Seaport Security:Seaport Security:Training, Equipment andTraining, Equipment and

Research NeedsResearch Needs

Presented by

Len CrossPrincipal Security Consultant

Arup PartnersTampa, Florida

Port Port andand Maritime MaritimeOverviewOverview

International Trade Impact onInternational Trade Impact onSeaportsSeaports

•• 19981998 –USDOT report–– $200$200 billion taxes billion taxes–– 13.113.1 million jobs million jobs–– $494$494 billion personal income billion personal income–– $1.5$1.5 trillion in business sales trillion in business sales

•• 19991999 -Southern Governors Association Report–– 61%61% of U.S. imports flowed thru southern ports of U.S. imports flowed thru southern ports–– 63%63% of U.S. exports flowed thru southern ports of U.S. exports flowed thru southern ports

Economic Impact on State PortsEconomic Impact on State Ports

1997*– Alabama -$3.6 billion– Florida -$64.3 billion– Louisiana -$28 billion

*wages, jobs,taxes,sales

Worldwide Container FleetWorldwide Container FleetOperationsOperations

•• Cargo Shipping MethodCargo Shipping Method– 1999 –55%55% general cargo by containergeneral cargo by container– 2010 –90%90% (projected)(projected)

•• Cargo Ship GroupCargo Ship Group– 1999 –3.6%3.6% of world fleet in 4,000-of world fleet in 4,000-

6,000+TEU6,000+TEU (92 ships)(92 ships)– 2010 –33%33% world fleet in 4,500+TEUworld fleet in 4,500+TEU

((9.5%9.5% in 6,000-9,000 TEU)in 6,000-9,000 TEU)

Overview of Cruise IndustryOverview of Cruise Industry•1970-88 2525 millionmillion cruise passengers cruise passengers

•1989-98 4242 millionmillion cruise passengers cruise passengers

•2000 13.5 million13.5 million ccruise passengersruise passengers

•80% American passengersAmerican passengers

•1988 114114 ships in Caribbean regionships in Caribbean region•1998 144144 ships in Caribbean regionships in Caribbean region•1999-03 5252 new ships to be added to North new ships to be added to North

American fleet American fleet

Maritime ThreatsMaritime Threats

Presidents Commission on Crime and Seaport SecurityPresidents Commission on Crime and Seaport Security

Seaport Crime-Seaport Crime-GeneralGeneral

•• 1,200+1,200+ cargo theft casescargo theft cases•• 8080 environment casesenvironment cases•• 750+750+ trade fraud casestrade fraud cases•• 100+100+ organized crime casesorganized crime cases•• 820820 internal conspiraciesinternal conspiracies

– Dockworkers– Vendors– Security personnel

Organized CrimeOrganized Crime

TraditionalTraditional U.S. based

InternationalInternational Russian

ItalianMexicanColombianChineseVietnamese

Israeli

Cargo Theft Activities Cargo Theft Activities

•• Estimated Estimated $30-50 billion$30-50 billion loss worldwide loss worldwide•• Infiltration of air/seaports transportationInfiltration of air/seaports transportation

hubs in Asia & Europehubs in Asia & Europe•• Tapping information sharing networks toTapping information sharing networks to

ID ID HIGHHIGH VALUEVALUE cargo cargo (computers,(computers,pharmaceuticals, high value clothing)pharmaceuticals, high value clothing)

•• Highly mobileHighly mobile

High Profit High Profit vs vs Low RiskLow Risk

Seaport CrimeSeaport Crime

Drug smugglingDrug smuggling at 12 seaports at 12 seaports(FY 96-98)(FY 96-98)

–– 1,2171,217 drug seizures/drug seizures/ 300,320 lbs.300,320 lbs.

–– 48%48% of all drug seizures nationwideof all drug seizures nationwide(cargo)(cargo)

–– 69%69% of all cocaine seizures nationwideof all cocaine seizures nationwide

–– 55%55% of all heroin seizures nationwideof all heroin seizures nationwide

Recent SeizuresRecent Seizures

• February 2001 –Cocaine/–Cocaine/Ecstacy Ecstacy tablets $2tablets $2million recovered from cruise ship in Miamimillion recovered from cruise ship in Miami

• August 2000 ––EcstacyEcstacy tablets $7.5 million tablets $7.5 millionrecovered in Toronto in sea containers forrecovered in Toronto in sea containers forBelgiumBelgium

• April 2000 ––EcstacyEcstacy tablets $4 million recovered tablets $4 million recoveredin Bostonin Boston

• April 2000 –Cocaine, $700,000 recovered from–Cocaine, $700,000 recovered fromcargo ship in Greece-originated in Colombiacargo ship in Greece-originated in Colombia

Smuggling StolenSmuggling StolenVehicles/DrugsVehicles/Drugs

TerrorismTerrorism

GoalsGoalsMaximize DamageMaximize Damage

Maximize CasualtiesMaximize Casualties

Unclaimed Responsibility for ActionUnclaimed Responsibility for Action

Terrorism in the U.S.Terrorism in the U.S.1991-19981991-1998

02468

101214161820

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

IncidentsSuspectedPreventions

Terrorist Attacks WhenTerrorist Attacks WhenThreat was Threat was “Low”“Low”

20002000 USS ColeUSS Cole20002000 Our Lady of Our Lady of MediatrixMediatrix19991999 Attempted attacks on U.S. WestAttempted attacks on U.S. West

and East Coasts and East Coasts19981998 Bombings of U.S. EmbassiesBombings of U.S. Embassies

Tanzania and Kenya Tanzania and Kenya19961996 KhobarKhobar Towers, Saudi Arabia Towers, Saudi Arabia 19951995 Oklahoma CityOklahoma City19931993 World Trade CenterWorld Trade Center

Global Terrorist AttacksGlobal Terrorist AttacksGlobal Terrorist Attacks

20002000 –USS Cole ––USS Cole –19 killed; 37 wounded19 killed; 37 wounded20002000 –Our Lady of–Our Lady of Mediatrix Mediatrix –40 killed; 50 wounded–40 killed; 50 wounded19981998 -U.S. Embassies, Kenya/Tanzania --U.S. Embassies, Kenya/Tanzania -257 killed ; 257 killed ; 5,500 5,500 woundedwounded19971997 -Attack on tourist bus, Egypt --Attack on tourist bus, Egypt -62 killed62 killed19961996 --KhobarKhobar Towers, Saudi Arabia Towers, Saudi Arabia -19 killed; 280 -19 killed; 280 woundedwounded19881988 -Attack on City of-Attack on City of Poros Poros - -9 killed; 98 wounded9 killed; 98 wounded19851985 --AchilleAchille Lauro - Lauro - 1 killed1 killed

ThreatThreat MitigationMitigationandand

ChallengesChallenges

Objectives of Seaport SecurityObjectives of Seaport SecurityProgramProgram

PPrevention

MMinimization

IIdentification

What are you trying toWhat are you trying toprevent?prevent?

–– IncidentIncident–– Adverse publicityAdverse publicity–– Unauthorized personUnauthorized person–– ContrabandContraband

How do you achieve theHow do you achieve theSeaport Security objectives?Seaport Security objectives?

-Training-Training

-Equipment-Equipment

-Research & Development-Research & Development

Port Security Officers TrainingPort Security Officers Training

Five modulesFive modules::•• MaritimeMaritime•• Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement•• Physical Security OperationsPhysical Security Operations•• Threat Overview and AssessmentsThreat Overview and Assessments•• Field TripsField Trips

MaritimeMaritime

•• Overview of Maritime OperationsOverview of Maritime Operations•• Description of Port Types/OperationsDescription of Port Types/Operations•• Overview of Port OperationsOverview of Port Operations•• Overview of ship construction, type andOverview of ship construction, type and

safety concernssafety concerns

Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement•• Law (criminal, maritime, rules of evidence)Law (criminal, maritime, rules of evidence)•• Report writingReport writing•• Crowd control managementCrowd control management•• Defensive tacticsDefensive tactics•• Community relationsCommunity relations•• Crime Scene Management/Evidence HandlingCrime Scene Management/Evidence Handling•• Accident investigationAccident investigation•• Patrol techniquesPatrol techniques•• Crisis Management operationsCrisis Management operations•• Cargo/Cruise SecurityCargo/Cruise Security•• Identification of fraudulent documentsIdentification of fraudulent documents

Physical Security OperationsPhysical Security Operations

•• Planning, Development/ImplementationPlanning, Development/Implementationof Physical Security surveyof Physical Security survey

•• Perimeter securityPerimeter security•• LightingLighting•• CCTVCCTV•• HAZMAT Storage/Incident ResponseHAZMAT Storage/Incident Response•• Gates/fencesGates/fences

Threat Overview andThreat Overview andAssessmentsAssessments

•• Cargo TheftCargo Theft•• Narcotics SmugglingNarcotics Smuggling•• Organized CrimeOrganized Crime•• TerrorismTerrorism•• Sabotage/VandalismSabotage/Vandalism•• Labor DisputesLabor Disputes•• Environmental CrimesEnvironmental Crimes•• FraudFraud•• Stowaways/Alien SmugglingStowaways/Alien Smuggling

Field TripsField Trips

•• Container SeaportContainer Seaport•• Cruise SeaportCruise Seaport•• Petroleum Storage/HAZMAT SeaportPetroleum Storage/HAZMAT Seaport

Seaport Security EquipmentSeaport Security Equipment

Perimeter SecurityPerimeter Security–– Fences, barriersFences, barriers–– CCTVCCTV–– LightingLighting–– AlarmsAlarms

Fence lineFence line

Access/Egress ControlAccess/Egress Control

•• VehiclesVehicles•• PassengersPassengers•• VendorsVendors•• EmployeesEmployees

Access Control Aims to Prevent:Access Control Aims to Prevent:

ScreeningScreening

•• Carry-on baggageCarry-on baggage•• Checked baggageChecked baggage•• Ships StoresShips Stores

Potential DamagePotential Damage

SixSix to to tenten suitcases = suitcases =

Research & DevelopmentResearch & Development

••Development of high throughputDevelopment of high throughputscreening equipment for processing cargoscreening equipment for processing cargocontainer and vehiclescontainer and vehicles••Development of system to processDevelopment of system to processvehicles entering/vehicles entering/egressing egressing seaport, withseaport, withminimal operational disruptionsminimal operational disruptions••DedicatedDedicated funding for security funding for securityenhancementenhancement

Consequences for Lack ofConsequences for Lack ofSecuritySecurity

Negative publicityNegative publicity

Costly LitigationCostly Litigation

Adverse effect on port Adverse effect on port reputation, employee moralereputation, employee moraleand future businessand future business

“Yes, I am a terrorist“Yes, I am a terroristand proud of it.and proud of it.

I support terrorism, asI support terrorism, aslong as it is against thelong as it is against theU.S. government andU.S. government andIsrael.”Israel.”Ramzi YousefRamzi YousefMasterminded World Trade Center Bombing and AttemptedMasterminded World Trade Center Bombing and Attemptedto Bomb 12 U.S. Airliners Over the Pacificto Bomb 12 U.S. Airliners Over the Pacific