se 100: introduction to technology technological sysyems technological systems

SE 100: Introduction to TechnologySE 100: Introduction to Technology““TECHNOLOGICAL SYSYEMS”TECHNOLOGICAL SYSYEMS”

TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMSSYSTEMS


The world is made up of The world is made up of objectsobjects, living or non living; big or small., living or non living; big or small. These things These things interactinteract with each other and with the surrounding with each other and with the surrounding

environment, working towards achieving environment, working towards achieving common goalscommon goals. . Their existence, in most of the cases, depends upon their Their existence, in most of the cases, depends upon their

interaction.interaction.

IntroductionIntroductionChapter BackgroundChapter Background


IntroductionIntroductionAn ExampleAn Example

Imagine ourselves; we need air & water to live, materials to build Imagine ourselves; we need air & water to live, materials to build shelter and to protect ourselves. shelter and to protect ourselves.

Drinking water is available to us through rivers etc. To fill up Drinking water is available to us through rivers etc. To fill up rivers, sunlight is needed, so that clouds are made and there is rivers, sunlight is needed, so that clouds are made and there is rain. rain.

This hydrologic or water cycle is shown in figure below. This hydrologic or water cycle is shown in figure below.


IntroductionIntroductionExample of a CityExample of a City

One of the main objectives of a One of the main objectives of a city is to provide a restful place city is to provide a restful place where all necessities of life are where all necessities of life are made available at a single place. made available at a single place.

Building blocksBuilding blocks of a city are of a city are people, buildings, roads, water people, buildings, roads, water supply system, electricity supply system, electricity distribution system, gas supply distribution system, gas supply system, healthcare system, system, healthcare system, municipality and so on. municipality and so on.

All of these building blocks of a All of these building blocks of a city and are city and are equally requiredequally required for for its sustained functioning and its sustained functioning and existence. existence.


A set of A set of interrelated componentsinterrelated components working together to accomplish working together to accomplish common aims & objectivescommon aims & objectives

A system is an entity that maintains its existence through the A system is an entity that maintains its existence through the mutual interactionmutual interaction of its parts. of its parts.

Multiplicity of interacting parts that Multiplicity of interacting parts that collectively work towardscollectively work towards a a common goal.common goal.

A A collection of entities or parts that are linkedcollection of entities or parts that are linked and interrelated and interrelated such as hydrologic cycle, cities, and transportation modes.such as hydrologic cycle, cities, and transportation modes.

Collection of workers, management, machines, processes, etc. Collection of workers, management, machines, processes, etc. that work together,that work together, e.g., to provide some major infrastructure's e.g., to provide some major infrastructure's services (e.g., water distribution system, buildings, electrical services (e.g., water distribution system, buildings, electrical system).system).

SYSTEMSYSTEMDefinitionDefinition


This mutual interaction gives rise to a very important This mutual interaction gives rise to a very important characteristic of a system known as characteristic of a system known as emergence or synergyemergence or synergy - the - the properties that a system demonstrates can be entirely different properties that a system demonstrates can be entirely different from the properties of the elements that makes it. from the properties of the elements that makes it.

For example, For example, Sodium ChlorideSodium Chloride or table salt, a or table salt, a harmless saltharmless salt used used daily in our food, is made up of highly daily in our food, is made up of highly reactive metal called reactive metal called sodiumsodium and a and a poisonous gas called chlorinepoisonous gas called chlorine. .

The properties that table salt has, vanishes if the two elements The properties that table salt has, vanishes if the two elements are separated from each other.are separated from each other.

SYSTEMSYSTEMEmergence or SynergyEmergence or Synergy


IntroductionIntroductionInferenceInference

Whether we look at entities in nature such as ‘a hydrologic Whether we look at entities in nature such as ‘a hydrologic cycle’ or something that we have built like a city, there exists a cycle’ or something that we have built like a city, there exists a similar makeup or structuresimilar makeup or structure that exists within them. that exists within them.

We will try to set apart and recognize this common structure or We will try to set apart and recognize this common structure or makeup in this chapter. makeup in this chapter. This common structure is what we call a This common structure is what we call a systemsystem..


SYSTEMSYSTEMClassificationClassification

Natural vs. Artificial or Man-Made Natural vs. Artificial or Man-Made Systems:Systems:

Natural systemsNatural systems are those are those systems that exist as a result of systems that exist as a result of natural processes for example natural processes for example human body or water cyclehuman body or water cycle

Technological Technological or Artificial or or Artificial or Man-Made systemsMan-Made systems are systems are systems developed by people. Examples developed by people. Examples can be cities, factories, can be cities, factories, transportation systems, transportation systems, computers, internet etc.computers, internet etc.


SYSTEMSYSTEMClassificationClassification

Static vs. Dynamic Systems:Static vs. Dynamic Systems: A A static systemstatic system has a has a

structure but there is no structure but there is no change or activity over a change or activity over a period of time for example a period of time for example a building or a bridge.building or a bridge.

A A Dynamic systemDynamic system show show varying behavior over time, a varying behavior over time, a manufacturing or chemical manufacturing or chemical plant, an automobile, and plant, an automobile, and human bodies are examples human bodies are examples of a dynamic system.of a dynamic system.


All systems have three basic components. These are input, All systems have three basic components. These are input, process and output.process and output.

The figure shown is also known as basic system diagram which is The figure shown is also known as basic system diagram which is one of the ways to model or represent any system one of the ways to model or represent any system

The model of a system shown is known as The model of a system shown is known as open loop systemopen loop system. . An open loop system is defined as a system that has no means An open loop system is defined as a system that has no means

for comparing the for comparing the actual outputactual output with with desired outputdesired output so that some so that some corrective actions can to taken by the system. corrective actions can to taken by the system.

SYSTEMSYSTEMStructure (open loop)Structure (open loop)

ProcessInput output

Open Loop System


SYSTEMSYSTEMStructure (open loop)Structure (open loop)

Control of open loop systems often requires human interventionControl of open loop systems often requires human intervention Example of open loop system:Example of open loop system:


As opposed to an open loop system a As opposed to an open loop system a closed loop systemclosed loop system uses uses one more component know as a one more component know as a feedbackfeedback to measure the output to measure the output and circle it back to the input so that after comparing it with the and circle it back to the input so that after comparing it with the desired output, rectifying instructions or commands can be given, desired output, rectifying instructions or commands can be given, if required, as new inputs to the system.if required, as new inputs to the system.

SYSTEMSYSTEMStructure (closed loop)Structure (closed loop)

Input output

Closed loop Systems

Feedback

Process


SYSTEMSYSTEMStructure (closed loop)Structure (closed loop)

In the example of an automobile In the example of an automobile speed given above the fourth speed given above the fourth feedback component is added, feedback component is added, by the human intervention, to by the human intervention, to make the system work under make the system work under controlled conditions. controlled conditions.

Another example of closed loop Another example of closed loop system is of human body that system is of human body that keeps the temperature of a keeps the temperature of a body at 98.6 F. body at 98.6 F.

The body reads its temperature The body reads its temperature through natural through natural sensorssensors, gives , gives its feedback to the brain, which its feedback to the brain, which in turn acts accordingly by in turn acts accordingly by starting sweating or shivering, starting sweating or shivering, to increase or decrease the to increase or decrease the temperature, as required by the temperature, as required by the body.body.


Any system may have more than one input and/or more than one Any system may have more than one input and/or more than one out put. For example an electric generation power plant.out put. For example an electric generation power plant.

SYSTEMSYSTEMStructure (multi-input multi-output)Structure (multi-input multi-output)

Feedback

Process


The term The term complex systemscomplex systems refer to as systems in which the refer to as systems in which the elements are elements are varied and have complex or convoluted varied and have complex or convoluted relationshipsrelationships with other elements of the system. with other elements of the system.

The systems which are not complex in nature generally involve The systems which are not complex in nature generally involve fewer engineering disciplines e.g., a washing machine is an fewer engineering disciplines e.g., a washing machine is an electro-mechanical system. electro-mechanical system.

An example of a complex system is a space satellite. An example of a complex system is a space satellite. – To develop and operate a space satellite a vast spectrum of To develop and operate a space satellite a vast spectrum of

technological knowledge ranging from mechanical to technological knowledge ranging from mechanical to electronics, computers to astrophysics, controls to signal electronics, computers to astrophysics, controls to signal processing is required.processing is required.

SYSTEMSYSTEMComplex SystemsComplex Systems


SYSTEMSYSTEMComplex SystemsComplex Systems

Examples of some complex technological systems, signifying the Examples of some complex technological systems, signifying the three basic components, are illustrated in table below.three basic components, are illustrated in table below.

Most modern technological systems are strongly driven from Most modern technological systems are strongly driven from advances in technologies and are increasingly falling under the advances in technologies and are increasingly falling under the category of complex systems.category of complex systems.

System Inputs Process Outputs Weather Satellite Images, Signals Data Storage,

Processing & Transmission

Processed Images

Airlines Ticketing System

Travel Requests Data Management Reservation & Air Tickets

Oil Refinery Crude Oil, Catalysts, Energy

Cracking, Separating & Blending

Petrol, Diesel & Lubricants etc.

Nuclear Power Plant

Fuel (uranium), heavy water

Fission Reaction, Power Generation

Electric AC Power

Road Cargo System Cargo Request Map Tracing, Communication

Routing Information, Cargo Delivery


If we look at above examples of complex systems and try to If we look at above examples of complex systems and try to model it using basic system diagram, it is clear that the model it using basic system diagram, it is clear that the representation is insufficient for any meaningful understanding of representation is insufficient for any meaningful understanding of such a system.such a system.

SYSTEMSYSTEMModeling a complex systemModeling a complex system


To model a complex system, first of all, we need to understand:To model a complex system, first of all, we need to understand:– ScopeScope of a system: Scope defines the of a system: Scope defines the boundaries of a systemboundaries of a system. . – It is used to identify and encompass all the elements and their It is used to identify and encompass all the elements and their

relationships necessary to form a system. relationships necessary to form a system. – Identification of the boundary of a system is vital so as to Identification of the boundary of a system is vital so as to

make it precisely clear what is inside and what is outside the make it precisely clear what is inside and what is outside the system. system.

Elements outside of the Elements outside of the system boundarysystem boundary that are that are interacting with the system form what we call a interacting with the system form what we call a system system environmentenvironment. . – Typical system environment is made up of system operators, Typical system environment is made up of system operators,

operational maintenance and support systems, shipping and operational maintenance and support systems, shipping and handling environment etc. handling environment etc.




System Environment Interacting elements e.g., system operator, maintenance

System

System boundary


System Environment

Road network, Operators, Traffic police, …

Consider an Consider an intercity passenger transportation companyintercity passenger transportation company as as shown. The system has various elements such as buses, ticketing shown. The system has various elements such as buses, ticketing system, bus terminal management system etc. The system system, bus terminal management system etc. The system interacts with its environment which is made up of road network, interacts with its environment which is made up of road network, operators (bus drivers etc.), and traffic police and so on.operators (bus drivers etc.), and traffic police and so on.

As seen in the example given above we can, not only define As seen in the example given above we can, not only define

various systems and its environment by clearly identifying the various systems and its environment by clearly identifying the system boundaries, but also can identify system boundaries, but also can identify systems within a systemsystems within a system based on the scope of our interestbased on the scope of our interest


Intercity Passenger Transportation Co.Buses Ticketing

SystemBus Terminal Management

System …


By character, complex systems can be made up of a number of By character, complex systems can be made up of a number of major interacting elements, usually known as major interacting elements, usually known as subsystemssubsystems

Subsystems satisfies the definition of a simple system and are Subsystems satisfies the definition of a simple system and are composed of further more simple working elements down to composed of further more simple working elements down to simple elements such as gears, pulleys, buttons, resistors, and simple elements such as gears, pulleys, buttons, resistors, and capacitors etccapacitors etc


System

Sub system 1 Sub system 2 Sub system x…

Component 1 Component 2 Component x…

Part 1 Part 2 Part x…


Functional ElementsFunctional Elements The main purpose of a system is to alter the three basic entities The main purpose of a system is to alter the three basic entities

on which a system operates. These are on which a system operates. These are information, material & information, material & energy.energy.

Classification of principal functional elements based on above Classification of principal functional elements based on above three are:three are:– 1. 1. Signal Signal (A system can generate, transmit, distribute and receive (A system can generate, transmit, distribute and receive

signals used in sensing and communication) signals used in sensing and communication) – 2. 2. Data Data (A system can analyze, organize, interpret, or convert data (A system can analyze, organize, interpret, or convert data

into forms that a user desires) into forms that a user desires) – 3. 3. Material Material (Provide structural support for a System. It can transform (Provide structural support for a System. It can transform

shape or composition of materials etc.) shape or composition of materials etc.) – 4. 4. EnergyEnergy (Provide energy to a system). (Provide energy to a system).



ComponentsComponents are defined as are defined as physical representation of these physical representation of these functional elementsfunctional elements which can be classified in six groups as which can be classified in six groups as shown in figure:shown in figure:


Electronic

Mechanical

Electromechanical

Thermo-mechanical

Electro-optical

Software

Component



Each of these six categories has further sub-classifications. These Each of these six categories has further sub-classifications. These are along with examples areare along with examples are

Category Component Function Electronic Receiver Receive signal Transmitter Transmit signal Data processor Signal processor Other devices Mechanical Structure Support material Power transmitter

device Transmit power and control motion

Other devices Electromechanical Electric generator Generate electricity Transducer Transduce signal Other devices Thermo-mechanical Heating unit Cooling unit Other devices Electro-optical Electro-optical sensor Input signal Display device Output signal/data Other devices Software Operating systems Application programs Other programs


Example of Example of ComponentsComponents




The lowest or the The lowest or the most primal most primal levellevel in a system is known as in a system is known as partsparts

A part in itself does not have A part in itself does not have any functioning but are required any functioning but are required to put together components. to put together components.

Examples of parts are Examples of parts are – Electronic:Electronic: LED, resistors, LED, resistors,

transistors; transistors; – Mechanical:Mechanical: gears, ropes, gears, ropes,

pulleys, seals; pulleys, seals; – Electromechanical:Electromechanical: wires, wires,

couplings, magnets; couplings, magnets; – Thermo-mechanical:Thermo-mechanical: Coils, Coils,

valves; valves; – Electro-optical:Electro-optical: lenses, mirrors; lenses, mirrors;

Software: algorithms etc.Software: algorithms etc.


Interfaces & InteractionsInterfaces & Interactions A system has to A system has to interactinteract with its with its environment including other systemsenvironment including other systems. . All of these interactions occur at various boundaries of the system. All of these interactions occur at various boundaries of the system. Such boundaries are known as Such boundaries are known as external interfacesexternal interfaces. .

– The The definition and controldefinition and control of these external interfaces are extremely of these external interfaces are extremely important in the functional well being of any system. important in the functional well being of any system.

There are also interactions that occur at the boundaries between There are also interactions that occur at the boundaries between individual componentsindividual components of a system. These interfaces are known as of a system. These interfaces are known as internal interfacesinternal interfaces. .

Interaction between two individual elements of the system is Interaction between two individual elements of the system is affected affected through the interface. through the interface.



Interfaces & InteractionsInterfaces & Interactions There are three types of interface that may occur in a system. There are three types of interface that may occur in a system.

These are:These are:– 1.1. Connectors:Connectors: connectors facilitate the transmission of physical connectors facilitate the transmission of physical

interaction e.g., transmission of fluid through pipes or electricity interaction e.g., transmission of fluid through pipes or electricity through cables etc.through cables etc.

– 2.2. Isolators:Isolators: Isolators impede or block physical interaction e.g., Isolators impede or block physical interaction e.g., rubber cover over copper wire etc.rubber cover over copper wire etc.

– 3.3. Converters:Converters: converters alter the form of the physical medium converters alter the form of the physical medium e.g., pump changes the force in a fluid etc.e.g., pump changes the force in a fluid etc.




Example of Example of Interfaces & InteractionsInterfaces & Interactions

Type (medium)

Electrical (current)

Mechanical (Force)

Hydraulic (Fluid)

Human-Machine

(information) Connectors Cable, switches Cam shaft,

connecting rod

Value, piping Control display panel

Isolators Insulator Bearing, shock absorbers

Hydraulic Seal Window shield

Converters Transformer, Antenna

Crank shaft, Gear train

Pump, nozzle Software


Developing a new system is a complex effort that requires several Developing a new system is a complex effort that requires several interrelated tasks. interrelated tasks.

Such systems usually evolve over a longer time period, starting Such systems usually evolve over a longer time period, starting from, when the need is identified through the development stage from, when the need is identified through the development stage to its final operational use and support efforts. to its final operational use and support efforts.

This whole complex effort is referred to as system development This whole complex effort is referred to as system development process that can be summarized with an acronym known as process that can be summarized with an acronym known as SIMILARSIMILAR. .

SYSTEMSYSTEMSystem Development ProcessSystem Development Process

S I M I L A

R R R R R

customer needs

product/process


1.1. State the problemState the problem. Stating the problem is the most essential task . Stating the problem is the most essential task in system development. It entails recognizing customers, in system development. It entails recognizing customers, appreciating customer needs, establishing the need for change, appreciating customer needs, establishing the need for change, delineating requirements and defining system functions. delineating requirements and defining system functions.

2.2. Investigate alternativesInvestigate alternatives. Alternatives are explored and evaluated . Alternatives are explored and evaluated based on criteria such as performance, cost and risk. based on criteria such as performance, cost and risk.

3.3. Model the systemModel the system. Modeling the system sheds light on . Modeling the system sheds light on requirements, reveals bottlenecks and fragment activities, requirements, reveals bottlenecks and fragment activities, reduces cost and exposes replication of efforts. reduces cost and exposes replication of efforts.

4.4. IntegrateIntegrate. Integration means designing interfaces and bringing . Integration means designing interfaces and bringing system elements together so that they work as a whole. This system elements together so that they work as a whole. This requires massive communication and coordination efforts. requires massive communication and coordination efforts.



5.5. Launch the systemLaunch the system. Launching the system means operating the . Launching the system means operating the system and generating outputs -- letting the system do what it system and generating outputs -- letting the system do what it was intended to do. was intended to do.

6.6. Assess performanceAssess performance. Performance is assessed using output data . Performance is assessed using output data -- measurement is the key. If output data cannot be measured -- measurement is the key. If output data cannot be measured properly, than system cannot be judged appropriately and properly, than system cannot be judged appropriately and consequently there will be no right curative actions. consequently there will be no right curative actions.

7.7. Re-evaluationRe-evaluation. Re-evaluation should be a recurrent and iterative . Re-evaluation should be a recurrent and iterative process, available throughout all of the stages of SIMILAR in process, available throughout all of the stages of SIMILAR in system development process. system development process.



SYSTEMSYSTEMSystem life cycleSystem life cycle

System development processSystem development process can be achieved through a can be achieved through a mechanism called mechanism called system life cyclesystem life cycle

There are three system life cycle There are three system life cycle modelsmodels presented here presented here

As can bee seen, all of the phases shown in the three models As can bee seen, all of the phases shown in the three models are related. The most detailed and elaborate model is the SE are related. The most detailed and elaborate model is the SE modelmodel

ISO/IEC 15288 MODEL

Concept Development Production Utilization Support

NSPE MODEL

Conceptualization Technical Feasibility

Development Production Preparation

Production Product Support

SE MODEL

Concept Development Engineering Development Post Development Needs

Analysis Concept

Exploration Concept

Definition Advanced

Development Engineering

Design Integration

& Evaluation

Production Operation & Support



THE SE MODELTHE SE MODELConcept development stageConcept development stage

Concept development stage is made up of three sub-stages. These Concept development stage is made up of three sub-stages. These areare

1.1. Need analysisNeed analysis

2.2. Concept explorationConcept exploration

3.3. concept definitionconcept definition



THE SE MODELTHE SE MODELEngineering development stageEngineering development stage

The main objective of engineering development stage is to The main objective of engineering development stage is to engineer engineer the system to perform functionalitiesthe system to perform functionalities, specified in earlier stages, , specified in earlier stages, in in an economical and maintainable forman economical and maintainable form. Engineering development . Engineering development stage has three sub-stages. These are:stage has three sub-stages. These are:

1. Advanced development1. Advanced development

2. Engineering design2. Engineering design

3. Integration and evaluation3. Integration and evaluation



THE SE MODELTHE SE MODELPost development stagePost development stage

Third and final stage is divided into two main phases:Third and final stage is divided into two main phases:

1.1. Production Production

2.2. Operation and supportOperation and support



THE SE MODELTHE SE MODELTesting Throughout System DevelopmentTesting Throughout System Development

Developing a system, is a closed loop process Developing a system, is a closed loop process Testing or evaluation or feedback of the efforts done at any stage Testing or evaluation or feedback of the efforts done at any stage

is an inherent part of the whole development process; so that the is an inherent part of the whole development process; so that the error at any stage can be detected without delay and rectification error at any stage can be detected without delay and rectification can be donecan be done at the spot to at the spot to avoid any loss of time, effort or avoid any loss of time, effort or investmentinvestment. .


SYSTEMSYSTEMManaging System DevelopmentManaging System Development

One can imagine easily the exceeding complexities that arise One can imagine easily the exceeding complexities that arise during the system development process. during the system development process.

Proper management of this system development process, Proper management of this system development process, therefore, is the key to the success of the entire effort. therefore, is the key to the success of the entire effort.

Now we will look at some of the principles necessary for managing Now we will look at some of the principles necessary for managing such a complex system development process.such a complex system development process.

se 100: introduction to technology technological sysyems technological systems

Documents

system emergence

water distribution system

water supply system

healthcare system

electrical system

gas supply system

system definition slide

water cycle