sea power and maritime affairs lesson 8: developments in naval technology and its impact on strategy...
TRANSCRIPT
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Sea Power and Maritime Affairs
Lesson 8: Developments in Naval Technology and its Impact on
Strategy and Policy, 1865-1890
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Learning Objectives:• Know the status of the U.S. Navy after the Civil War.
• Know the principal changes in warship hull design, propulsion, and armaments during the period 1865-1890.
• Know the principal milestones in the evolution of warship armament during the period.
• Know principal naval weapons systems conceived or adopted by nations desiring inexpensive methods to overcome or neutralize expensive naval hardware, such as the capital ship.
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Learning Objectives:
• Know the technological responses of the major naval powers to counter the threats of low cost weapons.
• Know the reasons H.M.S. Warrior marks the beginning and end of this period as a major step in the evolution of the principal weapons of naval might.
• Know congressional attitudes toward the Navy in this postwar period. Comprehend the changes in naval technology prior to World War I.
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Learning Objectives:
• Comprehend (explain) the difficulty in maintaining technological leadership and the debate over whether to remain technologically current.
• Comprehend the reasons for the re building of the U.S. Navy and the historical conditions accounting for the emergence and success of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's lectures and book.
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Remember our Themes:
• The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy
• Interaction between Congress and the Navy
• Interservice Relations• Technology• Leadership• Strategy and Tactics• Evolution of Naval Doctrine
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International Affairs (Late 19th Century):
• “Pax Britannica”• Era of peace continues - British Empire dominates the
seas.
• Japan - Meiji Restoration• Continued increase in foreign trade.• Rapid modernization begins.
• German and Italian unifications - 1870-71.• Austro-Hungarian Empire’s “Dual Monarchy” -
1867.• Continued collapse of Ottoman Empire through
1800’s.• Balkan Peninsula: Independence of European states.
• New era of European imperialism:• European powers vigorously compete to establish
colonies on remaining world territories.
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Unification of Germany - 1871
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Ottovon
Bismarck
“Iron Chancellor”of the
German Empire
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Evolution of Warship Construction:• Construction materials:
• Steel hulls replace iron hulls.• Steel has higher strength and less weight than
iron.
• Compartmentation.• Protective decks.
• Armor protection.• Iron to steel-plated iron to steel.• Location of armor:
• Vulnerable areas get more armor.• Unable to armor the entire ship due to weight
of armor.• Rams
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H.M.S. Warrior (1860):
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U.S.S. Monitor (1862):
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Battle of Lissa – 1866:• First battle between ironclad fleets.
• Adriatic Sea off Dalmatian coast (present-day Croatia).
• Italians attempt amphibious assault of the island of Lissa without command of the sea.
• Austrian Fleet takes “V” formation.• Breaks the Italian line.
• Ferdinand Maximilian sinks Re d’Italia with the ram.
• Rams in warship design:• Remain prominent until late into the
nineteenth century.
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Iron-clad Screw-Frigate Re D’Italia:
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Battle of Lissa
Lissa
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Battle of Lissa
Lissa
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Battle of Lissa
Lissa
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Battle of Lissa
Lissa
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Evolution of Armament:• Muzzle loaders to breech loaders.
• Safety and rate of fire increases.
• Rifled guns.• Increased accuracy and ranges.
• Mounting of guns.• Hydraulic recoil mechanisms.
• Cartridge shells.• Round and charge are combined.• Rate of fire increases.• Greater penetrating power and range.
• Self-propelled torpedo:• Invented by Englishman Robert Whitehead in
1866.
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Ship Propulsion Innovations• More efficient steam engines
developed.• Increases in speed.• Longer ranges.•Coaling stations required at regular
intervals while transiting overseas.•Further incentive to acquire overseas colonies.
• Many ships still use sail as alternate means of propulsion.• Hybrids with stacks and sails.
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New Propulsion Ships Coaling
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Revolving Turret:
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Low Cost Weapons vs “Capital” Ships:
• Capital ships:• Large ships with heavy guns - core of a battle
fleet.•Battleships (Heavily armored).•Cruisers (Faster but less heavily armored
than battleships).
• New low cost weapons:• Self-propelled torpedoes launched from
“torpedo boats”.• Mines - Stationary torpedoes to protect
coastlines and ports.
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Countermeasures• Continued advances in compartmentation.
• New ship types:• “Torpedo boat destroyer” shortened to
just “destroyer” used to screen capital ships from torpedo attacks.
• Minesweepers used to clear minefields.
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New Submarine Design:
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Torpedo Boat:
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Torpedoes
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Automobile Torpedo in Action
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Post-Civil War U.S. Navy:
• 1865-1870 -- Decline of the Navy.• Large reductions in naval appropriations:
700 to 52 ships.• Isolationism due to the need for:
•Reconstruction of the South.•Continued westward expansion.
• Primary mission: Protection of maritime trade overseas.
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Post-Civil War U.S. Navy• Naval Doctrine
• Commerce raiding and coastal defense still emphasized.
• Alabama Claims -- 1871-1872• International arbitration at Geneva.• Great Britain pays United States large award.• Based on Union merchant ships captured by
Confederate commerce raiders which were built in Great Britain.
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Rebirth of the U.S. Navy:
•Naval funding begins to increase in 1880.
•ABCD ships - construction begins in 1883.•Steam (Sail used as secondary means of propulsion).•Steel hulls and heavy armor.•Rifled breech-loading guns.
•Battleships - construction begins in 1889.
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Rebirth of the U.S. Navy:
• Naval Institute established by naval officers - 1873.• Proceedings - professional journal for
naval personnel.• Office of Naval Intelligence
established - 1882.• Naval War College established -
1884.• Engineering Duty Officers enter the
Line -- 1899.• Increased importance of technical
knowledge is apparent.
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Naval War College:• Commerce raiding and coastal defense
were the accepted strategies of the U.S. Navy after the Civil War.
• Strategies seemed obsolete to an influential group of American naval leaders.
• Commodore Stephen B. Luce• Establishes Naval War College in 1885 at
Newport, Rhode Island to:• “Apply modern scientific methods to the
study and raise naval warfare from the empirical stage to the dignity of a science.”
• Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan is one of the first instructors to serve under Luce.
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
“An untroubled assurance of peace is no guarantee that war
will not come.”
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“Historians generally have been unfamiliar with the conditions of the sea, having as to it neither special interest nor special knowledge; and the profound determining influence of maritime strength upon great issues has consequently been overlooked.”
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The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783
• Published in 1890 - Mahan’s first book.• Based on series of Naval War College
lectures.
• Strong arguments for the U.S.:• Maintaining naval strength during
peacetime.• Building a fleet of capital ships.• Acquiring colonies abroad for secure
coaling stations.
• Ideas strongly appeals to:- Industrialists - Merchants
- Nationalists - Imperialists
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Learning Objectives:
• Know the status of the U.S. Navy after the Civil War.
• Know the principal changes in warship hull design, propulsion, and armaments during the period 1865-1890.
• Know the principal milestones in the evolution of warship armament during the period.
• Know principal naval weapons systems conceived or adopted by nations desiring inexpensive methods to overcome or neutralize expensive naval hardware, such as the capital ship.
![Page 38: Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 8: Developments in Naval Technology and its Impact on Strategy and Policy, 1865-1890](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/56649cc05503460f9498665d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Learning Objectives:
• Know the technological responses of the major naval powers to counter the threats of low cost weapons.
• Know the reasons HMS Warrior marks the beginning and end of this period as a major step in the evolution of the principal weapons of naval might.
• Know congressional attitudes toward the Navy in this postwar period. Comprehend the changes in naval technology prior to World War I.
![Page 39: Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 8: Developments in Naval Technology and its Impact on Strategy and Policy, 1865-1890](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013011/56649cc05503460f9498665d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Learning Objectives:
• Comprehend (explain) the difficulty in maintaining technological leadership and the debate over whether to remain technologically current.
• Comprehend the reasons for the re building of the U.S. Navy and the historical conditions accounting for the emergence and success of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's lectures and book.
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Discussion
Next time: The Dawning of the Age of Mahan