt, from PTT resort to mountain house Kopanki, 1340–1610 m, 21.09.1983, Digitali viridiflo-rae–Pinetum peuces, soil15; vill. Malovishte, St. Ana Monastery, 1200–1400 m, 22.07.1989, Festuco heter-ophyllae–Fagetum, Fagus6,7; vill. Lavci, 800–900 m, 18.10.2004, mixed forest, rotten wood of Alnus spp., exs. MAK 04/4993; around Kopanki, 1500–1700 m, 19.10.2005, Digitali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces with Fagus, soil; Jakupica Mt, 1300 m, 08.07.1999, Cala-mintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, log of Fagus, exs. MAK 99/204710; vill. Gorno Vranovce, 08.11.1998, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, log of Fagus, exs. MAK 98/185720; Fagus, herb. Sy.3,4,5; on Quercus, herb. Sy.3,4,5; Ograzhden Mt, Ezhovo Brdo, 1100–1300 m, 12.07.2000, mixed forest (Fagus, Pinus sylves-tris and P. nigra), rotten branches of Fagus, exs. MAK 00/146911; below Baltova Chuka, 1620 m, 20.07.2000, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, on Fagus11; Shar Planina Mt, river Ljubotenska Reka, 1400–1600 m, 17.07.1997, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, Fa-gus, exs. MAK 97/29629; river Ljubotenska Reka, 1400–1600 m, 13.07.1997, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, on Fagus9; Ljuboten, 1500–1800 m, Fage-tum subalpinum serbicum, on Fagus; PRM 490785, 490781, 4907571,5; Bistra Mt, Mavrovo, Bunec, exper-imental plot, 1350–1400 m, 25.09.1998, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, soil8; Karadzica Mt, Shashk-

ovica, 1500–1600 m, 29.07.1997, Calamintho grandi-florae–Fagetum, on Fagus; Kichevo, between vill. Tu-in and vill. Popovjani, Shumjak, 800 m, 10.10.2002, oak forest, Quercus; between vill. Tuin and vill. Pop-ovjani, Shumjak, 800 m, 05.11.2002, oak forest, Quer-cus; near Skopje, Vodno, near vill. Krushopek, 800 m, 30.10.2004, at roadsides, soil, exs. MAK 04/414719,20; Skopje, between vill. Ilinden and vill. Jurumleri, 250 m, 22.04.1999, Populus nigra and Betula plant-ings, Populus, exs. MAK 99/3930; Demir Kapija, Stojkova Chuka to Kaludjerska Chuka, 450–600 m, 21.05.2005, Querco–Carpinetum orientalis with Pinus plantings, root of broadleaved tree; Skopska Crna Gora Mt, Preslap, 1280 m, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, on Fagus5; Ramno, 1450–1500 m, Cala-mintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, on Fagus5; Kozhuf Mt, on Fagus6; between summer resort "Mihajlovo" and Cvrstec, 1250–1500 m, 13.07.2005, beech for-est, rotten wood of Fagus, exs. MAK 05/5019; Vi-soka Chuka, 1000 m, July 1998, Festruco heterophyl-lae–Fagetum, on Fagus; Nidze Mt, Kopanki, 1400 m, 16.07.2002, mixed forest (Pinus sulvestris, Abies, Pop-ulus tremula), soil, exs. MAK 02/567113.

Pluteus salicinus (Pers.) P. Kumm.Jakupica Mt, Fagus, herb. Sy.3,4; Cheples, 1400–

1500 m, 11.07.1999, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fage-tum, stump of Fagus; exs. MAK 99/245017,18; Ograzh-den Mt, Ezhovo Brdo, 1100–1300 m, July 2000, mixed forest (Fagus, Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris), rotten branch-es of Fagus17,18; Kozhuf Mt, between summer resort "Mihajlovo" and Vasov Grad, 12.07.2005, mixed for-est (Fagus, Quercus, Pinus), on Fagus17,18; vill. Kon-jari, 1000 m, 13.10.2000, Festuco heterophyllae–Fage-tum, rotten wood of Fagus, exs. MAK 00/463417,18; Veles, vill. Gorno Vranovci, 08.11.1998, Querco–Cas-tanetum, Castanea, exs. MAK 98/4313; Bistra Mt, dam Mavrovo, 1100–1300 m, 24.10.2000, beech for-est Fagus, exs. MAK 02/375920; Galichica Mt, Pljuska, 1000 m, 10.10.2001, Quercetum frainetto cerris, soil, exs. MAK 01/85017,18.

Strophariaceae

Psilocybe coprophila (Bull.) P. Kumm.Jakupica Mt, vill. Gorno Vranovce, 700–800 m,

08.11.1998, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, dung, exs. MAK 98/391917,18; Shar Planina Mt, Jelak, 1700–1800 m, 16.10.2000, Piceetum excelsae–subalpinum scardicum, dung, exs. MAK 00/2732.

58 • Proceedings of IV BBC – Sofia ' 2006


Psilocybe inquilina (Fr.) Bres.(syn. Psilocybe muscorum (P.D. Orton) M.M. Moser)

Pelister Mt, above vill. Slivnica, 1050 m, 21.04.2002, Quercetum frainetto cerris, soil, moss Rhacomitrium, exs. MAK 02/265617,18.

Psilocybe montana (Pers.) P. Kumm.(syn. Psilocybe physaloides (Bull.) Quél.)

Pelister Mt, around Kopanki, 1600 m, 19.10.2005, Digitali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, soil, exs. MAK 05/5321; between mountain house Kopanki and Pal-isnopje, 1640–1540 m, 04.10.2001, Digitali viridiflo-rae–Pinetum peuces, soil, exs. MAK 01/14315,17,18; Pre-spa Lake, Strict Nature Reserve "Ezerani", 850 m, 18.04.2002, meadow, soil, exs. MAK 02/265317,18.

Psilocybe phyllogena (Peck) Peck(syn. Psilocybe rhombispora (Britzelm.) Sacc.)

Kozhuf Mt, Mihajlovo to Chvrstec, 1250–1500 m, 13.07.2005, beech forest, leaves remnants, exs. MAK 05/5268; near river Stara Reka, 18.07.2005, beech forest, leaves remnants; around Mihajlovo, 1200 m, 12.07.2005, beech forest, leaves remnants, exs. MAK 05/4942, revised by G. Guzmàn; Jablanica Mt, from vill. Visni to vill. Gorna Belica, 15.06.2006, beech for-est, leaves remnants, exs. MAK 06/392; between vill. Gorna Belica and vill. Vevchani, 15.06.2006, beech forest, leaves remnants, exs. MAK 06/2322.

Psilocybe subcoprophila (Britzelm.) Sacc.Katlanovo, St. Jovan Veterski Monastery, 150–

200 m, 23.10.2002, Juniperus excelsa forest, dung, exs. MAK 02/287117,18.

Psilocybe subviscida var. velata Noordel. & Verdun(syn. Psilocybe bullacea (Bull.) P. Kumm.)

Pelister Mt, around vill. Trnovo, 1200 m, 26.05.2002, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum with Populus tremu-la, leaves remnants of Populus tremula17,18; vill. Rotino, 1050 m, 25.04.2002, Pinus peuce plantings, fallen branch of Pinus peuce15,17,18; Prespa Lake, Strict Nature Reserve "Ezerani", 22.04.2002, Salicetum, meadow, close to Salix purpurea, exs. MAK 02/265217,18; Strict Nature Reserve "Ezerani", 21.04.2002, Salicetum, meadow, close to Salix purpurea, exs. MAK 02/266417,18.

Stropharia coronilla (Bull.) Fr.Bogdanci, 150 m, 12.12.2005, meadow in Querco

cocciferae–Carpinerum orientalis, soil, Kozarnik, 200 m, 03.01.2006, meadow in Querco cocciferae–Carpinetum orientalis, soil; Pelister Mt, between hotel "Molika" and

mountain house Kopanki, 1100 m, 26.04.2002, mead-ow with Juniperus communis and Pinus peuce, sandy ground, pure soil, exs. MAK 02/250315,17,18; near Sko-pje, Vodno, 750–1000 m, 16.10.2002, Querco–Carpi-netum orientalis, soil, exs. MAK 02/280117,18; Vod-no, near vill. Krushopek, 800 m, 28.10.2004, meadow, soil; Vodno, near vill. Sopishte, 800 m, 04.12.2005, Pi-nus nigra plantings, soil; Vodno, near vill. Krushopek, 11.10.2005, meadow, soil; Osogovski Planini Mt, vill. Konopnica, 1200 m, 05.06.2003, Orno–Quercetum petraeae, soil20; vill. Konopnica, 1200 m, 05.06.2003, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum, soil20; Skopska Cr-na Gora Mt, above vill. Chucher – Sandevo, 600 m, 06.10.1998, degraded oak forest (Querco–Carpinetum orientalis), soil; vill. Brodec, 1000 m, 06.10.1998, Quer-co–Carpinetum orientalis, soil; near vill. Ljubanci, Or-lovac, 400 m, 21.10.2004, meadow, soil; vill. Ljuban-ci, Zgurovci, 800 m, 02.10.2005, meadow, soil; Demir Kapija, vill. Miletkovo, 08.10.1998, meadow, soil; vill. Chiflik, October 2004, meadow, soil; Bistra Mt, Ma-vrovo, Bunec, experimental plot, 1350–1400 m, Sep-tember 1998, Calamintho grandiflorae–Fagetum, soil8; Mavrovo, Bunec, 1100–1300 m, 24.10.2000, mead-ow, soil, exs. MAK 02/3749; Gevgelija, vill. Stojako-vo, 80 m, December 1993, meadow, soil18; Kozhuf Mt, vill. Konjari, 1100 m, October 2000, Fagus and Pinus nigra forest, dung18.

Tricholomataceae

Hygrocybe psittacina (Schaeff.) P. Kumm.Karadzica Mt, mixed fir and beech forest, soil17;

Jakupica Mt: Babina Rupa, 1900–2000 m, 13.07.1999, mountain pasture, soil10; near the pick Solunska Gla-va, 2300–2400 m, 13.07.1999, mountain pasture, soil; exs. MAK 99/234310; near Skopje, Vodno, 800 m, 20.10.2002, Querco–carpinetum orientalis, soil, exs. MAK 01/288117; Vodno, 750–1000 m, 16.10.2002, Querco–carpinetum orientalis, soil, exs. MAK 02/279217; Pelister Mt, around Palisnopje, 1500 m, 06.10.2001, Digitali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces with Fagus, soil, exs. MAK 01/3715; Kozhuf Mt, river Kon-jska Reka, 400 m, 20.05.2002, Juglando–Platanetum orientalis, soil, exs. MAK 02/263420.

Rickenella fibula (Bull.) Raithelh.(syn. Gerronema fibula (Bull.) Singer)

Korab Mt, around Kepi Bard, 2600 m, 04.09.2005, high mountain pasture, wet place soil, among moss-es, exs. MAK 05/5085; Veles, vill. Gorno Vranovci,


07.11.1998, Querco–Castanetum, meadow, soil, exs. MAK 98/4326; Jakupica Mt, grassy places, soil, herb. Sy.4,5; vill. Gorno Vranovci, November 1998, meadow, soil; river Babuna, between vill. Teovo and river Brezi-ca, 300–350 m, 17.05.2003, at roadsides, soil20; Pelister Mt, Caparska Preseka, 1300 m, 30.09.2002, Digitali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, soil, exs. MAK 02/357015; between mountain house Kopanki and Palisnopje, 1640–1540 m, 04.10.2001, Digitali viridiflorae–Pine-tum peuces, soil, exs. MAK 01/15415,20.

Legend:1 Pilát & Lindtner (1939); 2 Tortić (1968); 3 Tortić

& Cekova (1975); 4 Sylejmani (1980); 5 Tortić (1988); 6 Karadelev (1993); 7 Karadelev (1995); 8 Karadelev (2000); 9 Karadelev & al. (2002a); 10 Karadelev & al. (2002b); 11 Karadelev & al. (2002c); 12 Karadelev & al. (2002d); 13 Karadelev & Rusevska (2002); 14 Karadelev & al. (2003b); 15 Karadelev & al. (2003a); 16 Karadelev & Rusevska (2004); 17 Karadelev & al. (2004); 18 Kara-delev & Spasikova (2004a); 19 Rusevska & Karadelev (2004); 20 Karadelev & Spasikova (2004b).

MAK = Macedonian National Mycological collec-tion (FUNGI MACEDONICI); PRM = Collection of fungi at the National Museum in Prague, The Czech Republic; ZA = Collection of fungi at the Botanical department, Faculty of science, Zagreb, Croatia; herb. Sy. = private herbarium of Sami Sylejmani.

Discussion

For the past several years, the hallucinogenic fungi in the Republic of Macedonia have been collected and observed, and completely reviewed for the first time in Karadelev & Spasikova (2004a). In the past reviews, as well as in this one, the authors have made attempts to draft a final list of hallucinogenic species of fungi, relying on several sources (Koike & al. 1981; Guzmàn 1983, 2005; Ohenoja & al. 1987; Stamets 1996; Guz-màn & al. 2000). As it appeared, this was not at all sim-ple. Many of the sources mentioned are contradicto-ry to one another, bringing confusion about the actual hallucinogenic properties of some species. However, in this paper we emphasize the ecology and distribu-tion of these fungi in the Republic of Macedonia, not their chemical composition.

Considering the fact that this group of fungi has been investigated mainly through systematic investi-gation of fungi in the Republic of Macedonia, the lo-

calities where these fungi have been found have not been visited regularly and not by identical number of times. As the aspect of macrofungi changes with the seasons, it is obvious that the frequency and quantity of these species should be established by more inten-sive research.

A total number of 30 species of fungi were record-ed. These fungi belong to 12 genera, from which three species belong to Ascomycota (Claviceps purpurea, Ela-phomyces granulatus, E. reticulatus), while the rest of the species belong to Basidiomycota, where only Vas-cellum pratense belongs to the class Gasteromycetes, the others belong to the class Basidiomycetes. Among these species, the genus Panaeolus is presented with the largest number of species (total of 10 species), while the other genera are presented with less repre-sentatives, as follows: Psilocybe (6), Amanita (3), Ela-phomyces, Gymnopilus and Pluteus (2 species each), and the genera Claviceps, Stropharia, Hygrocybe, Psa-thyrella, Rickenella and Vascellum are presented with 1 species each. According to our investigations and previously published data, the most frequent of these species are Amanita muscaria var. muscaria, A. panth-erina and Pluteus cervinus var. cervinus, while the spe-cies Amanita muscaria var. regalis, Elaphomyces gran-ulatus, Gymnopilus junonius, G. sapineus, Panaeolus ater, P. acuminatus, P. fimicola, P. olivaceus, P. reticu-latus, Psilocybe inquilina and Ps. subcoprophila have occurred at only one locality each in the Republic of Macedonia.

The following species are lignicolous: Gymnopilus junonius (Quercus, Fagus), G. sapineus (Pinus peuce), Pluteus cervinus var. cervinus (Fagus, Quercus, Alnus, Populus, roots of broadleaved trees), P. salicinus (Fa-gus, Castanea), Psathyrella candolleana (Fagus), Psi-locybe phyllogena (leaves remnants of Fagus), Ps. sub-viscida var. velata (P. peuce, Populus tremula). The following species are terricolous: Amanita muscar-ia var. muscaria, A. muscaria var. regalis, A. panthe-rina, Hygrocybe psittacina, Panaeolus acuminatus, P. ater, P. fimicola, P. campanulatus, P. olivaceus, P. reticu-latus, P. subbalteatus, Psilocybe montana, Ps. inquilina, Rickenella fibula, Stropharia coronilla and Vascellum pratense; while the species Panaeolus ater, P. fimicola, P. papilionaceus var. papilionaceus, P. semiovatus var. semiovatus, P. sphinctrinus, Psilocybe coprophila and Ps. subcoprophila were found growing on dung (co-prophilous). Two species were found growing under soil (hypogeic) (Elaphomyces granulatus, E. reticula-


tus) and Claviceps purpurea is a parasite on rye (Se-cale cereale).

These species were found in various forest associ-ations, mostly beech: Calamintho grandiflorae–Fage-tum, Festuco heterophyllae–Fagetum; oak: Quercetum frainetto–cerris, Orno–Quercetum petraeae, Quer-co–Castanetum; other deciduous forests: Juglando–Platanetum orientalis, Salicetum albae–fragilis, Alne-tum glutinosae; conifer: Digitali viridiflorae–Pinetum peuces, Pinus sylvestris plantings, Pinetum mughi sil-icicolum, forest of Pinus nigra, Gentiano luteaea–Pi-netum peuces abietetosum, Pinetum sylvestris, Abieti–Piceetum scardicum, Piceetum excelsae–subalpinum scardicum, Juniperus excelsa forest; mixed deciduous and conifers forests: Fagus and Pinus nigra, Abieti–Fagetum, Populus nigra and Betula plantings, etc., as well as at roadsides, Osmunda regalis stands, mead-ows and mountain pastures.

The species Panaeolus ater, P. fimicola, P. olivaceus, P. reticulates and Amanita muscaria var. regalis are new data for the Republic of Macedonia.

Most of the species cause the psilocin–psilocy-bin syndrome (23), while only three (all from genus Amanita) cause the muscarine syndrome, Claviceps purpurea causes the ergotism and Elaphomyces gran-ulatus, E. reticulatus and Vascellum pratense belong to the group of fungi used in sacred rituals. According to some sources, some of these fungi are with questioned hallucinogenic properties. All fungi, about which the authors have found literature data for their hallucino-genic properties, including Internet sources, are taken into consideration in this paper.

ConclusionTotal number of 30 species is provided here. These species belong to the genera Claviceps, Elaphomyces, Panaeolus, Psathyrella, Gymnopilus, Amanita, Pluteus, Psilocybe, Stropharia, Hygrocybe, Mycena, Rickenel-la and Vascellum. The species Amanita muscaria var. muscaria, A. pantherina and Pluteus cervinus var. cervi-nus are most frequent, while the species Amanita mus-caria var. regalis, Elaphomyces granulatus, Gymnopilus junonius, G. sapineus, Panaeolus ater, P. acuminatus, P. fimicola, P. olivaceus, P. reticulatus, Psilocybe phylloge-na, Ps. inquilina and Ps. subcoprophila have occurred very seldom in the Republic of Macedonia. These spe-cies are terricolous, lignicolous, coprophilous, hypo-geic and parasites. The list provides the distribution

of these species in the Republic of Macedonia, where a large number of new localities are presented, while 5 species are new for the Republic of Macedonia.

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