scripture matters - the quran in history and context
TRANSCRIPT
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SCRIPTURE MATTERS:THE QUR’AN IN HISTORY AND
CONTEXTMohamed Imran Mohamed Taib
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“…civilisation of the Book………..”
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“It is He Who sent down to you (step by step), in truth, the Book, confirming what went before it; and He sent down the Law (of Moses) and the Gospel (of Jesus) before this, as a guide to mankind, and He sent down the criterion (of judgment between right and wrong).”
– Qur’an. 3:3
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“We have, without doubt, sent down the Message; and We will assuredly guard it (from corruption).”
– Qur’an 15:9
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The Qur’an as miracle (ijaz al-Qur’an)
“Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said “Every prophet was given miracles because of which people believed but what I have been given is divine inspiration which Allah has revealed to me…” (Bukhari, VI, no.. 504)
“If you are in doubt as to what We have revealed from time to time to Our servant, then produce a sura like thereunto and call your witnesses or helpers besides God…” (Q.2:23)
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Lauh al-mahfuz / ummul kitab
mushaf / compiled text
Auditory experience+
memorisation / oral transmission
Proc
ess
of
Reve
lati
on
Source of guidance(post-Prophetic / Companion)
To receive the message by
hearing or reading it
To understand the message by
reflecting and studying it
To apply the message by ordering personal and
societal life according to the message
tem
pora
l
Kalamullah / speech of God
aras
y
“with Him is the Mother of the Book” (Q. 13:39)
c.633 – Abu Bakr/Zaid b. Thabit
= suhuf
c.653 – Uthman’s mushaf(Mecca, Medina, Damascus, Kufa,
Basra)
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What is the Qur’an ?
114 sura (chapters), 6000+ verses
qara’a / to read, reciteQ.75:18, 17:46; 17:82
Qur’an (verbal noun) = reading, reciting
qara’a / criterion (Q. 25:1)tanzil / sent down (Q. 26:192)
dhikir / reminder (Q. 15:9)kitab / scripture (Q. 21:10)
“Narrated Qatada: I asked Anas bin Malik: Who
collected the Qur’an at the time of the Prophet? He replied, Four, all of who,
were from the Ansar: Ubai bin Ka’ab, Mu’adh bin Jabal,
Zaid bin Thabit and Abu Zaid.”
– Bukhari, VI, no. 525
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Sciences of the Qur’an
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Chronology matters: Meccan (85 verses) & Medinan (29 verses)
asbab al-nuzul / reason, cause of revelation * in responses to an event or
general situation * in response to particular
question * others reasons known or
unknown
al-nasikh wa al-mansukh/ the abrogating and the abrogated* Qur’an abrogates Qur’an* Qur’an abrogates sunna
al-qira’a / variant readings
Sciences of the Qur’an
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Explaining outer meaning (tafsir) & inner meaning (takwil)
Types of Exegesis: * tafsir bi-l-riwaya / ma’thur (by
transmission) * tafsir bi-l-ray’ (by opinion) / bi-l-
diraya (knowledge) * tafsir bi-l-ishara (by indication, sign)
Tafsir / Exegesis
Q. explains Q.P. explains Q.C. explains Q.T. explains Q.
Other sciences (e.g. hadith, seerah, new sciences?)
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Contemporary Period
decline of Muslim civilisation& aftermath of colonisation
return to the Qur’an and sunnah
loss of a tradition?
atomistic and anachronistic use of the Qur’an
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Modern Tafsir
Abul Kalam Azad (d. 1948)
Syed Ahmad Khan (d. 1898) Abul Ala Mawdudi (d. 1979)
Abul Kalam Azad (d. 1966)
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New Approaches
Mahmoud Mohamed Taha (d. 1985) - second message of the Qur’an
Fazlur Rahman (d. 1988) - double movement theory- thematic approach
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New Approaches
Nasr Hamid Abu-Zayd (d. 2010) - literary approach- Qur’an as discourse
Amina Wadud - tauhidic approach for gender equality
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New Approaches
Muhammad Shahrur - theory of limit
Mohammed Arkoun (d. 2010)- deconstructing the Qur’an- semiotics
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Thank You