by Timothy Sandow

Scott Foresman Science 3.10

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content

Nonfi ction Cause and Effect • Captions

• Labels

• Glossary

Matter

ISBN 0-328-13835-5

ì

Vocabularyatom

buoyancy

density

element

mass

matter

periodic table

pressure

property

volume

What did you learn?1. How can you show that air has volume and takes

up space?

2. How are the particles of a solid different than particles of a liquid or a gas?

3. Where would you look to find out if something is an element?

4. In this book you read about measuring volume. Write to explain how you would measure the volume of a trunk. Include details from the book.

5. Cause and Effect What property causes an object to float? Describe the effect of this property.

Illustrations: 5, 6, 7 Big Sesh StudiosPhotographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd)Opener: ©Taxi/Getty Images; Title Page: ©Photodisc Green/Getty Images; 2 ©Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit; 4 (BC) Corbis, (BR) Brand X Pictures, (BL) Alamy; 5 (BL) ©DK Images

ISBN: 0-328-13835-5

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

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Matter and Its Propertiesby Timothy Sandow

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How can we describe matter?A World of Matter

All of the things you see around you are made of

matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and

has mass. You can sense the mass of an object by how

heavy it feels. You can see that air takes up space

when you blow up a balloon.

2

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3

A property is something about matter that you

can see, hear, touch, or smell. A ball looks round. It

feels smooth or bumpy. It can be hard or soft. It makes

a sound when you bounce it. You can smell a flower to

learn about its properties.

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States of MatterNearly all matter is a solid, a

liquid, or a gas. Each kind of matter

is made of very tiny particles. The

particles are so small that we

cannot see them. The particles are

always moving. In some kinds of

matter, they move a little. In other

kinds of matter, they move a lot.

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SolidsA bowling ball is a solid. Like other solids, it keeps

its shape. It stays round. In a solid, all the tiny

particles are packed tightly together. They jiggle very

fast, but they stay in place.

Solid particles that jiggle in place

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LiquidsOrange juice is a liquid. It takes the shape of the

glass it is in. It will take a new shape if poured into

a different glass. The particles of liquids are loosely

connected. The particles can flow past one another.

What if you poured the juice into a new container? It

will still take up the same amount of space.

Liquid particles that slide past each other

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GasesGases do not have a shape. Air is a gas. Tiny gas

particles are not connected to each other. They bounce

off each other as they move freely in space. Unlike

solids and liquids, the amount of space that air takes

up can change.

When air is pumped into a ball, it expands. It

pushes against the inside of the ball. This pushing

is called pressure. The air particles get more tightly

pressed together as you pump more air in.

Gas particles that bounce off each other

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Periodic Table of Elements

12

MgMagnesium

20

CaCalcium

38

SrStrontium

56

BaBarium

88

RaRadium

22

TiTitanium

40

ZrZirconium

72

HfHafnium

104

RfRutherfordium

23

VVanadium

105

DbDubnium

73

TaTantalum

41

NbNiobium

21

ScScandium

39

YYttrium

103

LrLawrencium

71

LuLutetium

24

CrChromium

74

WTungsten

106

SgSeaborgium

42

MoMolybdenum

57

LaLanthanum

89

AcActinium

58

Thorium

Th90

87

FrFrancium

55

CsCesium

37

RbRubidium

19

KPotassium

11

NaSodium

4

BeBeryllium

3

LiLithium

1

HHydrogen

Cerium

Ce

8

Parts of MatterWhat happens if you break a chunk of gold into

smaller pieces? Each particle of gold is still the matter

gold. Gold is an element. An element is matter made

of a single type of particle too small to see.

Most matter is made out of many types of particles.

The smallest particle of an element that has all the

properties of that element is an atom. Gold is made

up only of atoms of gold. Clay

is an example of matter made

up of different kinds of atoms.

Atoms act together to give

matter its properties.

Clay is made of many different kinds of atoms.

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2

He

18

Ar

10

Ne

36

Kr

54

Xe

86

Rn

118

Radon

Xenon

Krypton

Argon

Neon

Helium

17

CI

9

F

35

Br

53

I

85

At

117

Astatine

Iodine

Bromine

Chlorine

Fluorine

16

S

8

O

34

Se

52

Te

84

Po

116

Polonium

Tellurium

Selenium

Sulfur

Oxygen

15

P

7

N

33

As

51

Sb

83

Bi

115

Bismuth

Antimony

Arsenic

Phosphorus

Nitrogen

14

Si

6

C

32

Ge

50

Sn

82

Pb

114

Lead

Tin

Germanium

Silicon

Carbon

13

AI

5

B

31

Ga

49

In

81

TI

113

Thallium

Indium

Gallium

Aluminum

Boron

80

HgMercury

30

ZnZinc

Uub112

Ununbium

48

CdCadmium

25

MnManganese

75

ReRhenium

107

BhBohrium

43

TcTechnetium

76

OsOsmium

108

HsHassium

44

RuRuthenium

26

FeIron

28

NiNickel

78

PtPlatinum

110

DsDarmstadtium

46

PdPalladium

27

CoCobalt

77

IrIridium

109

MtMeitnerium

45

RhRhodium

29

CuCopper

79

AuGold

Rg111

Roentgenium

47

AgSilver

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

EinsteiniumCaliforniumBerkeliumCuriumProtactinium

Pa Cm Bk Cf EsUranium

UNeptunium

NpPlutonium

PuAmericium

AmFermium

FmMendelevium

MdNobelium

No91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Praseodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium

Pr Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy HoNeodymium

NdErbium

ErThulium

TmYtterbium

Yb

State at Room Temperature

= Gas = Liquid = Solid

9

Scientists have done experiments to find out how

many different elements there are in matter. Their

experiments show that there are more than one

hundred different elements. Scientists list all these

elements in a table. It is called the periodic table of

elements. The elements are placed on the table near

other elements with the same properties.

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How are properties ofmatter measured?Tools for Measuring Mass

One property of matter that you can measure

is mass. Mass is the amount of matter an object

has. A balance measures mass. The metric units for

measuring mass are grams (g) and kilograms (kg).

One kilogram has 1,000 grams.

An object’s mass is the same no matter where it

is. But the weight of an object can be different in

different places. Things have different weights on

Earth than they do on the Moon. A scale is used

to measure weight.

A balance measures mass. The whole toy has the same mass as its parts.

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Tools for Measuring VolumeAnother property of matter you can measure is

volume. The volume of an object is the amount of

space that the object takes up. You use a measuring

cup or graduated cylinder to measure the volume of

liquids.

The metric unit for measuring the volume of a

liquid is the liter (L). We can also measure small

amounts of liquid in milliliters (mL). One liter has

1,000 milliliters.

The volume of the milk in this jug is about 2L.

The volume of orange juice in this bottle is about 1L.

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Solids have volume, just as liquids do. To measure

the volume of a solid, fill a measuring cup half full

of water. Record the measurement. Now, place a rock

into the water. The water rises because the rock has

volume. It takes up space. Look at the water level

now. Record the new measurement. Subtract the first

measurement from the second. The difference in the

water levels is the volume of the rock.

The volume of the water in this measuring cup is 500 mL.

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Measuring DensityDensity is a measure of the amount of matter

in a certain amount of space. A bowling ball and

a rubberball have about the same volume. But the

bowling ball has more mass and greater density.

You can study the density of matter by watching

how an object floats. How well an object floats in a

liquid or a gas is called buoyancy. Stones have little

buoyancy in water. They sink because they have a

higher density than water. A helium balloon has lots

of buoyancy in air. It rises because helium has a lower

density than air.

This rubber ball is the same size as the bowling ball.

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Tools for Measuring Other PropertiesSize is another property that can be measured. The

distance from one end of something to the other is

its length. The basic unit for measuring length is the

meter (m). We use millimeters (mm) and centimeters

(cm) to measure small things. One meter is 100 cm or

1,000 mm. We use kilometers (km) to measure long

distances. One kilometer is 1,000 meters.

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A cubic unit is a cube used to measure volume of a

solid. A cube that is 1 centimeter on all sides has the

volume of 1 cubic centimeter. To find the volume of a

box, put cubes of the same size into the box, and fill it.

The volume of the box is a measurement of how many

cubic units it takes to fill the box.

Some objects are too small to see easily. Use a

magnifying glass to make things look larger. Then

you can see their properties better.

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Glossaryatom the smallest particle of a substance

that has the properties of

that substance

buoyancy how well an object floats in a liquid

or rises in air or a gas

density how much matter is in a certain

amount of space

element a substance made up of a single

type of particle

mass the amount of matter any

object contains

matter anything that takes up space and

has weight

periodic table a table that arranges the elements

of matter according to their

properties

pressure how hard something presses on

something else

property something about an object that can

be observed

volume the amount of space an object

takes up

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Vocabularyatom

buoyancy

density

element

mass

matter

periodic table

pressure

property

volume

What did you learn?1. How can you show that air has volume and takes

up space?

2. How are the particles of a solid different than particles of a liquid or a gas?

3. Where would you look to find out if something is an element?

4. In this book you read about measuring volume. Write to explain how you would measure the volume of a trunk. Include details from the book.

5. Cause and Effect What property causes an object to float? Describe the effect of this property.

Illustrations: 5, 6, 7 Big Sesh StudiosPhotographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd)Opener: ©Taxi/Getty Images; Title Page: ©Photodisc Green/Getty Images; 2 ©Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit; 4 (BC) Corbis, (BR) Brand X Pictures, (BL) Alamy; 5 (BL) ©DK Images

ISBN: 0-328-13835-5

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

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