scottish wars of independence - rise of robert the bruce
TRANSCRIPT
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LEARNING INTENTIONS• Describe the events which helped Robert the Bruce
become King of Scotland
• Describe the problems that Bruce faced early in his reign as king
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After the death of William Wallace, King Edward took control of Scotland, overcoming most opposition to him. Scotland’s lack of a national leader hindered
rebellion, until the rise of Robert the Bruce.
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Robert the Bruce came from a prominent Scottish family.
Bruce’s family owned land in Scotland and
England. They also had family links to previous Scottish monarchs and his grandfather, Robert, was a candidate in the
Great Cause.
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Bruce initially had a mixed role in the independence
campaign.
Bruce knew and had fought alongside Edward
(similar to many other Scottish nobles).
His family had also been angry at Edward’s failure
to give them the crown after Balliol's abdication.
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With the death of Wallace, the two most prominent leaders in Scotland were
Robert the Bruce and John Comyn.
Both men were bitter rivals but agreed to meet
to discuss how to win Scotland’s independence,
and also who would become king.
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Bruce and Comyn met in Greyfriars Church in
Dumfries on 10 February 1306.
Something caused a row between the men and
Bruce stabbed Comyn. One of Bruce’s men
apparently went to check that Comyn was dead, to
kill him if not.
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Comyn’s killing was a disaster for Bruce.
It meant he would be excommunicated (thrown out) of the Catholic Church,
meaning he could not become king. It would
also make winning Scotland’s
independence harder to achieve.
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Bishop Wishart of Glasgow believed that
Bruce was Scotland’s only hope, so he gave him
forgiveness on behalf of the Catholic Church.
He also persuaded Bruce that his only hope to unite
Scotland was to crown himself as the country’s
king.
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On 25 March 1306, Bruce’s followers went to
Scone.
Although they lacked the Stone of Destiny, they
crowned Bruce as Scotland’s king, with the ceremony being carried out by the Countess of Buchan (John Comyn’s
cousin’s wife, who defied her husband).
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There is a debate about whether Bruce planned to
kill Comyn, but it is unlikely he set out to kill his main rival in a church.
Many believe Bruce killed Comyn either because
Comyn would not back his plans, or because Comyn wanted to be Scotland’s
king.
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Bruce was also angry at Edward’s treatment of him.
Bruce had been very supportive of Edward, long before Comyn was. However when Edward
began to give more power to Scotland – including
appointing its own sheriffs – it was Comyn’s men who
got these posts.
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Bruce’s early period as king was not a successful one for him or Scotland.
He faced two main challenges: one, from
Edward, angry at various Bruce actions and, two, from supporters of John
Comyn.
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Bruce began his reign by attacking Edward’s
troops in different parts of Scotland.
He won control of Cupar Castle in Fife
and also forced supporters of Comyn to
pay homage to him.
Cupar
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King Edward, angry with Bruce’s actions, appointed Aymer de
Valance as his Special Luitentant in Scotland.
Valance was the brother-in-law of John Comyn and so desperate
to see action taken against Bruce.
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Valance travelled through Fife, undermining much of
Bruce’s work.
Bruce planned to fight Valance but it almost
ended Bruce’s life. In June 1306 Valance’s men
attacked as Bruce’s army prepared camp in
Methven, and most of Bruce’s men were killed.
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Bruce and the few survivors escaped and
travelled west. However they were attacked near Dalrigh by men led by John MacDougal of
Argyll.
MacDougal was related to John Comyn. The attack in August 1306 killed many of Bruce’s remaining men.
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Bruce was now without many supporters. He sent members of his family to
Kildrummy Castle in the north east for their
protection, but they were betrayed and captured by
Valance’s forces.
Edward now planned to take firm action against
Bruce’s supporters.
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Male supporters of Bruce, including his brother Neil,
were executed in the same way as William
Wallace.
Bruce’s wife and daughters were locked up, including
in nunneries. The Countess of Buchan was
locked in a hanging cage at Roxburgh Castle.
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Bruce’s whereabouts in late-1306 and early 1307 are unknown.
Many believe he went to Ireland, or an island off the coast of Scotland.
Bruce was also given a nickname by the
English: King Hob (meaning King Nobody).
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Bruce’s disappearance has led to a famous
story (which there is no evidence for).
Whilst hiding, Bruce is said to have a spider
trying to build its web, even though it kept
failing. He was said to be inspired by the spider’s actions to
return home and fight.