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Lecture 2

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Sender Message/Information

Medium Receiver

Barriers of Communication

Value of Communication

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Feedback

Sender Encoding the

message

Message Decoding the

message

Noise

Receiver

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Source

createsmessages

SelectsChannel

Filters:ExperienceKnowledgeFeelings

Interpretsmessage

Receiver getsmessage

Sendsmessage

Feedback Noise

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SenderInitiates the communicationprocess.

Can be an editor, a reporter, a filmmaker,a teacher, a writer or anybody who takesthe initiative to start a dialogue.

Before one speaks or writes, the message

is conceptualized and then encoded.

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Sender

Initiates the communicationprocess.

Can be an editor, a reporter, a filmmaker,

a teacher, a writer or anybody who takesthe initiative to start a dialogue.

Before one speaks or writes, the message

is conceptualized and then encoded.

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EncodingFormulation of messages in the

communicators mind.Communicator translates his purpose

(ideas, thoughts or information) into amessage and decides on the medium tocommunicate his planned message.

He must choose the media (speaking,writing, signaling or gesturing) that thereceiver can comprehend well.

e.g.: An illiterate receiver will fail tounderstand a written message, but canunderstand an oral message.

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EncodingFormulation of messages in the

communicators mind.Communicator translates his purpose

(ideas, thoughts or information) into amessage and decides on the medium tocommunicate his planned message.

He must choose the media (speaking,writing, signaling or gesturing) that thereceiver can comprehend well.

e.g.: An illiterate receiver will fail tounderstand a written message, but canunderstand an oral message.

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Channel Vehicle through which a message is carried from the

communicator to the receiver.

The channels of communication may be - written,

spoken, verbal, non-verbal, mass media Need to choose the appropriate channel, the one most

suitable for the message as well as the receiver.

Success and failure of communication depends on theselection of the right channel.

e.g. A campaign on Product Marketing what mediawould you choose to reach the intended audience andafter selecting the media you have to decide if it isfeasible cost wise, taking into account the number ofpeople and the kind of people who will be exposed toyour message, and certain other factors.

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Receiver Recipient of themessage

Must possess the same orientation as the communicator.(If the receiver does not have the ability to listen, to read,to think, he will not be able to receive and decode themessages in the manner the communicator want him to)

For effective communication, the receiver is the mostimportant link in the communication process.

Decoding Interpretation of the message by the receiver.

Thereceiver looks for the meaning in the message, whichis common to both the receiver and the communicator.

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Feedback Response or acknowledgement of receiver to the communicators

message. (Only possible if the receiver responds.) Even through fluttering eyelids, raising an eyebrow, making a face,

organizing a point and asking for explanation, the message isshaped and reshaped by the communicator and the receiver until

the meaning becomes clear. In this way both participants incommunication interact and constantly exchange roles. In face-to-face communication the receiver responds naturally,

directly and immediately. This provides the communicator anopportunity to improve and make his communication effective.

It provides an opportunity to evaluate what is right or wrong about aparticular communication.

It helps to regulate the conversation among two or more individualsand also stimulates and reinforces an idea that is desired to becommunicated.

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Noise Interruption that can creep in at any point of the

communicationprocess and make it ineffective.

Environment is one major cause that interferes with

message reception: like noises from the roadside,constant chattering of individuals outside thecommunication act, blaring loudspeaker, faultytransmission, etc.

And from other forms like; poor handwriting, heavy

accent or soft speech, communication in a poorly litroom, etc. in fact, these are barriers to effectivecommunication. For smooth and effectivecommunication, it is necessary to eliminate or reducenoise as far as possible.

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Receiver

Message

Communication

Channel

Communication Symbols

Transmitter

Communication Process

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Communication models are merelypictures; theyre even distorting pictures,

because they stop or freeze an essentiallydynamic interactive process into a staticpicture.

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Style Delivery

Memory

Arrangement

Invention

ASpeaker..

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"A barrier to communication is something that keeps meaningsfrom meeting. Meaning barriers exist between all people, makingcommunication much more difficult than most people seem torealize. It is false to assume that if one can talk he cancommunicate. Because so much of our education misleads peopleinto thinking that communication is easier than it is, they becomediscouraged and give up when they run into difficulty. Becausethey do not understand the nature of the problem, they do notknow what to do. The wonder is not that communicating is asdifficult as it is, but that it occurs as much as it does."

- Reuel Howe, theologian andeducator

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Physical Barriers Marked out territories and empires where strangers are not

allowed

Closed office doors, barrier screens, separate areas for peopleof different status

Large working areas or working in one unit that is physicallyseparate from others

Most important factors in building cohesive teams isProximity.

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Noise Physical Noise Blaring Music, Noise from Machines

Psychological Noise Stress during/after Disaster,Indifference of listener

Written Noise Poor Handwriting, Abbreviations, poor

grammar Visual Noise Tone of speech, Accent

Improper Time Meeting at day closing, bosss call at midnight for trivial

matter

Distance Information

Inadequate/Overload

Physical Medium Environment

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Organizational Barriers Marked out workplaces by distances and culture

Large gaps in organizational hierarchy

Complexity, inadequate facilities/opportunities of growth

Poor lightening, staff shortage, out-dated equipment andbackground noise

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Organizational Regulations/Poor organization culture One way/ Rigid/Discussion restricted/delay/lack of motivation

Hierarchy Restricts flow of communication/Levels enhance gaps

Lack of Formal/Informal Communication

Improper Channel

Internal and external environment

Information Loss

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Perceptual Barriers We all see world differently

Everyone has difference of opinion, motive, socialvalues, experience and perception

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Selective Perceptions Distorted reception of information we dont want to

receive/results in misunderstanding

Premature Evaluation

Inability to acknowledge Reality Attitude

Of Superiors Unwilling to share information, Lack ofconfidence in juniors,

Of Subordinates Inferiority complex, fear of action

Poor Listening Hearing what is said from your own mind-set, selective

listening

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Semantic Barriers Semantic gaps are words having similar pronunciation

but multiple meanings.

Barriers for others who are not familiar with our

expressions, buzz-words and jargon. Such language is away of excluding others.

In a global market place the greatest compliment wecan pay another person is to talk in their language.

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Different languages

Inappropriate words/misunderstood messages

Different context for words and symbols The meanings of words are not in the words, they are in

us

Water/water of the river

Poor vocabulary, fake or different accent and

dialect Represents national/ regional barriers

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Emotional Barriers Comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion.

As children people are taught to hold back fromcommunicating their thoughts and feelings to others.

Excessive fear of what others think can stuntdevelopment and our ability to form meaningfulrelationships

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Positive emotions Love, affection and compassion enhances flow of

communication

Negative emotions Hatred, Anger, anxiety, jealousy, low self esteem can

obstruct communication flow

Reduces rational thought

Negativity spreads

Calm your mind to communicate better..

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Cultural Barriers Ethnic barriers

Religious barriers

Social differences.

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7 C Communication model by Francis J. Bergin

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Defamation False statement that injures a persons good name or reputation

Slander - Defamation in oral communication

Libel - Defamation in permanent form such as written/on video

Invasion of Privacy

Unreasonable intrusion into another persons private life Using someones name/photograph for sales promotion without the

persons permission

Fraud and Misrepresentation Fraud - A deliberate misrepresentation of the truth for the purpose

of inducing someone to give up something of value

Misrepresentation A false statement that is made innocentlywith no intent to deceive the other party

If misrepresentation contract/agreement can be withdrawn

If fraud contract/agreement can be withdrawn and offended partymay be monetary compensated

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Caselet designed by Stanford Business SchoolLecturerYou have been on the job for four days. Your boss hands

you a report he hasnt had time to complete. Just copy

the numbers of last months report, she says. Nobodyat headquarters ever really reads these. What do youdo?

Offer to collect the real data for the report. Everyone istested in the first weeks by coworkers who favourshortcuts and small ethical compromises. Establish yourvalues, insist on getting the real data.

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