by Lisa Oram

Scott Foresman Science 3.2

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content

Nonfi ction Sequence • Captions

• Glossary

Animals

ISBN 0-328-13811-8

ì

Vocabularyadaptation

hibernate

inherited

larva

migrate

pupa

trait

vertebrate

What did you learn?1. What are animals that do not have backbones

called?

2. Name two animals that are vertebrates.

3. What does camouflage do?

4. You have read about behaviors that help animals. Write to explain how an animal’s instincts and learned behaviors affect its survival. Use examples from the book as you write.

5. Sequence Name the four steps of a butterfly’s life cycle in order.

Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Cover: ©Barbara Von Hoffmann/Animals Animals/Earth ScenesTitle Page: ©The Image Bank/Getty Images; 6 ©DK Images 8 (Bkgd) ©George Grall/NGS Image Collection, (BR) ©Danny Lehman/Corbis; 9 ©Robert Pickett/Corbis; 12 (T, CL) ©DK Images, (BL) ©Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 13 (TR) ©Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake, (BR) ©Randy M. Ury/Corbis; 14 ©Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 15 (TR) ©Kevin Schafer/Corbis, (CR) ©Gary W. Carter/Corbis, (BR) ©DK Images; 16 (CL) ©Rolf Kopfle/Bruce Coleman Inc., (CR) ©Michael Quinton/Minden Pictures, (BR) ©The Image Bank/Getty Images; 17 (T) ©Suzanne L. & Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers, Inc., (BL) ©Tim Laman/NGS Image Collection, (BL) ©E. R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 18 ©Jeff L. Lepore/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19 ©Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; 21 ©James L. Amos/Photo Researchers, Inc.

ISBN: 0-328-13811-8

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

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How Animals Live by Lisa Oram

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How are animals grouped?What All Animals Need

Almost all animals need water, food, oxygen, and

shelter to live.

Animals get water from drinking or eating food.

They get food by eating plants or other animals.

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Animals get oxygen from air or water. Many land

animals breathe with lungs. Many water animals

breathe with gills.

Animals need shelter. Some animals find or build

shelter. Other animals grow hard shells to protect

themselves.

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Ways Of Grouping Animals

Animals can be grouped by their traits. A trait

is the way an animal looks or acts. Animals get

traits from their parents. Traits can be used to group

animals.

Animals with Backbones

Animals with backbones belong to one group.

A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone.

Vertebrates’ backbones grow as they get older. Fish,

snakes, and cats are all vertebrates. Vertebrates can

look very different.

This lynx is a vertebrate.

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Fish are vertebrates that live in water. Fish have

scaly skin. They breathe through gills.

Amphibians are vertebrates. They can live in water.

They can also live on land. Amphibians breathe

through gills when they are young. They also get

oxygen through their skin. As they grow, they develop

lungs. Toads and frogs are amphibians.

Fish are vertebrates.

A frog is an amphibian.

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Reptiles are vertebrates with scaly skin. Crocodiles

and alligators are reptiles. They breathe through

lungs. Snakes, lizards, and turtles are reptiles too.

Birds are vertebrates that breathe through lungs.

They have bills instead of teeth. Wings and light bones

help most birds fly. Their feathers keep them warm.

These owls and this snake are both vertebrates. How are they different?

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Mammals are vertebrates. Mammals have hair on

their bodies. This keeps them warm. They breathe

through lungs. Mammals feed milk to their young.

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These koalas are mammals.

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Animals Without Backbones

Most animals do not have backbones. These

animals are called invertebrates.

Most invertebrates do not grow as big as vertebrates.

Invertebrates make up most of the animals on Earth.

A butterfly is an invertebrate.

The body of this sea jelly is soft. Most of it is water.

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There are many more invertebrates than vertebrates.

Sea jellies, butterflies, and clams are all invertebrates.

Worms are invertebrates. They have long, soft

bodies. Worms do not have legs. They slide and wiggle

through the ground to move. Earthworms live in soil

and keep it healthy.

Insects, spiders, and crabs are arthropods.

Arthropods are the largest group of invertebrates.

They have skeletons on the outsides of their bodies.

They also have legs with joints.

Does this worm have a backbone?

This snail is a mollusk. Many mollusks have hard shells and soft bodies.

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How do animals grow and change?Life Cycles

All animals grow and change over time. These

changes are called a life cycle. Animals start as an

egg. Some animals lay their eggs. The eggs hatch

when the young animals are ready. Other animals

grow from eggs inside their mother’s body. Those

mothers give birth to live young. Some animals begin

life looking like their parents. Others look different.

A butterfly changes a lot during its life.

Laying new eggs

Egg

Butterfly

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A Butterfly’s Life Cycle

A butterfly begins life as an egg. A caterpillar,

or larva, hatches from the egg. A larva is a young

insect. The caterpillar eats and grows. Soon it spins a

hard covering, or chrysalis, around itself. The larva

is now a pupa. It grows and changes. It becomes an

adult butterfly. The butterfly breaks open the chrysalis

and crawls out. Butterflies lay eggs. After laying eggs,

butterflies die. Then the life cycle of the butterfly

is complete.

Pupa

Larva

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Some Vertebrate Life Cycles

Vertebrate life cycles can be different. Some

vertebrates go through many changes as they

grow. Others hardly change at all.

A Frog’s Life Cycle

Frogs go through many changes.

They start life in the water as

eggs. Tadpoles hatch from

the eggs. They breathe with

gills and live underwater.

The tadpole grows

lungs and legs, and

turns into an adult.

Most adult frogs live

near water.

A frog must change a lot before it looks like its parents.

Tadpole

Growing tadpole

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A Mammal’s Life Cycle

Most mammals develop inside

their mother’s body. Young

mammals drink milk from

their mothers. They have

either hair or fur. Many young

mammals look a lot like their

parents soon after they are born.

Eggs

Adult frog

This panda cub looks a lot like its parents.

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How do adaptations help animals?Adaptations

An adaptation is a trait that helps an animal

meet its needs in the place where it lives. Adaptations

are inherited, or passed on, from parents to

their young.

A pelican is a bird that

lives near water. It needs

to swim to find food.

A pelican’s webbed

feet help it swim.

Its webbed feet are

an adaptation.

A pelican has a special bill. It acts like a net to help the pelican catch fish.

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Adaptations for Getting Food

Animals have many adaptations for getting food.

An eagle’s feet can hold food while it flies.

Deer have sharp front teeth to help cut plants. They

also have flat back teeth to help grind plants.

A cardinal eats seeds. It uses its short, strong bill

to break open the seeds. Each adaptation fits an

animal’s needs.

These birds all have different bills. They all eat something different.

Flamingos filter food from the water.

Cardinals break open seeds.

Warblers pick out insects.

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Adaptations for Protection

All animals need ways to stay safe. Some animals

can quickly run away from enemies.

Other animals are colored in a way that makes

them hard to see. This is called camouflage.

Camouflage helps some animals stay alive.

Arctic fox

Crab spider

Fish

Do these animals have camouflage? Yes! They are hard to see.

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Some animals have spikes or horns for protection.

The porcupine has hundreds of sharp quills. This

adaptation is called armor.

Other animals mimic, or look like, a different

animal. The king snake mimics the coral snake,

which is poisonous. Other animals then avoid the

king snake.

How have these animals protected themselves? Cassowary

Coral snake

King snake

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Behaviors That Help Animals

Behaviors are things that animals do. Some

behaviors are inherited. Other behaviors that animals

need are learned. These behaviors can be learned

from parents or other animals. The ability to learn is

inherited, however.

These geese are migrating.

These bats are hibernating.

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Instincts

A behavior an animal is born with is an instinct.

Instincts help some animals survive during winter.

Many animals know to migrate, or move long

distances, to find more food.

Other animals know to hibernate or sleep,

during winter. Their bodies slow down so they don’t

need much food.

Learning

Animals learn some behaviors by watching

parents or other animals. Adult chimpanzees show

their young how to find and get food. The young

learn which foods are good to eat.

This young chimpanzee is learning how to find food.

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How are animals from the past like today’s animals?Animals That Lived Long Ago

Signs of past life are called fossils. A fossil can be an

animal track or print hardened into rock. This is called

a fossil mold. A fossil mold can be filled with rock.

Then it is called a cast.

Spider trapped in amber

Fossil cast of a dinosaur skull

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Ancient Insects

Tiny insects caught in sticky tree sap have become

fossils. Fossils of larger animals, such as saber-toothed

tigers, have been found in tar pits.

We can learn about animals from the past by studying fossils, fossil molds, and fossil casts.

Trilobite fossil cast

Bird-like dinosaur fossil cast

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How Animals Today Compare to Those of Long Ago

Fossils help people learn about animals and plants

that lived long ago. They help us tell what Earth was

like and how it has changed. Some animals that lived

in the past are extinct. That means they no longer live

on Earth.

Animals have found ways to live in many places

on Earth. Their adaptations keep them alive. Animals

have found incredible ways to keep living!

This T. rex dinosaur is extinct.

This collared lizard looks like dinosaurs from long ago. But it is much smaller.

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Glossary

adaptation a trait that helps an animal survive in

the place where it lives

hibernate to spend the winter in a way that

doesn’t require a lot of food

inherited passed on from parents to their young

larva the early form of an insect

migrate to move from one region to another

when the seasons change

pupa the stage of an insect’s life between

larva and adult

trait the way an animal looks or acts

vertebrate an animal with a backbone

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Vocabularyadaptation

hibernate

inherited

larva

migrate

pupa

trait

vertebrate

What did you learn?1. What are animals that do not have backbones

called?

2. Name two animals that are vertebrates.

3. What does camouflage do?

4. You have read about behaviors that help animals. Write to explain how an animal’s instincts and learned behaviors affect its survival. Use examples from the book as you write.

5. Sequence Name the four steps of a butterfly’s life cycle in order.

Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Cover: ©Barbara Von Hoffmann/Animals Animals/Earth ScenesTitle Page: ©The Image Bank/Getty Images; 6 ©DK Images 8 (Bkgd) ©George Grall/NGS Image Collection, (BR) ©Danny Lehman/Corbis; 9 ©Robert Pickett/Corbis; 12 (T, CL) ©DK Images, (BL) ©Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 13 (TR) ©Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake, (BR) ©Randy M. Ury/Corbis; 14 ©Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 15 (TR) ©Kevin Schafer/Corbis, (CR) ©Gary W. Carter/Corbis, (BR) ©DK Images; 16 (CL) ©Rolf Kopfle/Bruce Coleman Inc., (CR) ©Michael Quinton/Minden Pictures, (BR) ©The Image Bank/Getty Images; 17 (T) ©Suzanne L. & Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers, Inc., (BL) ©Tim Laman/NGS Image Collection, (BL) ©E. R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 18 ©Jeff L. Lepore/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19 ©Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; 21 ©James L. Amos/Photo Researchers, Inc.

ISBN: 0-328-13811-8

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

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