searles mazzacano beneficial insects · searles mazzacano_beneﬁcial insects - september 12, 2016....

Beneficial insects in your garden

Seven-spotted Lady Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano© 2016 C. A. Searles Mazzacano

Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, Ph.D.Presented for EMSWCD

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A. Roles of beneficial insects

B. Meet the beneficial insects (and other arthropods)

C. Invasives to watch out for

D. Creating & maintaining habitat

E. Resources & projects

Beneficial Insects

Convergent Lady Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Great Black Wasp; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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How I think of insects

Dung beetle: C.A.S. Mazzacano

European mantis, OR: C.A.S. Mazzacano

Great Spangled Fritillary: C.A.S. Mazzacano

Darner: C.A.S. Mazzacano

Mole Cricket, Costa Rica: C.A.S. Mazzacano

Giant Robber Fly, TX: C.A.S. Mazzacano

Flatheaded mayfly; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Blood-colored Milkweed Bug; C.A.S. Mazzacano

4Searles Mazzacano_Beneficial Insects - September 12, 2016

How many people think of insects

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Can you tell the difference between the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly?

NOT giant mosquitoes

Crane Flies; C.A.S. Mazzacano Crane Flies; Deborah Gitlitz

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VERY unlikely to sting

Bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano Carpenter bees; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Flower Fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano

NOT a bee

Bee Fly;C.A.S. Mazzacano


• improve soil conditions

• food for wildlife

• aesthetic and recreational use

Cedar Waxwing eating dragonfly; Larry Rea

Red Satyr; C.A.S. Mazzacano

River Jewelwing; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Wood Ground Beetle; iNaturalist, oldbilluk

Benefits of insects

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• pollination

- 70% of flowering plants pollinated by insects

- bees, flies, beetles, moths

Sweat Bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Benefits of insects

Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; C.A.S. MazzacanoFlower Fly; Thomas Bresson

Soldier Beetle; David Hebert

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• decomposers

- beetles and flies break down & recycle animal dung and carcases

- beetles, flies, termites break down plant material Burying Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Benefits of insects

Dung Beetles; C.A.S. MazzacanoBlack Soldier Fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano

“tumblebug”; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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• natural pest control


• Predators

- consume pest eggs, larvae, and/or adults

- beetles, lacewings, wasps, flies, bugs, thrips, mantids, spiders, mites

Assassin bug; kestrel360, iNaturalist

Natural Pest Control

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• Parasitoids

- lay eggs or insert larvae in or near host; developing larvae feed externally or internally on body of living host

- host dies when parasitoids become adults

- wasps, flies

Tachinid fly getting ready to parasitize elm leaf beetle larva; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis

Natural Pest Control

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Predators - BeetlesLady Beetles

• round to oval

• bright colors, bold spotted patterns

• larvae & adults eat aphids, scales, mites, caterpillars, insect eggs

Lady Beetle larva; bugguide.net,

Jerry McCormick

Convergent Lady Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Multi-colored Asian Lady Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Sorrowful Lady Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Predators - BeetlesGround Beetles

• broadly oval; dark to metallic

• large jaws, sculpted wing covers

• larvae & adults eat insect eggs, caterpillars, snails

Wood Ground Beetle; iNaturalist, oldbilluk

Bronzed Tiger Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano

carabid larva; Phil Myers

Snail-eating Beetle; Ken-ichi Ueda


Predators - Beetles

Rove Beetles

• elongated dark body

• short wing covers expose abdomen

• eat small soil organisms

Devil’s Coach Horse; Cedric Lee

Rove Beetle; Joyce Gross

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Predators - BeetlesSoldier Beetles

• long body, soft wing covers, long antennae

• yellow/orange & black markings

• eat mealybugs, aphids, soil organisms

Margined Leatherwing; David Hebert

Podabrus Soldier Beetle; vncdatatech01

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Predators - LacewingsBrown & Green Lacewings

• soft delicate body; loose, oval, multi-veined wings

• eat mealybugs, aphids, scales, caterpillars

Brown Lacewing; James Bailey

Green Lacewing; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Green Lacewing egg

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Predators - WaspsWasps

• victims of bad PR!

• paper wasps, hornets, and yellowjackets feed their young on live insects


Predators - WaspsPaper Wasps

• native Polistes generally not aggressive

• European P. dominula can be confused with yellowjacket

European Paper wasp; C.A.S. MazzacanoAndrea Joy Davis

Polistes aurifer; Edward Rooks

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Predators - FliesFlower Flies

• larvae (maggots) eat aphids, scale insects

• adults are bee mimics, good pollinators

Helophilis syrphid; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Toxomerus syrphid; MJ Hatfield

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Predators - Flies

Robber flies

• adults eat anythingthey can catch

• larvae prey on insect larvae in leaf litter, loose soil, decaying wood

Laphria robber fly with blister beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Giant Robber Fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Predators - BugsAssassin Bugs

• large, spiny body; flared abdomen

• stout needle-like mouthparts

• eat all types of insects

Rhynocoris Assassin Bug; Phil Huntley-Franck

Pselliopus Assassin Bug; John & Jane Balaban

Assassin bug; kestrel360, iNaturalist


Predators - BugsAmbush Bugs

• stout body with flared abdomen

• enlarged forelegs

• bright colors & patterns

• eat all types of insects

Phymata americana; Kurt Schaefer

Jagged Ambush Bug; Dale & Elva Paulson

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Predators - BugsDamsel Bugs

• small, slender, yellow/brown body

• thickened forelegs

• eat insect larvae, small insects, eggs

Nabicula subcoleoptrata; Jason Michael Crockwell

Nabis roseipennis; Jason Michael Crockwell

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Predators - Bugs

Minute Pirate Bugs

• tiny, straight-sided body

• black & white pattern

• eat spider mites, thrips, aphids, insect eggs

Minute Pirate Bug nymph; Lynette Elliott

Anthocoris musculus; Lynette Elliott

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Predators - BugsBig-eyed Bugs

• small oval body

• broad head with large bulging eyes

• eat small insects, mites, eggs

Geocoris uliginosus; Lyle J. Buss, U of FL

Geocoris; Jack Dykinga, USDA


Predators - Bugs

Predatory Stink Bugs

• triangular brown/grey body with shield-like cover

• eat large prey such as caterpillars & beetle larvae

Rough Stink Bug; Lynette Elliott

Two-spotted Stink Bug; Matthew Priebe

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Predators - MantidsPraying Mantis

• large elongated body; brown or green

• triangular head, large eyes

• spiny raptorial forelegs

• eat whateverthey can catch

Stagmomantis californica egg case; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Mantis religiosa; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Stagmomantis californica; randomtruth

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Predators - ThripsBanded-winged, Black Hunter, & Six-spotted Thrips

• long, minute, slender body

• adults black, may have white wings

• strap-like, feathery wings

Franklinothrips nymph; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis

Aeolothrips; Christophe Quinton

Black Hunter Thrips

Black Hunter Thrips; Ilona L.

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Predators - SpidersSpiders

• round body, 8 legs

• often with bright colors or patterns

• web builders & active hunters

• eat whatever they can catch

Wolf Spider; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Araneus diadematus; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Black and Yellow Garden Spider; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Jumping Spiders mating; C.A.S. Mazzacano


Predators - MitesPredatory Mites

• tiny, pear-shaped, shiny body

• 6 or 8 legs

• fast-moving

• eat thrips, spider mites, insect eggs

Red Velvet Mite; Univ. of WI-Milwaukie

Western Predatory Mites eating Spider Mite; UC Davis

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Predators - Centipedes

Centipedes

• long segmented body

• 1 pair of legs/segment

• eat small arthropods in & on the soil

centipede; iNaturalist, Paul Heiple

Stone Centipede; iNaturalist, Cristophe Quintin

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Tachinid; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis

Parasitoids - Flies

Tachinid Flies

• resemble house flies but with stout bristly hairs on tip of abdomen

• parasitize caterpillars, beetles, bugs, earwigs, grasshoppers

Tachinid eggs on leafroller caterpillar; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis

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Bee Fly (IVilla sp.): C.A.S. Mazzacano

Parasitoids - FliesBee Flies

• hairy, brightly colored

• wings held to side at rest

• adults are pollinators

• larvae external parasitoids of soil-dwelling beetles, caterpillars, wasps, bees


Ichneumonid wasp; Nuytsia@Tas

parasitized catalpa caterpillar; John Obermeyer/Purdue Entomology

Parasitoids - WaspsIchneumon Wasps

• long slender body

• long antennae & ovipositor

• parasitize caterpillars, beetles, wasps

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Braconid larvae feeding on host; UC Davis

Braconid wasp parasitizing garpe leaffolder; UC Davis

Parasitoids - WaspsBraconid Wasps

• similar to ichneumonid but smaller

• fast-moving

• parasitize larval beetles, bugs, flies, aphids

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Trichogramma attacking corn earworm egg; UC Davis

Parasitoids - Wasps

Trichogrammatid Wasps

• tiny (<1 mm), compact body

• short antennae, hairy wings

• parasitize insect eggs

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Invasive Insects to Watch For

Paul Gordy

ALB damage; OH Extension

EAB damage; Christopher Asaro



Asian Gypsy Moth

• females 2”, white/cream wings; males 1.5”, dark brown

• several detections & eradications in Oregon

Purdue Extension

John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service

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Asian Gypsy Moth

• females lay eggs in oblong masses on trees, coverwith body scales

• feed on >500 spp. of trees & shrubs

• defoliation, landscape-scale devastation



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Emerald Ash Borer

• slender, elongated body (1/4-1/2”)

• metallic green wing covers

• purplish-red abdomen

• not yet established in OR

Howard Russell, MSU

New York Invasive Species

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Emerald Ash Borer

• larvae chew S-shaped galleries into trees

• pupate & emerge following spring

• newly-emerged adults create D-shaped exit hole

Kenneth R. Law, USDA APHIS

David Cappaert, MSU



Look-alikes:

ODA

EAB:

outdoorhub.comBronze

Birch BorerGolden

BuprestidLang’s

Buprestid

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Invasive Insects to Watch ForAsian Longhorned Beetle

• long black body (0.75 - 1.25”) with mottled white spots

• very long, banded antennae

• blue-ish feet

• not yet established in OROklahoma State University

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Asian Longhorned Beetle

• females chew shallow pits in bark to lay eggs

• larvae eat most hardwoods except oak

• tunneling girdles & kills tree

Pest and Disease Image Library, bugwood.org

Daniel Herms, Ohio State Univ.

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ALB:

Banded Alder Borer

Oregon Fir Sawyer, male

Oregon Fir Sawyer, female

Look-alikes:


For reporting, information, and resources:

• Oregon Forest Pest Detectors: http://pestdetector.forestry.oregonstate.edu

• Oregon Invasive Species Online Hotline: oregoninvasiveshotline.org; 1-866-INVADER

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Creating & maintaining habitat

“If you build it, they will come”…

• conservation biocontrol

• better to create habitat for local species than to buy insects

C.A.S. Mazzacano

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• many beneficials also eat nectar & pollen

• often small insects with small mouthparts, short tongues

- good landing pad & easy access important

zinnea

yarrow; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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• designate 5-10% of garden space to plants for beneficials

• bloom throughout season

• variety of flower shapes (umbel, daisy, spike, ball)

Attracting Native Pollinators; Xerces Society



• annuals provide nectar, pollen, egg-laying sites

• perennials provide stable habitat

yarrow

marigold; Wikimedia CommonsBaby Blue Eyes; C.A.S. MazzacanoSpirea; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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• carrot family: yarrow (Achillea), dill (Anethum), fennel (Foeniculum)

• daisy family: gayfeather (Liatris), sunflower, marigold

• cabbage family: sweet alyssum; broccoli

gayfeather; Joseph Dougherty/ecology.org

sunflower; Donna, iNaturalist

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• legumes: lupine, clover

• stonecrops: sedum spp.

• flowering herbs attractive (dill, fennel, parsley, mint, angelica, cilantro, lavender)

Lupine; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Lavender; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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• Early spring flowers:

- Oregon grape

- Red-flowering currant

- Black twinberry

- Spring beauty

Oregon Grape; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Spring Beauty; Keir Morse Black Twinberry; C.A.S. Mazzacano



Oregon Iris; WSU Extension

Red Columbine; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Pacific Bleeding Heart

• Late spring flowers:

- Red columbine

- Pacific bleeding heart

- Oregon iris

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Creating & maintaining habitat• Summer

- Tapertip onion

- Showy milkweed

- Graceful cinquefoil

Showy Milkweed; C.A.S. MazzacanoGraceful Cinquefoil; Ben Legler

Tapertip Onion; Colorado Wildflowers

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Creating & maintaining habitat• Late summer/fall

- West Coast goldenrod

- Pearly everlasting

- Slender tarweedWest Coast Goldenrod; Univ. of Waterloo

Slender Tarweed; Mark Turner Pearly Everlasting; Al Schneider

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• trees & shrubs offer shelter from sun, wind, rain, predators

- conifers, willow, maple

- roses (baldhip, Nootka, swamp), elderberry, oceanspray

Swamp rose; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Blue elderberry; Mike Cardwell



• grass clumps can provide shelter, overwintering habitat

- California brome-grass

- Blue Wild-rye

California brome-grass: Matt Lavin

C.A.S. Mazzacano

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• patches of undisturbed soil

• water source

C.A.S. Mazzacano

C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Creating & maintaining habitatIntegrated pest management (IPM):

• ecosystem-based strategy

• long-term prevention of pests/damage using multiple techniques

- biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, use of resistant varieties

• preserves natural system as much as possible

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• Reduce/eliminate pesticides

- pesticides can disrupt natural enemies

- pests faster to disperse & re-colonize treated areas than natural enemies

Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; C.A.S. Mazzacano



• Reduce/eliminate pesticides

- removing natural enemies may allow secondary pests to establish

- non-lethal levels can impair reproduction, foraging


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• use pesticides only after monitoring indicates need

• treat with goal of removing target organism only

• select & apply to minimize risks to human health, nontarget organisms, & environment


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• build healthy soil

• proper plant placement and irrigation

• plant mostly natives

• “scout” your gardens

Indian plum; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Black Twinberry; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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• tolerate a certain level of damage

• use multiple compatible methods

• if pesticides deemed necessary, select most suitable, timely, selective, least toxic to non-targets

Oregon grape; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Camas; C.A.S. Mazzacano


Resources

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Resources

• Encouraging beneficial insects in your garden, https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/files/project/pdf/pnw550.pdf

• A pocket guide to common natural enemies of crop and garden pests in the Pacific Northwest, http://ipmnet.org/Pocket_Guide_of_Natural_Enemies.pdf

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Resources

• Beneficial insects, spiders, and other mini-creatures, http://whatcom.wsu.edu/gardenshare/documents/Attracting_Beneficials.pdf

• Meet the Beneficials, http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FAQ/natural-enemies-poster.pdf

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Projects


Visit emswcd.org to find additional workshops and resources!

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“What sort of insects do you rejoice in, where you come from?” the Gnat inquired.

“I don’t rejoice in insects at all,” Alice explained, “because I’m rather afraid of them — at least the large kinds.”

Through the Looking Glass, Lewis Carroll

Snap-dragon fly

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Questions?

Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Western Swallowtail, C.A.S. Mazzacano

Cardinal Meadowhawk; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Netwinged Beetle, C.A.S. Mazzacano

Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, [email protected]

Copyright © 2016 Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano. All rights reserved. This presentation or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the author.


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