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Qajghtjdja tcgbrjgs a`hhbt pbstuo`tg ` cbojstja uhlgrst`hljhf bd tcg uhjvgrsg, `hl jts

bkigats, drbe o`k gxpgrjeghts `hl bksgrv`tjbhs. Kurlghgl ky tcg ojejts bd o`hfu`fg, sajghtjdja

prbagssgs `hl jhgvjt`kog rgdgrghags tb gxjstjhf mhbwoglfg, tcgsg suppbsgloy rg`o lgsarjptjbhs

bd h`turg `ssueg cbebfghgjty `arbss `oo bkigats lgspjtg bur jepgrdgat fr`sp bd wc`t h`turg

ght`jos. Jh tcg dboobwjhf p`pgr, J wjoo butojhg cbw ` sajghtjdja tcgbry js egrgoy ` syhbpsjs bd

hbre`o sajghag tc`t, wcgh `ppojgl durtcgr, kgabegs ` d`bh-lg-p`rogr dbr sajghtjsts. \cg djrsts bd

tcg sjx sgatjbhs wjoo suppbrt tcg jhstrueght`ojst vjgw wcjog tcg o`ttgr abhsjlgrs e`hy

abuhtgr`rfueghts drbe tcg sajghtjdja rg`ojse abeeuhjty, jhaouljhf tcbsg bd M`ro ^bppgr.

J. Whlgrlgtgrejh`tjbh @rfueght

@aabrljhf tb jhstrueght`ojsts, tcg `je bd sajghag js hbt tb ljsabvgr trutcs kut r`tcgr tb

prbluag jhtgoogatu`o struaturgs tc`t prbvjlg usgduo dr`egwbrms bd tcbufct tb `hswgr qugstjbhs

`hl sbovg prbkoges jh ` fjvgh lbe`jh (T`h Dr``ssgh, ;>>;). Jt a`pturgs tcg cjllgh (`hl bkvjbus)

abeebh`ojtjgs tc`t ojhm bksgrv`tjbhs `hl gxpgrjeghts tb dbre tcg frbuhls dbr kbolgr sajghtjdja

cypbtcgsgs. @ sajghtjdja tcgbry, jh tcgsg tgres, js tcg egac`hjse tc`t krjhfs d`at 0 tb d`at ; kut

jt, jh jtsgod, lbgs hbt lgsarjkg `hytcjhf.

Bh tcg abhtr`ry, rg`ojsts kgojgvg tc`t tcgbrjgs prbvjlg ` ogfjtje`tg lgsarjptjbh tb sajghtjdja

pcghbegh`. \b gv`ou`tg cbw ogfjtje`tg tcgy `rg, sajghtjsts eust sjepojdy tcbsg st`tgeghts jhtb

bhgs tc`t a`h kg bksgrvgl tcrbufc gxpgrjeghts. @ tcgbry js v`ojl`tgl jd tcg tgst rgsuots e`tac

wc`t jt prbpbsgs. Kut tcjs prbagss js do`wgl, `htj-rg`ojsts s`y`s tcg s`eg gxpgrjeght`o rgsuots

a`h prbvg euotjpog tcgbrjgs `t bhag. \cgsg gxpgrjeghts wgrg hbt (hbr a`hhbt) kg lgsjfhgl tb

prbvg ` sjhfuo`r jlg` `s tcg rgsuot js jep`atgl ky huegrbus btcgr prjhajpogs `s wgoo. Dbr jhst`hag,

`hy abhtrboogl tgst bd Hgwtbhs o`ws bd ebtjbh js sukigat tb cjs o`w bd uhjvgrs`o fr`vjt`tjbh dbr,

wjtcbut jt, tcg dbregr o`ws wbuol kg jhv`ojl`tgl. @ sjhfog bksgrv`tjbh bd gxtgrh`o dbrag, jh btcgr

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wbrls, a`h v`ojl`tg kbtc o`ws `s tcg s`eg tjeg. \cg gxpgrjeght a`h prbvg euotjpog tcgbrjgs rjfct=

`s ` rgsuot, jt wbuol kg uhrg`sbh`kog tb pbsjt `hy tcgbry `s tcg uotje`tg gxpo`h`tjbh wcgh btcgrs

e`y `rjsg jh tcg duturg.

[g`ojsts rgspbhl tb tcjs ao`je ky gxpo`jhjhf cbw agrt`jh `otgrh`tjvgs `rg kgttgr tc`h

btcgrskgttgr jh tgres bd cbw sjepog/gabhbeja`o/pbwgrduo/po`usjkog tcgy `rg bvgr tcg rgst.

\cjs ljddgrghag, abekjhgl wjtc tcg hggl tb rge`jh abep`tjkog wjtc bksgrv`tjbhs, gojejh`tgs

ebst bd tcg btcgr `otgrh`tjvgs tc`t `rg kbuhl tb gxjst. Bhg gx`epog bd tcjs tcjhmjhf js Baa`es

r`zbr, ` ruog-bd-tcuek usgl jh prbkoge-sbovjhf wcgrg ` cypbtcgsjs js sgogatgl dbr c`vjhf tcg

dgwgst `ssueptjbhs. G`ac `ssueptjbh js sggh tb rgluag tcg argljkjojty bd ` pbtghtj`o `hswgr. \cjs

prbagss agrt`jhoy g`sgs sajghtjdja ljsaussjbhs= hbhgtcgogss, jt ljstr`ats drbe tcg rg`ojsts bkigatjvg

bd wc`t ` sajghtjdja tcgbry js jhtghlgl tb lb. @s gxpo`h`tbry pbwgr js dbrfbttgh kgcjhl tcgsg

arjtgrj`, tcg sgogatgl cypbtcgsjs e`y hbt kg tcg ebst ogfjtje`tg sajghtjdja gxpo`h`tjbh.

JJ. \cgbry ^rgaglgs Bksgrv`tjbh

\cg prgsghag bd ` prjbrj cypbtcgsgs jh sajghag ac`ooghfgs tcg ogfjtje`ay bd sajghtjdja

gxpo`h`tjbhs. ^bppgr, jh tcg djrst ac`ptgr bd cjs kbbm Abhigaturgs `hl [gdut`tjbhs, lgsarjkgs cjs

drustr`tjbh bvgr tcg djreoy-cgol kgojgd tc`t sajghag prbaggls drbe bksgrv`tjbhs tb tcgbry. \b

bksgrvg js `ksurl, cg st`tgs, jh tcg `ksghag bd ` ebtjvg. Cg gxpo`jhs9

Bksgrv`tjbh js `ow`ys sgogatjvg. Jt hggls ` acbsgh bkigat, ` lgdjhjtg t`sm, `h jhtgrgst, ` pbjht bd

vjgw, ` prbkoge. @hl jts lgsarjptjbh prgsuppbsgs ` lgsarjptjvg o`hfu`fg, wjtc prbpgrty wbrls= jt

prgsuppbsgs sjejo`rjty `hl ao`ssjdja`tjbh, wcjac jh tcgjr turh prgsuppbsgs jhtgrgsts, pbjhts bd

vjgw, `hl prbkoges.(^bppgr, 0:4;)

^bppgr gxpgrjeghts tcjs jlg` ky `smjhf cjs stulghts tb bksgrvg, `dtgr wcjac tcgy wgrg dbragl tb

`sm bksgrvg wc`t2 `s tcgy ljl hbt c`vg ` ljrgatjbh tb gxgautjvg tcg jhstruatjbh. Drbe tcjs, cg

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`ppojgs tcg s`eg abhagpt tb sajghtjsts. Qajghtjsts `rg uh`kog tb bksgrvg wjtcbut ` p`rtjauo`r dr`eg

bd rgdgrghag br gxpgat`tjbh jh tcgjr ejhl. \cgy eust `htjajp`tg ` rg`atjbh, lgtgrejhg tcg rgsuots

tcgy wjsc tb sgg `hl vjsu`ojzg cbw tcgjr pbtghtj`o butabegs e`y strghftcgh br wg`mgh tcg

purpbsg bd tcgjr gxpgrjeght. \cg `ksghag bd tcgsg `atjbhs wbuol lgtgr tcge drbe e`mjhf `hy

bksgrv`tjbhs `s tcgy rgqujrg ` ebtjvg tb lb sb.

@hbtcgr prgrgqujsjtg tb bksgrv`tjbh js tcg prgsghag bd ` abeeuhja`tjbh systge tc`t

a`pturgs tcg pcghbegh` tc`t js rgabrlgl. Qajghtjsts gxpgat tc`t eblgrh o`hfu`fg js a`p`kog bd

tr`hsarjkjhf wc`t tcgy bksgrvg. Ky gh`atjhf vba`kuo`ry tb lgsarjkg br `ssgrt ` p`rtjauo`r jhsjfct,

sajghtjsts lr`w bh tcg p`st ky jhlgxjhf tcgjr bksgrv`tjbhs tb cue`h pr`atjags, auoturg `hl

kgc`vjbur. Kut g`ac wbrl (`) js rgo`tjvg tb btcgr wbrls `hl tcgjr eg`hjhfs= (k) e`y hbt abht`jh

tcg jhgdd`kog mhbwoglfg tcg sajghtjst cbpgs tb sc`rg= `hl (a) js jhtgrprgtgl ljddgrghtoy ky gvgry

jhljvjlu`o, lgpghljhf bh tcgjr gxpgrjghag wjtc tcg wbrl. Vc`t js rbufc tb eg, dbr jhst`hag, js

kbuhl tb kg uhlgrstbbl ljddgrghtoy ky ybu. Ebst bd `oo, wbrls abhhgat eg`hjhfs tb rgo`tjvg

gxpgrjghags jh tcg p`st= e`mjhf jt gxtrgegoy ljddjauot tb abeeuhja`tg hbvgo gxpgrjghags. Jt

abepgos sajghtjsts tb rgdgrghag gvgrytcjhf tb cjstbry wcjac, dbr arjtjas bd jhluatjbh, js `h

jrr`tjbh`o fujlg dbr `hytcjhf tc`t baaur jh tcg prgsght.

\bfgtcgr, tcg d`jourg tb rgabrl uhkj`sgl bksgrv`tjbhs jh tcg sajghags js hg`roy

uh`vbjl`kog. \cg rg`ojst `rfueght d`oos `s sajghtjsts a`hhbt gxpo`jh ` pcysja`o wbrol wjtcbut

rgdgrghag tb tcgjr sghsgs `hl tcg jhcgrght ojejt`tjbhs bd o`hfu`fg. @s bksgrv`tjbhs `rg mgy

lgtgrejh`hts tb tcg ogfjtje`ay bd ` sajghtjdja tcgbry, ` d`jourg tb prbluag jep`rtj`o vgrjdja`tjbh

prgvghts tcg `ssgrtjbh bd `hy sajghtjdja tcgbry `s tcg trutc. \rug d`ats `rg hgagss`ry tb e`mg `

abhagptjbh `kbut tcge, trug.Hgwtbh spght cjs ghtjrg ojdg tryjhf tb `rfug drbe ^cghbegh`

wjtcbut dgjfhjhf (`rkjtr`ry br `l cba) Cypbtcgsgs kut abuol hbt s`tjsdy cjesgod jh tcjs rgf`rl.

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trutc. @s sajghtjsts bvgrwcgoejhfoy `ppoy tcgsg tcgbrjgs, tcgy gxpbsg `rg`s jh wcjac jt a`hhbt

gxpo`jh br prbvjlg jhstrueght`o v`oug tb. Vjtc hb `otgrh`tjvg tcgbrjgs `v`jo`kog, tcgy `rg ogdt tb

abepogtgoy ljsa`rl tcgsg jlg`s `hl rge`jh wjtc hb `hswgrs tb tcgsg pcghbegh`.

\cg trutc js, cbwgvgr, tc`t sajghag js abhtjhubusoy gvbovjhf. Fjvgh tcg jharg`sjhfoy

spgaj`ojzgl h`turg bd sajghag, vgry dgw rgsg`racgrs sgt tcg ghtjrg tcgbrgtja`o frbuhlwbrm bd `

tcgbry jh tcgjr prbdgssjbh`o ojvgswcjog `acjgvjhf tbt`o abep`tjkjojty wjtc tcgjr l`t`. (Bm`sc`,

;>>;) Jt wbuol hbt kg eg`hjhfduo br prbfrgssjvg dbr sajghag, jh fghgr`o, jd tcgbrjgs wgrg

ljsa`rlgl `t tcg djrst sjfh bd trbukog. @hl tcgy `rg hbt= @l`es `hl Ogvgrrjgr ljsabvgrgl Hgptuhg

upbh gx`ejhjhf tcg d`jourg bd Hgwtbhs tcgbry tb gxpo`jh tcg bksgrvgl brkjt bd Wr`hus. \cgy

gxtghlgl tcg `ppoja`tjbh bd cjs fr`vjt`tjbh`o tcgbry tb jhaoulg dbrags gxgrtgl drbe o`rfg kbljgs bd

e`ttgr hg`rky. Jh tcjs sghsg, Hgwtbhs sajghtjdja tcgbry abuol hbt ogfjtje`tgoy lgsarjkg tcg rg`o

brkjt`o pbsjtjbhs bd po`hgts. \cgrg w`s ` ojejt tb jts `ppoja`tjbh`s jt w`s bhoy gddgatjvg wcgh

po`hgts wgrg ljst`ht ghbufc tb hbt gxgrt ` dbrag bh bhg `hbtcgr, `hl w`s tcg a`usg kgcjhl wcy jt

d`jogl. Kut, `s jeprbvgeghts wgrg e`lg, tcg tcgbry stjoo rge`jhs `h gddgatjvg `hswgr tb e`hy

sajghtjdja pcghbegh`. @ rg`ojst `pprb`ac tb tcjs ljogee` wbuol c`vg ljsa`rlgl tcg tcgbry dbr

hbt lgsarjkjhf tcg trutc.

JT. ^bsjtjhf [g`o \cjhfs Vcgh \cgy A`hhbt Kg Bksgrvgl

Jt js jepbrt`ht tb lge`ra`tg tcg ojhgs kgtwggh rg`o `hl uhrg`o tcjhfs jh tcg wbrol tb

`hswgr tcg qugstjbh bh tcg bkigatjvgs bd sajghag `hl jts tcgbrjgs. [g`ojsts `lbpt tcg hbtjbh tc`t

gvgrytcjhf jh tcg wbrol js rg`o (cghag tcgjr h`eg). Gvgh jd jt a`hhbt kg bksgrvgl ky tcg cue`h

gyg, ljddgrght `pp`r`tusgs (suac `s p`rtjaog lgtgatbrs) a`h kg utjojsgl `s rgoj`kog tbbos tb cgop us

e`fhjdy lgt`jos br rgluag tcg sjzg bd bkigats. Frbvgr E`xwgoos 0:4; kbbm \cg Bhtbobfja`o

Qt`tus bd \cgbrgtja`o Ghtjtjgssues up tcg `rfueght `s bhg jepbssjkog tb rgsbovg. Jt js kgst, tcgh,

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tb kgojgvg tc`t `oo ghtjtjgs `rg rg`o `s (`) tcgrg js hb prjhajpogl e`hhgr tb spojt lgtgatjbh drbe

bksgrv`tjbh= `hl (k) kbtc sjlgs abhdjre tcg prgsghag bd bksgrv`kog ghtjtjgs.

Kut eblgrh sajghag `osb abhdjres tcg usg bd lgtgatgl ghtjtjgs jh sajghtjdja wbrm. \cg

gogatrbh, dbr jhst`hag, w`s hgvgr bksgrvgl tcg cue`h gyg= jt w`s, cbwgvgr, lgtgatgl jh ` aobul

ac`ekgr ky tcg w`tgr lrbpogts dbregl bh tcg jbhjzgl f`s `s gogatrbhs p`ssgl tcrbufc. [g`ojsts

qubtgl tcjs gvght `s `h bksgrv`tjbh dbr tcg prbpgrtjgs tc`t sajghtjsts rgabrlgl (j.g. jts hgf`tjvg

ac`rfg)kut bhoy tcg rg`atjbh, hbt tcg bkigat, w`s bksgrvgl. @ ejoojbh tgsts e`y kg abhluatgl

tb lgdjhg tcg gogatrbhs prbpgrtjgskut bur uhlgrst`hljhf bd tcgsg uhbksgrv`kog ghtjtjgs wjoo

sbogoy rge`jh jh abhiuhatjbh tb tcg v`auue tcgy wgrg gx`ejhgl uhlgr.

@ se`oo gx`epog bd wc`t J eg`h9 ojegstbhg js `h bksgrv`kog sgljeght`ry rbam. @s

ejhgr`obfjsts c`vg sggh tcg ghtjty `hl ljssbovgl jts acgeja`o abepbsjtjbh, tcgy `rg `kog tb

prgljat jts kgc`vjbur uhlgr `oo sbrts bd wg`tcgr `hl ghvjrbheghtsr`jh, prbobhfgl lrbufcts,

sullgh drggzjhf, gta. \cjs js hbt pbssjkog wjtc uhbksgrv`kog ghtjtjgs. Vcjog sajghtjsts a`h

rg`sbh`koy gxpgat tcgjr kgc`vjbur wcgh ljddgrght acgeja`os `rg ejxgl (tcrbufc abuhtogss tgsts

lbhg jh tcg p`st), jt js jepbssjkog tb lgtgrejhg tcgjr hgutr`o kgc`vjbur wjtcbut ` pcysja`o

bksgrv`tjbh. Durtcgrebrg, sajghtjsts a`hhbt cypbtcgsjzg `kbut tcgjr rg`atjbhs uhlgr `hy

ghvjrbheghtuhojmg wc`t js pbssjkog wjtc ojegstbhg. \cg `kbvg jhst`hag lgebhstr`tgs tcg hggl

tb ljvjlg rg`o `hl uhrg`o ghtjtjgs jh tcg wbrol `s bur `kjojty tb (hbt) bksgrvg tcgjr h`turg scjdts

cbw d`r bur sajghtjdja tcgbrjgs a`h ogfjtje`tgoylgsarjkg tcge.

Jh cjs abuhtgr`rfueght tb cjs bwh vjgw, ^bppgr `lejts tb tcjs prbkoge `s ` psgulb-

prbkoge sjhag `h jhstrueght`o `pprb`ac tbw`rls sajghag (wjtc hb dbrw`rl `ssgrtjbhsgx. `s

tcg ebst ogfjtje`tg dbre) js kbtc ` suee`ry bd jts bksgrv`tjbhs `hl gxpgrjeghts `hl ` ogfjtje`tg

lgsarjptjbh bd tcg wbrol. \cjs lgsarjptjbh e`y hbt kg wc`tjt js, kut ` aboogatjbh bd jts prbpgrtjgs

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p`jhts ` fghgr`o lgsarjptjbh bd cbw jt gxjsts jh tcg uhjvgrsg `hl prbvjlgs sajghtjsts wjtc `

qu`ojt`tjvg bkigat tb og`l tcge tb abhluat tcgbrgtja`o jhhbv`tjbh, kbuhl`ry sgttjhf, jhtgfr`tjbh

`hl prbkoge-sbovjhf `atjvjtjgs (A`ajbppb gt `o., ;>> tcgbrjgs tc`t wgrg gepjrja`ooy

suaagssduo kut o`tgr rgdutgl `hl ljspbsgl ky sajghag. \cjs w`s ` lg`ojhf kobw tb tcjs ljsaussjbh

`s tc`t abhljtjbh w`s aghtr`o tb tcg lgk`tg.

Dbr ` tcgbry tb kg pukojscgl, sajghtjdja rg`ojse jhsjsts tc`t bksgrv`tjbh`o l`t` eust e`tac

tcg tcgbrgtja`o ao`jes jt prbpbsgs. Jd tcjs js hbt `acjgvgl, tcgsg sajghtjdja cypbtcgsgs rge`jh `s

egrg jlg`s. Qjhag tcg e`ibrjty bd pukojscgl tcgbrjgs rgspgat tcjs abhljtjbh `hl c`vg r`rgoy kggh

rgdutgl sjhag, rg`ojsts kgojgvg tc`t `oo tcgbrjgs (tc`t `acjgvg gepjrja`o suaagss) wjoo rge`jh

`pprbxje`tgoy trug. \cg pukoja`tjbh bd O`ul`hs ojst gxpbsgl cbw cjstbrja`o gvjlghag

lgebhstr`tgl tcg jh`aaur`ay bd tcgbrjgs, lgspjtg tcg l`t` prgsghtgl. \wb hbt`kog gx`epogs wgrg

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tcg pcobfjstbh tcgbry bd abekustjbh `hl Cuyfghss w`vg tcgbry bd ojfct. Kbtc wgrg `pprbprj`tg

djts tb wc`t sajghtjsts bksgrvgl jh tcgjr tjeg= cbwgvgr, tcg jharg`sgl sbpcjstja`tjbh bd `pp`r`tus

jhtrbluagl hgw bksgrv`tjbhs tc`t lgdjgl tcg tcgbry `hl prbvgl cbw gepjrja`o suaagss js `

tgepbr`ry hbtjbh dbr iulfeght. Qajghtjsts a`hhbt kgsurgtc`t duturg bksgrv`tjbhs wjoo rgsgekog

tcbsg mhbwh tbl`y `hl, `s ` rgsuot, scbuol hbt usg l`t` abep`tjkjojty `s r`tjbh`o iustjdja`tjbh dbr

ogfjtje`tg tcgbrjgs.

\cjs hbtjbh bd suaagss js `osb susagptjkog tb tcg prbkoges bd jhluatjbh. @s L`vjl Cueg

wbuol abepo`jh, sajghtjsts `ssueg tc`t h`turg js uhjdbre `hl, `s ` rgsuot, wbuol `oobw tcge tb

lr`w fghgr`o abhaousjbhs drbe cjstbrja`o bksgrv`tjbhs. Arjtjas bd jhluatjbh kgojgvg tc`t cjstbry js

`h uhrgoj`kog fujlg tb tcg duturg`s tcg twb jhst`hags lgebhstr`tgl `kbvg, jt js c`rl tb e`mg

uotje`tg gxpo`h`tjbhs bh ` ojejtgl huekgr bd bksgrv`tjbhs.

Qbeg jhljvjlu`os ljl gvghtu`ooy rgdutg O`hl`hs d`ats kyprbvjhf cbw cg ljl hbt acbbsg

tcg ebst suaagssduo tcgbrjgs bd tcg tjegsuac `s aryst`oojhg spcgrgs, wcjac wgrg bhag tcg

duhl`eght`o ghtjtjgs bd absebobfy. Btcgrs, jh `lljtjbh, arjtjajzgl cbw sajghtjdja trutc w`s stjoo

rgogv`ht jh tcgsg rgdutgl tcgbrjgs. Hbt `oo p`rts bd tcg bol tcgbry scbuol kg lgebojscgl, tcgy s`y,

`s p`rts bd tcge rge`jh tb lgvgobp hgw prjhajpogs.

TJ. ^bppgrs [g`ojz`tjbh `hl Qgod-Lgdg`t

Ey djh`o sgatjbh arjtjqugs tcg wbrm bd M`ro ^bppgrs kbbm Abhigaturgs `hl [gdut`tjbhs`hl js

ljvjlgl jhtb twb (uhrgo`tgl) abepbhghts.

(`)Qg`rac dbr Mhbwoglfg

^bppgr `lejts, jh tcg djh`o ac`ptgr bd Abhigaturgs, tc`t tcg qugst dbr purg mhbwoglfg

js jepbssjkog tb `acjgvg. Cg `h`obfjzgs cjs drustr`tjbh `s ` ebuht`jh aojekgr wcb

`ttgepts tb rg`ac tcg ebuht`jh pg`m `ejlst cg`vy dbf `hl aobuls= wcjog cg mhbws tc`t

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tcg pg`m js kbuhl tb `ppg`r, cg js uh`kog tb lgtgrejhg wcgtcgr cg c`s rg`acgl tcg `pgx br

hbt. \cg s`eg abuol kg s`jl `kbut bur sajghtjdja tcgbrjgs= wcjog tcg uotje`tg gxpo`h`tjbh

lbgs gxjst, sajghtjsts scbuol hgvgr abhaoulg bh tcbsg lgsarjptjbhs wjtcbut ` djxgl

dr`egwbrm bd tjeg. Whtjo tcg `fg bd ljsabvgry js bvgr (j.g. tcg ghl bd tjeg), jt js

jepbssjkog dbr sajghtjdja tcgbrjgs tb abuht `s ogfjtje`tg lgsarjptjbhs dbr tcg jh`kjojty tb

djhl wrbhfslbgs hbt e`mg tcg prbpbsjtjbhs rjfct.

^bppgr `osb e`mgs `h jhtgrgstjhf `lejssjbh tb \cbe`s Muchs jlg` bd p`r`ljfe scjdts

jh sajghag. Cg st`tgs, bh p. 10:9

Zgt jt js `osb jepbrt`ht tc`t jh prjhajpog, `hl `s obhf `s tcgrg `rg hb rgvboutjbh`ry

ac`hfgs jh bur k`amfrbuhl mhbwoglfg, tcg rgo`tjvg `ppr`js`o bd bur twb tcgbrjgswjoo

rge`jh st`kog. (^bppgr, 0:4;)

Muchs `rfueght w`s prgajsgoy tc`t= tcg rgvboutjbh`ry ac`hfgs jh bur duhl`eght`o

sajghtjdja `ssueptjbhs wjtcjh ` pgrjbl `rg kbuhl tb baaur tc`t, abhsgqughtoy, ac`hfg bur

`pprb`ac tb sajghtjdja wbrm jh fghgr`o. Dbr ` sajghtjdja tcgbry tb rge`jh ogfjtje`tg,

sajghtjsts a`hhbt rgvbot `f`jhst tcg k`sg bd mhbwoglfg jt w`s lgvgobpgl upbh. Kut

ljddgrght pgrjbls bd rgvboutjbh (Abpgrhja`h, Hgwtbhj`h, Gjhstgjhj`h, L`rwjhj`h) jh

v`rjbus sajghags c`vg trjffgrgl lr`stja ac`hfgs jh cbw pcysjas `hl gvboutjbh`ry kjbobfy

js uhlgrstbbl tb krjhf tbt`o ac`hfg tb sbeg bd jts tcgbrjgs (j.g. cgojbaghtrja eblgo bd tcg

uhjvgrsg). \cjs wbuol hbt kggh pbssjkog jd tcbsg tcgbrjgs wgrg sb-a`oogl ogfjtje`tg jh

tcg djrst po`ag `s hbtcjhf wbuol tg`r tcge lbwh.

(k)\cg Abeput`tjbh`o [uog v. ^urg \cgbry

^bppgr `osb arjtjqugs tcg jhstrueght`ojst vjgw bd sajghtjdja tcgbry `s ` vgry

uhsajghtjdja `pprb`ac. Cg ljvjlgs sajghtjdja tcgbrjgs jhtb twb abepbhghts= abeput`tjbh`o

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ruogs `hl purg tcgbrjgs. Vcgrg`s purg tcgbrjgs e`mg dbrtcrjfct lgsarjptjbhs `kbut

rg`o tcjhfs `hl `rg vgrjdjgl uhlgr aruaj`o gxpgrjeghts (wcjac `je tb rgdutg tcge),

abeput`tjbh`o ruogs `rg bhoy tgstgl dbr tcgjr ojejts bd `ppoja`kjojty. \cgy wgrg hgvgr

jhtghlgl tb kg `aaur`tg rgprgsght`tjbhs bd tcg wbrol jh tcg djrst po`ag. Qb cg `sms= cbw

a`h wg gv`ou`tg tcg `pprbprj`tghgss bd tcgsg tbbos2 Ky hbt abht`jhjhf dg`turgs tc`t wbuol

`oobw tcge tb kg tgstgl br d`osjdjgl, sajghtjsts abuol abhluat sajghag jh jrr`tjbh`o br

uhtgstgl ljrgatjbhs. Bh tcg btcgr c`hl, purg tcgbrjgs prbvjlg ` lgdjhjtg ygs br hb

`hl suppbrt sajghtjdja prbfrgss jh ` sobw `hl sgqughtj`o e`hhgr. \cgsg sbrts bd `atjvjtjgs

`rg tcg bhoy bhgs tc`t qu`ojdy `s sajghtjdjajh cjs vjgw.

^bppgr js bhoy abrrgat, cbwgvgr, uhlgr ^bppgrj`h st`hl`rls. Jt js cjskgojgd tc`t

sajghtjdja tcgbrjgs `rg v`ojl jd `hl bhoy jdjt p`ssgs tcg d`osjdj`kjojty tgst= `hl, sjhag

abeput`tjbh ruogs `rg hbt jhtghlgl tb kg trug, tcg tgst a`hhbt kg `ppojgl tb tcge. Drbe

tcjs, cg lgluags tc`t `oo sajghtjdja tcgbrjgs eustrgprgsght rg`o tcjhfs jh tcg wbrol `s `hy

btcgr prbpbsjtjbh wbuol hbt kg qu`ojdjgl tb p`ss tcg tgst. Kut wcy scbuol d`osjdj`kjojty kg

tcg uotje`tg arjtgrjbh dbr v`ojljty2 Vcy eust sajghtjdja jlg`s kg v`ojl`tgl (`hl v`ojl`tjhf)

tb kg abhsjlgrgl `s ` tcgbry2 Much t`mgs tcjs jlg` durtcgr jh ` p`ss`fg drbe \cg Qtruaturg

bd Qajghtjdja [gvboutjbhs9

Hb tcgbry gvgr sbovgs `oo tcg puzzogs wjtc wcjac jt js abhdrbhtgl `t` fjvgh tjegbh tcg

abhtr`ry, jt js iust tcg jhabepogtghgss `hl jepgrdgatjbh bd tcg gxjstjhf l`t`-tcgbry djt tc`t,

`t `hy fjvgh tjeg, lgdjhg e`hy bd tcg puzzogs tc`t ac`r`atgrjzg hbre`o sajghag. Jd `hy `hl

gvgry d`jourg tb djt wgrg frbuhl dbr tcgbry rgigatjbh, `oo tcgbrjgs bufct tb kg rgigatgl `t `oo

tjegs. (Much, 0:6>)

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^bppgrs jhsjstghag bd ` d`osjdj`kjojty tgst js, jrbhja`ooy, `s trbukojhf dbr sajghtjdja prbfrgss

`s euac `s `h `ksghag bd jt. Cg js `aaur`tg jh qugstjbhjhf bur rgoj`hag bh jhstrueght`o

tcgbrjgs wcgh wg r`rgoy stbp tb gv`ou`tg tcgjr ogfjtje`ay= kut, bh tcg abhtr`ry, cjs

prbpbsgl gv`ou`tjbh tcgbry wbuol sgvgrgoy rgstrjat tcg huekgr bd tcgbrjgs tc`t `rg

`oobwgl tb rgprgsght `hytcjhf jh tcg wbrol.

Jh sue, jt js ey kgojgd tc`t sajghtjdja tcgbrjgs `rg ` suee`ry bd tcg bksgrv`tjbhs `hl

gxpgrjeghts tc`t sajghtjsts abhluat. J c`vg `ttgeptgl tb prbvjlg sjx suaajhat rg`sbhs bd tcg

prbspgats `hl pgrjos bd bksgrvjhf sajghtjdja tcgbrjgs `s ` rgdogatjbh bd tcg rg`o wbrol, v`ryjhf

drbe bur jh`kjojty tb prbluag uhkj`sgl bksgrv`tjbhs tb tcg ojejt`tjbhs bd sajghtjdja ljsabvgry jd

wg `lbptgl tcg pgrspgatjvg bd `ksboutg trutc. Ky e`jht`jhjhf ` ogss abhdjlght `ttjtulg, sajghtjsts

wjoo kg `kog tb `ll v`oug tb g`ac btcgrs wbrm `hl sust`jh ` krb`l r`hfg bd rg`sbh`kog

`otgrh`tjvgs dbr sbajgty tb jhvgstjf`tg `s tcgjr ghvjrbheght ac`hfgs `hl hgw bksgrv`tjbhs `ppg`r.

E`x YcuLgagekgr ;>01

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Vbrms Ajtgl

(T`h Dr``ssgh, ;>>;)

T`h Dr``ssgh, K. A. (;>>;). \cg gepjrja`o st`hag. Hgw C`vgh, A\9 Z`og Whjvgrsjty ^rgss.

(^bppgr, 0:4;)

^bppgr, M. (0:4;). Abhigaturgs `hl [gdut`tjbhs. 6tc gl. Abrhw`oo9 [butoglfg & Mgf`h ^`uo.

(A`ajbppb gt `o., ;>>>>;)

Bm`sc`, Q. (;>>;).^cjobsbpcy bd Qajghag9 @ Tgry Qcbrt Jhtrbluatjbh. 0st gl. Hgw Zbrm9

Bxdbrl Whjvgrsjty ^rgss.

(Much, 0:6>)

Much, \. (0:6>). \cg Qtruaturg bd Qajghtjdja [gvboutjbhs. Acja`fb9 Whjvgrsjty bd Acja`fb ^rgss.