Scientific Unit Conversion

Springer London Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo

Frans:ois Cardarelli

Scientific Unit Conversion A Practical Guide to Metrication

Second Edition

English translation by M.J. Shields, FIInfSc, MITI

, Springer

Fran~ois Cardarelli, BSc, MSc, PhD, ChE Product Leader Argo-Tech Productions Inc. 1560, De Coulomb Boucheville, J4B 7Z7, PQ, Canada Tel: +450 655 31 61; Fax: +450 655 92 97; email: cardaref@argotech.qc.ca

Consultant in Electrochemical Engineering 44, rue de la Cosarde F-94240 L'Hay-les-Roses, France Tel: +33 147404995; Fax: +33 147074984; email: cardarelli-f@calvanet.calvacom.fr

ISBN-13: 978-1-85233-043-9 DOl: 10.1007978-1-4471-08054

e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4471-08054

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Cardarelli, Fran~ois, 1966-

Scientific unit conversion: a practical guide to metrication. - 2nd ed. 1. Mensuration - Conversion tables 2. Metric system -Conversion tables l. Title 530.8'12

ISBN-13: 978-1-85233-043-9

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cardarelli, Fran~ois, 1966-

Scientific unit conversion: a practical guide to metrication/ Fran~ois Cardarelli; English translation by M.J. Shields. - 2nd ed.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-1-85233-043-9 (Berlin: pbk.: aIk. paper) 1. Metric system-Conversion tables-Handbooks, manuals, etc.

2. Units-Handbooks, manuals, etc. l. Title. QC94.C295 1998 530.8'12-dc21

98-20455 CIP

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of repro graphic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers.

© Springer-Verlag London Limited 1999

First published 1997 Second edition 1999

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.

Typeset by T & A Typesetting Services, Rochdale, England Printed by Kyodo Printing Company (Singapore) PTE Ltd 69/3830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper SPIN 10677867

Dedication Scientific Unit Conversion is dedicated to my parents Antonio and Claudine, to my sister Elsa, and to Veronique Maubert, for their love and support.

Fran~ois Cardarelli

Acknowledgments Mr. Jean-Etienne Mitte/mann, Mr. Nicholas Pinfield, Mrs. Imke Mowbray, Mr. Christopher Greenwell, Ms. Anne Neill and Mr. Nicolas Wilson, are gratefully acknowledged for their valued assistance, patience, and advice.

Author Background Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering Postgraduate Degree in Electrochemistry M.Sc. in Physical Chemistry B.Sc. in Physical Chemistry and Nuclear Engineering Associate Degree in Geophysics and Geology

Author Working Areas The successive author working areas since 1990 up to 1997 are in order: (I) Research scientist at the Laboratory of Electrochemistry (University Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris) for the development of a nuclear detector device for electrochemical experiments involving radiolabelled compounds; (2) Research scientist at the Institute of Marine Biogeochemistry (CNRS & Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris) for the environmental monitoring of heavy metals pollution by electro analytical techniques; (3) Research scientist for the production of tantalum protective-coatings for the chemical process industries by electro­chemistry in molten salts; (4) Research scientist for the preparation and characterization of IrOrbased Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA ®, for oxy­gen evolution in acidic media, used in industrial electrochemical processes (Laboratory of Electrochemical Engineering, Toulouse); (5) Consultant in Electrochemical Engineering (Toulouse); (6) Battery Product Leader (Argo­Tech Productions Inc, Boucheville, Quebec, Canada).

Contents

List of Tables .............................................. xiii

1 Introduction.............................................. 1 1.1 Why a Conversion Handbook? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 1.2 How to Use This Book .................................. 2

2 The International System of Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 2.1 History .............................................. 3 2.2 The General Conference on Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 2.3 Organization of the SI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6

2.3.1 SI Base Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 2.3.2 SI Supplementary Units ............................ 9 2.3.3 SI Derived Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 2.3.4 Non-SI and SI Units Used in Combination. . . . . . . . . . .. 10

2.3.4.1 Commonly Used Legal Non-SI Units. . . . . . . . . .. 10 2.3.4.2 Non-SI Units Defined by Experiment. . . . . . . .. 11 2.3.4.3 Non-SI Units Temporarily Maintained. . . . . . .. 11 2.3.4.4 Non-SI Units Which Must be Discontinued. . .. 11

2.4 SI Prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13

3 Other Systems of Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 3.1 MTS, MKpS, MKSA .................................... 15

3.1.1 The MKpS System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 3.1.2 The MTS System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 3.1.3 The MKSA (Giorgi) System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16

3.2 Cgs, Gauss, IEUS, a.u.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16 3.2.1 The cgs System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16

3.2.1.1 The esu Subsystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17 3.2.1.2 The emu Subsystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17

3.2.2 The Gauss System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18 3.2.3 International Electrical Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18 3.2.4 Atomic Units (a.u.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19

3.3 British and American Systems of Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19 3.3.1 Imperial Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21

3.3.1.1 Imperial Units of Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 3.3.1.1.1 UK Linear Measure .............. 23 3.3.1.1.2 UK Nautical Measure ............. 23 3.3.1.1.3 UK Surveyors' Measure ........... 24

3.3.1.2 Imperial Units of Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 3.3.1.2.1 UK Measures of Area ............. 25 3.3.1.2.2 UK Surveyor's Measure ........... 25 3.3.1.2.3 Circular Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25

3.3.1.3 Imperial Units of Volume and Capacity ....... 26 3.3.1.3.1 UK Measures of Volume .......... 26 3.3.1.3.2 UK Liquid Measure .............. 27 3.3.1.3.3 UK Dry Measure ................ 27

VIII Contents

3.3.1.4 Imperial Units of Weight ................... 27 3.3.1.4.1 UK Avoirdupois Weight ........... 27 3.3.1.4.2 UK Apothecaries' Weight .......... 31 3.3.1.4.3 UK Troy Weight ................. 31

3.3.2 The American System of Measures (US Customary Units) ............................. 32 3.3.2.1 US Customary Units of Length ............... 32

3.3.2.1.1 US Linear Measure ............... 32 3.3.2.1.2 US Nautical Measure .............. 33 3.3.2.1.3 US Surveyors' Measure ............ 33

3.3.2.2 US Customary Units of Area ................ 33 3.3.2.2.1 US Measures of Area .............. 33 3.3.2.2.2 US Surveyors' Measure ............ 34 3.3.2.2.3 Circular Units ................... 34

3.3.2.3 US Units of Volume and Capacity ............ 34 3.3.2.3.1 US Measures of Volume ........... 35 3.3.2.3.2 US Liquid Measure ............... 35 3.3.2.3.3 US Dry Measure ................. 35 3.3.2.3.4 US Apothecaries' Measures of

Capacity ....................... 35 3.3.2.4 US Customary Units of Weight .............. 37

3.3.2.4.1 US Avoirdupois Weight ............ 37 3.3.2.4.2 US Apothecaries' Weight ........... 37 3.3.2.4.3 US Troy Weight ................. 38

3.3.3 Obsolete Weight and Capacity Measures .............. 38 3.3.3.1 UK Units for Beer, Wines and Spirits .......... 38 3.3.3.2 UK Clothes Units of Length ................. 39 3.3.3.3 UK and US Hay and Straw Weights ........... 40 3.3.3.4 UK Weight for Wool ...................... 40

3.4 The Foot-Pound-Second (FPS) System ...................... 40 3.5 Ancient and Obsolete Systems of Weights and Measures ........ 42

3.5.1 Systems from Antiquity ........................... 43 3.5.1.1 The Chinese System ....................... 44

3.5.1.1.1 Old Chinese Units of Length ........ 44 3.5.1.1.2 Old Chinese Units of Area ......... 44 3.5.1.1.3 Old Chinese Units of Weight ........ 44 3.5.1.1.4 Old Chinese Units of Capacity ...... 44

3.5.1.2 The Indian System ........................ 44 3.5.1.2.1 Old Indian Units of Length ......... 44 3.5.1.2.2 Indian Units of Weight ............ 47 3.5.1.2.3 Indian Units of Capacity ........... 47

3.5.1.3 The Egyptian System ...................... 47 3.5.1.3.1 Egyptian Units of Length .......... 47 3.5.1.3.2 Egyptian Units of Area ............ 47 3.5.1.3.3 Egyptian Units of Weight .......... 47 3.5.1.3.4 Egyptian Units of Capacity ......... 52

3.5.1.4 The Assyrio-Chaldean-Persian System ......... 52 3.5.1.4.1 Persian Units of Length ............ 52 3.5.1.4.2 Persian Units of Area ............. 52 3.5.1.4.3 Persian Units of Weight ........... 52 3.5.1.4.4 Persian Units of Capacity .......... 54

3.5.1.5 The Hebrew System ....................... 54 3.5.1.5.1 Hebrew Units of Length ........... 54 3.5.1.5.2 Hebrew Units of Weight

(Sacred System) .................. 54 3.5.1.5.3 Hebrew Units of Weight

(Talmudic System) ............... 54

Contents IX

3.5.1.5.4 Hebrew Units of Capacity (Dry) .... 55 3.5.1.5.5 Hebrew Units of Capacity

(Liquids) ...................... 55 3.5.1.6 The Greek System (Attic) .................. 55

3.5.1.6.1 Greek Units of Length ............ 55 3.5.1.6.2 Greek Units of Weight. ........... 55 3.5.1.6.3 Greek Units of Capacity (Dry) ...... 55 3.5.1.6.4 Greek Units of Capacity (Liquids) ... 57

3.5.1.7 The Roman System ....................... 57 3.5.1.7.1 Roman Units of Length ........... 57 3.5.1.7.2 Roman Units of Area ............. 57 3.5.1.7.3 Roman Units of Weight. .......... 57 3.5.1.7.4 Roman Units of Capacity (Dry) ..... 57 3.5.1.7.5 Roman Units of Capacity (Liquids) .. 57

3.5.1.8 The Arabic System ....................... 62 3.5.1.8.1 Arabic Units of Length ........... 62 3.5.1.8.2 Arabic Units of Area ............. 62 3.5.1.8.3 Arabic Units of Weight

(System of the Prophet) ........... 62 3.5.1.8.4 Arabic Units of Capacity .......... 62

3.5.2 Obsolete National and Regional Systems .............. 62 3.5.2.1 Old French System (Ancien Regime) ......... 62

3.5.2.1.1 Old French Units of Length ........ 62 3.5.2.1.2 Old French Units of Area .......... 66 3.5.2.1.3 Old French Units of Capacity ...... 66 3.5.2.1.4 Old French Units of Weight ........ 68

3.5.2.2 Old French System (1812-1840) ............. 68 3.5.2.3 Old Italian System ........................ 68

3.5.2.3.1 Italian Units of Length ............ 68 3.5.2.3.2 Old Italian Units of Weight. ....... 70 3.5.2.3.3 Old Italian Measures

(Regional Variations) ............. 70 3.5.2.4 Old Spanish System (Castillian) ............. 70

3.5.2.4.1 Old Spanish Units of Length ....... 70 3.5.2.4.2 Old Spanish Units of Area ......... 72 3.5.2.4.3 Old Spanish Units of Weight. ...... 72 3.5.2.4.4 Old Spanish Units of Capacity

(Liquids) ...................... 72 3.5.2.4.5 Old Spanish Units of Capacity

(Dry) ......................... 72 3.5.2.5 Old Portuguese System .................... 72

3.5.2.5.1 Old Portuguese Units of Length ..... 72 3.5.2.5.2 Old Portuguese Units of Area ...... 75 3.5.2.5.3 Old Portuguese Units of Weight .... 75 3.5.2.5.4 Old Portuguese Units of Capacity

(Dry) ......................... 75 3.5.2.5.5 Old Portuguese Units of Capacity

(Liquids) ...................... 75 3.5.2.6 Old Dutch System ........................ 75

3.5.2.6.1 Old Dutch Units of Length ........ 76 3.5.2.6.2 Old Dutch Units of Weight ........ 76 3.5.2.6.3 Old Dutch Units of Capacity (Dry) .. 76 3.5.2.6.4 Old Dutch Units of Capacity

(Liquids) ...................... 76 3.5.2.7 Old German System (Prussian) .............. 76

3.5.2.7.1 Old German Units of Length ....... 78 3.5.2.7.2 Old German Units of Weight. ...... 78

x Contents

3.5.2.7.3 Old German Units of Capacity (Dry) .......................... 78

3.5.2.7.4 Old German Units of Capacity (Liquids) ....................... 78

3.5.2.8 Old Russian System ....................... 78 3.5.2.8.1 Old Russian Units of Length ........ 78 3.5.2.8.2 Old Russian Units of Weight

(Ordinary) ...................... 81 3.5.2.8.3 Old Russian Units of Weight

(Apothecary) .................... 81 3.5.2.8.4 Old Russian Units of Capacity (Dry) .. 81 3.5.2.8.5 Old Russian Units of Capacity

(Liquids) ....................... 81 3.5.2.9 Old Swedish System ....................... 81

3.5.2.9.1 Old Swedish Units of Length ........ 81 3.5.2.9.2 Old Swedish Units of Weight ....... 81 3.5.2.9.3 Old Swedish Units of Capacity (Dry) . 81 3.5.2.9.4 Old Swedish Units of Capacity

(Liquids) ....................... 87 3.5.2.10 Old Japanese System ....................... 87

3.5.2.10.1 Old Japanese Units of Length ....... 87 3.5.2.10.2 Old Japanese Units of Area ......... 87 3.5.2.10.3 Old Japanese Units of Capacity ...... 87 3.5.2.10.4 Old Japanese Units of Weight ....... 87

4 Conversion Tables ......................................... 91 4.1 Units in Alphabetical Order .............................. 91 4.2 Conversion Tables Listed by Physical Quantities ............. 372

4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.2.9 4.2.10 4.2.11 4.2.12 4.2.13 4.2.14 4.2.15 4.2.16 4.2.17 4.2.18 4.2.19 4.2.20 4.2.21 4.2.22 4.2.23 4.2.24 4.2.25

Conversion Tables for Units of Mass ................ 372 Conversion Tables for Units of Length ............... 382 Conversion Tables for Units of Area ................. 393 Conversion Tables for Units of Volume and Capacity ... 400 Conversion Table for Units of Linear Density ......... 406 Conversion Table for Units of Surface Mass Density .... 407 Conversion Table for Units of Mass Density .......... 408 Conversion Table for Units of Specific Gravity ......... 410 Conversion Table for Units of Time ................. 412 Conversion Table for Units of Dynamic Viscosity ...... 414 Conversion Table for Units of Kinematic Viscosity ..... 415 Conversion Table for Units of Linear Velocity ......... 416 Conversion Table for Units of Angular Velocity ........ 418 Conversion Table for Units of Force ................. 420 Conversion Table for Units of Pressure and Stress ...... 422 Conversion Table for Units of Energy, Heat and Work .. 426 Conversion Table for Units of Power ................ 428 Conversion Table for Units of Plane and Solid Angle .... 432 Conversion Table for Units of Thermal Conductivity .... 434 Conversion Table for Units of Concentration .......... 436 Conversion Table for Units of Temperature ........... 437 Conversion Table for Electrical Units ................ 438 Conversion Table for Units Used in Magnetism ........ 439 Conversion Table for Photometric Units ............. 440 Conversion Table for Units Used in Nuclear Sciences ... 441

5 Fundamental Constants .................................... 443 5.1 Fundamental Mathematical Constants ..................... 443 5.2 Fundamental Physical Constants ......................... 443

Contents XI

6 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 449 6.1 Greek Alphabet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 449 6.2 Roman Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 449 6.3 Rules about Large Numbers (> 1000000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 450 6.4 Date and Time Numerical Representation .................. 451 6.5 National, Regional and International Standardization Bodies. .. 451

6.5.1 International Standards Bodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 452 6.5.2 National Standards Bodies Worldwide .............. 453

6.5.2.1 National Standards Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 453 6.5.2.2 US Standards and Standardizations Bodies,

Technical Associations and Societies. . . . . . . .. 463 6.6 Acceleration Due to Gravity at any Latitude and Elevation. . . .. 469 6.7 International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS, 1968) . . . . . .. 469 6.8 International Temperature Scale (ITS-90). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 470 6.9 French-English Lexicon for Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 471 6.10 French-English Lexicon for Physical Quantities. . . . . . . . . . . .. 473 6.11 Old Alchemical Symbols Used in Astronomy, Chemistry,

and Biology ......................................... 476 6.12 Old Symbols Used in the British System ................... 477

7 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 479 7.1 Specific References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 479 7.2 References About the Metric System and the SI . . . . . . . . . . . .. 481 7.3 References of General Interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 482 7.4 Historical References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 484 7.5 International and National Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 485

List of Tables

Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3 Table 2.4

Table 2.5 Table 2.6 Table 2.7

Table 2.8 Table 2.9 Table 2.10 Table 2.11 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table 3.8 Table 3.9 Table 3.10 Table 3.11 Table 3.12 Table 3.13 Table 3.14 Table 3.15 Table 3.16 Table 3.17 Table 3.18 Table 3.19 Table 3.20 Table 3.21 Table 3.22 Table 3.23 Table 3.24 Table 3.25 Table 3.26 Table 3.27 Table 3.28 Table 3.29 Table 3.30 Table 3.31 Table 3.32 Table 3.33 Table 3.34 Table 3.35

Chronology of definitions of the metre since 1795 ........ 5 The seven S1 base units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 The two supplementary S1 units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 Comparison of dimension equation for several quantities in photometry with and without symbol of solid angle. . . . . .. 9 S1 derived units with special names and symbols. . . . . . .. 10 Commonly used non-S1 units.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 Commonly used legal non-S1 units defined by experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 Temporarily-maintained non-S1 units. ................ 12 Non-S1 units to be discontinued. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12 The twenty S1 prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 Prefixes for computer science units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14 Organization of Gaussian Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18 Basic IEUS units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19 Base and derived units of the a.u. system. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 UK linear measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 UK nautical measures oflength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 UK surveyors' measures of length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 UK measures of area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 UK surveyors' measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 Circular units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 UK geometric measures of volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 UK liquid measures of capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 UK dry measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29 UK avoirdupois weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 UK apothecaries' weight ........................... 31 UK troy weight .................................. 31 US linear measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 US nautical measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 US surveyors' measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 US measures of area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34 US surveyors' measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34 US measures of volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35 US fluid measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36 US dry measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35 US apothecaries' measures of capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 US avoirdupois weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 US apothecaries' weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 US troy weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38 UK units for alcohols and spirits .................... 38 UK units of capacity for beer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 UK units of capacity for wine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 UK Clothes Units of Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 UK and US hay and straw weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 UK weight for wool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 FPS derived units in common use .................... 42 Old Chinese units of length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45

XIV List of Tables

Table 3.36 Table 3.37 Table 3.38 Table 3.39 Table 3.40 Table 3.41 Table 3.42 Table 3.43 Table 3.44 Table 3.45 Table 3.46 Table 3.47 Table 3.48 Table 3.49 Table 3.50 Table 3.51 Table 3.52 Table 3.53

Table 3.54 Table 3.55 Table 3.56 Table 3.57 Table 3.58 Table 3.59 Table 3.60 Table 3.61 Table 3.62 Table 3.63 Table 3.64 Table 3.65 Table 3.66 Table 3.67 Table 3.68 Table 3.69 Table 3.70 Table 3.71 Table 3.72 Table 3.73 Table 3.74 Table 3.75 Table 3.76 Table 3.77 Table 3.78 Table 3.79 Table 3.80 Table 3.81 Table 3.82 Table 3.83 Table 3.84 Table 3.85 Table 3.86 Table 3.87 Table 3.88 Table 3.89 Table 3.90 Table 3.91

Old Chinese units of area ........................... 44 Old Chinese units of weight ......................... 44 Old Chinese units of capacity ........................ 46 Indian units of length .............................. 44 Indian units of weight .............................. 48 Indian units of capacity (measured by weight) ........... 49 Egyptian units of length (System of the Pharaon) ........ 50 Egyptian units of area .............................. 47 Egyptian units of weight ............................ 47 Egyptian units of capacity (measured by weight) ......... 52 Persian units of length ............................. 53 Persian units of area ............................... 52 Persian units of weight ............................. 52 Persian units of capacity (measured by weight) .......... 54 Hebrew units of length ............................. 54 Hebrew units of weight (sacred system) ................ 54 Hebrew units of weight (Talmudic or Rabbinical system) .. 54 Hebrew units of capacity (measured by weight) (Dry products) ................................... 55 Hebrew units of capacity (measured by weight) (Liquids) .. 55 Greek (Attic) units of length ......................... 56 Greek (Attic) units of weight ........................ 55 Greek (Attic) units of capacity (Dry products) ........... 57 Greek (Attic) units of capacity (Liquids) ............... 57 Roman units of length ............................. 58 Roman units of area ............................... 59 Roman units of weight ............................. 60 Roman units of capacity (Dry materials) ............... 57 Roman units of capacity (Liquids) .................... 61 Arabic units of length .............................. 63 Arabic units of area ............................... 64 Arabic units of weight ............................. 64 Arabic units of capacity (measured by weight) ........... 65 Old French units of length .......................... 62 Old French nautical units of length ................... 62 Old French units of area ............................ 66 Old French units of area (regional variations) ........... 66 Old French units of capacity (Liquids) ................. 67 Old French units of capacity (Dry materials) ............ 68 Old French units of weight .......................... 69 Old French units of weight (Charlemagne) .............. 69 Old French units of length (metric) ................... 68 Old Italian units of length ........................... 68 Old Italian units of weight .......................... 70 Old Italian Measures (Regional Variations) ............. 70 Old Spanish units of length ......................... 71 Old Spanish units of area ........................... 72 Old Spanish units of weight ......................... 73 Old Spanish units of capacity (Liquids) ................ 74 Old Spanish units of capacity (Dry materials) ........... 72 Old Portuguese units of length ....................... 74 Old Portuguese units of area ......................... 75 Old Portuguese units of weight. ...................... 75 Old Portuguese units of capacity (Dry) ................. 75 Old Portuguese units of capacity (Liquids) .............. 75 Old Dutch units of length ........................... 76 Old Dutch units of weight ........................... 76

list of Tables xv

Table 3.92 Table 3.93 Table 3.94 Table 3.95 Table 3.96 Table 3.97 Table 3.98 Table 3.99 Table 3.100 Table 3.101 Table 3.102 Table 3.103 Table 3.104 Table 3.105 Table 3.106 Table 3.107 Table 3.108 Table 3.109 Table 3.110 Table 4.1 Table 4.2.1.1

Table 4.2.1.2 Table 4.2.1.3 Table 4.2.1.4 Table 4.2.2.1

Table 4.2.2.2 Table 4.2.2.3 Table 4.2.2.4 Table 4.2.3.1

Table 4.2.3.2 Table 4.2.3.3 Table 4.2.4.1

Table 4.2.4.2 Table 4.2.4.3 Table 4.2.5 Table 4.2.6 Table 4.2.7 Table 4.2.8 Table 4.2.9 Table 4.2.10 Table 4.2.11 Table 4.2.12 Table 4.2.13 Table 4.2.14 Table 4.2.15 Table 4.2.16 Table 4.2.17 Table 4.2.18 Table 4.2.19 Table 4.2.20 Table 4.2.21 Table 4.2.22 Table 4.2.23

Old Dutch units of capacity (Dry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76 Old Dutch units of capacity (Liquids). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77 Old German units of length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78 Old German units of weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79 Old German units of capacity (Dry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78 Old German units of capacity (Liquids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78 Old Russian units of length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80 Old Russian units of weight (Ordinary) ............... 81 Old Russian units of weight (Apothecary). . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81 Old Russian units of capacity (Dry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82 Old Russian units of capacity (Liquids) ............... 83 Old Swedish units of length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84 Old Swedish units of weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85 Old Swedish units of capacity (Dry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 86 Old Swedish units of capacity (Liquids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87 Old Japanese units of length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88 Old Japanese units of area (land measures). . . . . . . . . . . .. 87 Old Japanese units of capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87 Old Japanese units of weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89 Units in alphabetical order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93 Conversion table: units of mass: multiples and submultiples (SI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 372 Conversion table: units of mass (> 1 kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 374 Conversion table: units of mass « 1 kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 376 Conversion table for atomic units of mass . . . . . . . . . . .. 380 Conversion table: units of length, multiples and submultiples (S1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 382 Conversion table: units of length (> 1 m) ...... . . . . . .. 384 Conversion table: units of length « 1 m) ...... . . . . . .. 388 Conversion table: units of length (Typography) . . . . . . .. 392 Conversion table: units of area: multiples and submultiples (S1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 393 Conversion table: units of area (> 1 m2 ) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 394 Conversion table: units of area « 1 m2 ) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 398 Conversion table: units of volume: multiples and submultiples (S1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 400 Conversion table: units of volume (> 1 L) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 402 Conversion table: units of volume «1 L) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 404 Conversion table: units of linear mass density . . . . . . . .. 406 Conversion table: units of surface mass density . . . . . . .. 407 Conversion table: units of mass density . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 408 Conversion table: hydrometer degrees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 410 Conversion table: units of time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 412 Conversion table: units of dynamic viscosity. . . . . . . . . .. 414 Conversion table: units of kinematic viscosity. . . . . . . . .. 415 Conversion table: units of linear velocity. . . . . . . . . . . .. 416 Conversion table: units of angular velocity. . . . . . . . . . .. 418 Conversion table: units of force and weights. . . . . . . . . .. 420 Conversion table: units of pressure and stress . . . . . . . .. 422 Conversion table: units of energy, heat and work. . . . . .. 426 Conversion table: units of power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 428 Conversion table: units of plane and solid angle. . . . . . .. 432 Conversion table: units of thermal conductivity . . . . . . .. 434 Conversion table: units of concentration. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 436 Conversion table: units of temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 437 Conversion table: units used in electricity. . . . . . . . . . . .. 438 Conversion table: units used in magnetism. . . . . . . . . . .. 439

XVI List of Tables

Table 4.2.24 Table 4.2.25 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 6.4 Table 6.5 Table 6.6 Table 6.7

Table 6.8 Table 6.9 Table 6.10 Table 6.11

Conversion table: units used in photometry ............ 440 Conversion table: units used in nuclear sciences ........ 441 Fundamental mathematical constants ................. 443 Universal constants ............................... 444 Physico-chemical constants ......................... 444 Electromagnetic and atomic constants ................ 445 Electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Proton ......................................... 447 Neutron ....................................... 447 Muon ......................................... 448 Deuteron ....................................... 448 The Greek alphabet ............................... 449 Roman numerals ................................. 450 International standards bodies ...................... 452 National standards bodies worldwide ................. 453 US standards bodies, technical associations and societies .. 463 International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 ....... 469 Fixed points in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) ................................. 470 French-English lexicon for units ..................... 471 French-English lexicon for physical quantities .......... 474 Old alchemical symbols ........................... 476 Obsolete symbols for British apothecaries' units ......... 477