scottish association of building standards · pdf fileinclusive design benefits all of us and...

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Foreword

We very gratefully acknowledge the support of the firms whoseadvertisements appear throughout this publication.

As a reciprocal gesture we have pleasure in drawing the attention of ourreaders to their announcements. It is necessary however for it to bemade clear that, whilst every care has been taken in compiling thispublication and the statements it contains, neither the promoter involvednor the Publisher can accept responsibility for any inaccuracies, or for theproducts or services advertised.

Designed and published by Ten Alps PublishingTrelawney House, ChestergateMacclesfield, Cheshire SK11 6DWwww.tenalpspublishing.com Tel: 01625 613000

This publication is now available as an E-bookwww.accessibilitybydesign.co.uk/scottish

Ref: BQA (February 09)

Inclusive design benefits all of us and I welcomethis guidance to enable a better understanding ofthe inclusive design requirements of the BuildingRegulations.

The Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 asamended provides the minimum building standardsfor accessibility to and within buildings which areconstructed, converted, altered or extended. Thisdesign guide aims to provide additional informationand guidance in terms of inclusive design. It doesnot cover everything or have all the answers butaims to provoke designers into thinking about all ofthe population when designing facilities.

Produced by the Scottish Association of BuildingStandards Managers (SABSM) with the support ofthe Scottish Government’s Building StandardsDivision, formerly the Scottish Building StandardsAgency, this document is written in simple languagewith references to detailed technical guidance.

I am confident the clear guidance and the practicalapproach this handbook contains will giveinvaluable information on how to accomplishinclusive design.

I wish to thank all those involved with this work, inparticular the SABSM Members who formed thegroup who worked with the publishers to producethis worthwhile publication, namely, DavidMcDowall, who led the working group, DonaldFullarton, George Brown, Susan Fulton and DerekBramma. I would also like to thank MayGiovannetti and Jean Barr for their work on thedocument and the Local Authorities whocontributed some of the photographs for thispublication.

Mervyn Toshner

President of the Scottish Associationof Building Standards Managers

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Contents

Inclusive Design... A Guide

SCOTTISH ASSOCIATION OF BUILDING STANDARDS MANAGERS......................................................................................................... 7BUILDING STANDARDS AUTHORITIES .......................................................... 9DESIGN & ACCESS STATEMENTS ......................................................................... 11INCLUSIVE DESIGN ........................................................................................................................ 13ACCESS TO BUILDINGS ........................................................................................................ 15Car Parking and Drop Off Points................................................................................................ 15External Travel ............................................................................................................................................... 17External Hazards ........................................................................................................................................ 19Approach to the Building Including Ramped Access ........................................... 21Stepped Access ............................................................................................................................................ 22Handrails ............................................................................................................................................................... 23Accessible Entrances .............................................................................................................................. 25ACCESS WITHIN BUILDINGS ....................................................................................... 27Entrance Lobbies ....................................................................................................................................... 27Reception Area/Service Points .................................................................................................... 28Internal Doors .............................................................................................................................................. 29Corridors and Passageways ........................................................................................................... 30Internal Stairs .................................................................................................................................................. 31Guide to the Provision of Lifts .................................................................................................... 33Vertical Circulation within the Building .............................................................................. 34FACILITIES WITHIN PUBLIC BUILDINGS .................................................... 36Audience and Spectator Facilities............................................................................................... 36Refreshment Facilities Including Staff Rooms................................................................ 38Sleeping Accommodation.................................................................................................................. 39Switches, Outlets and Controls .................................................................................................. 40Sensory Impairment ............................................................................................................................... 41Sanitary Conveniences.......................................................................................................................... 42Wheelchair Accessible Changing and Shower Facilities ................................. 45Wheelchair Accessible Bathrooms ........................................................................................ 47MEANS OF ESCAPE ......................................................................................................................... 49Means of Escape/Egress....................................................................................................................... 49HUMAN FACTORS............................................................................................................................ 53Signs and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 53Anthropometric Data ........................................................................................................................... 55Ergonomic Data .......................................................................................................................................... 63DWELLINGS ............................................................................................................................................... 66Accessibility ....................................................................................................................................................... 66Circulation ......................................................................................................................................................... 69Accessible Sanitary Facilities Within Dwellings ............................................................ 70LEGISLATION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................. 71THE DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT (DDA) 1995 & 2005 ......................................................................................................... 73USEFUL CONTACTS .................................................................................................................... 75ADVERTISERS’ INDEX .............................................................................................................. 79

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SCOTTISH ASSOCIATION OF BUILDING STANDARDS MANAGERS

(SABSM)

The Scottish Association of Building StandardsManagers had its origins in a meeting held inStirling, on 24th February 1976, when senior localgovernment officers working in Building Controlformed a new association to be known as the“Scottish Association of Chief Building ControlOfficers”. (SACBCO).

This Association continued until 22 October 2003when Members approved a name change to theScottish Association of Building Standards Managers(SABSM) to reflect local government evolution andto coincide with the new Building (Scotland) Act2003. This Act introduced a new proceduralsystem from 2005 designed to reflect the needs ofthe 21st century, and reflect the Europeandimension in which building standards nowoperate.

SABSM membership includes senior managers,who must be principally engaged in provision ofthe Building Standards service, nominated by all the32 Scottish Local Authorities. SABSM has aPresident, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer andAssistant Secretary, who, together with theManagement Committee, direct the business ofthe Association. Business conducted by theManagement Committee is reported to membersat the quarterly general meetings.

SABSM’s business has evolved over the last 5 yearsduring the implementation of the Building(Scotland) Act 2003 and currently covers:

● Liaising with the Scottish Government’s staff atthe Building Standards Division who areresponsible for implementing Ministerialdecisions in the development of the BuildingStandards;

● Reviewing new government strategies andlegislation affecting the Built Environment;

● Advising on technical matters relating to serviceprovision;"http://www.cosla.gov.uk/" \t "_blank" COSLA

● Developing national policy on BuildingStandards issues;

● Issuing guidance notes to members reflectingbest practice across the country;"http://www.sabsm.co.uk/sabsm/guidance.htm"

● Publishing building standards leaflets to assistthe general public and the building industry;"http://www.sabsm.co.uk/sabsm/guidance.htm"

● Developing training initiatives for BuildingStandards Managers and Surveyors;

● Management of the Scottish Type ApprovalScheme (STAS) which enables developers toseek national approval for domestic housing;and

● Active membership of the Consortium ofEuropean Building Control (CEBC).

SABSM gratefully acknowledges the ScottishGovernment, RIBA publications and the ScottishLocal Authorities for permission to reproduce theirmaterial in the publication. Whilst every care hasbeen taken to compile the information in thisguide, the publishers and promoters cannot acceptany responsibility for incorrect information.Building Standards are subject to change and if indoubt you should contact your Local AuthorityBuilding Standards office via the link"http://www.sabsm.co.uk" www.sabsm.co.uk tocheck if the information is still current.

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The Planning etc. (Scotland) Act 2006 came ontothe statute books in 2006 and at the time ofwriting, the accompanying regulations (StatutoryInstruments) have not yet been published.However, it is recognised that there may be arequirement for a Design and Access Statement toaccompany certain applications although thespecific details have yet to be finalised.

A design and access statement is simply adocument that explains the thinking behind thedesign process and it should show how thedesigners have thought about how everyone –irrespective of their age, ability or gender – can useand access the proposed facility. Additionalguidance has been produced by the Commissionfor Architecture and the Built Environment; Designand access statements – how to write, read anduse them. Contact information may be found onpage 75.

DESIGN & ACCESS STATEMENTS

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S U R FA C E R E S T O R AT I O N

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An inclusive environment is one which can beaccessed and used by everyone, irrespective oftheir age, ability or gender. In order to achieve thisdesigners need to be aware of people's differingabilities and widen the user group they design for.

Inclusive facilities do not just mean buildings butrelate to all elements of the surroundings includingpublic open spaces which also serve to linkdifferent parts of the built environment together.

By considering people's diversity, inclusive designseeks to provide an environment which addresseseveryone's varying needs. To do this, designersshould involve potential users at all stages of thedesign process; from the design brief stage to thedetailed design. One method of meeting thisrequirement is to involve Access Panels.

Access Panels Access Panels are members of the community whoeither have a disability or have an interest inaccessibility issues. The vast majority of the 32 localauthorities in Scotland have an associated AccessPanel and some local authorities employ individualsin the capacity of an Access Officer. However thetitle differs for each authority and the person is notalways employed within Building Standards. A fulllist of local authorities can be found atwww.sabsm.co.uk

The remit of the Panels vary but some reviewplanning and building warrant applications and willprovide comments on the design based on theirown personal experience rather than technicalguidance. If designers want to be inclusive theyshould contact the Access Panel for that particulargeographical area. Contact details may be held byeither the local authority for that area or theScottish Disability Equality Forum –www.sdef.org.uk

The Panel will be happy to discuss the proposals atthe earliest opportunity and the ethos of manyPanels is if a facility is accessible for someone witha disability then it will be accessible for the majorityof the community. Contact at the earliest possiblestage means that any changes may be made at thedrawing stage and not later on in the designprocess which may be expensive. If a facility isinclusive it will also be sustainable as expensiveretrofits may not be required.

INCLUSIVE DESIGN

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Access to a building or facility is importantirrespective of whether people arrive on foot, bycar or bus.

● For some disabled people, car access is vital.In car parks, provision should be made for bluebadge holders which should be as close to themain entrance as possible (within 45m). It isalso advisable to provide this parking in an areawhere people do not have to cross roads.

● The surface of a designated parking bay shouldbe firm and level, slip resistant and have a1200mm transfer zone alongside and at therear of the vehicle. A coloured surface to thebay is good practice and readily identifies thearea for blue badge holders. Similarlycontrasting coloured bays for parent and childparking is also good practice.

● If people need to obtain tickets for pay anddisplay parking, the ticket dispensing machinesneed to be accessible to wheelchair users andpeople of short stature. Ideally they should beadjacent to the designated parking and havecontrols between 750mm and 1200mm fromground level.

● Accessible car parking should be provided on aratio of 1:20 but this could increase, dependentupon the building type and prospective users.

● It is recognised that bollards sometimes have tobe installed in certain locations. If they have tobe installed at the end of accessible car parkingbays it is important that they are not located atthe end of the hatched area which can be usedby some wheelchair users to access theadjoining pavement/hard standing area.

● Bollard design is important in that it should beat least 1m high, contrast with the adjoiningbackground and have a contrasting bandaround the top.

● If a drop off point or setting down point is to beprovided, there should be associated droppedkerbs with tactile warning within 45m of themain entrance.

● Signage should be provided to highlight theaccessible route to the main entrance.

● Additional guidance on designated parking,ticket dispensing machines, vehicular controlbarriers, multi-storey car parks and many otherissues can be found in BS 8300 Design ofbuildings and their approaches to meet theneeds of disabled people – Code of Practice.

ACCESS TO BUILDINGS

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Car Parking and Drop Off Points

Fig. 1

Dropped kerb where accessto a pedestrian route.Preferred access routeavoiding travel behind cars.

Access zone between and atthe end of designatedparking bays.

Vehicular route

Dimensions of parking bay areto centre lines of markings.

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Regardless of how they arrive at a building, a personshould be able to travel conveniently and withoutassistance to the entrance of that building. Thesurface should be firm, uniform and of a materialfinish that will permit ease in manoeuvring and itshould provide a degree of traction that willminimise the possibility of slipping.

● The use of tactile paving is important forindividuals who have a visual impairment to alertthem to a potential hazard. More informationcan be found in Department of Transportpublication – Guidance on the use of tactilepaving surfaces. When moving about thepedestrian environment, some visually impairedindividuals will actively seek and make use oftactile information underfoot, particularlydetectable contrasts in surface texture. It isimportant that the correct warning paving isused:

– red blister surfaces should only be used atcontrolled crossings (Zebra, Pelican, Puffin,Toucan and traffic signal junctions withpedestrian phases)

– contrasting colour usually buff but not redshould be used at uncontrolled crossings (side road crossings, busy crossovers (vehiclecrossings)), crossings away from junctions, kerb

to kerb flat top road humps, signal controlledjunctions without pedestrian phases

– corduroy surfaces should be used for anysituation (except at pedestrian crossingpoints) where visually impaired individuals needto be warned of a hazard; top and bottom ofsteps, foot of or a ramp to an on-street light rapid transit (LRT) platform but not at any other ramps, level crossing,where a footway / footpath joins a sharedsurface route.

● Routes of travel across grass or paved areasshould be highlighted. This can be achieved by contrasting colour, texture or by directional paving.

● Covers and gratings should be flush withpavings, the maximum gap being 18mm.

● Define footpath edges with either kerb, low railor a surface change so that cane users candetermine the route of travel. However, careshould be taken that these elements do notbecome hazards.

● Low level bollard and chains are particularlyhazardous for some people and should beavoided.

ACCESS TO BUILDINGS

External Travel

This layout is a general detail only. Further advice on exact layouts should besought from the local Roads Authority

Avoid gratings, obstacles, hazardsincluding bollards

Fig. 2

Surfaces firm, non-slip andwell laid

Central kerbs to be flushwith carriageway

Tactile surfaces to denotepedestrian crossing extendfull width

Max gradient1:12

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● The provision of landscape furniture requirescareful thought. It needs to be madedistinguishable from the background, i.e. bycolour contrast and should be detectable at lowlevel for people with impaired vision.

● Space should be left either side of fixed seatingto allow wheelchair users and buggies to sit atthe same area. The fixed sections shouldcontrast in colour with the background.

● Avoid overhangs, especially at ground level.

● Guard against building projections by the use of(1) rails, (2) textured surfaces, (3) kerbs andplanting, etc.

● Where possible, lighting columns, signposts,litter bins and seats should be located at orbeyond the boundaries of the access route.

DOORS

● Doors which open outwards should not causean obstruction on a path which runs along theface of a building, i.e. recess the doors orprovide suitable guarding which should contrastin colour with the background.

External Hazards

ACCESS TO BUILDINGS

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Angled GuardingFig. 3

Fig. 4

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Everyone has a different preference on how theyaccess a building; some people may prefer to usesteps utilising the handrails whilst others may havea preference to use a ramp. Good practicerecommends that where there is a difference inlevel greater than 300mm separate steps should beprovided as well as a ramp and these should beclearly signposted.

The gradient of a ramp is important; if it is toosteep there is a danger that anyone in a wheelchairmay topple over. The severity of the gradient andthe associated landing can also have an impact onanyone pushing a wheelchair or buggie.

There should be convenient access into buildingsfor everyone including disabled people, whetherthey are visitors to the building or work in it andwhether they arrive on foot or in a wheelchair.

● If space outside the principal entrance isrestrictive, an alternative accessible entrance in common use should be provided andappropriately signposted.

● Car parking spaces should be provided adjacentto the principal entrance or the accessibleentrance in common use.

● The surface of the ramp should be slip resistantand of a colour that contrasts visually with thatof the landings.

● Consideration should be given to the potentialusers of the building in terms of the rampwidth; a potentially busy route might benefitbeing 1.8m wide so that two wheelchairs/buggies can pass with ease.

● If shared landing is provided for the steps and aramp, care should be taken so that the tactilesurface is not provided in a location that willinterfere with the wheels of buggies orwheelchairs.

Fig. 6

ACCESS TO BUILDINGS

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Gradients steeper than 1:12 are not recommended.

Table 1 Limits for ramp gradients

Ramp widths should be provided in accordancewith the proposed use; for example a heavilytrafficked route would benefit from a 1.8m wideramp which would allow 2 wheelchairs to pass.

Steps should be of uniform rise and going and have acontrasting nosing to comply with steps detail on thefollowing page (handrails and tactile warnings notshown), careful consideration to surface finish to reducerisk of slipping.

Approach to the BuildingIncluding Ramped Access

Going of a flight Maximum gradient Maximum rise

10m 1:20 500mm

9m 1:19 473mm

8m 1:18 444mm

7m 1:17 411mm

6m 1:16 375mm

5m 1:15 333mm

4m 1:14 285mm

3m 1:13 230mm

2m 1:12 166mm

Notes:Gradients steeper than 1:12 are not recommended.

Extend handrail 300mmbeyond the top andbottom of ramp, terminateis closed end.Extend to doorwayif appropriate.

Handrails to both sides iframp exceeds 2m inlength. Continuous acrosslandings and distinctive bycolour or contrast.

Height of kerb at openside of ramp at least100mm or low rail.Consider solidbalustrade whereexposed.

Many people use steps in different ways dependingupon their age, ability or gender or perhaps evenwhat they are wearing; for example some peopleprefer to run up or down and cover two or moresteps at the same time whilst others may bechildren or individuals who have a condition whichlimits their mobility. It is therefore recommendedthat the design of steps should accommodate themajority of society and the potential users in thegiven location.

● Ideally, the rise of each step should be between150mm and 170mm.

● Ideally, the going of each step should bebetween 280mm and 425mm.

● Rise and going of each step should be uniformthroughout the flight.

● Width of the flight should not be less than 1.2m.

● A corduroy hazard warning surface should beprovided at top and bottom landings of a seriesof external flights to give advance warning of achange in level.

Fig. 7 Stepped access – key dimensions and use of hazard warning surface

Stepped Access

ACCESS TO BUILDINGS

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Rib profile

‘Corduroy’ hazard warning surface (with 8 ribs)

Note: Full details of tactile pavingare in “Guidance on the use ofTactile Paving Surfaces.”

Closed end to handrailat top and bottom

Handrail to becontinuous acrossintermediate landings

‘Corduroy’ hazard warning surface at top ofstairs to extend at least 400 at each side ofstairs and to stop 400 from nosing

Contrasting nosingto call each step

Handrail to be terminated in a waythat reduces the risk of clothing being caught

1200 min.bottom landing

800 when the approach is straight onand 400 when a conscious turn isneeded to reach the step

Note: Rise and going dimensions apply to all step profiles.Open risers are only suitable in very few locations as they cancause problems for individuals with a visual impairment orindividuals with a mobility problem

Steps without projecting nosings are preferred

1200 min800

400

400

400 min

400 min

Stair width280 to 425

25 max overlap

150 to 170

25 maxoverlap

60º min

Preferable forthe maximumamount of risersto be 12

900 to 1110300 min.

840 to 1000above pitch line

300 min.

900 to 1110

6

20

20 rib

30 gap

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HANDRAILS

Handrails are an important element associated with stepsand ramps. Many people rely on the handrail to steadythemselves and they should therefore be provided in aform that is easy to use. Consideration should be given tochildren when designing handrails.

● Should be between 840mm and 1000mm above thesurface of the ramp or stairs.

● Should be continuous along the flights and landings ofsteps and ramps.

● Should extend at least 300mm beyond the top andbottom of ramps and a flight or flights of steps whilst notprojecting onto an access route.

● Should contrast visually with the background withoutbeing reflective.

● The surface should be slip resistant and not cold to thetouch.

● The profile should be circular with a preferable diameterof between 40mm and 50mm or oval, with a diameterof 50mm.

● Should protrude no more than 100mm into the surface width of ramp or stairs.

● Should have a clearance of between 50mm and 60mmbetween the handrail and any adjacent wall surface.

● Some people may be weaker on one side, therefore itis good practice to provide handrails on both sides.

Fig. 8 Handrail design

Handrails

ACCESS TO BUILDINGS

Non circular handrailpreferably 50 wide withround edges and 38mmdeep

Circular handrail40 to 50 diameter

50 to 60

15 minradius

38

50 min

50 max

Ramped orsteppedaccess

24

Caird Contracts LtdResidential: Commercial: Retail Construction

Ardersier26 Dalgleish Road

DundeeDO4 7JY

T. 01382 459999F. 05601 162730M. 07930 311857

E. [email protected]. www.cairdcontracts.co.uk

BADENOCH ROOFING LIMITED

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STONEMASONRY

DESIGNS

4 HOSELAW FARM COTTAGES

KELSO

ROXBURGHSHIRE

TD5 8BP

EMAIL: [email protected]

07835 120320

The entrance of a new building should beaccessible to everyone irrespective of their age,ability or gender. Where an existing building is tobe altered every attempt should be made to makethe main entrance accessible. If the building islisted, reasonable adjustments should beconsidered in the same way as for other buildings.

ACCESSIBLE ENTRANCES

● Should be clearly signposted and should includethe international symbol of access, from theedge of the site, and the principal entrance ifthis is not the accessible entrance.

● Any structural supports at the entrance shouldnot be a hazard to visually impaired individuals.

● Should have a level landing at least 1500mm by1500mm clear of any door swings immediatelyin front of the entrance and be of a materialthat does not impede wheels.

● Door entry systems should be accessible todeaf and hard of hearing and people whocannot speak (e.g. LED display and inductioncouplers fitted) 1400mm is the upper heightlimit.

● It is important that where practical the principalentrance to a building is inclusive and thefollowing should be considered: theprominence of the entrance, the type of thethreshold to allow convenient access, the easeof operation of the door, and the provision ofan overhead canopy should the door require tobe kept locked.

DOORS TO ACCESSIBLE ENTRANCES

Entrance doors can be manually operated, orpower operated under manual or automaticcontrol.

● Vision panels enable individuals to see peopleon the other side of doors and should complywith the minimum zone of visibility of between500mm and 1500mm from floor level, ifnecessary interrupted between 800mm and1150mm from floor level to accommodate ahorizontal grab-rail.

● It should be noted that double buggies arewider than wheelchairs and this should beborne in mind when designing certain typesof buildings.

MANUALLY OPERATED NON-POWEREDENTRANCE DOORS

● A non-powered door fitted with a self-closingdevice capable of closing the door against windforces and the resistance of draught seals isunlikely to be easily openable by a wheelchairuser or someone with limited strength ora child.

● The opening force at the leading edge shouldbe no greater than 30N for the first 30degrees.

Accessible Entrances

ACCESS TO BUILDINGS

25

Table 2 Width of doors

Minimum corridor width Minimum clear openingat door (mm) width (mm) [1]

1500 8001200 825 [2]900 [3] 850 [2]

Notes:1. the projection of any ironmongery that extends across

the width of a door leaf, such as an emergency push barto a fire exit or horizontal pull handle to accessiblesanitary accommodation, should be subtracted whencalculating the clear opening width.

2. the clear opening width may reduce to 800mm where adoor is approached head-on.

3. a corridor width of less than 1.2m should not be presentwithin new buildings but may be found within someexisting buildings.

26

Accessible Entrances

POWERED ENTRANCE DOORS

Powered entrance doors benefit everyone who istrying to enter or leave a building whether they arein a wheelchair, pushing a buggie, carrying items orhave limited strength.

● Manual control for powered entrance doorsshould be clearly distinguishable from thebackground, and located between 750mm and1000mm from the ground level (to includeswipe cards etc). Care should be taken on thelocation of the control so that it is in anaccessible location.

● Where the doors swing towards peopleapproaching them visual and audible warnings

should be provided. They should incorporate asafety stop if someone is passing through andrevert to manual control or stay open in apower failure.

GLASS ENTRANCE DOORS AND GLAZEDSCREENS

● Should be clearly defined with manifestation onthe glass at two levels, 850mm to 1000mm and1400mm to 1600mm (above floor level).Manifestation is a sign or a logo at least150mm high.

● Care should be taken that any manifestationapplied contrasts with the surrounding/adjacentbackground.

ACCESS TO BUILDINGS

Fig. 9 Effective clear width and visibility requirements of doors

Entrance Lobbies

Manoeuvring through a heavy set of doors can beproblematic for some people; children, people withassistance dogs, wheelchair users and individualswith low upper body strength. Wheelchair usersfind it easier to open a door by pushing it ratherthan pulling it towards them.

● Where entrance lobbies are incorporated inbuildings, adequate space must be providedbetween doors. There should also be space forsomeone assisting a wheelchair user and forsomeone passing in the opposite direction.

● Thresholds should be flush, 15mm maximum,at both doorsets.

● The door opening widths should apply to theinner doors as well as the outer doors.

● If there is a harsh difference between theoutdoor strong sunlight and the immediateinterior of the building it can cause difficulties for

visually impaired individuals therefore lighting toreduce the contrast between the outside andthe building’s interior should be considered.

● The floor surface should be level, slip resistantand not impede the movement of wheels.Barrier matting should be provided and be ofmaterial and design that would not cause a triphazard.

● Ensure any changes in floor materials do notcreate potential trip hazards, and be mindfulthat thick pile carpets are not easy tomanoeuvre over.

● Highly polished tiled floors can quite often causeglare which can make it difficult for individualswith a visual impairment to navigate around thespace. Similarly highly patterned floor coveringscan cause confusion to visually impairedindividuals when trying to move around.

Fig. 10 Examples of accessible lobby dimensions

ACCESS WITHIN BUILDINGS

27

The main reception area of any building may bethe first area that the public visit therefore it isimportant to be inclusive. Suitable receptionfacilities including appropriate signage are importantwithin this area.

● Any reception point should be easily identifiablefrom the entrance doors or lobby and have adirect approach and be free from obstructions.The reception desk or service point should beaccessible to cater for the majority of users’needs irrespective of whether they are seatedor standing.

● Dimensions for an accessible counter; forstanding users within a range of 950mm and1100mm high, for seated users a surface700mm above floor level (to the underside)with a knee recess of at least 500mm deep.

● In order for wheelchair users or individualpushing buggies a clear manoeuvring space of1200mm in front is desirable.

● A bevelled edge to the desk aids individualswhen picking up paper, coins etc.

● Reception points should be provided with ahearing enhancement system but care shouldbe taken over the design and any potentialconflicts; for example there may beconfidentiality issues. There is also evidencethat some security systems interfere with thefrequency of certain loop systems. It is alsoimportant that regular testing of hearingenhancement systems is carried out.

● Some individuals who have a hearingimpairment may lipread, therefore good lightingat reception areas will help.

● Signage plays an important part in way findingand good clear accessible signage with theincorporation of symbols will aid most visitorsto a building where for example English isnot their first language or they have alearning disability.

● If seating is to be provided within a waiting areait is good practice to provide seats at differingheights with or without arms and also that theycontrast in colour with the adjoining surfaces.

● It is good practice in waiting areas to providespace for buggies, wheelchairs and assistancedogs.

● If information is to be made available to visitorsit is good practice to have it placed at variousheights and for there to be provision inalternative formats and languages.

Reception Area/Service Points

28


29

Internal Doors

The design and weight of doors within a buildingwill play a role in determining how accessible avenue is. Many people find it difficult to open,manoeuvre through and close heavy doors.People pushing buggies, wheelchairs andwheelchair users find it more difficult to pull a dooropen rather than pushing it.

● The force needed to open the door manuallyshould not exceed 30N for the first30 degrees.

● Doors should be distinguishable from theadjacent facades, as should be ironmongery(i.e. pull handles) from the actual door itself.

● It is good practice to highlight the leading edgeof any doors in a different colour.

● Lever handles are preferable to knob sets andstill suit most individuals with manual dexterityissues or carrying items.

● Doors should have a zone of visibility between500mm and 1500mm from the floor, ifnecessary interrupted between 800mm and1150mm from the floor, to accommodate anintermediate horizontal rail.

● Incorporate low-level protection fromwheelchairs at least 400mm high. Thresholdsshould be level with adjacent floor finishes.

● Fire doors can be heavier than standard doors.If they are located in corridors it is best practicefor them to be held open with an electro-magnetic device, but self-close when:

■ Activated by a smoke alarm or firealarm

■ Power supply fails■ Activated by a hand operated switch.

● Fire doors to individual rooms should be fittedwith swing-free devices that close whenactivated by smoke detectors, fire alarms andpower failure.

Design considerations similar to those for entrance doors apply to internal doorsRefer to Table 2 and Fig. 9.

Fig. 11


30

Corridors and Passageways

Ease of manoeuvrability throughout circulationareas benefits everyone, therefore corridors needto be of a sufficient width to accommodate allusers.

● Elements such as columns, radiators and firehoses should not protrude into the corridor, orwhere this is unavoidable a means of directingpeople around them, such as a visuallycontrasting guardrail should be provided.Another method of directing people aroundcolumns can be seen in the photograph wherethe bottom on the columns have beenhighlighted with a contrasting colour.

● The unobstructed width should be at least1200mm excluding any projections intothe corridor.

● Where the unobstructed width of the corridoris less than 1800mm, passing places should beat least 1800mm long and 1800mm wide atreasonable intervals to allow wheelchairs topass at corridor junctions and similar.

● Corridors of gradient between 1:20 and 1:60should have a rise no more than 500mmwithout a level rest area at least 1500mm long.

● If the corridor is 1:20 or steeper, refer to rampdetails.

● Any door opening towards a corridor which isa major access route, should be recessed sothat when fully open it does not project intothe corridor. The leading edge of doors whichrequire to stay open should ideally have acontrasting colour to their leading edge.

● On a major access or escape route the widerleaf of a series of double doors with leaves ofunequal widths should be on the same sidealong the length of the corridor.

● Floor finishes should be slip resistant.

● Glass screens should have suitablemanifestation.

Shaded areas show required unobstructed space requirements forapproaching doors. All dimensions are clear widths.

Fig. 12


Obstructions such as a radiator (if it cannotbe recessed) may project up to 100mmreducing a corridor width to 1.1m, over a maximum length of 900mm.

Turning circle forwheelchairs

Recessed radiators and equipment etc.

31

Internal Stairs

Guidance as for external stepped access except:

● It is not reasonable to require a hazard warningsurface at the head of internal stairs (since thereis no recognised warning surface for useinternally, which can be guaranteed not toconstitute a trip hazard when used alongsideflooring surfaces with different frictionalresistance characteristics).

● On a lengthy flight of steps, the continuation ofthe handrail at intermediate landings will alertany visually impaired individuals to the nextflight.

● Ideally, a flight between landings should containno more than 12 risers.

● The rise of each step should be between100mm and 170mm.

● The minimum going of each step should be atleast 250mm minimum with a pitch notexceeding 34 degrees.

● The provision for handrails is the same as forexternal stepped access.

● One method of providing a warning to somevisually impaired individuals of an impendingflight of internal steps is to provide a contrastingcoloured surface to the top and bottomlanding.

Fig. 13 Internal stairs – key dimensions


32

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However, our concrete garages continue to be our most prevalent sector. We offer a wide variety of different styles in avaried choice of wall finishes - mono-pitch, traditional rooftypes, or lean-to which will complement any house or garden.

In the area of timber based products the company is rapidlyexpanding and we provide a large selection of sheds, fencing,decking and other goods of this nature.

However, if there is a product which you would like, but do notsee in our catalogue, do not hesitate to contact us and we willbe pleased to discuss a custom build project. All ideas anddesigns will be welcomed by our team of specialists.

Contact Thistle Concrete Garages now and we will provide a free, no obligation site survey and quotation on the removal of your old garage and the building of your new garage base.

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NOTE: THE PRODUCT IS ENTIRELY BRITISH WITH ALL THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS BASED IN THE UK

33

Guide to the Provision of Lifts

It is clearly the intention of The Technical Standardsto make as much of the built environmentaccessible as possible to all irrespective of age,ability or gender. Therefore, the provision of liftsmust be seen as the obvious solution for verticaltravel.

As there is no floor area rule to be guided by, it isimportant to recognise that whilst the provision of apassenger lift (or, in certain situations a liftingplatform) is the preferred option, each applicationshould be looked at individually, as each situationwill differ in some way.

In new buildings, it is hoped that every attempt willbe made to allow for some sort of lifting device. Itis more likely that problems in making a buildingfully accessible will be put forward for an existingbuilding. This is why, whilst ascertaining what isreasonable in the circumstances of each case mustbe looked at, it must be remembered that it is theintention of the Building Standards that all newbuildings and existing non-domestic buildings thatare materially altered or extended are accessibleto all.


Vertical Circulation within the Building

34

A passenger lift is the most suitable means ofvertical access for everyone and should beprovided wherever possible.

However given the space constraints in someexisting buildings it may not always be possible toprovide a full passenger lift.

● Signs indicating the location of a lifting deviceshould be clearly visible from the buildingentrance. Additionally a sign indicating the floorreached should be provided on each landingthat can easily be seen from the lifting deviceand is visually contrasting in the background.

● Whatever lifting device is chosen, internal stairsshould always be provided.

Provision of Lifting Devices● A conventional passenger lift should be the

preferred option to provide comprehensiveaccess for all users to levels in a building.However, in existing buildings where access tosuch a lift is not possible, a platform lift shouldbe provided as an alternative option.

● Existing buildings may in exceptionalcircumstances have a wheelchair platform stairlift.

● There is a requirement to provide accessbetween storeys, however consideration will begiven to smaller storeys. The larger the lift carsize the more accessible it will be for wheelchair

users and individuals pushing buggies in that theywill be able to turn around and face forward toexit rather than reversing out.

Passenger Lifts● Minimum dimensions of the car should be

1100mm wide and 1400mm deep. However,it should be noted that this dimension will notallow a wheelchair user to turn around. Thismay also hinder anyone pushing a buggy/pramin terms of turning around to exit the lift car.

● For a lift that does not have room for awheelchair user to turn around, a mirrorshould be provided to allow the user to see thespace behind the wheelchair in order that theycan exit safely.

● As polished stainless steel is a material whichcan cause glare, this should be avoided in anyinternal lift car layout.

● Power operated sliding doors should provide aminimum clear opening of 800mm and befitted with timing and re-opening activators toallow time for people and assistance dogs toenter or exit.

● Controls should be located between 900mmand 1100mm from the car floor and be at least400mm from any return wall.

● Landing call buttons should belocated between 900mm and1100mm from the floor and atleast 400mm from any return wall.

● Lift landing and car doors shouldcontrast visually from adjoining walls.

● Audible and visual indication of liftarrival and location should beprovided in the lift car and liftlobby. If the lift is to be used in anemergency it should conform withthe relevant recommendations ofBS 5588 part 8 (Code of Practicefor Means of Escape for DisabledPeople).

Fig. 14 Key dimensions associated with passenger lifts


35

Vertical Circulation within the Building

Lifting Platforms

● Should have a platform size of 1100mm wideby 1400mm deep and a clear opening width toany door of 850mm.

● Controls should be located between 900mmand 1100mm from the floor of the liftingplatform and be at least 400mm from anyreturn wall.

● Continuous pressure controls which can beoperated by someone with limited manualdexterity should be provided, with landing callbuttons the same as for a passenger lift.

● Should be provided with a horizontal handrail,easily gripped 900mm above the floor.

● Should be provided with permanent and clearoperating instructions located adjacent to orwithin the platform.

Wheelchair Platform Lifts

● Wheelchair platform lifts can be of benefit tomany wheelchair users however care shouldbe taken to ensure that the means of escape isnot compromised in any way.

Stairlift

● Whilst the provision of a stairlift will aid someindividuals it should be noted that not everyonecan or may be willing to transfer from theirchair to the stairlift.


36

Audience and Spectator Facilities

Any spectator venue should be accessible for theentire audience. Consideration should thereforebe given to accommodating the needs of allvisitors/spectators so that they obtain the fullbenefit from the event.

General

● People with mobility or sensory impairmentsmay need to view from a particular side or sitin the front to lip read or see sign languageinterpreters.

● Care needs to be taken so that poor lighting orvery bright natural light does not make it difficultto see the interpreter.

● Wheelchair users, people who have difficultyusing chairs with fixed arms and those withassistance dogs should have the choice of sittingnext to a seated companion or a companionwho is a wheelchair user.

● Consideration should be given to providingspace by certain seats for assistance dogs to rest.

● Greater spacing between rows of seats at therear of a block or at the end of rows mayprovide extra legroom for people of largestature or individuals who use crutches.

● Consideration should be given to the use ofremovable seating which would allow flexibility.

● The floor at wheelchair spaces should be levelas it is uncomfortable for many wheelchairusers to sit on a slope.

● Additional information may be obtained from the Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds5th Edition.

LECTURE AND CONFERENCE FACILITIES

● Where a podium or stage is providedwheelchair users should have access to it bymeans of a ramp or a lifting platform.

● A hearing enhancement system should beprovided for individuals with a hearingimpairment.

Fig. 15 An example of wheelchair spacesin a lecture theatre

FACILITIES WITHIN PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Table 3 Wheelchair spaces to areas offixed seating

Seated capacity Number of wheelchair spaces

up to 600 1 per 100 or part thereof [1]601-10,000 1 per 100 or parth thereof10,001-20,000 100 + 5 per 1,000 above 10,00020,001-40,000 150 + 3 per 1,000 above 20,000more than 40,000 210 + 2 per 1,000 above 40,000

Notes:1. In smaller auditoria, the presence of removable seating

will offer increased flexibility and should be provided inaddition to permanent wheelchair spaces. For each spacenoted above, removable seating providing one additionalspace should be present, up to a maximum of 6 spaces intotal. For example, a 150 seat auditorium will have2 wheelchair spaces and removable seating for a further2 spaces.

37

Audience and Spectator Facilities

Fig. 16 Possible location of wheelchair spaces in front of a rear aisle

Fig. 17 An example of wheelchair space provision in a cinema or theatre


Steps

1100*

Adjacent accesswidth of 900mm

Aisle dimension

*Dimension derived from BS 8300

1400 x 900 nominalwheelchair spaces

More seats can be removed ifnecessary to create morewheelchair space

Rear wall

Rostrum

The rostrum as well as seats onthe rostrum and seats in the nextrow can be removed to createmore wheelchair spaces

Good practice to have removablearms on this seat

1400 x 900 nominalwheelchair spaces

Rear wall

9001100*

Steps Steps

*Dimension derived from BS 8300

38

Refreshment Facilities Including Staff Rooms

All public areas including toilets, public telephonesand external terraces should be fully accessible, asshould self-service and payment points.

● In many restaurants changes of level are usedto differentiate between different functions orto create atmosphere. However, every effortshould be made to make all levels accessible sothat all potential customers have full andindependent access.

● Changes of level should be designed so thatequitable access is provided throughout eachstorey by a ramp or lifting platform.

● The reception desk or service point should beaccessible to cater for the majority of users’needs irrespective of whether they are seatedor standing.

● Dimensions for an accessible counter, forstanding within a range of 950mm and1100mm high, for seated users a surfaceapproximately 750mm above floor level with aknee recess of at least 500mm deep (and700mm high to the underside).

.● In order for wheelchair users or individualspushing buggies, a clear manoeuvering spaceof 1200mm in front is desirable.

● Worktops in shared refreshment facilities, forexample tea making areas at work, should beaccessible, with a clear space beneath at least700mm above the floor. Some products areavailable which rise and fall and can thereforeaccommodate tall users or individuals who areshorter or who need to sit down.


39

Sleeping Accommodation

Bedroom accommodation within establishmentssuch as hotels and motels should be accessible toall guests and wheelchair users will benefit fromadditional space to enable them to manoeuvre.

This guidance should be followed for all bedrooms:

● Effective clear width of the door from theaccess corridor and the en suite door shouldcomply with Table 2 and have a maximumopening pressure of 30N (page 25).

● Swing doors on wardrobes etc should openthrough 180 degrees.

● Handles on hinged and sliding doors should beeasy to grip and operate and contrast visuallywith the door.

● All bedrooms should have provision for bothaudible and visual alarms.

● Room numbers should be indicated inembossed characters.

WHEELCHAIR ACCESSIBLE BEDROOMS● At least 1 in 20 bedrooms should be

wheelchair accessible.

● The wheelchair accessible bedrooms should belocated to provide a choice of location and beon accessible routes to all the facilities.

Fig. 18 One example of a wheelchair-accessible hotel bedroom with en-suite sanitaryfacilities


See pages 45-48for dimensions

Wheelchair-accessibleshower room or bathroom -see pages 45-48

40

Sleeping Accommodation

● Wall mounted socket outlets, telephone pointsand television sockets should be locatedbetween 400mm and 1000mm above the floorwith a preference for the lower end of therange.

● Switches for permanently wired appliancesshould be located between 750mm and1200mm above the floor.

● All switches and controls that require precisehand movements should be located between750mm and 1000mm above the floor.

● Controls that need close vision should belocated between 1200mm and 1400mm fromthe floor, so readings can be taken from aseated or standing position.

● Sockets should be at least 350mm from anyroom corners.

● The range for light switches should be withinthe range between 1000mm to 1200mm fromthe floor. Where this cannot be achieved pullcords should be provided in the same heightrange.

● The front plates of sockets should contrastvisually with the background and have a clearindication that they are ON.

Switches, Outlets and Controls

● Consideration should be given to the locationof shelving etc as people of shorter statureand/or wheelchair users may find it difficult toreach certain items.

● En suite facilities should meet the requirementsfor wheelchair accessible bath and showerfacilities.

● The size of the room should allow awheelchair user to manoeuvre at the side ofthe bed and transfer independently.

● An emergency assistance alarm and resetbutton should be located in the bedroom andbe activated by a pull-cord that can beoperated from the bed or the floor.

● On the outside of the room the call signalshould be easily seen and heard and linked to acentral control point.

● Openable window controls should be locatedbetween 800mm and 1000mm above thefloor and be easy to operate without the needto use both hands simultaneously. Preferably,window controls should be designed so thatthey can be operated by someone with aclenched fist.


41

Sensory impairments affect many millions ofindividuals within the UK.

Detailed guidance on surface finishes, visual,audible and tactile signs as well as thecharacteristics and appropriate choice of hearingenhancement systems is given in BS 8300.

● Provision for a hearing enhancement systemshould be installed in rooms and spacesdesigned for meetings, lectures, classes,spectator sport or films and at service orreception counters, particularly in noisyareas or where people are separated byglazed screens.

● All facilities should be indicated with theappropriate symbol and signage.

● Where confidentiality issues may arise such asin doctors’ surgeries, caution should beexercised regarding the type and range ofhearing enhancement system to be provided.

● The term visually impaired can range fromindividuals who are partially sighted toindividuals who have no sight at all. Contrastingcolour schemes can aid many individuals in wayfinding however the Light Reflectance Value(LRV) is also important. LRV is measured on ascale from 0% to 100% and measures howmuch light a colour reflects and how much itabsorbs. 0% is classed as absolute black and100% is classed as a perfectly reflective white(which in everyday terms do not exist as theaverage black is approximately 5% and thewhitest white approximately 85%).

Additional information is available from RoyalNational Institute for Deaf People (RNID) andRoyal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB).

Sensory Impairment

Fig. 19

Fig. 20


42

UNISEX ACCESSIBLE TOILETS

A wide range of people find it either impossible orextremely difficult to use standard WCaccommodation, for a variety of reasons. Everyoneshould have equitable access to toilet facilitiesirrespective of their age, gender, individual needsor abilities.

● Where there is space for only one toilet in abuilding, it should be a unisex wheelchair

accessible toilet in accordance with the layout infigure 21. At least one unisex wheelchairaccessible WC should be located where toiletsare provided for customers, visitors or staff.

● One should be located as close as possible tothe entrance or waiting area of a building andbe located in a similar position on each floor ofa multi storey building. There should be rightand left handed transfer on alternative floors.

● If two unisex facilities areprovided side by side, left andright hand transfer should beaccommodated includingappropriate signage.

● Doors should be outwardopening with a horizontalclosing bar on the inside face ifnot fitted with a self closer.However, sliding and bi-folddoors might be acceptabledependent on the buildingusers.

● For some individuals excessivetravel distances to toiletaccommodation can be notonly uncomfortable butimpossible, therefore accessiblefacilities must be located withina reasonable distance from, forexample, the reception area ofa building.

● A wheelchair user should nothave to travel more than 40mon the same floor or morethan 40m combined horizontaltravel if the toilet is on anotherfloor of the building and isaccessible by passenger lift. Inbuildings with a lifting platformvertical travel to the toiletshould be limited toone storey.

Fig. 21 Unisex wheelchair-accessible toilet with corner WC

Sanitary Conveniences


* If a Soil Vent Pipe is located within the corner of the wc space, thereis a chance that it will compromise the location and proximity of thewash hand basin to the wc as the horizontal grab rail will not be fittedalong the wall; there is a chance that the distance between the edge ofthe wc and whb will be greater than it should be. Similarly, any boxingin of the whb drainage may compromise the space allowed for anyonewishing to transfer from the front or stay seated whilst using the toilet.

*

43


Fig. 22 Heights and arrangement of fittings in aunisex wheelchair-accessible toilet (lookingtowards wall A in Fig. 21)

Fig. 23 Heights of various fittings in toiletaccommodation


● Heat emitters should be screenedor their surface temperature keptbelow 43 degrees centigrade.

● All fittings and grab-rails shouldcontrast visually with thebackground wall, and there shouldbe contrast between the walls andfloor to aid visually impaired users.

● Although accessible toilets benefitmany individuals, there are still agreat number of people whorequire additional space andfixtures and fittings. For moreinformation on adult toilet andchanging facilities, please go towww.changing-places.org

44


GENERAL ADVICE

● Where there are four or more cubicles in a samesex toilet one of these should be larger for use bypeople who need extra space, like parents withyoung children or people with shopping orluggage. Minimum width of these toilets shouldbe 1200mm (please refer to Fig 24).

● Where possible, independent baby changefacilities should be provided which should beaccessible to everyone.

● Taps on baths or wash basins should bedesigned to be operated using a closed fist,e.g. lever action.

● Door handles and other ironmongery shouldbe easily operable and contrast visually.

● Doors to WC compartments, and wheelchairaccessible unisex toilets, changing or showerrooms should be fitted with light action privacybolts so they can be operated by people withlimited dexterity. If required to self-close, theyshould be openable with a force no greaterthan 30N.

● Any fire alarm should emit a visual and audiblesignal.

● Emergency assistance alarms should have:

■ Visual and audible indicators to confirman emergency call has been received.

■ A signal which is different from the firealarm.

■ A re-set control reachable from thewheelchair or shower or changingseat.

■ Lighting controls to conform with theprovisions for switches and controls.

● Heat emitters are screened or theirsurface temperature is kept below43 degrees centigrade.

● All fittings and grab-rails should contrast visually withthe background wall and floor finish and thereshould be contrast between the walls and floor.

URINALS

The design of urinals may determine whethersome boys or men can use them. Considerationshould be given to the provision of individualurinals at different heights to allow individuals of allheights and abilities to use them. Shy bladdersyndrome affects up to 4 million people in the UK(the majority of whom are men); the installation ofprivacy screens would help those individuals.Some wheelchair users prefer to stand fromtheir chairs and the provision of grab rails willhelp them.

Fig. 24 Enlarged cubicle which canaccommodate families or individuals whorequire extra space


45

Wheelchair Accessible Changing and Shower Facilities

Where a building requires to provide changing andshowering facilities accessible self contained unitsshould be incorporated.

● Where more than one unit is providedprovision for left or right handed transfershould be made.

● Should provide wall mounted drop downsupport rails and wall mounted, slipresistant tip up seats (not spring loaded).

● In sports facilities individual self-containedshower facilities should be provided inaddition to communal separate sexfacilities.

● A shower curtain should be provided thatcovers the seat and rails when in thehorizontal position and can be opened andclosed from the shower seat.

● A shelf that can be reached from the seator wheelchair should be provided fortoiletries.

● An emergency assistance pull cord shouldbe easily identifiable and can be reachedfrom the seat or the floor, the assistancealarm should be as for sanitaryaccommodation.

● Facilities for limb storage should beincluded for the benefit of amputees.

● When associated with shower facilities thefloor should be level and slip resistantwhen dry or wet.

● There should be a manoeuvring space ofat least 1500mm deep in front of lockerswhich should be provided at anaccessible height.

Fig. 25 An example of a self-contained changingroom for individual use


46

Wheelchair Accessible Changing and Shower Facilities● Where showers are provided in commercial

developments for the benefit of staff, at leastone wheelchair accessible showercompartment should be provided.

● Shower controls in communal showers shouldbe positioned between 750mm and 1000mmabove the floor.

Fig. 26 An example of a self-contained shower room for individual use


47

Wheelchair Accessible Bathrooms

This guidance covers wheelchair accessiblebathing facilities in hotels, motels, studentaccommodation and relatives’ accommodationin hospitals.

● A choice of left or right handed transfer shouldbe provided where more than one accessiblebathroom is provided.

● The bath should be provided with a transfer seat400mm deep and equal to the width of a bath.

Fig. 27 An example of a bathroom incorporating a corner WC


Fig. 21

Fig. 28

48

Wheelchair Accessible Bathrooms

Fig. 28 Grab rails and fittings associated with a bath

● Doors should open outwards and be fitted witha horizontal closing bar fixed to the inside face.

● It is worth noting that some disabled people doprefer a bath rather than a shower and in somecases will have their own transfer seat thereforespace is required at the head of the bath toallow for this.

● The room should be fitted with a pull cord andassistance alarm.


49

Means of Escape/Egress

In any fire event we all want to evacuate safelyfrom a building and although the fire and rescueservice are responsible for fighting fires andprotecting life and property it is the responsibility ofthe individual(s) "responsible" for the building inensuring that there is a suitable emergency fireaction plan in place to enable safe evacuation of allbuilding users.

Changes to the Building Standards over the yearshave ensured that accessibility to and withinbuildings has improved however, provision foremergency egress should also be to the samestandard so that individuals can safely evacuate abuilding and careful consideration should be givento this in the design process.

Management Procedures1. It is important that the building management

have a procedure in place for the safeevacuation of employees and visitors includingindividuals with disabilities.

2. Employers should ensure that all staff, includingindividuals with disabilities, are fully aware of theemergency evacuation procedures for thebuilding. Staff with disabilities should also beconsulted about what assistance they mayrequire to exit the building safely in anemergency.

3. Visitors should also be aware of the evacuationprocedure. Members of staff should beresponsible for ensuring all visitors are escortedout of the building, or to a place of safety.

4. Under new Fire Safety legislation (Fire(Scotland) Act 2005), the building owners oroccupier have a responsibility to carry out a riskassessment of the building. This must includeevacuation procedures in case of emergency.

5. A Personal Emergency Egress Plan or PersonalEmergency Evacuation Plan (PEEP) is arecommended method of documenting a safearrangement for evacuation for all buildingusers. This should be compiled takingconsideration of disabled staff and users/visitorsto the building. Above all, a PEEP shouldconsider the capabilities of all individuals whomight require assistance in any emergency

situation and does not necessarily meaneveryone who is a wheelchair user e.g.pregnancy, injuries such as a broken leg,individual with a cognitive or sensoryimpairment, children etc.

6. When considering means of escape in case offire, the ultimate consideration is the amount oftime it will take for a person(s) to travel from aplace threatened by fire to a place of safety.

7. For further information on this responsibility, please contact your local Fire and RescueService. The Practical Fire Safety Guidance: TheEvacuation of Disabled Persons from Buildings isalso a useful document.

General● Routes of travel should be free from any

obstacles which may impede escape, e.g.thresholds or steps.

● Ramps that are designed as shown on page 21, are suitable for changes in level.

Fig. 29

Temporary waiting space formed in a protected stairway

by Provision where access to the wheelchair spaceis counter to the access flow within the stairway

Wheelchair space

Occupied byescape flow

Escapeflow

MEANS OF ESCAPE

1200x

700

50


● The width of escape routes and exits should besufficient to accommodate the evacuation ofmixed-ability occupancies.

Temporary Waiting SpacesMost people with disabilities should be able toreach the safety of a protected escape route or afinal exit independently due to the limitations oftravel. However, it should be recognised that somemay require additional time to evacuate. It is whenstairways are encountered that some people willrely on assistance. It is for this reason a waiting areashould be provided in a safe area, so a personrequiring assistance can wait in safety untilevacuated.

● Although dimensions are provided fortemporary waiting spaces, consideration shouldbe given to the proposed building type andpotential users as there may be a requirementfor more than one individual at any given time.

● Audible alarms within the temporary waitingspaces can be deafening for many individuals,dependent upon how long they have to wait,therefore it is not recommended that they arelocated within this space.

● Temporary waiting spaces should be providedfor each protected stairway affording egressfrom each storey. The temporary waiting spaceneed not be located within the stair enclosurebut should enable direct access to the stair.

● A temporary waiting space should be located ineither:

Protected lobby, or

Protected corridor, or

Protected stairway

● A temporary waiting space should not encroachinto the escape flow space

● A temporary waiting space should havedimensions of at least 1200mm x 700mm

● Temporary waiting spaces should be providedfor each stairway on each storey

● Communication should be an integral part ofthe fire safety management plan and

consideration should be given to the provisionof a two way communication system at eachtemporary waiting space.

LIFTSThere are 3 main types of lift

● Passenger Lift

● Evacuation Lift

● Firefighting Lift

Passenger LiftGenerally to gain access to the upper floors, a passenger lift is required by the TechnicalStandards. These lifts should not be used as ameans of escape in case of fire.

MEANS OF ESCAPE

51


Evacuation Lift

Designers may wish to give consideration to theprovision of fire evacuation lifts in high risk areaswhere appropriate e.g. hospitals, high risebuildings. Consultation with the local Fire andRescue Service is recommended.

Firefighting LiftSimilar in design to an Evacuation Lift but withadditional fittings which are generally to aidfirefighters in their operations. Firefighting liftsshould not be used by occupants of the building incase of fire.

StairliftsStairlifts should not be used in an emergencyevacuation; they should be fitted with a batteryback up system, which will take the lift to theground floor if the power fails.

Lightweight Evacuation ChairsCommonly known as Evac Chairs, these are oftenused in office buildings where occupants arefamiliar with evacuation procedures, however, itshould be noted that not everyone can transferinto this type of chair. It is essential that operatorsare fully trained and the use of the evac chairs isintegral to the management procedures forevacuation in case of emergency.

FIRE ALARMSThe typical fire alarm consists of a bell or siren.Consideration must be given to alerting occupantswith hearing difficulties.

Audible alarmsAn audible alarm is the most usual way of alertingpeople to an emergency situation, and is the bestway of alerting someone with a visual impairment.

Vibrating AlarmsVibrating pillow pads are very useful for owners ofhotels, guesthouses, or anywhere that providesaccommodation to alert a hearing impaired personin the event of an emergency. Vibrating pagers arealso useful. There should also be a visual alarm, soa hearing impaired person realises it is not just amalfunction of the vibrating alarm.

Visual Alarms

A visual alarm is a useful addition to the usual audio alarm system to warn those with hearingimpairments of an emergency situation and thesealarms should be located throughout the buildingincluding accessible toilets.

Training

An essential part of the management procedures isto ensure all staff, including new members of staff,are prepared for an emergency situation.

MEANS OF ESCAPE

52

Remark RoadmarkingWhite Lining Contractor

Alexander McSpadyen3 Moray Way, Holytown, Motherwell

Call: 01698 344326 / 07985 312924Email: [email protected]

GraniteCity Electrical Ltd

Tel: 01224 775553Mob: 07885 892664

5 Glen Road, Dyce, Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire AB21 7EL

All electrical work undertakenElectrical ContractorsElectrical Engineers

Industrial Commercial DomesticPlant, Machinery Maintenance

Full Design & Installation

ARCHIE HOUSTON ELECTRICAL

Colonsay, Woodlands Drive, Campbeltown,Argyll PA28 6JWTel: 01586 552963 Mob: 07979 383140E-mail: [email protected]

We cover all electricalbusiness and will endeavour

to give a quote, for any size

of job, as soon as possible.

We also work with our clients

to meet any specific

requirements they may have.

53

Signage plays an important part in the builtenvironment enabling individuals to way find andnegotiate their way around an external and orinternal space. The design of any signage shouldtake account of the fact that not everyone hasEnglish as their first language (e.g. British SignLanguage users) and individuals with a learningdisability may understand symbols more readilythan words.

● The international symbol of accessibility; thesetting out of the symbol should be based on asquare tile as shown.

● Signs should be consistent, thorough andcontinuous along routes and should takeaccount of the need for reassurance.

Signs and Symbols

Fig. 30

HUMAN FACTORS

● Guidance exists on the sizes of lettering and theuse of sans serif fonts within the RNIB See ItRight Guidelines.

● Ensure legibility of signs and lettering byattention to size and style and by use of strongcolours, good immediate background and non-distracting general background and by goodlighting without glare.

● Lettering should be within visual range andprovide good contrast against the background.

● Raised letters are helpful to blind and visuallyimpaired individuals particularly. They should bewithin hand reach at a reasonable level. Ensurethe background surface is comfortable to touch.Confine to single letters, numerals, symbols andkeep to standard positions in a building.

● Symbols should be as near pictorial as possible.Standard symbols should indicate specificfacilities, i.e. induction loop information,communications, assistance available if required.

54

Swimming Pools and Spa

Service and MaintenanceSteam & Sauna

Water TreatmentSwimming Pool Refurbishment

Leisure Design LtdHaig House . 1 Fitzroy Place . Glasgow . G3 7RH

email: [email protected]. www.leisure-design.com

tel: 0141 204 0555 mob: 07830 296160

HISTORIC MASONRYFORMAL CONTRACTS

(SCOTLAND)

Specialists in all kinds of

Historic Listed Buildings & Monuments

Stone Dressing & BuildingLime Mortar Specialist

Boundary Walls & Pointing

01368 866 99985 Beachmont Place

DunbarEast Lothian

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• Drain & Pipe Cleaning / CCTV

• Plumbing Repairs / Septic Tank

• 24/7 Emergencies / No Call Out

• No Dig Technology / Relining

• HR Jetting / Root Cutting

• Insurance Work

A1 Clear Drainage& Plumbing Solution

08000 435365North Park, Lonmay, Fraserburgh,

Aberdeenshire AB43 8XE

55

Anthropometric Data

● The formulation of design criteria for buildingsdepends to a considerable extent on thedimensional characteristics of people at rest andmoving and on their range of physicalcapabilities. In the case of people withdisabilities, these criteria may be modified bythe use of aids such as sticks, artificial limbs andwheelchairs.

● To determine appropriate limits for the range ofthe population to be accommodated, thestatistical technique of percentile distribution isused.

● For example, for the head height of men whoare wheelchair users, the value of 1:235 for thefifth percentile means that five per cent ofmens’ head height when in a wheelchair is at1:235 or less; the value 1:435 for the 95thpercentile means that 95 per cent is at 1:435high or shorter.

The figures below show the relevant dimensions.

MEN

Fig. 31

HUMAN FACTORS

56

Providing the following services:

CDM Co-ordinator

Health and Safety Advisor

Approved Certifier of Design - (Section 6 Energy)Domestic and Non-Domestic

Energy Assessor existing buildings (EPCʼS) Domestic and Non-Domestic

Fire Safety Advisor

Asbestos Surveys

UNIT 3(A) STUART INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,NAPIER STREET, LINWOOD, PAISLEY PA3 3AJ

TEL: 01505 342021 FAX: 01505 [email protected]

ELLERY ROOFING & BUILDING MAINTENANCE1 Church Square, Girvan, Ayrshire KA26 9HT

Tel/Fax: 01465 710094Mob: 07827 290248

• Roof repairs (slate, tile etc)• Flatroofing (firestone, epdm)• Approved contractor• Stone pointing• Gables, chimneys, walls etc.• Upvc facias and soffits• Uplux windows

• Roof repairs (slate, tile etc)• Flatroofing (firestone, epdm)• Approved contractor• Stone pointing• Gables, chimneys, walls etc.• Upvc facias and soffits• Uplux windows

T&G Stoneplast

Specialists in Stone Restoration,Stonemasonry, Stone Cleaning,Roughcasting, Plastering,Artexing & Artex Removal, Ames Taping etc

FREE Estimates

Tel: 0141 563 6889Mobile: 07717 753514Email: [email protected]

57

Anthropometric Data

● Although in certain situations, it is appropriateto use the average as a criteria, it must beemphasised that averages should be treatedwith caution. It is hazardous to make decisionson the basis of catering for the average man orwoman. In a representative sample of

population, 50 per cent of measurements willbe greater than the average and 50 per centwill be less. Dimensions based on the averagewill therefore at best satisfy only 50 per cent ofpotential users.

WOMEN

Fig. 32

HUMAN FACTORS

58

Providing Civil and Structural Engineering Services

for Residential and Commercial DevelopmentsThroughout Argyll, The Islands and Central Scotland

Pre and Post-Planning Application ServiceAll Statutory Consultations and Approvals Provided

Topographic SurveysIn Association with Cowal Surveying Services Ltd

Tel: 01369 707692 Email: [email protected]

Fax: 01369 706379

www.cowaldesign.co.uk

Unit 16, Sandbank Business Park,

Dunoon, Argyll

PA23 8PB

Highly qualified and experiencedprofessionals providing ManualHandling training and consultancythroughout the North of Scotland.

• Training tailored to the needs of - Caring Professions- Industry- Retail- Office

• Manual Handling risk assessments• Workstation ergonomics: evaluation and training

Tel: 01463 790373Mob: 077955 250847Email: [email protected]

HELP?Remember that most Building Controlsubmissions require StructuralEngineering input before being givenapproval. So call us early to discuss.

• Structural Reports• Cracking & Movement of Property• Building Control Submissions• Alterations & Extensions• Insurance Claims

Parklea House7 Baldernock RoadMilngavieGlasgow

G62 8DR

0141 956 5328

G. O. McNAIRCHARTERED ENGINEER

All Groundworksundertaken & guaranteed• Mono Blocking• Paving Slabs• Fencing / Decking• Chips / Bark / Turfing• Conservatory Bases

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Mini-Digger Hire(with certified operative)

A fully liable insured company

For Free Estimates Call:Mobile: 07880 777002Office: 01592 722309

Email: [email protected] Web: www.newagegroundworks.co.uk

59

Anthropometric Data

● When data is applied to design problems, it isusually found that there is a limiting factor inone direction only, e.g. if the problem relates toobstructions at head-height, the measures ofshort people are not significant. In applyingdata, the designer should enquire whichdimension is critical.

● It is not the case that whenever the value forthe 95th percentile is observed, 95 per cent ofthe population will be accommodated; if thecritical dimension is in the opposite direction,only five per cent will be accommodated andthe correct course is to apply the 5th percentileinstead.

GIRLS AGED 4, 8 AND 12

Fig 33

BOYS AGED 4, 8 AND 12

HUMAN FACTORS

60

• CCTV Supply & Installation

• CCTV Control Room & Monitoring

• Static & Mobile 24Hr Guards

• Key Holding & Alarm Response

• Retail & Commercial Security

• Security Site Survey & Advice

AtoZSecurity Services Ltd

08000 191187

Fax: 01236 434801Block 3, Unit 2, Dundyvan Industrial Estate,

Coatbridge, Lanarkshire ML5 4AQ

Myriad Maintenance is a highly specialised companyoffering a wide range of high quality services to ourclients, from initial brief to full commission.

All our customers operate differently. Our aim is to provide the optimum solution whilst ensuring maximumflexibility in the long term.

We are able to offer our services individually or as acohesive package, delivering a turnkey solution to helpcustomers meet their core personal and business obligations.

We apply innovation and fresh thinking in all that we do,resulting in the production of original solutions thataddress our customers' business needs now and in thefuture.

We add value by only providing the additionalresources that are required. We ensure consistency ofservice with flexibility and a rapid response.

T: 0800 023 4416 (UK only)T: +44 (0)1383 828 241 F: +44 (0)1383 828 231E: [email protected]

Sybrig House, Ridge Way, Dalgety Bay, Fife KY11 9JN

Myriad Maintenance LtdBuilding & all trades contracting services

• Female chimney sweep. • Registered and Insured. • Lucky sweeps also available to attend

weddings.• Chimneys swept, bird guards/cowls

fitted, pots replaced.

Telephone: 01356 626512Mobile: 07980 648416


Perry Clean Sweep1 East Pitforthie Cottage, Brechin DD9 7PQ

Perry Clean Sweep

To help avoid chimney fires, lumsshould be

swept twice a year.

61

Anthropometric Data

NON DISABLED INDIVIDUALS

● It is not always economic or practicable tocover 100 per cent of the population bycatering for people at the extremes. It may notbe possible to obtain a solution to a specificdesign problem, which is equally efficient for atypical ambulant person and a person in awheelchair.

Fig 34

HUMAN FACTORS

62

• Domestic/Commercial Contracts

• Short or Long Term Hire

• 24Hr Service

• Dismantle, Deliver & Erect

• All Types of Scaffolding

• Highly Competitive Rates

01667 452363

A1Scaffolding

2 Albyn Court, Nairn, Morayshire IV12 5PX

Tel /Fax

FIFE DRIVEWAYS

Tarmacadam, Patching, Drop Kerbing, White And Yellow Lines, Etc.

Free Estimates, All Work Guaranteed01383 41045607915 634807

www.fifedriveways.co.uk email: [email protected]

Manclark Safety Management

LLP

Health & Safety Consultants

12 Wester Coates GardensEdinburghEH12 5LT

Tel: 07957 922144Fax: 0131 3467066


Lawn Care

Aeration of Lawns

Scarifying

Moss & Weed control

Fertilising Programme

Turfing Service

Turf Laying

Soil & Site Preparation

Full professional site preparation & turf laying

www.greenturf.co.uk

Tel: 01764 683445 Fax: 01764 683444Email: [email protected]

Farm Office, North Ardbennie Farm,Madderty, Crieff, Perthshire PH7 3PT

63

Ergonomic Data

NON DISABLED INDIVIDUALS

● The convenient positioning of fittings andequipment is governed by body and reachdimensions. The general application of therecommendations should ensure that fittingsand equipment are suitably located.

A. Comfortable vertical reachA: minus 0.070: maximum height of storageshelves, allowing access to front of shelf.

A: minus 0.150: maximum height of 0.300 deepstorage shelves over 0.600 floor units, allowingaccess to front of shelf.

B. Oblique vertical reachB: maximum height of window and blind controls.

B: minus 0.060: maximum height of 0.200 deepstorage shelves over 0.600 floor units, allowingaccess to front of shelf.

B: minus 0.080: maximum height of unobstructedstorage shelves, allowing reach to back of shelf.

C. Head heightC: relate to fixed mirror heights and position ofshower fittings.

D. Eye levelD: avoid window transomes at this level.

D: related to fixed mirror heights.

E. Shoulder levelE: preferred maximum height of switches andcontrols.

F. Elbow levelF: minus 0.130: preferred level of kitchen surfaceswhere sink rim and general work surfaces are atthe same height.

F: minus 0.100: preferred level of sink rim.F: minus 0.150: preferred level of general worksurfaces.F: minus 0.100: preferred level of wash basin rim.F: minus 0.250: preferred level of fixed ironingboard.

G. Knuckle height (comfortable downwardreach)G: lower level of preferred zone for most-usedarticles stored in kitchen.

G: preferred minimum height of socket outlets andother controls.

G: preferred height of letter basket and deliveryshelves adjacent to entrance door.

H. Effective downward reachH: minimum height of storage shelves, socketoutlets, heater controls and oven floor.

J. Comfortable forward reachJ: plus 0.100: maximum depth of kitchen worksurfaces.

J: preferred maximum dimension, sink fascia to sinktops.

K. Toe projectionK: preferred minimum depth, toe recesses tokitchen units.

Fig 35

HUMAN FACTORS

64

THE CHARLTON SMITH PARTNERSHIPAcoustics & Noise Control Consultancy Services;

Town Planning

NOISE AT WORK ASSESSMENTS

NOISE CONTROL SCHEMES

BUILDING ACOUSTICS

NEIGHBOUR NOISE

EXPERT WITNESS

NOISE REDUCTION MEASURES

NOISE EMISSION DECLARATIONS (BS4871)

NOISE BREAKOUT

NOISE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

PUBLIC INQUIRIES

Noise Control & Acoustics

SITE IDENTIFICATION

DEVELOPMENT APPRAISALS

APPEALS & INQUIRIES

CONCEPTUAL PROPOSALS

PLANNING APPLICATIONS

DEVELOPMENT PLAN REPRESENTATION

Town & Regional Planning

Tel (01241) 859495 Fax (01241) 859496

email: [email protected]

Office: 9 Dalhousie Street, Carnoustie DD7 6EJ

KMA Highland LtdCarpentry & Joinery

5 Elizabeth CrescentDornoch

SutherlandIV25 3NN

Tel/Fax: 01862 811084

ALL ASPECTS OF ELECTRICAL WORK

• NEW INSTALLATION• REWIRING• LIGHTING• INSPECTION & TESTING

A McCabe Electrical Services

A McCabe Electrical Services

Tel/Fax: 0141 773 2134

51 Long Row, Baillieston, Glasgow G69 6BPEmail: [email protected]

65

Ergonomic Data

A. Comfortable vertical reachA: minus 0.070: maximum height of unobstructedstorage shelves with lateral approach, reach to front ofshelf.

B. Oblique vertical reachB: maximum height of window and blind controls.B: minus 0.120: maximum height of 0.300 deepstorage shelves over 0.600 floor units, allowing reach tofront of shelf.B: minus 0.160: maximum height of unobstructedstorage shelves with frontal approach, allowing reach toback of shelves.

C. Comfortable forward vertical reachC: preferred maximum height of window and othercontrols.C: maximum height of electric switches.

D. Head heightD: related to height of shower fittings.

E. Eye levelE: avoid window transomes at this level; relate to sillheights.E: relate to fixed mirror heights.

F. Shoulder levelF: plus 0.100: upper level of preferred zone for most-used articles stored in kitchen.F: preferred maximum height of electric switches.

G. Chair armrest levelG: maximum unobstructed dimension below worksurfaces or tables to permit close approach.

H. Elbow levelH: plus 0.020: preferred height of letter basket anddelivery shelves adjacent to entrance door.H: minus 0.030: preferred height of pull-out for foodpreparation.H: minus 0.040: preferred height of fixed ironing board.

J. Thigh levelJ: minimum unobstructed vertical dimension for kneerecesses to tables, desks, kitchen sink, preparationcentre and wash hand basin.J: plus 0.160: preferred height of kitchen work surfacesat consistent level assuming 0.150 deep sink bowl.

K. Chair seat level, centre front edge (withcushion if used)K: preferred level of WC seat, platform at head end ofbath and shower seat.

L. Knuckle heightL: plus 0.100: minimum height of heater controls.L: plus 0.050: lower level of preferred zone for most-used articles stored in kitchen.L: minimum level of oven floor.

M. Comfortable downward reachM: minimum height of storage shelves.

N. Foot heightN: minimum height of toe recesses to kitchen units.

O. Effective forward reachO: maximum depth of kitchen work surfaces.

P. Forward reach beyond face of chair armP: comfortable reach over low-level tables, etc.P: preferred maximum dimension, sink fascia to sinktaps.

Q. Knee projection beyond face of chair armQ: minimum dimension sink fascia to waste pipe andwash basin fascia to waste pipe.

R. Toe projection from front to waistR: preferred minimum depth of tables and kneerecesses to permit close approach.

S. Toe projection beyond face of chair armS: minimum depth of knee recesses to kitchen sink,preparation centre, wash basin, etc.

T. Toe projection at lower leg levelT: minimum depth of toe recesses to kitchen units.

WHEELCHAIR USERS

MEASUREMENTS

Fig 36

HUMAN FACTORS

The Scottish Building Standards have evolved overthe years in terms of accessibility. The firstrequirements entered the then Building Regulationswhen Part T was laid before Parliament on 14thNovember 1984 and came into force on 4thMarch 1985, where basic requirements in non-domestic buildings were introduced for disabledpeople.

The 5th Amendment of the Building Standards(Scotland) Regulations 1990 which were laidbefore Parliament on 14th December 1999 andcame into force on 17th April 2000 meant thatPart T ceased to be a separate section and itsrequirements distributed among other relevantparts mainly Q and S. The integration wasintended to remove any sense of discriminationagainst disabled people resulting from labellingthem as a distinct category with "specialrequirements".

Further changes came along with the 6thAmendments which were laid before Parliamenton 24th September 2001 and came into force on4th March 2002.

Minor changes were made to Part M and theprovision of accessible sanitary accommodatione.g. the provision of larger wc cubicles.

The most major changes to the Building Standardscame on 1st May 2005 following the introductionof the Building (Scotland) Act 2003 which receivedRoyal Assent on 26th March 2003. These changes(from prescriptive to performance based standards)meant that there was more emphasis on providingaccessible and inclusive facilities within new buildand existing buildings which were to be altered.

The change to performance based standardsmeans that there is now a requirement forarchitects and designers to meet all or part of the64 functional standards dependent upon theirproject. Designers have to now show compliancewith these standards by either using the guidancecontained within the Technical Handbooks or showby another means that they have met thefunctional standard.

The guidance refers to inclusive design and therequirement to "ensure that buildings are accessibleto as wide a range of people as possible" and that“solutions should be integral to a design rather thanan afterthought”.

LIFETIME HOMES

The Joseph Rowntree Foundation have developedthe concept of Lifetime Homes which comprise 16Lifetime Homes Standards:

● Car parking width

● Access from car parking

● Approach gradients

● Entrances

● Communal stairs and lifts

● Doorways and hallways

● Wheelchair accessibility

● Living room

● Entrance level bedspace

● Entrance level wc and shower drainage

● Bathroom and wc walls

● Stair lift/through floor lift

● Tracking hoist route

● Bathroom layout

● Window specification

● Controls, fixtures and fittings

The idea behind these standards is that thedwelling, if constructed to these standards, will beadaptable to the occupiers’ varying needs atdifferent stages in life. The houses will be designedin a way that will either allow someone to live inthe house if their needs change or will allow minormodifications to be carried out without majordisruption.

Accessibility

DWELLINGS

66

● The approach cannot be made of loose laidmaterials such as gravel or shingle.

● The presence of a driveway might provide abetter opportunity for creating a level orramped approach, either from the pavement orfootpath or from a car parking space.

● Where car parking is provided within thecurtilage of flats or maisonettes it should includeaccessible spaces.

● It is expected that any car parking within thecurtilage of a dwelling should allow someone totravel on a firm level surface to the accessibleentrance.

● Routes to an accessible entrance should be of areasonable gradient (refer to table on page 21relating to ramp gradients). Where restingpoints need to be provided they should be atleast 1.5m long.

● Access to dwellings should have provision foran accessible threshold in accordance with theaccompanying diagrams.

● An accessible threshold should be designed totake into account the requirements of otherparts of the Building Standards includingresistance to weather and ground moisture.

67

Accessibility

Timber sill and external concrete slab paving

Concrete sill and internal transition unit

Fig.37

Fig. 38

DWELLINGS

68

• Domestic/Commercial Contracts

• Short or Long Term Hire

• 24Hr Service

• Dismantle, Deliver & Erect

• All Types of Scaffolding

• Highly Competitive Rates

01667 452363

A1Scaffolding

2 Albyn Court, Nairn, Morayshire IV12 5PX

Tel /Fax

FIFE DRIVEWAYS

Tarmacadam, Patching, Drop Kerbing, White And Yellow Lines, Etc.

Free Estimates, All Work Guaranteed01383 41045607915 634807

www.fifedriveways.co.uk email: [email protected]

Manclark Safety Management

LLP

Health & Safety Consultants

12 Wester Coates GardensEdinburghEH12 5LT

Tel: 07957 922144Fax: 0131 3467066


Lawn Care

Aeration of Lawns

Scarifying

Moss & Weed control

Fertilising Programme

Turfing Service

Turf Laying

Soil & Site Preparation

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www.greenturf.co.uk

Tel: 01764 683445 Fax: 01764 683444Email: [email protected]

Farm Office, North Ardbennie Farm,Madderty, Crieff, Perthshire PH7 3PT

It is recognised that lack of space within a dwellingwill restrict some individuals’ ability to freely movearound an area. Therefore consideration shouldbe given to providing adequate space in circulationareas.

● Circulation within the entrance storey of thebuilding must be possible for wheelchair users,providing access via doorways, corridors andpassageways to the kitchen, habitable roomsand a room containing a w.c.

● An obstruction free zone of 900mm wide mustbe maintained outside the w.c. and oppositedoor openings in general. This zone shouldextend 200mm both sides of the projectededges of the clear opening.

● Switches and sockets on all levels within thedwelling should be located within an accessiblezone. This is to assist people whose reach islimited to use the dwelling more easily.

● Doors can become barriers for certainindividuals, dependent upon their age, ability orgender. Guidance contained in table 4 shouldbe referred to when designing doors incommon areas.

● The installation of a stairlift at some point in thefuture must be taken into account in design ofnew build dwellings.

● Internal doors should be accessible.

● Where a building contains flats and maisonettesand is over 4 storeys in height provision for alift must be made.

● Circulation routes within common areas e.g.flats should have a minimum clear width of1200mm and lobbies should be provided inaccordance with Fig 10 on page 27.

Circulation

Location of switches, sockets, etc for accessibility

Fig. 39

DWELLINGS

69

Table 4 Width of doors

Minimum corridor width Minimum clear openingat door (mm) width (mm) [1]

1500 8001200 825 [2]900 [3] 850 [2]

Notes:1. the projection of any ironmongery that extends across

the width of a door leaf, such as an emergency push barto a fire exit or horizontal grab rail, should be subtractedwhen calculating the clear opening width.

2. the clear opening width may reduce to 800 mm where adoor is approached head-on.

3. a corridor width of less than 1.2 m should not be presentwithin new buildings but may be found within someexisting buildings.

1100mm

900mm

Accessible Sanitary Facilitieswithin Dwellings

The requirement for accessible toiletaccommodation on the accessible storey is notnecessarily aimed at providing "an optimumstandard for wheelchair users" but it is hopedthat most individuals will be able to use theWC unassisted.

The WC should be provided on the accessiblestorey or principal living level of the dwelling.This should be located such that it can be reachedfrom the habitable rooms in that storey withoutusing stairs.

The WC should

■ have sufficient space for manoeuvrabilityand allow someone to close the doorbehind them

■ have the appropriate activity spacesadjacent to each sanitary appliance

■ have sufficient headroom above eachactivity space including baths and showers

N.B. The compartment does not have to fullyaccommodate a wheelchair, and handrails are notrequired.

DWELLINGS

70

Activity spaces for accessible sanitary facilities

Notes:1. Though commonly as shown, the activity space in front of

a WC need not be parallel with the axis of the WC.2. Where allowing up to 300mm into the activity space in

front of the WC.3. The projecting rim of a wash hand basin may reduce the

width of a route to another sanitary facility to not lessthan 700mm.

4. A hand-rinse basin should only be installed within a toiletand only if there is a full-size wash hand basin elsewherein the dwelling.

Fig. 40

71

REFERENCE & BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sections 2, 3 and 4 from the Domestic andNon Domestic Technical HandbooksGood Loo Design Guide published by Centre ofAccessible Environments and RIBA Enterprises, 2004Department of Transport – Guidance on the use ofTactile Paving SurfacesPAN 78 – Inclusive DesignHousing for Varying Needs, Part 1 and 2,Inclusive MobilityPractical Fire Safety Guidance: The Evacuation ofDisabled Persons from Buildings – Safety Scotland,Scottish GovernmentFire Safety (Scotland) Regulations 2006Conversion of Traditional Buildings Application of theScottish Building Standards Parts 1 and 2

BRITISH STANDARDS

BS 4787 Internal and External Wood Doorsets,Door Leaves and Frames B.S.I.

BS 5395 Stairs, Ladders and Walkways B.S.I.BS 5588 Part 8: Code of Practice for

Means of Escape for Disabled People B.S.I.BS 5655 Lifts and Service Lifts B.S.I.BS 6180 Code of Practice for Protective

Barriers in and About Buildings B.S.I.BS 8300 Design of Buildings and their

Approaches to meet the needs ofDisabled People B.S.I.

BS 9999 Code of Practice for Fire Safety inthe Design, Management and Use ofBuildings B.S.I.

USEFUL DOCUMENTS

Accessible Threshold in New Housing – Designing for theDisabled – Selwyn GoldsmithGood Loo Design Guide published by Centre of AccessibleEnvironments and RIBA Enterprises 2004Department of Transport – Guidance on the Use of TactilePaving SurfacesDesign and Access Statements – C.A.B.EDesigning for Accessibility – Centre for AccessibleEnvironmentsPAN 78 – Inclusive DesignHousing for Varying Needs Part 1 and 2, Inclusive MobilityPractical Fire Safety Guidance: The Evacuation ofDisabled Persons from Buildings – Safety Scotland,Scottish Government Fire Safety (Scotland)Regulations 2006.

LEGISLATION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

LEGISLATION

The following are the most significant Acts ofParliament which affect disabled people.

Chronically Sick and DisabledPersons Act 1970

Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982

Disability Discrimination Act 1995and 2005 as amended

Disabled Persons Act 1981

Disabled Persons Employment Act 1944(amended 1958)

Fire (Scotland) Act 2005

Fire Safety (Scotland) Regulations 2006

Fire Safety and Safety at Places of Sport Act 1987

Health and Safety at Work, etc Act 1974

Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005

Licensing Acts 1961, 1964, 2003 and 2006

Planning etc. (Scotland) Act 2006

Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001

Safety at Sports Grounds Act 1975

The Building (Scotland) Act 2003

The Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 asamended and the supporting Domestic andNon Domestic Handbooks

Theatres Acts 1843 and 1968

72

NOBLESfor quality and durability

Nobles Timber Buildings has builtup a high reputation throughoutthe north of Scotland for shedsand timber buildings of qualityand reliability.

Having steadily built up the business over the last few yearsfrom the firm’s made-to-measuresheds and timber buildings atWaterford Industrial Estate, Forres,we hope to continue the quality and standard of workmanship firstestablished by my late father.

Whatever type of shed or timber building you need, we will bedelighted to help with design, construction and on-site erection. All ofour sheds and timber buildings are competitively priced and finishedto a high degree. We also build stables, loose boxes, garages, gardensheds, greenhouses, summerhouses and even dog kennels.

Waterford Road, Forres, IV36 3EDTel: (01309) 672498 Fax: (01309) 674119

www.nobletimberbuildings.com

HIRE & ERECTION SERVICESTEEL TOWERS

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GCFJoiners &

Contractors

Unit 18aBen Nevis Ind Est

Fort William PH33 6PRTel: 01397 703547Fax: 01397 706203

Email:[email protected]

NEW BUILDS & EXTENSIONSEXTENSIONS & ALTERATIONS

RENOVATIONS & REFURBISHMENTSUPvc & TIMBER DOUBLE GLAZING

WINDOWS & CONSERVATORIESTIMBER PRESERVATION, TREATMENTS

Scotland: 01592 202189London: 01293 775272

email: [email protected]

Contact Roy Balfour: 07970 269879

rosewood acousticswww.rosewoodsoundproofing.co.uk

• Domestic & Commercial Soundproofing

• Walls, Floors and Ceilings• Exceeds Current Standards• Full Installation Service • Or supply only

73

The DDA creates rights for any individual, definedby the Act as a disabled person, not to bediscriminated against in:

● Employment

● Provision of goods, facilities and services

● The management, buying or renting of land orproperty

● Education and training

● Provision of transport

The original provisions on education in schools,colleges and universities were significantly amendedby the Special Educational Needs and DisabilityRights Act 2001, which have become Part lV of theDDA. All training provision is already covered byPart lll of the DDA.

From December 1996, employers have had tomake reasonable adjustments for employees,based upon their specific requirements and thenature of the job. This includes adjustments topolicies, procedures and practices and to buildingsand the environment.

From October 1999, all service providers,including community and voluntary organisationsproviding any service to the public, includinginformation, advice, training and the involvement ofmembers and volunteers, should be makingreasonable adjustments to all policies, proceduresand practices to make their services accessible.

This applies to all sizes of service providers andorganisations.

From October 2004, all service providers arerequired to alter, remove or provide means ofavoiding physical barriers that make it impossible orunreasonably difficult for disabled people, includingany volunteers and members, to access theirservices by making reasonable adjustments to alltheir buildings and the environment.

The Disability DiscriminationAct 2005The Act was amended and extended in 2005 andas of the 5th of December 2005 additionaldefinitions are included within the meaning of‘Disability’ (i.e. individuals are now covered underthe legislation at the time of diagnosis for certainconditions e.g. cancer and HIV). It is also unlawfulfor Private Members Clubs, with 25 or moremembers, to treat disabled people less favourably.

As from the 6th of December 2006 additionalduties are placed on Public Authorities, and landbased Public Transport vehicles are brought withinthe scope of Part 3 of the Act. For full detailscontact the Equalities Commission for HumanRights (see contacts page).

THE DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT (DDA) 1995 & 2005

74

If you are considering moving, please contact us formore information or to arrange a visit from one of our

expert representatives. We can provide specialistadvice and give you a free, no obligation estimate.

48-54 East Main Street, Blackburn, West Lothian, Scotland UK EH47 1QS

Tel: 01506 652 792 Fax: 01506 632 370Email: [email protected]

www.mattpurdie.co.uk

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fire alarm systemssecurity alarm systems

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75

USEFUL CONTACTS

Access Associationwww.access-association.org.uksecretary@accessassociation.co.uk

Centre for Accessible Environments70 South Lambeth RoadVauxhallLondon SW8 1RLTel. 020 7840 0125www.cae.org.uke-mail: [email protected]

Changing Places (Scotland)Tel. 01382 385 [email protected]

Commission for Architecture andthe Built Environment1 Kemble StreetLondon WC2B 4ANTel. 020 7070 [email protected]

DisabledGoGround FloorArdent HouseGateswayStevenageHertfordshire SG1 [email protected]

Equalities Commission for Human RightsHelpline ScotlandFreepost RRLL-GYLB-UJTAThe Optima Building58 Robertson StreetGlasgow G2 8DUTel. 0845 604 5510Fax. 0845 604 5520www.equalityhumanrights.com

Inclusive Design Toolkitwww.inclusivedesigntoolkit.com/[email protected]

JMU Access PartnershipRNIB Scotland2nd FloorDunedin House25 Ravelston TerraceEdinburgh EH4 3TPTel. 0131 311 8526

Lifetime Homeswww.lifetimehomes.org.uk

National Register of Access Consultants70 South Lambeth RoadLondon SW8 1RLTel. 020 7735 7845SMS. 07921 700 [email protected]

Research Groups forInclusive Environmentswww.rdg.ac.uk/ie/aboutus

Ricability – Research Institute forConsumer Affairswww.ricability.org.uk

Royal College of ArtHelen Hamlyn CentreKensington GoreLondon SW7 2EUTel 020 7590 [email protected]

Royal National Institute of Blind People105 Judd StreetLondon WC1H 9NETel. 020 7388 1266www.rnib.org.uk

Royal National Institute for Deaf People19 -23 Featherstone StreetLondon EC1Y 8SLTel. 020 7296 8000Text. 020 7296 8001www.rnid.org.uk

Scottish Accessible Information Forumc/o SCCRoyal Exchange House100 Queen StreetGlasgow G1 3DNTel. 0141 226 5261Text 0141 226 [email protected]

Scottish Association of Building StandardsManagerswww.sabsm.co.uk

Scottish Disability Equality Forum12 Enterprise HouseSpringkerse Business ParkStirling FK7 7UFTel. 01786 446 [email protected]

Scottish GovernmentScottish Building Standards DivisionDirectorate for the Built EnvironmentDenholm HouseAlmondvale Business Park,Almondvale WayLivingstonWest Lothian EH54 6GATel: (01506) 600 400 Fax: (01506) 600 402Email: [email protected]

Surface Inclusive Design Research CentreSchool of the Built EnvironmentThe University of Salford4th FloorMaxwell BuildingThe CrescentSalford M5 4WTTel. 0161 295 4600www.surface.salford.ac.uk

76

USEFUL CONTACTS

77

NOTES

78

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ADVERTISERS’ INDEX

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HAMILL DECORATING ...................................16

HISTORIC MASONRY .....................................54

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M-LITE MANUAL HANDLINGCONSULTANCY..........................................58

MANCLARK SAFETY MANAGEMENT LLP ..62, 68

MATT PURDIE & SONS LTD ...........................74

MILLER STEEL ....................................................8

MORTON FRASER PARTNERSHIP ..................78

MYRIAD MAINTENANCE UK LTD..................60

NEW AGE GROUNDWORKS .........................58

NISBET EXCAVATIONS LTD ...........................10

NOBLES TIMBER BUILDINGS.........................72

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THE CHARLTON SMITH PARTNERSHIP ........64

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THOMAS & ADAMSON:CHARTERED QUANTITY SURVEYORS ......78

UNDER 1 ROOF..............................................18

WOODEND SAFETY.......................................56

NB: IFC – Inside Front Cover IBC – Inside Back Cover

80

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