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Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12 ponds, identical in chemical composition and physical characteristics. Then they released the following individuals into each pond: Ponds 1,2,3 Species A 300 per pond Ponds 4,5,6 Species B 300 per pond Ponds 7,8,9 Species C 300 per pond Ponds 10,11,12 Species A,B,C 300 of each per pond Does this experimental design take into

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Page 1: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12 ponds, identical in chemical composition and physical characteristics. Then they released the following individuals into each pond:

Ponds 1,2,3Species A 300 per pondPonds 4,5,6Species B 300 per pondPonds 7,8,9Species C 300 per pondPonds 10,11,12 Species A,B,C 300 of each

per pond

Does this experimental design take into consideration all factors that can affect the outcome? If not, how would you modify it?

Page 2: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Chemistry of Life

Page 3: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Elements of LifeCarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogen

} 96% of life

Page 4: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Atom Structure Review

Page 5: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Atomic Number = Number of protons

Page 6: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Mass Number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons

Page 7: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Isotopes – Variant forms of elementsIsotopes occur because of variations in

neutron number (proton number is always the same)

Page 8: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

RadioisotopesSpontaneous decay of nucleusEmits energy Used as radioactive tags

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/radioactive-isotopes-in-medicine.html

Page 9: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Electrons and Energy LevelsLocated in energy levels (shells)

Shells closest to nucleus are lower energy levels

Shells farther away are higher energy levels

Page 10: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Electrons and Energy LevelsChemical properties depend on the number of

valence electrons

Page 11: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

OrbitalsOnly 2 electrons per orbital

Page 12: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Chemical BondingIons = charged particles

Cations = +Anions = -

Ionic bondingCations and anions attractForms salts

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html
Page 13: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Chemical BondingCovalent bonds

Atoms share valence electrons

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html
Page 14: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Chemical BondingPolar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar – electrons are shared unequallyCharge difference

Page 15: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Chemical BondingPolar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Nonpolar – electrons are shared equallyNo charge difference

Page 16: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Weak attraction between H and electronegative atomFound in:

H2OProteinsNucleic Acids

Easily Broken

Hydrogen Bonding

Page 17: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/biological%20anamations.html

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/biological%20anamations.html
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/biological%20anamations.html
Page 18: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12
Page 19: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12
Page 20: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12
Page 21: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Properties of WaterCohesion (water molecules cling to each

other)Causes surface tension

Page 22: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12
Page 23: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Adhesion (water molecules cling to other molecules)Allows for “capillarity”

Water travels upward through vascular tissue

Properties of Water

Page 24: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12
Page 25: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12
Page 26: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12
Page 27: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Properties of WaterTemperature Stabilization

heat does not immediately change temperature

Page 28: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Evaporative coolingAs H2O evaporates, remaining liquid area is

coolerMolecules with more heat energy leave as

vapor

Properties of Water

Page 29: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Properties of WaterSolvent properties

Polarity allows water to “tear apart” molecules

Page 30: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Water dissociation

Acids, Bases and Buffers

Page 31: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Water has neutral pH because of equilibrium between H+ and OH-

Acids – proton (H+) donorsBases (alkaline fluids) – proton acceptors

(OH-)

Acids, Bases and Buffers

Page 32: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12
Page 33: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Buffers – regulate pH by countering slight changesAccept H+ when it is in excessDonate H+ when they are depleted

Acids, Bases and Buffers

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf
Page 34: Scientists devised experiments to shed light on whether different fish species of the same genus compete in their natural habitat. They constructed 12

Explain, with reference to its properties, the significance of water as a coolant, a means of transport and as a habitat.


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