Scientific �mtrican. -raE ADVOCATE OF INDUSTRY, AND JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC, MECHANICAL AND OTHER IMPROVEMmNTS. ----�-��---------�----��--�--�-------------------------------------------�--------------

bot. 71. Ntw mark, �UgU5t 25, tall9. No. 119. """'=========:-:--,.,."...,.==.,-:-==::-.-----,-..,.,",,�-'-. ---:::---'---.-. --. --_.-:--,- c:--· -·--C.-':�-==---..,... · """-�",_£", .. ===,,,, · ==:-=============".,==

I MEAT CUTTING APPARATUS.---Fi(1lre 1. ' I THK ScieJ}tific American.

THK Rlt8T MECHANICAL PAPKIt III' T •• WOIlLD.

VIRCUL&TIOIlf N,ooo. PU.LIIRE. WItEKJ.,Y.

RAILROAD J.'fII:WS.

Rlota on R.1l Road ••

1 Therf' is scarcely a wel'k pa�es over ollr , hl'ads without a riot on some rail road. The

At 1�8 �-t1lton Street, New York (Sun Duildinl,) and IS Court Street, BOlton, Ma ...

."enee enacted upon Onr new r�il road. exhi­bits ould Ireland in mini.tnr .. ; DoneyhrTlok Fair and the Cnrralth of Kilitare, are tranl' fl!rrl'd to the hanks of the Hudson. or th" b.nkR of th4! Mohawk. J .. Irplanit, thp fights are genl!rallv betwP"n Rihbonmen anit Orange. m .. n, on account of relillion; hnt that is not the inherl'nt caUBe forsoftpning the crowns of one another in a shilJelah melee No, the caus" is inherent in Patrick's natur'!, and he is just the Bame man in A merir.a as he is in Ireland, untit he is eiflilized h� i'lcflrporatinll himself with the Anglo·Saxon. Tre feud. between the Corkonians and thl' Com:alll!ht men on OllT rail roo it., are not rf'lil!ioU9 r"nits, they are IOfle-offighting·/eud.. Somelhinlr Ihiluld be done to prevent such di.graceful scpnl'S in onr country. Two wel'ks alrO a I!reat riot took place on the Hudlen Rinr Rail Road, near Poul(hkeepste, on a Sunday evening, in which one man wal shot and II numher of otherB wounde.l. As. a genpral thinlt, the Irish laborers get drunk before th.y fight, and when this i. known, every contract­or should make Temperance Pledges one telt of employing ml'n, as a guarantee of quietneSi.

By Munn & Company. The l'riuoipaJ Omee beinlC at !'i'e", York

8arlow It Payne, AlCents, 89 Chancery Lane, London

TI!lRIIIS--t� a year--Sl In advance, .nd

tile remainder In 8 montha.

-- - ==================== THB: TWa SHADOWS.

BY OLlHR WENDELL HOLliES. Jl was an evening calm and fair

As eYer drank the dew of June; The living earth, the breathless air,

Slept by the shining moon.

There was a rudely woven seat, That lay beneath a garden walI­heard two voices low and eweet­I saw two shadows fall.

Two shadows-side by side they were­With but a line of li�ht between;

If shapes more real lingered there, Tbose shapes were al1 unaeeD.

The voice wbich seemed of deepest tone Breathed som�thing whicb I scarcely

And there was silence, save alone [heard, One faintly whispered word

I heard a sound that lovers know-A sound from Ii ps that do not apeak;

But ob I it leavel a deeper ,low Than word! upon the chef:k.

Dear maiden, hast thou ever known That .ound which set. the soul en fire i

And i. it not tbe aweetest tone Wrung from earth'a sbattered lyre!

Alas! upon my boyish brow, Fair lips have often more th�n smiled;

But there are none to presa it now-I am no more a child.

Long, long the blendid ehadowslay Aa they were in a viewle'l fold;

And will they never break away, So loving, yet so cold?

They 8ay that spirits \valk the vale, But that I truly do not know-

I wonder, when I told the tale, Why Fanny crimiloned so ?

The Green Wood. BY GEORGE HALLAND.

I love the ",reen woori, 0 cbide me not For loving the wood, 'lis a beautiful spot; God, when he made it, pronounced it good, And 'tis just all be left it, the same green wood.

I love to wander for bours and hours, And pluck from its b080m tbe sweet wild 1I0w­o set me down in some shady nook, [ers; And teach WI' a lesson from nature', book.

Iloye the song of the merl'y bird, I love the low of tbe distant herd, And ever tbe hum of tbe busy bee Has au inexprea�ible charm for me.

I love that old forest· tree standing there, With its arms extended in ceaseless praye�, And the trim brook as it dances along, Praising God in an endles, long.

Commllne with nature but ODe short hour, All the baser passions lose tbeir power; The mind becomea calm, lerene and clear, And ia in harmony,-God is here.

Here I would come when sad or gay, Here J would come to praise and pray, Here I would live, aDd here 1 would die, And wh.n I am dead, 0 here let me lie.

Thia i. an excellent Meat Cuttinl!( Machine, meat and prelsing it against the knivea The

invented by Mr. John G. Perry, Mumford's studs and knives are amall and set at a Ihort

Mills, Kingstoll, R. I ,who has made appli- space apart, so as to mince the meat very line.

cation for a patent therefor. It is construct. The studs and the knives are set into the top

ed in a very different manner from all ether and the bed of the box, by having a space cut

machines which have heretofore been used out for their reception, and blocki placed be­

for tbe aa�e purpose, inBlmuch as all the tween each set, by the set screw" D E, a8

otII ... ... eilDettocted"ltpGB·tbe ciloppin« �_n.in.ftc.,2� Fijure.1 will "".\Cef .... i principle, while this one is made to opel'ate ' iclea ot" the form of the apparatus, how it i. I upon the principle of a grinding mill, but its fp.d and how it is operated. A A are tbe I action on the meat is to cut it. It has, there· posts, B is I he tolt revol vi nJ block, and C is

fore, .uperior advantagel. Ihe stationary circular knife bed plate, E and

FIG. 2. D are the let screw, that aecure and retain

F the knives and carrying studs; H is a hop­per t.:r feed in the meat to the knives. It is stationary and secured to the 1"1'0 bigh posta; L is a sbaft secured in bearings in tbe post and the hop�er; G is a bevel pinion on the shalt, and F another, firmly lecured on the

Fig. I, is a perspective view, and Fig. 2 is top, B. By driving the ahaft, L. motion is a vertical secticn, sbowing the knives and dri- given!o the setts of atuds, H, in figure 2, ving Ituds. The machi ne consists of a round which are lecured in the top block, I!. T is box, baving its bottom piece like the nether an opening for a slide. K, to allow the person millstoDe, slationary, and its top like the up- who attends the machine to get into the inte· per stone, moveable-revolvIng. On the face rior. Tbere is an opl'Ring in the bed plate, inside of its hottom, are sets of sharp creseent into whicb tbe minced meat faUI, and is reo edged knives, K K, set out at certain distan. cllived on the board, M. Tbe principle on cel apart, in the circle. On the under side of which this machine operates, will at once be the top are letts of studs, or square metal observed 10 be different from comm08 meat cogs, represented by H H, fig. 2. The Ituds chopping machine.. It operatel well and gives are set in duch a manner as to pass between \ great satisfaction. the knives, K, as lee� in fi�. 2, carrying the

Praeelc Acid. A German paper a�ys that suspen.ion of

life caused by pru�sic acid .. is only apparent; life is irumediately restored by pouring ace· tate 0/ pota.h and common salt dissolvt'd in water on the heal! and spine. In this country rabbit. have been at once recovered from the effectl of prussic acid by this means.

Old Tim., .. Umbrellas were introduced by British offi·

cers into this countrv about the time of the revolutionary war. Paralnls were tben un· known. As a defence from rain, men then wore" rain coats," and women "camblet�." Gloves were introduced about tbe rear 1755. There were very few carpetl before tbe revo-

Vattle on a.llro.dl. rt has been decided in a New Jersey Court

that jf a cow strays at hrlZ" upon a railroad track, her owner is resnonoiblp for cons.quen­cea. The rule was made in a case where it was shown that all proper precautions were made on the part of the rail road.

...• ....: .. " ... .......... . The first locomotive for this mati has arri­

vtd, and there are now at the depot, 30th 81 ••

five pllsenger cara and one I�comotivp, be-8ide six or eight .econd·chs. passenger urs, whicb have come down from Sprinttield I>n the Hartford and New HaYen and New York and New Haven Railways, and for the mOlt part now lie on the track of the Harl.m Rail­road at Twenty·fifth street. This locomotive was built by the Springfield ((ar and Enginf' Company.

Ji'lre. In the Wood •• The Malone (N. Y.) Gazette gives the par.

ticulars of an extellsive devastation in the counties of SI. Lawrence, Clinton and Frank. lin, by fires in the woods, which have raged for some days. Farm bouaes, barns, crops and timber have been destroyed to a large amount. The lire is still at work and more lerious re­sults are anticipated under the prelell! dr,and parched condition of the ea�th, if the fires are not suppre8aed soon by copious rain •.

St�rYatlon In Irel.ncL

An article in Blackwoed', M'l1azine "VI that at least 13,000 persons perisht'd by ia­mine in Ireland, in 1848, in conspquencl! of tbe loss of the potato crop, notwithstanding the British Government expended fifty mil­lions of dollars in purchaaing food for the po­pulation, and extensiYe donation, were reo ceived from abroad.

Sabatatate 1'0 .. Tea. lution on the lIeors; wben first introduced, Sadden De.th.

Dr. Graham, an old and experienced phy. they covered tbe 1100r out.ide of the chairs Mr. Lur.al Cowles, says the Springfield Re. sician in London, 8ays-" I may state on very arounll the rooms. publican, (Maas.), a highly relpected cirizen respectable authority, that the lirst leaves of

I .. - .. - . - _ .. , _. . of Weltlield, died quite suddenly on Tuesday,

I whortleberry properly gathered and dried ill Vhln., ... ltIod� 01' Adllllniaterln. a.tb.. under the following circumstances :-He ac-the sbade, cannot he distiugulshed from real

The witness IS �ade to kueel, and to break eidentally, while at work, cut hi, tbumb with

I Cbina teas." a la�cer on � bar In fron� of him. Tbe fol-

a buzz or circular 88W, and weDt home and 10wIDg oath IS then admlDlltered: .. You IhaIl Gre"U"c.

. . tell the truth, and the whole trutb ; the sau-had the wound dressed, and returned to hia

�r .. Chal�ers "81 asked by WIlkIe whe�her cer is cracked; if you do Dot tell the truth

shop. He loon btgan to feel leriously ill,

PrlDclpal Baird would preach before tbe King. your soul will be cracked like the saucer. a

.nd returning to his dwelling, died in a Ihort

Principal Baird had a ,ad habit of crying in _ .. ___ . hme. Tbe wound dId not bleed, and thll

the pulpit. .. Why (88Y' Chalmers) if be There are in Canterbury fifteen pariah ! probably had a connection with the cause of

I doel, it will be George Baird to George aell, churches and only one clergyman to ",bom a bit death. Mr. Cowles had been previou.�

Vctttn6 ,,, settled income of �O • )'Iar i. Hcured. in �. enjoyment of Cull, health. .

© 1849 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

386 Q -

Faber'. Water Goage.

We have examined thi� guagE', at the ,,(iic:o! of J. P. Pirsson, Esq., whose Itdvel·ti;.ement

appear. in our columns. and do 1I0t hesitate in pronouncin� it valuahle It.r the pUl·pose.

It is s imple and effectual. ahd can always be

relied upon. The tln.at is a sphere 'in its form, and must resist the pressure in the boil·

er� tending to a col\ap.e. Thp tloat iH a !(ita­ted bv the ebulition of the water, const'.

quentiy conveys motioll to the indelL oeedl ... which, il carefully watched b:v the ellgin�el',

will effectually prevent an explo.ion.

R Rusalan Army In Hu"gary.

Th� Washinl(ton Republic sa)'s-" We I;�ve private leiters from War�aw to the middle of the past month, whieh give a more di,ti!tct

idea of t he character of th e war w��ed iJy the AUltrian and RU'lSian Emperors on HUIl�ar)'

than any acc ount which h •• Jet reached u •. One fact is stated in these letters whicn Wtl do not remember to have seen !lUblished b.,· fore. It i� said a terrible scollr!,e haH 8eized on t he Russian soldiers, known as tile • lice pest . ' The indi\'idual ia attacked b)' vermin

undl'r the 8kin, wh ich increase until ,ho) whole body becomes one lOa"s o{ corruption. Hitherto no remedy has b�en discovered, aDd the person auacked is considered as doomed; and the letl.,rs say hundre.is haYt', at tbeir

own solicitation, been thro wn ill'o tbe river

to terminate t heir sufferio�". The chol era also makes terrible havoc on the ill· fed allied army!'

Interesting to Marlners. The folk.w;ng noiice from the Sup�ri"t"D'

dent 01 the Coast Survey .. published for the benefit of navigators:

COAST SURVEY STATION, nedr � North Dtlartield, N. H., July 31, 1849.5 Sir :-1 have received from t!.� hydoj\l'a.

pber of the BI'itish ,,<lmira!t\·, nolie" of a rock off tho! coast of Patagonia, 1I0t laid down upon the ch arts. The Sirius struck upon

th is rock on lbe lOtll of March, 1849, aud reo ports it 10 be III " about latitude 4& Jeg. 27,n. S .. , .nd 10llgitud" 65 deg. 37m. W., nine Illiles off Spring flay." r t'ecommend that pUblicity be !:iven to this account fur the benent of our

navigat ors. Very resptlctfully yours, A. D. BACHE, Super'! U S. Coast SUI'V"y.

Hon. W. M. Meredit h , St!c'y of TI·ea.ury.

Paten' Oftlee BuUdlng. A portion ofl he massive "lid weli,c'HI"true!·

ed foundatioll of the rif!ht wir.l( ,)1' this buildin:;

baving been tinished, the contractors, Mt"SI·d. Provest and Winter, comrueuct'd tile "cHillI{ of

marble on lagt Mouday week. Energy aud at'ti vity seem to be infused into all portioO!' of the work, which is pl'0�res8ing with surpl'is. ing rapidity. The stone·masoury thus far· is

of a cbaracter to elicit commeodat ioDs froro every mechanic, u being fully equal, if not

luperior, to any work of the kind ever execu· ,

tp.d in tbis city . ��-----

Old Win ...

•

9rlenttftr 1\mtricQn. Telegrapble Ae ..... e�. " How to gee rid or B.d S.ell.lnreetlOD. AM 401 Kader.

The tdegraph ol'eratol'8, or thOle who ��ntl. A .cit'llt itic I{entleman stateR, throug h the This gallant Moorish chieftain i� still kept them t'''lLmullication8, make terrible lv"rk "J' E,":(Hl Journal, that for a dls�IIIec'ir,J;i agellt in d urance by the French Government. The names, so 'hal halfthe forpie;n news is ulliu-; "'j' !!f!n�l'al u�e,l(>r tbe "u,·tac�s wh",.ce noi· vic,lat ion uf promise committed' by the former lellil(lbl� . III Il>e dispatch t'onlalllir,(! li,� i "tlllli> �xhalalinll� arise c'''' h" I'"adl�d, olle; dynasty is continued by the pl'esent one, and new.-. from Huugary, we .e .. in Ihe New York! pouI"j of com"",u cuppe"as, disliolve<i in I iu answer to his petitions ior release, he has pappr� the island Shlltt, at the junction 1)1' the Ion., Il;alloll of water, forms a tluid which, been answered, that the Government is

Danube and the Raab, is called the island "f I wh",n SPI'illkl eti on decomposing matter, 01' afraid be will not keep his word. It must, H'lt!; in t:'le Philadelphia !Japers thl! 1�land of! any t:hanging surfdces, immediately destroys therefore, by thiti peculiar fear, continue to Hulk; in the Baltimore papers the iYJand. of I putr€!'cent exhalatioll�. In ex

.

tl.eme cases, vi91ate its own. Huhl. The Austrian General Ramberg- is two pound8 uf copperas, in one t:';i111ou of wa· .----.- .-... ----

II d R . b d . . . h "A Tinner" enquires through the Nation· ca e ,·ID erg, a somehmt's Ramberg. • tel' luay ue used, and in some "'tuatlOns, I e

A town whicb Bem entered in triumph addition of sO much ground, pl.stel· a� will al Intelligencer, whether any body has eVllr

known or heard of a house covered w it h tin is callell Szomber in the New York dispatch, form a tbin paste, will be requ ired. The Zomber ill the Phil,1tlelphia dispatch, and weekly sprinklinlo( of cellar tloors,pav�d yards, heing i nj u red 01' struck by lightning.

Zomba in Balt imore. Waitzen i� called War· dl'airrs, and all filthy receptacles, with this Tbe Washington Globe says that it was not tzen and Pesth i� cal led Perth. General tluid, will rende,' the atmosphere above them the celebrated aeronaut, Mr. Green, that Grabbe is called Gabbe, and S chlick is called perfectly salubrious. In sick rooms and con - was drowned in Wales, but another Mr. Sbeek and Schleek. Yet for all tbis, lVe be. tined RpaCf'�, the colorless liquid should be Green. lieve thaI the telegraph speaks ail c orrectly as placed ill sllallow v���i'ls, freely exposed, soroe authors in Mss. ! when it� power o('absorption will S008 change

Remarkable Statement. ; the character of air al'ound it. [We riescrihed

A' th .. great Hungarian meeting III LOlld"n, I cOPfl�l'a", as being a good disin tectant, in vol-1\11-. Robert80n Eui,ol' 01 the Westminister Ile. t ume 3, Scientific Amel'ican, it is good-there

view, tiail! that it was his duty to state to t he is no doubt about it, btlt the chloride of Zinc

meetillg a fact that had Ullt just t,ome to his i� better. It is made by dissolving :linc in knowledge. He had ueen reading Ihr"e au s. muriatic acid.

_ ._ . ________ _

A ieilow at Newark. N. J., at tempted to roh a l\Ir. Wright, but al though tile rascal was armed wilh pistol and dagger, Mr. \-1 right succp.eded in capturing hi� and brought him a prisoner to the j ail . WeU dOlle Wright­he did the right thing.

Valuable mines of lead silve,' ore bav? bee II discovered at Little Rock, Ark.,;" •. ,. .. ian doc�ments, whicb very few gentle m en in: A LJeaee .. dan� or Slrls ... " Newton. the ulf'etlllg had had an opportuntry of pel'us, i Mr.. Newton, of Woo lsthorp e, Lincoh •. Tbe vein is 15 leet in thickne�s and has Int­

IU)(; . �lJd they t!xplalDed the reilsol: ,whv the ! shir�, who is descended from the great math- nished 500 ounces of �ilver to the tun of ore.

RUR",r.IlS wel'e now 10 Hun�ary. lhe C:i:ar I ematieialJ and a�tronomer and dwdls in his .-.--.... -------.

P d I '11 d d I ' The Artesian Well at Charles,on, S. C., etel' ha

. eft a. WI a6!

_ re58e to a I his sUC., birth.nl.ce. was latel y visited by a m ulat to

h h I.. w hich has been bored 10 800 teet in depth, ce,,�OIS, II, w IC he dec ared that thev, the )' .·vb·11 wllo hel ieved the children of Mrs. New. , has resulted in disappointment, and thtl work Russiall p�ople, were destined, loretll'<iained, I t.,·)n to "e hel'rs of a larue estate, alld could en-I U '" in all likelihood will be abandoned. We al'e by H�"vell, to the conquest of Europe. Tbat able them to I'ecover their heritage . The lady sorry fOI' this. wa� one docllment.

. There WaS altother, therefore retained the swart Egyptian, and en­

which was less 01 an IHstoncal fact. It was a trusted bel' with two silk gowns, tW(. petti. memoir of the pol�cy a�opted �y the RUlisian coats, two garments still further removed from Cabmet, a coPy 01 which f\!U mto the hands obsen'atioll, t\\"o .ilk handkerchiefs, a shawl, of Count Tekeh�)n 1848; the idea o� tbe Czar and het wedditJg ring, to enable bel' success­Peter was t� e �dea of the Czar Nlcholas.- , tuli)' to "work the planets." The planets, And .11 wa� I

.n IUrtberance of that 'd�a that he I howHe,·. were unafi"cted by the enterpriie,

had Issued bls meroOl'able proclamat,on before I save thut Venus almost lost hel' " gravity," advancing into EUI·ope. He appealed ill th"t I when, for such an object, she saw a descend. to the God ('\ battles. He dedared I.hat Rus·

I alII of Newton oenuding herself of her che­

sia would fultill hpr ml8sion. And he begau I wi." ! with Hungary. .

PollOn. and A.nUdote8.

"I'll" Sup reme Court 01 Alabama has d�ci· ded that sight draft� and hills are entitled to day8 "I' grace, j ust as any other draft or neJ;(o·

tiable paper.

Every pound "I"eight ot' c :e hineal r.ontain. 70,000 insects steamed to dealh; so t hat th� annual sacrifice of insectual life, to procurp our scarlet and cl'imson dyes, amounts t.(> about 40,000,000 of these srr.all members of the creat ';on .

A Trading Prine .... The Joul'l1a l au Havre, of July 17, says:­

.. Fol' some daJs every one has been able to p"I'ceiv!l in the rt)adstead in tl'ont ufth .. bath­iPg�ld.�plishUl�qt o( F.:.ol�ci.ti. '! lax,,, �tcalUer. This vessel, named tbe William, belongs to the Princess of Orange, who i. at pre�ellt al' Diepp!!, tor Ihe benefit 01 bathing. Thence she is about, it. is said, to pl'oceed to Pal,,"! ine. This Princess is an intrepid tourist, alld PlO­ceeds wbere sbe pleases in her yacht. hIde· pendently of this steamer, the Prince�s "OS' sesses, we are informed, eleven stt!amers which trade ior her wi th England, Russia and the Netherlanus. Her revenue is e.lim�ted at thl'ee millions or' f: anes."

If hy accident any person sboul:l drink ni-' tric, mu riatic, or sulpburic acid, s ome a lka· iin� 8uu8tance �h'lUld be administeh!d as SOOIi �.., p,):c.-::ihlf-'. .\nUi:Uai,L and l:alciueci uidgne. lia ar<l goud. 10'01' o� acid, cb"k ja"agQQd autidote ; tor corrosive sublimate, the white of eggs; 10,' au over t!o.se of 1:arlal' �ID�tic, a �rrong tJ.eeoe!id/J ot hy�HJn [e�. or oak bark js �ood. (/�' the 'f!(1\o'.�S 01' the blaek ilf'.:rry.

An emmlDent meteorological observer in Manc hester England, says, that the air was fully charged wit h electricity arou �ld place. where the cholera �reatil' prevailed, and with the gre&ttldt intensity in England since its reappearance there, last June.

A tOl'llada at Clllcillnati .. 011 the 8th insta llt, threw llow .. the steeple of St. Philemon'.< Church, a �tructure 250 ieet high, which was not entirely finished. It fell along the street. and did no damage to (Jther pfOI)erty.

Vlncln .... tI Obse ... ator7� The Cin�inn .. ti Gazette anllounce� the I'e­

cept ion at the Ob8ervatl'ry wh ich does so mucb

bonor to thaI city, of a sidere,,1 clock of the

most al>Jll'Oved constructioll, which was se· lected in London by MI'. Airy, the 4S'l'ono· mer Ilf tbe Greenwich Obeen'atory, and has been tested at that Observatory . It is the do· nation Ill' Wilson McGrew, Esq. ofCinci�llati.

A Nobl. and Darln« Act. 01,,, (If the steam· boat s recentl y burnt at Sf. I

L,)ui�, had aboal'd thirty keg� of powder when the fire broke out MI' Lewis Brown, one of

the pilots, was "wal'e of this fact, and at great personal hazard went down into t he hold of the vessel, and threw twenty-nine of the t hirty kegs ioto t he river. He had barely

Helgbtll oC Localities In tbe Holy Land. The summit of Horeb, 7,097 Pal'isian feet

abflve the sea, Jericho, 717 below the sea; bat hing places of t he pilgrims in Jordan 1,291 bel"w thl! sea; �ummit of Tailor, 1,755 abov .. the sea; "urface of t he lake of Tillel'ias, 62;; bel .. w Ihe !!ea; the h ighest Jloint of Le. banon, 8,800 fe';( above the sea; the cedars

of Lebanou' ah""t Eden, 6,000.

A Droll Co ... parl.o ... A itl'l'ned �nd ill!(enious /'oreiguer, Laving

vi.ite" England, aud IJ .. ing asked how he lik·

ed the Eugli"b, .ilit!; " They reser.lble a hutt of their OWll favorite bever.ge, .. le-f,·othy at top, dregs at the iJOItOlm, bllt the middle pa"! excellent."

Cboler .. at Sandu.ky. The cholera at Sandush y City Ohio, bas

been very severe, almost all the inhabitants deserted it, and the living were not able to .attend to thE' sick, some physicians !'rom Clevela!,.! and ,;ther places, have perforrbed tbe offices of good Samaritans.

time to escape when the fire communica ted Coming It 8trolll:.

to the bold, and ir. a few momeDts the remain - There are 8,300 poor house officers in

ing k�g exploded, stunning several firemen England, whose yalarres are more than £500,

in the neigbborhood. 000 per annum. TWo-.=-o-... -=-te-r-.-c=-a"'p""tu"'r-e-d. ! 1�;��-;;t�';i-LeapIA".

- -Last week, an attempt was ma de to tbrow The Ilea, grassho pper. and locust, jump

the 9 o'clock train o{ Ded ham , Mass., cars off 200 times their OWII length, equal 10 a quar· the track, near the toll-gate station, by plac- tel' of a mile fo r a man. illg a couple of telegrap h poles acro ss the Tbe Fl-v-e-p-o-I-n-' -•• track. The gate· keeper nnticed two men Tbe live cardinal pOlOts for a drunkard artl place the polts, procured assistance removed a tut'e of brass, nerves of steel, lungy of lea­tbe pole8 before the cars reached the Ipot, ther, heart of stone, and incombustible livel·. gave cbase to the villain. and eapturtld tbem. lIl4'eet. of 8qar Diet.

It is stated that three clergymen in succe. ­ion who were appo inted chaplains to the Liv. erpool Cemetery, England, have become men­tally del·anged. The circumstance is attribu­ted to t he ir repetiti.on (sometimes as often as six t imes a day) of the funeral service, �nd thp. impressiveness of tbe sad speclacJe 01 which they wel'e habitually �pectator�.

A let ter has beeu I'eceived at Snow Hill, Md., ea111(;;; for the heir. ot Johu Watk in�, Moses Chaiile, 8010m08 VJng, .nd Eli Dor­sey, Md., Cont. Line, Army of Revolution, who are entitled to commutat ion and cou nty hnd. It is from Gen. John P. Duval, at Tala. ilas�ee, Florida . Soml' of the he it·s are said to be in Washington.

A pel'.on who unde'rtakts tl> raise Illmself by scandalizing otber8, might j ust as well sit down on a Wheelbarrow and undertake to wheel himself

A slDgular recovery trom putia l del·dnp;�· ment is mentioned by the .Easton Whig, in the case of a man at Nazareth, Pa., whore mind had been deranged for eight yeare, du­ring which time he had not spoken a word t ill last week, w hen his reason slIddenly reo

. turned, and he attends tn business as usual, though he is entirely ur.f.'''r!scious of tbe events which occurred dlll'i(,g flia U'lt'ntal abo erration

The passion for old wine hae been some·

times carried to a v ery ridiculous exc:ess; for the" thick crust," the " bee' s wing," and se· veral other criteriors of Ihe epicure, are but

so many proofa of the decomposition and de·

parture of some of the best qualities of the win'!. Had the man that first tilled the cele­

brat�d Heidelburl( tUIl, been placed as senti­

nel , to see that no et her wine W3� put into it, he would have found it much better at twen· ty.five or thirty years old, than at one bun·

dred, or olle bundred and fifty, had he lived so long, and been permiu"d now and then to taste it At Bremen, there is a wine cellar, called the Store, where five hogsheads of Rhenish wille have been preserved ,ince the year H�25. The�e five hOg8heads cost 1200 francs. Had tbis been put Ollt to compo und interest, each bogshead would now be worth a thous· and millions of money, a bottle of this pre· eious wine would cost 21,799,.sO francs; and a .iplle will. 11l1li8 2, 7�a,iOi.

An illjunction agamet tbe building of the WheeliDg Bridge, Va., has been applied for, in the United States Cireuit Court (Judge Grier) Pbiladelphia. Thi. it � 'Very iDter.ling ClUt,

In seventeell experiments on dogs it is as. ce rtained that in some cases, sugar tends to fatten the animal, and in otllers it turDS to

bilo.

The Iceland cod fishery th i s year has been very successsfui. A smack lately arri\'ed ID the Thames witb 19,000 cod on board, and reported that ODe .of the Frencb smacks OD tbe coast of Icel8lld had taken as many II 10,000 head.

© 1849 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

5timti!r �mtti(a:n. I'nLDkllR Instltate.·-Clrcalar Address or 6. Proof at origin must be, tufni.hed, if re. ' and fro, in qUett of a .. �ied man," as in' the (lommlttee or BxhlblUon.

The Frankl in Institute has always felt that, quired, for every specimtn offered for exhi· diapensable man-midwife of the same. Read-

in order to �ive the.e Exhibitions the desired bition. er, thou shalt admire what is admirable, not

'1' • 7. All articles deposited must be accom- what is dresseil in admirable, Thou shalt uh Ity, It was necessary to make them gene·

I d . 'bl panied by an invoice, stating the name and learn to know the British l ion, pvpn wh,," he ra , an to bring together, a8 far as po88l e, the products of all sections of th. Union. residence of the depositor ; and it ia partieu. i. not throne.8upporter, and also tbe Briti�b

Every i'nducement will therefore be offered, larly requ.ted that the 1 ,, 1 ,, 1q may be at. jackass in lion's akin, eYeD when he is. Ah,

and every (acility afforded to the mechanics tach ed, burinr the name I I I, ' he maker-in couldat thou always, what a world were it !

and manufacturerd of all parts of the country, default of which. article. have sometimes But has ' tbe Berlin Royal Academy or any

to take advantage of this Exhibition (or the failed to receive .,ay aWaN by the Judges. English Useful knowledge SO<liety, discovered,

purpose of making their ,;oods generally It IS also desirable tbat the name� of the arti for i nstance, who was it that firRt scratched

known ; and goods forwarded to the Institute cles shollld be marked u pon them, and that earth with a stick, and tbrew eoru, the big.

will be carefully pressryed while u nder their hose intended for sale should be marked wi lh gest he could find, seed grains of c:ertain grass,

h d '11 their prices, and the places where the." can which be named white or wheat ? ' Agai n , c arge. an W I b e s o placed a s t o comm and •

a fair share of the attention of the numerous be obtained. what is tbe wbole Tees·water and otller.breed·

visitors . 8, The Committee will use all dilig .. nce in in .. world to him who " ole from the forests

Th d · preserYin" the goods from being lost or i DJ· ur· the first bison-calf, antI bred it up ti> be a , e vsst extent an cenvenlent arrange· .. ment of the rooms in which the Exhibitions ed, by employing sui table persons to assist tame bison , a milk cow 1 No lIIachilul of all

are held, present almost unparalleled advan . them in superintend ing 'th e rooms, and also they showed me in Birmingham can ; be put

. h d' I h od d faithful and competent watchmen during the in comllarison for ingenuity wltb tIl.t figure tagetl lll t e ISP ay of t e go 8, an every effort will be made to improve the opportu- night ; but all articles will be at the risk Ilt of the wedge namefii knife, of the wed,;e

nities which are thus offered. the depositorR, who are requested to place named sa"" of the lever named hammer :

The regulations will be substantially the all small and nluable articles i n proper show nay is it not with tbe hammer-knife, namefii

same as those by which our former Exhibi- caees for their protection . IIword, that men fight, and maintain any sem-. h b 9. Arrangemer.ts will be made to exhl'bl' t blance of constituted author;'" that yet sur· tlOnS ave een governed, The rule requir. �J

ing that goods intended to be submitted to to advantage any worki rlg models or ma.' vives among UI. The steam engine I call fire·

the examination of the judges, and to com- ch inery that may be sent in for exhibition, demon and great ; but It is nothing to the i ll­

pete for a p remium , shall not be deposited and contributions in this branch are respect. vention of fire, Prometheus, Tubal.cain, later than on the day p revious to the opening, fully invited. , Experience has showlI the Triptolemus ! Are not our greatest men as has been found productive of , sucb conve- intereRt which the pub lic lake in them , and good as lost I The men that walk daily among

nience to the depositors and to the managers, the display is calculated to convey uselul i n · us, clothing U8, warming UB, feeding U8, walk

that it will be hereafter continued. formation. A careful and competent super· shrouded in darkness mere mythic men.

The I nstitute hllS purchased a steam engine intendent of machinery will ne plovi<l€t:I . It is said , ideas produce revolutions : and of sufficient power to drive all the working 10. The mornings of each day , u uti i fifteen truly they do ; not spiritual ideas only, but models of machinery which may be pre- minutes before ten o'clock, sh'lll he appro. evell mechanical. I II this clangi ng, clash ing lented ; and no disappointment will in future priated to the Judges . ! universal Sword Dance which the European

reslilt from heretofore necessary dependence 1 1 . Neither owners nor depositors of goods ' world dances tor the la.t halt centlny, Vol· upon engines of (auUy construction or in8uffi- will be admitted to the , exhibition rO(lm duro taire is 'but one chor.,;us, where Richard Ark­cient power. ing the time appropriated to tbe Judgl!�, U- wright i. allother. i.et it dan-ee its�f Ollt.

Premiums will be awarded for articles of eept at the special request of. the J.udg •• , of When Arkwright shalL hILY8 hecome mythie, peculiar merit and excellence, under the re- the .,ticlea owned or deposited by them. , ' like Arachne, we shall spin in peaceable prnt­gulations hereunto submitted. The .above three grades of premiums are : I it by hi� ; and �he sword dance with all i ts

B,.lieving, there t ore, that this Exhibition ; 1st, a sliver medal ; 2d, a Bronze med al ; 3d, I sorrowful sbuffimgs, Waterloo waltzes, Mos­w ill afford you a valuab le means of sub mit. ; a .certific�te. III addition 10 which, the 1"- 1 C(lW gall(Jpad=s�_��� forg�t::�.

��l that be ! hng to public inspecti o n such articles as you shtute Will

. award a gold med,

al , Oil the re- / Intere.tlng Agrleal taral ' Experiment •• may . be desirous ofhaviqg �Ofe ,g'J;l8�ny commendation of t ht' Committee, for SlIch Some recent experiments in wheat and flour known and appr.cilUe4. we, reap4Kltillijy ill- lleW'_ branches ot man'lfactures as , may be I go to prove that botb contain water, and that vite you to contribute, either personally or df'emed worthy of It by th .. Institute in Iff!nP· hhl! ol1Antitv Is more in 'MId C�'lb.1I : in through your agents, such products of your rftl meeting. : war�,. In-Alsace, trom sixteen tn twenty p ... r skill. Their novp!1y, excellence, or utility, fud�;;;�laJ Heroes. ' cent. ; in England, from fourteen to seven· their style of wOI·kmanship. and their adapta- BY THOMAS CAllLTLE. teen ptr cent. ; in the ' United Stat .. from tion to the , purposes intended, will th\18 be Richard Arkwright, it would seem, Will Dot twelve to fonrteeD per cent. ; in Africa Ittid made known to dealers. and to the ,ooll1mU- a beautiful man ; no rnmance hero with Sicily from nine to eleven per ceot. This ac­

llily in general, to the mutual benefit of both haughty eyes, Apollo lip, and gesture like the eounts for tile filet thllt , the, same weight of producer and consume r. herald Mercury ; a plain, almost gross, bag. Southern flour yields more broad than th ..

REGUL4TIONS.-1. The Exhibition Rooms cbeeked, pot· bellied Lancashire man, with an NortherlJ . English wheat yields thirteen Ibs will be prepared for the reception of goods, air of painful reflection; yet also of COpiOUS more to the quarter lhall the Scotch . Alaba· on Friday, the 12th of October, and opened free digestion i-a man stationed by the com· ma flollr, i t is said, yields twenty per cen t. (or the admission of visitors on Tuesday, the munity te shave certain dusty beards, in the more than Cincinnati i .and, in general , Arne- , 16th, at 10 o'clock, A.M , and the Exhibition Northern parts of Englalld, at a half. penny rican 80ur, according to the authority of one will close on .saturday, the 27th, at 10 o'clock, each. To such end, we say, by forethought, of the most extensive London bakers, absorbs P. M , oversight, accident, and arrangement, had eightllr ten per cent. more o f its OWl! weight

2. No goods deposited after Monday' even - Richard Arkwright been, by the community of water in being made into bread than the ing, October 15th, can be entered on the of England'and his own consent, set apart. English. The ,warmer the country the mflre Judges' lists for competition or p remium. Nevertheless, in strapping of razors, in lath· is the water dried out of the grain, before it

3. To insure a perfect impartiality, the ering dusty beards, and the contradictions and , ripens, and hence, when ' made into bread, it managers of the Institute, the Committee of confusion. attendant thereon, the man had n o. absorbs more water again, and is therefore Exhibition, and all firms or partnerRhips in tions in that rough head of his ; spindles, more valuable. Profes.or Black bas written which a m anager or a member of the Com- shuttles, wheels and contrivances plying ideal- a report for the Patent Office, in which he mlttee on Exhibitions, is interested, shall be ly witb the 8ame ; rather hopeless looking ; ,.hows that the presence of water unfiSS these excluded from competition ; and the Judges which, however, he did at last bring to bear. articles (or preservation. The boob of a sin­shall be exclusively selected from persons Not without diffi�ulty , His townsfolk rose in gle inspector in New York city showed that practically acquainted with the several mobs round h im. for threatening to shorten I in 1847 he ibspected 218,679 bal'Nh of sour branches of manufactnres on , which they labor, to shorten wages ; so that he had to fly and musty flour. In his opinion the loss on sball be appointed, but who are neither depo- witb broken W8sh pots, scattered household, these was $250,000, Every year the total loss sitors of such manufactures themselves, nor and seek refuge elsewhere. Nay, his wife m the United States from moisture in wheat in any way interested in the article. submit- too, as I learn, rebelled ; burnt his wooden and flour is estimated at from f3,OOO,OOO to

ted to their examination. model of his spinning wheel ; resolute that he $5,000,000. To remedy tbi. great evil the 4. Awards will not be confined to speci- should stick to his razors rather ; for whicb, grain should be well ripened before harvest­

mens prepared expressly for exhibition, but however, he decisively, as thou wilt rejoice to ing, and well dried before being etored in a regard will be had to the prices and quality understand, packed her out of doore. 0 good granary. Kiln dryin, is preferable. The of the articles, compared with the same de reader, what a Historical Phenomenon is that mode of ascertaining the alllount of water is scription of foreign goods, and' with the spe- b)g bellied, much enduring, much inventing this :-Take a small sample, say fiv& ounces, cimens presented at former exhibitions, apd man and barber 1 French Revolutions were and.weigh it carefully. Put it in a dry vessel, no premium shall be awarded for an article a brewing ; to resist the same in any measure, which .hould be heated by boiling water. At­that has received one at any former exhibition imperial Kaisers were impotent without -the ter six or seven hour" weigh it carefu!!y, un­of the restitute. cotton and cloth of England ; and it was this til it loses no more weight. Its loss of weight

5. Three grades of premiums' wm be award- man that had to give England the power of .hows the original amount of water. All ed ; styled a first, a second, and a third pre· cotton. corn shipped to foreign countries should be mium. W hen an article .hall be judged Neither had Watt, of tbe Steam Engine, a well kiln dried. The great prejudice hither· wodhy of a first premium, in ease the heroic origin. any kindred with the princes of to against Indian corn meal, among the work.

887

"';" LaRd and W ..... The area of dry land to that of the sea i.

about 100 to 270, a little more than ODe ·third , A twellty third part of the land con.ist� of island., There is more ,ocean in the aollth­ern than 1I0rthern hemispheres. ' The SUl' •• ficial extent of land ill three tim .. greater at tbe north than the south, It is not known whether the poles ate surrounded w i l h land or :.n ice· sea, The North Pole has been ap· proached with in 7 degrees and the South with in 11. All the great continental masses terminate pyramidically on the South , The Atlantic Ocean seems to have been an im­mense valley scooped out by floods thar dI­rected their fore .. first to the north 'east, then to the north.west, lind then to the north .east once more. This view is supported by the parallelism of the opposi te coalts of the hem­ispheres, where we see indentations standing over again�t projections. The present shape of the laMd is the pl Oduct of two causes that were exerled successively ; firstly , subterra. nean rorce, the measllre and d irection ot which we have no means of d iscovering : secondly, powerR thaI are at work on the surface. The elevation of continents haH been an actual not an apparent one only, and is goi ng on' over vast ' areas at this moment. The coasts of Sweden and Fi nland are rising, it is said, at the rate ')!' four feet i n a cenlUry. On the soulh the upheaving power abales until, a s 60me oh�erverB affirm , the land sinks. Lineg of old �ea levels are indicated alon� the coasts ot Norway, by shell� deposited by the present ocean , which lie six h llndred feet above the present sea level There are some spots on the face of the globe, in the interiou of con. tinents which actllally l ie lower than the pre_ sent uniform level or the ocean. If the whole waters of tha ocean were to be drawn in from the hollows wh ieh they now cover, we should see tha: the I rregul aritie� in t h e surface of the earth doubled in exten t, and the heights to which t he mountains ri,e , would be visibly contrasted with th" depths fi l led with liquid. Man would then perceive with some surprise tbat the tolerably level eou"tl"ies i n w hich he has pi tchl>d h is d wdling arp in fact shelve. haU:way 11p elevations, the highest of which atlllin to between fifty and sixty thouland feet.

. In , some part, ot the ocean, no bottom has been touched with " hne of25,:;lOO feet-4 4.5 English miles. The temperature of the sea val"ies l ike tha.t of th�, a i r in variolls cli mes ; but a sel'ie" of c:l l d'u ! ob.ervati on, teach UII that in tbe uou.l . t a le of the sea's surface !rom the equator to 480 of N. and S, latitude, it i. a little warmer thall t h e .t ..... t u m of air that is u pon it, It 11:18 aiM beell discovered tbat there are creat <'urrents running lInderneath from either pole to tbe equator. The aUrac­tion of the 81ln and nwon cause tbole regUlar and periodical distu rbances 01 equilibrium which we term tides . In tne open ocean the rise is not more than a tew feet, but the oppo­sition ot coasts cause an elevation o( water in some place� to between 60 and 70 feet. In addition to u nder · sea currents there are cur­rents along the surface which exercise a con­siderable influence on the intercourse of wa­ters, some of them narrow enough to deserye tbe term Ilf oceanic riverS, since they run through the main mass of water like ijtreams between u nmoved banks o( land. Tbere i. tbe well· known gulf stream which commen­ces south of the Cape of Good Hope, ruu through the Caribbean Sea, the Gult of MSlI­ico, and the Straits of Bahama, turning .ast. ward by the banks of Newfoundland, crossipg the Atlantic, and li'equently throwing the seeds of trllpical plants 00 the Irish COilS!. The Pacific ocean has its great curr,ent alao, tbat brings the cold watn of higb southern latitudes to the coast of Chili, and runs north­ward for 80me distance betore it turns to the west. Ships in traversing that ocean will sud­denly find . difference of 200 in the w�ter when they pass from the adjacent water i nto this current.

Line ot Steamers to New York trom maker has received a first prl!miwn for a Ii· this world. The princes of this world were ing classes of Britain, was owiOl to it, musty SeoUand. milar article at a former exhIbition, a certifi- shooting their partridges ; noisily in Parlia- taste-·almost every particle having been soured Messrs Todd &. McGregor th .

, b . h . • . . , , e engmeers cate may e awarqed referring to t e former ment, or elsewhere, solving the question- on

. the voyage. Kiln �rymg preventd tb� .�

nd ship-builders, .are about to build a large award, and statin, that tbe present is equal or Helld or Tail l While this man, with black- eYl1. A market for Indian corn may alway. ' Iron steamer of t600 tOnI, for the trade be­.",erior in quality • • !II"" the improv.meot ened tingers, with grim brow, wu lIearchiDg be open in 'England, where i,t can be, _d for tween Ol",ow Ind New York Sh . t b ewer the first award may-"be.JudJtd worthy of out, il) his worbhop, the Fire..aeeret ; or, fattening cattle, and where we cBIl Hll'it al· Berew proPelled. with eJIgin� of J�8 hO . e

another !rat prell1ium. haTing found it, was paintully wending to ways at a proAt, if it be kiln dried. power. 01 118

© 1849 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

9cimtifi£ 1\mmcon. �88 ---'=..:._------------------------------------_ ..... _ ,_. _ . _ .. , ..

N flU Jnventions. . :-=::;:.,.::===-==-========= Proe�s. ror ,he Red u etlon of' R a l phate or

Lead to til .. . tate or lIIetaille !.e .. d. III t h e cal ico· pr i n t i ng w orks, a cons i d erable

quantity of i u l p h a t e of lead is prod uc�d i n t he

prepar.t ion of ac e tate 01 al u m i na or red I i ·

q U o lr, by decompos i ng acetate of l ead by

m u n s of alum. Thia sulp hate of lea.} may

be decom posed . and the lead obtai ned In a

metallic state, by red ll c t i o n by mt'ans of z i nc

or iron. Another p l a n is reco mmended, " i z . :

M ix 1 00 parts of s u l p hate of lead with 10 of

salt, 80 as to form a paste n t h e r l i qu i d , then place blocks or sheets of m e tal l i c z i n c , or

what is better, cover these latter w i t h a l ayer of • h e �alilJe m i xt ure, about I t i nche� th ick

The w h i te mass soon becom es converted into

& grey substance, w h Ic h i . metall ic lead , im·

p reg na ted wil h SUl phate of s i nc and salt.

Waah t h is prod uc t and melt it ; piga of p u re

lead may t h u s be ob tai n ed ; or the lead we l l

washed , b u t n o t melted, m a y b e e m p loy ed (or

the pre parat ion of e i t h e r acetare of lead or

w h ite lead, for e i t h er of w h ic h p u r poses i t is

very fi t , on account of the fi nely -d i v ided and

porou8 at ate of the lBetal re ndering it susce p ·

t i b le o f ra p id ox idation. E x posed t o t b e s i ·

m ul taneous aClion of a l i tt le acetate o f lead

and an a t m�sp h ere rich io carboni". ac id, it is

rt'ad ily conve�tecl Ihto w h i le lead, w h i c h cov­

ers very well. I n t h e w h ite lead works on

th e Dutch p l a n , plates of thi8 porous lead,

formed by p re"ure of t h e fi nely di"ided par·

t I des t h us p rod uct'd, m ay be adnn tageoull)

substit uted lor the plates and coils of lead at

pr •• ent em "loYfd.

IlDpro.cme .. ' In BaUolI lIall ar.Cltare ..

I II our Li8t of P.;tlenfs, thi. week, will b ..

found the name of Peler K i rkham, for i m · proveme llt i n co v e red b U l l o n s , I h e r i g h t of

w h ich has bee n ass i g ned to H i tc hcoc k &- Co •

bU l lo n m a l l u fact urers in Wate r bu ry , C J n n

We bel i eve this i m p rovemeht is a ver)

val uable one. By i t bu t tons can be made at a

less price and more handsome than by the old

plans. The shank, or eye, and the coyp.ring ,

are all fastened in the i nterior of the but­

ton.

Aiarm W blltl. fur Sea.

It. newly i n ve n t e d a l' para t us for tbe p�e ­

n n t ion of col l i sion at sea d u r i ng foggy and

t h ick weather, whe n l ig h ts a n d ot h er met h ·

ods now i n u le 8re al toget b er unnai lable,

was ex h ibited lalely at Llayd's roums, Roy al

Exchange, L i ve r p ool . The m ac h i ne is ex­tremely portable, occ u p y i n g a c ase of abou t two feet sq"are , and capable 01 be ing worked

by olle m a n , who, tu rl l ing a cog. w h eel actill�

on a force pump, prod uee� a vol u m e of 80Ulld

that w ill pene l rate sHf>ral m i les d i.tan r ,

w h ich being cont inuous, sat isfactorily m arks

the pOll i l i oll of a vessd. The m a c h i n e , w h ich

was inapee ted oy n um erous merc h a ll ts, s h i p .

oWntr8, eaplains, and prac tical nau r ica l men , WaA h i� hly ap pro v"d of, and It ap peared to b e

the prevai l i l l g o p in ion t h at a l l vessels pro ·

ceed ing to lea s h ou ld be fu rn ished with one,

not only to prevent COlllSiollS, b ll t �Iso to be

u.ed w hen off a lee .hore, or in c:t i stre�s.

[The above is from the Li verpool Times.

It h a� been got u p after t he sad affair of the

Europa and -- Bartlett. B u t tbe inven­tion is not new by any m eans I t is well

koown bol h he re and in E ngland.

... .. '" In •• nUon ror Paper JIIaker •• A n Important invention for producing wa­

ter- marks on all kinds of paper. aod particu­

larly adapted for bank-note. and paper requir

JOg security from forlleries, h81 been patented

by th e i nventors, Messrs . W. Brewer and T

S m i t h , of En�land. T he i llvent ion produce,

an u " l i m i l .. d series of any given de.ign in wa·

m er · mar k with precia. limiiarity. w bicb can­

not be produ.:ed by tb. met bod now '.' ployed, in whicb wir .. ar. Utd.

NEW C!: LCULAT!NG MACHINE.---F1gure 1_

This is a neat and u n i q u e ca!cu l a t i n g rna- : It h as t hree c i rc l es 01 figu res on i t . One c i r

c h i ne, inven ted by Mr. W i l l i a m M. H a l Oes i c l e is A , fi g 1, w h ic h i s elevated above th e

of Rochester, N. Y, a nd paten ted i n t h e month olhers. I t has 100 figure s 011 i t, i n section

of May last. I t consists of a nt'at wooden from 1 to \I, marked by t h e nine d i g i ts , in frame with a centnl moveable d isc , and a n l arge figures, w h ic h sta nd for numbers from outer m ovt'able r i ng, i n w b ich are o p e n i ngs 10, to 100 . w h ich d iaplay tht' s u m or resul t of t h e calcu- B, is a small piece of ste el screwed to i t , calculation. ( t is t h e refore a calculating rn a - whicll is for a d e fi n i te pointer. The b rass c h i n e w h i c h ex h ib i t. t h e rebults of certatO p la te Z, fig 2 , has one u llder c i rcle o f figures operations, and on that account th e operator on i t also. I t is seen i n the opening F, fig I , i s not l iable to make any m istake, a fault sh owing t h e c i p her (0. ) There is another wb ich belongs to all other calculating iDltru- 1 circle (moveab le ) u nder D, showi ng two ei-ments. p h ers ( 0, 0 ) in the opening F

Figure 1, i� a fa.ce

. vie� of t h e �pparatus' l The mller c ircle ur.der the moveable d isc

and figure 2, ls an InSIde In"erted ",ew show- C, h as 1 0 0 figurPi on it fro m 1 , to 100 ; t h e ing the m o d e i n w h I c h t he moveable discs l outer c i rcle u nder t h e moveable r i ng D, h as and Ci rcles are operated. 100 figure" 011 it from 0 0 llI. 1JLQ.. III the

Tb. wooden bOI: in the above eitgra.inr. I

opening G, fig 1, i. seen ten figures (rom 0 t o i l remoYed , to sbow the parIs better. S uffice ; 9, c u t o n t b e p el·i p h e ry o f a smal l roller T , It to say, that a rou nd b l o c k of wood I I cut i see n i ii fig 2 . There is also a m i nor ci rcl e ,

o�t t o receive the mac h inery . (wh i c h i.8 very I o n the r i n g D, seen a t t h e extreme r ig ht W i t h

SI m ple,) t o allow i lt to move. A n d I D t h e figures fro m 0 to II , on t h e ring, b u t t h e s m all first place the circular braPI plate Z, filt 2, I m oveable plate, i naide of t he circle, moves,

.ecu�ed to the w�odell block by two.

Icre w s I and it h al a fixed poi nter on it to indicate its

passlOg through I t. bottom. To thIS brass number of revolution •. plate the whole of the macbinery is secured

Figure 2.

OPJ:RATIOIf-Th, way to operate the ma- I Take the p i n and put it into the small round

chine is II follow.. Bring the inside openiBg hole on the outer circle D, oppposi te 7 in tbe

F, t ill tbe cipber 0, is aeen in it, and the out- 9th section of the raised c i rc le A, and t urn it

side in the la llle way , as it is now represen t - round t i l l tbe pi n touchel t h e p oi n ter B, t ben

ed to be let in fig 1. The a mall round h o les put I he pin in the smal l hole i n t he inner

ieen in the CIrcles, are to receive th e po i n t 01 c i rc le of t h e d ise C , op pos i te 3 i n the fifr h a p in t o move t b e disc C, and ring D. Hav- aect i on o f t h e ra iaed circle A . t hat is the 3rd

ing the mlcbine let II reprellllted, we de- D5ure after the l a rge 4 ; and now turn rou nd lire to Incl 'lIt tb, .lIm total of 8743 tbe aiac like the ring D. If we now look

11131 throll,h tb, oplnfD, F 2 and th, oPlnilll F .

i n C , w e will lee 8 7 in t b e lirst and 43 in the l econd. To this slim we hue but to add the next mentioned above. Now then take the p i n and put i t in the small h ole of the r ing D, o p posite 6, atter th e h.rge 5, on the raised c i r . cle A , a nd then t u r n round a s before d i rected , to the poi nter B ; then do t h e same with t h e i n ner ci rcle, p U l l i n g t h e p i n i n t h l! small hole 1, a fter t h e larg .. 3 . If we now look r h roug h the open i nl1: G, on the r i n g, W ll will see 1, o n t h " rol le r uucler . [ n t h e o lJ e n r ng F 2 we w i l l see 4 3 , a n d i n the o pe n i Ilg F, i n I h e disc C , w e ,, 1 1 1 Ree 74. t h a s u m tolal of th e quest ion viz, 14374. Th is metlrod of �31 -c u l a t i o n can b� carr ied out to any ex tent. for add i l i .. n is t h e basis of m u l t i pl ication, w h i le by m o v i n g t l l p ci rcles to t l l P l e t t, su btrac tion is : ,ertHr m ed, a lld s u b l ract ion i . the oas is · of o ! v is io l J .

Fi� ure 2 , show. hilI\' Ihe rol ler i � moved lor I h e t h ou.ands. \ 1. is t hus Th ,· a x le 01 I h e d idc, w i l h i l8 worlD 1 moves II touthed w h e e l J, sec u red 011 ra ised beariRgs K L , antl sec u red to t h e 10IYer " l .t". The sma l l axle IS t h e re fore moved g i v i ng mot ion to t h e w h eel M , w h ic h b i tes into the tee t h 01 a .: i rcular rack N, N, al ld moves round the ring 0, w h i c h h as th" circ l e of figu res o n i t, s ee ll I I . figure 1 , tbroug b F 2. This ring 0, has al.o an illclined piece on it , i nd icated as mov­ing u nder t h e p i n ion on t h e axle P, of the small figure rol ;er, therefore, e very revolution of t he rmg D, moves t h e roller round one fig ­u re, and it w i ll be see n . that t lt e axle P, has a worm screw Q, on its extremIty a t S, to move the plate o( the minor circle at tbe extreme r ight in figure 1. Thill i. for extended calcu­lations.

For want of room we cannot enter i nto a more ex tep ded descri ption of i ts pri nc i p le at present. More i n formation abou t righ t�, price and the sale of t h �se s i m ple and des i rab l e ill­struments may be obtained from the i n ve n tor, and at .ome otber time we shall refllr to tillS machine again.

ArtUlclal Q.llarta. It is wel l k n o w n t h a t pure s i l icic ac i d con­

Il t i t u t es one of the m o!t tranlparent m i flerals in quartz, tb. baai. of III OQr gIa .. : C bem­ists have known for a long t i me, how to clear si l icic aci d of any i m p u rit ies of color. but t h ey have only bee n able to Blake an opaq ue jelly, noth i ng at all l i k e the q u a r t z . Mr. Ebelman, of France, has d iscovered th e way to make it transpare n t . He co m bi nes the 8i­hc acid, wi lh an etber of . i lic acid a nd al­cohol, and then exposes this to a moist at­mosp here , w bere it grad ual ly contracts and h arden., al l h ough not so b ard as g lui. I t combine. read ily w i t h coloring matters, such 81 chloride of gold, &-c.

Beet Root Sasar.

The Paris Monitor p ub l is h es all official re­port I rom tbe M i n ister 01 Commerce, rdating t o iI d iscovery reade by a C hemi.t named M e lsens, w h i c b if tru e, will revolut ion ize tbe woole system of m ak i ng sugar, both beet root and cane . It i. s tated that almost the only la­bor reqUIred , IS to get t h e beet root and cane j u ice ready , whell a certa i n powder is thrown in among t h e l iquor, aud t h e sugar beg i ns to form in to c h rystah p erfectly clari fied, the su­gar produced be i n g of the pu rest wh ite. We are afraid, that this a l l egt'd discovery promises too much, but as the French Govern ment t aa al'poi nted a CO lll mla.ion to make ex peri_ me ntl , we will soo n k now wh et her it is a real or only a pre tended discovery I f true, it is tbe great'lst discov"ry of Ihe present century.

Aneedut"_ Forty y ears ago Fisk and Upham were

clas3 ID ates at Cambridge. At that l i me it was fas h ionable for gen tiemar to wear the ir cra­vats e normously stuffed. Fisk was uoted for wearing th e largest stuffmg of any one i n col­lege , and rather careless about its being cleall. Fisk called ifl at Upham's room , one mornl D g a n d said-" Come, Upb am , I'm goi ng over t o Boston to -day , w i l l y o u g o along?" "I t h i ,.k," said Upham, "I h ave no business there to· day By the way, F isk, do you bave yuur was h illg done in Boston?" .. No," said Fi.k ; .. what p ut that i n to your head ?" " Why," said Up­h a m , " I lee you have a bu nc:tle of d i rty clotbel arou nd your neck, and I thought, per­bap'. 10u migbt b. takillg tb.m oYer to .801. ton to han them w ... h'I"·

© 1849 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

NEW Y O R K , \ U G U S r 25, l iH 9 .

Jl'ood mnde ot' i n d i a n Cora lUeal.

C arly le , i n a n .ble a rt icle on t h e uses of I n d ia n Corn M ea l , says, .. The Va l ley of t he Missi.si p p i i s able to r. ise food enough to

,up ply t h e w h ole world." A l l u d i n l\ t� t h e I nd i an Corn Mea l that h ad b e e n i m por ted by En� l and d u r i ng t h e d ea r l h 01 1847, he saye, th at aga i n and aga i n h e t r ied a m ess o f I nd i a n mfoal porridg�, b u t it h a d " a m us ty ta�te- i l never wanted a d i,ag reeab le tang. I n v a i n was i t wash e d , i n va i n was the m e a i boi led, tbe m u s ty t a n � w a s st i l l th e re. " He fi nally came t o the conclusion that all the Americans had sa id about t h e sweets of hom i ny was mere stuff. La,t year , how e ver, he got a present of some exct llen t , well· kept corn from a n Am erican frielJd , w h i c h h a s altered his old views about hom i ny en t ire ly . He now be. l ieves i t to be an am bros ial dish , fi t for a pri llce or a poet. We are glad that Uncle Joh n has received a pala table dish for once, from Brother Jona!han. I t wou ld be well for t h e poor of Bri tain, if th i s ar t ic le of food was m ore ge nerally used by t h e m . I f the c orn be k il n dried, and the meal well boi l e d , i t i s sw�eter tha.n t h e meal m ade from oats, and contains far m ore nutri ment to i ts spec i fi c gravi ty. There is a k i r.d of meal m ade from I n d i a n Corn t hat is very scarce In th is city, a n d w h i c h sells at a ioo h ig h price, we th ink It is made of the i nside or" t he berry-t h e wh ole h ull b e i n g se parated from i t . I t i s as wh ite as w heat flour and ve ry pal atable. Th e pr ice a s reta i l ed is s i x cents p e r q u art . This is a k ind of food which would answer admira· bly as a substitute for oatmeal. to the inhabi­tants of B ri ta i n , and t h e no r t h e rn k , n�d"u, " uf Europe, w h o h ave been acc ustomed to an oat· meal diet. America ml�ht drive a most ex­

tensive corn trade with BI'i tai n, if the i n habi­tallis of that country fu lly a pprecia ted the goodness 01 Indian Com Meal food . We wish . to throw a l l the lig h t we can upon th is subj ect, as we k now that Carly l e i. correct respec ti ng the capaci ty of America to E u p ply any qua n t i ty of i l .

A valuable i m provemen t h as recen tly been made by M r . Oliver P. S t evens, o f O h io C i t y ,

1D the manufacture of h o m iny . We h ave r e ­

ce ived a sam ple of i t by a gen tleman who has come Irom that place. It is a great article ot food. Carl V Ie woul d smack his Ii ps after • meal of it, w i t h true alimen t l ve g usto. The

Hon. H . L . Ellsworth, ex · C um missioner 01

Patents has advi.ed M r. S te vens to take out a paten t for the manuf.cl ure.

W" h ave a p iece of ad v ice to g i l'e our dis · pe psical lr iends, and those e ngaged i n seden ­tary occupations, aud then we are done. It is this . Take each a soup platefu l of homin� and sweet m ilk for breakfast every moruiug, and il you chose , " a c u p of coffee afterwards." I! you follow alter this advice, you will soon give evidence of the truth of the old adalSe, I I Laugh a nd grow fat."

Streo:t PaVing.

Road making 18 real ly a sCience. It is (ta. king i t as a w hole,) the most i m porta nt pari of c i vi l engineering. Famous i n t'he days 01 old , were the Romans for t hei r roads, and for common roads their works l e m a i n to t h e present day, as Hlonuments of t h eir ski l l and power . McAdam has left an abid i ng name for his ski l l . and his art of road makiug . Street pa\'iMg, however, is apparently a dif. ferent branch 01 road ulaking from com mon high ways, but it is not really different. Eve­ry city shOUld have well paved stree ls, nOI only lor cleanliness , but for health . C i ties that have Wf"11 paved slreets, al ways show the best bills of health. Th e quali ties of .treet pavements are solidity, du rab il i t) smoothnes8, and the form to shed olf water rapidly • . The Itreets of a num ber of Euro. peAlI cities are pavell with whin .tones. a ba­Ialti4.l rock. The block» al'e not broad. but

9 cimtifit �mttitan.

deep, a n d a rp- � .. t fi rmly i nto s a n el , pou nded down with a pec u l i ar k i n d of beetle . The �Irepls of �ew York until w i t h i n two year., have been paved w i t h cobble stones pou n d e d i n t o �"nd. Tll i . k i nd of causeway paving, i s m i � € f a h l e i n the extreme. The cobbl e stones are e xce�d i ngly well a d o p t e d to g i ve a person in a stag .. some idea of the shakes . E a c h stone rn,y be geometrica l ly desc ribed a s being , o m e t h i n g a k i n to a c i rcle, a nd v e t' very d i f­le re n t frnm o n e . A c ircle is bo u n ded by a c u rved l i ne , yet a cu rved l i n e is not a c i rcle. Well, it is j ust 90 w i t h a cobble stone pave m e n t-i t is a pavemen l , and yet it is not' a pa vement. It is a foot c o ngregation o f b ' e t l e d , u pror ious, prnj ect i n g h ard heads, calc ul at e d to make co ns id erab l e l iaise in t h e wodd. By- . r o n m ust h ave had such a pave m e n t i n h i s m i nd's e y e , w h e n h e pe n n ed Waterlno. A t

prese nt t h ere a r e two su bst i tute pavements for i t , i n t he cou rse of cOll9truct ion i n B roadway. One i s Rus.' plan , t h e oth er is P i nkerton'B. The for mer pla n i s to for m a fi r m subst rat a of

C O L c rete and ceUlent, and on the to p of t h a t b u i l d t h e pavement of rect an gu l ar gran i te blocks, la i d down i n l o z e n g e form ed beds . This is a very e x p e n s i v e m ode, but it is l aid

do w n with great care.

Tbe other plan is to lay down a su b-pave . m �nt 01 cobble ston e s , and on t he to� 01 that bu i ld gran i te blocks l ike Russ. Both p l an s are in som e sense o l d , at least what i s I� e w is of n o'gre at i m p ortanc e . The great quest i o n is, w h ic h i s t h e best . T h e lat t e r plan i s t h e

c h e a pest at fi rst ; o u r o p i n ion i s i n favor of t h e cement fou n dat ion,-we tldieve that i t w i ll b e cheapest i n t h e e rld , bec au se i t must end ure longer . It i s laid u pon a smooth bed , and is not so l iable to sag down as if it h ad been l evelled wit h sand l ike the other. It i s eas ier, nl) doubt, to get down to p i pes, & c . , below t h e o t h e r pavement ; but of t h is we do n ot speak. As bot h kinds are l a i d down i n B roa d w a y , an excelle n t oppor t u n i ty w i l l b e a /lord ed t o te , t the q u alities of b o t h , a n d we

t h erefnrp rP'luest our c i t i zens to bear in m ind the opinion expressed in tbis article.

British War Stenmer Termngant and American Propellers.

The Wa�h i ngton . . Republic ," speaking ot

this vessel, says : -

" Engi neers on t h is side o f the Atlant ic h ad su p posed t h a t t h e bad succes� of the Great

B r it a i n would have conv i nced t h e i r E n g l is h b rethren t h at the ap pl icat ion of cog-wh eels t o screw stea mers, for g i v i n g a. h igher speed t o the propel ler t h a n t h e speed o f t h e m o l i ve e n · gine, was i m prac ticable . I t ap pears , h o w ­ever, th at the system of " gearing " h a s not been d iscarded i n England ; the gre at engi ­neer i ng house of Seaward & Co. , of Lon do n , h av i n g j ust fitted the Term a!(ant with i m ­mense engines, transmitting t h e ir power t o the prol'eller by th is very obj ectionable ex­ped ien t�

I t is a remark able circumstance that the

screw vessels b u i l t i n t h i s c ou n tJ·y for fre igh t . i ng pu rposes s u cceeded fro m t h e start, and that we had some fil ty such vessels i n opera­t i on before screw p ropu lsion had taken a prac·

tical stand iflg i n England . This c i rcu m5tance

may hb trar.ed solely to t h e direct app l ic a t i o n of tile eng i ne to t he propeller, resort e d to by t h e d ist inguished e n g i n e e r who has so success· fu l ly introd uced scre w propulsion i n A meri­ca . I t is well known that a t first th is d i rect a p pl ication of the e ng i n e to the pl"Opeller met with veh e ment opposi ti on from lead i ng engi­neers, w h o rid ic uled t h e idea of d rI v i n g en­g i nes of l arge power at t h e rate of forty t urns

per m i n u te . The success of the d irect-ac t i n g eng i ne of the Pri nceton and other vessels see ms not to h ave compl etely removed t h e origi nal pr�j lldice with the venel"8ble firm of Seaward & Co. , w h o consequently h a v e t h e morti fication of find ing, at t h is l a t e d a y , t h a t w i t h the enormous power of six h u nd reJ a n d

twenty horie, English measure, they can only

g ive a speed of n ine knots per h our to a ves· sel of fil teen h undred tons, when i n l ight trim. B u t th iS is not t il e worst feature in t h e con­

cern . That .. terrible noise kept u p by the engilles," which the " Art isan " . mentions, indicates very plainly that d u rab il ity cannot

be looked for, even should the noise by habit become tolerable to those whose fat. It will bl to manaie the TIlDIagant."

[We bel ieve that nine k n ots an bour i.

about the average s peed o f the best Br i t ish

p ropellers. T h i s is not so bad. To prevent

noi�e, som e of them h ave t h e teeth m ad e of h ard wood , l i k e the old fash i o ned wheels of

" long , long a(l:o." 'Ve th i nk , h owever, tha t

th ere is 3 m ista k e i n : h e above i n reference to t h e GI'eat B r i t a i n . The bad s1.fccess of her,

was Dund ru m Bay. We were assured by a I(ood mac h in i� t . w h o made the ' voyage acro�s in h e r, an d was on board when she was wre cked , that sh e made excellent t ime, and

run some!imes at the rate of 1 5 knots per I hour.

Discovery of" PoI .on In a Body at"ter I!; I g h t Y e a n' Interment.

A n i n q llest. wa� held at Westbury, Wilts, (Eng.) on July 1 9 t h , u l t. , which resulted in a

verd i ct of w i l l ul murder agai nst a woman n a m ed Rebecca S m i l h , for po ison i ng h e r in· fan t c h i ld . A n inquest was also h eld upon the bodies of n i ne other cl. i ldr�n, who all d ied i n i nfancy , and the coroner's j ury ad · j o u rned to wa i t turther developements ; and w h e n thev res u med the i nq uest (on the d a t e a b o v e ) Mr. Herapath , the che m i st , g a v e t h e fol lowing i m portant e v i d p n c e , which we pub­l ish for i ts sc ient ific value.

O n the 12th i ns! . , h e says, a box was sen t to my lahoratory, which had three com­part m en ts. In one was Ii. port ion of so i l t i ed up in a h a n d kerchi ef. In th e next I fou nd the re ma i ns of a coffin exceed ingly decom­p osed , l ab el led , " S arah S m i t h , born July 1 8 , 1 8 4 1 ; d i ed A llg. 7, 184 1 ; aged 20 days ."

On remov i ng t h e soi l I-fo u n d t he rc m a i n s of a very young i n fallt . The texture of the body was en t irely gon e, and the bones were all separated . I subj ected some of them tp a nalysis, and fou n d traces of arsen ic , and also in th e black mould fI'om the interior of the skull ; a nd then i n that be twe en the I' ibs, and n e drel' the region of t h e stomach, w h ere it

existed in a greatel' g uant i t ,. . He t h en exhi­b i ted t h e a rsen i c , and said, Th is , I bel i e ve , is the fi rst instance of arselllc bpmg d iscover · ed after aD interment ot eight yean ; and I wi ,h il to be c i rc u l a t e d t h l"Oug hout t he cou n · t r y t h a t years h ave n o effect i n rem ovi ng traces o( arsenic. I n the th ird compartment were t h e remains of Edw ard SmIth, born J u n e 14, 1844 ; d i e!! J u ne 29, 1844 ; age d 15 d ays. hi t h i s case, after a lapse of five ye ars

and one mon t h , arsenic was lound III I;reater

q u a n t i ty u n d e r t h e r i bs. Coron er-Have you any doubt arsenic was

give n during l i fe ? Mr. H p rapath-I h ave never found arsenic

i n a body w h ic h W3S i n a natu ral state ; and I

men t ion t h i s to correct the r id iculous not ions t h at have gone abroad, owing to some say i ngs

at tr ib u t ed to the French chem ists. Rapsail is re ported to h ave said t tl a t h e coul d prod uce arsenic fro m tht' legs o f chairs, and Orfila that he could do so from the .cammon soil. I have m alle ex peri me nts on hund reds 01 bod ies of h u man b e ings and brutes, but never di5covered arsenic unless it had been ad m i ­

n istered d u r i ng l ife. I kave also m ade e x p e­r i lIl e n ts OIl soi ls . and I bel ieve the statemen t

of O r li l a to be a m istake n one. My op i nion

is that arse nic was ad m i ni�tered to these ch i ldr�n d u r i n g l i fe , a n d that i t was the cause of death ; i t existed i n too grer..t a q uan ti ty to have been g i v e n fur a medical p urpose .

The j u ry ret urned a verd ic t " That tbe deceased c h i ld ren d ied from the effects 01 arsen ic , but how or by whom administered

there is no evidence to show. "

The Franklin Institute.

The Franklin Inst i tute announces the N ine ­teenth E x h i b i t i o n of A mer ican Manufactures

to take p lace i n October n ex t , at the M useum B u ilding. The rules w h i c h governed former exhibilJons are substantially the same for th i s. Mechanics and ot hers are inv i ted from all quarters 10 send their contributions in ti me . The old Fra n klin still stands erect, with a no­

ble and lofty bearing. We most hear t i ly commend the E xh ibi tion to o u r ingenious m ech an ics and artists.

A Mr. Dabol l , of New London , Conn., h as constructed an alarm air w histle, to be used in denle fogs for Ligh t Houses and vessels at

sea. It can be heard at a distance of four

miles, alId has been heard three time. that

mllAco.

Ne .... Volume. We would call the atten t ion of our old sub­

�cri bers , a n d t h e publ ic generally, to the new Prospectus publ ished in this nu m ber , and r e o m in d ' h eul t h a t t h e prese nt i s a f a vorable l i me to remit the amou nt of subscri p t ion for t h e New Volu m e . We h ope our fri e n d . will aid u s ill exten d i ng th e c ircul alion of t h .. SC I ­EN Tll"IC A M E R ICAN ; alld w e re · assu re t h e m t h a t 11 0 pa i ns n o r e x p�nse will b e spared . . II o u r part to m a ke it worth , to eac h s u bscr iber . the full a m o u n t o f a year's SU b sc r i p t ion .

Modesty In GIVi n g ' (,redlt.

Wh en II pa per h as u n m a n n e rly excha nges, i t is right to req uest t h e m t o gi ve c red i t for th is or t h at p iece of in form ation w h i c h t hey may take from its col u m n s . T h i s excellent p lan is adopted by the " Farmer and Mecha­n i c ," as a crown i n� p i e c e to t h e ir l i s t of pa­t en t cla ims . 'As ou r exc hanges a r e a very honorable class, we never need to p u t th em

i n m ind of doing what is r ig ht. We bel ieve,

h owever, that i t wou ld be no more I ha n a n ex tens i on of the w ise plan we h ave s p o k e n o f i n our worthy c()nte m porary , if i t would c,lll u pon its exchanges, who may copy f!"Om its second page. to ,,: ive " t he Sc ien t i fic A rc e d ­can a l l due credit therefor."

Paten t ••

A nu mber of fr ie nds who favored us with

t h ei r busi ness, will see t h e i r names o n t h e Pa­tent List of this week. The l ist of a p p l ICa­t ions on file at the Patent Office, is st i l l l arge . We h ope to see it m u c h red u ced n e x t y e ar. T h ree m o n t h s , at m ost, is long e n ough, from

t he t ime the ap plica l lon is made, until i t is

exami ned. The Cheese Press of Ira Car­

ter, patented th is week, is i l lustra ted and de­

scribed i n No. 4 1 , Vol. 3 , Sci. Am.

Japan Li ly. The editor of the Trenton Gazette has seen

a beaut if\,l l l i ly o f a k i nd as yet u n k n own

among u s-t h e lanci folium album, d iscov­ered i ll Japan i n 1 8 3 1 -33, by Von Siebold . Th e flawer is p u re w n ite, e ig h t t o t welve i nch es i n d iameter , and crested with many p �clll iar prpj e c t i o n s aho pure w h i t e , and re­s e m b l i ng frost-wode o r s n owy s l a l ac l i t ies. The stock of th is l i ly grows to the height of six feet, and when it is i n per lect io n, p reseli lli a col um n of splend id wh ite flowers.

'l'he Lon gitude.

I t be i n g cons idered i n tere. ti ng and im J>Or­

tant to t h e commerc i al marine of th e U n i t ed S tate" and of t h e Uni ted K i ngdom of Great B ri ta i n , to ascer tai n with correc t ness the d i f­

ference of longi tude betwee n t h e observatory at Cambridge , Boston and that at Li verpool, it is propesed by the Un ited States' Governm ent to acco m p l i s h t h i s o bj ect by means of m ar i ne chronometers , to be transported ac ross t h e At­

l an t ic , to and from Bost on, in t h e B ritish a nd North American Royal Mail s teamer. ; and

for thi� to be e ffected, arrangements wi l l be m ade with t h e au th ori t ies III E ngland , that

w h e n the chron om eters arrive at L i verpool

on t heir r e t u rn from Boston, they may be transm itted with all poss ible care and dep atch to the L iverpool observatory .

Wlle.t H aryeU. The w heat harvest in western New York is

over . It h as been very abundant and h as re­warded the la b"rs of the h usband man. The nu mber of acres sown last fall, was large, and the seasons have been remarkably favorab le to the growth and ripen i n g of t h e gra i n . The

straw was very th ick u pon the grou n d , the heads are large and well filled , a nd · the crop has al m ost en l i rely escaped i nj ury from in­

sects or rust . The b erry is brig ht and plump. a n d the flour made from Genesee wheat this se ason will be u nusual ly good.

Wh eat Crop I n Ohi o.

I! is generally bel ieved that t h " wheat crop in O h io the presen t year will be one · th ird less

than usual. It is usually abou t 24,000,000 bushels . It will now be less than 1 8,000,000.

Jl'lorlda Cotton Harvest.

The cotton crop in M iddle Florida is very good this year. In some parts it is m ore than an average crop . Th is is cheeri ng neWi from one quartllr ; b ut the very reverse news comea

to us from Georgia and Alabftm ••

They fish for rats in Chicago the lim. at we do {OJ "''' here, onll the obJeota arl die. {trent.

© 1849 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

390 5rltntifir �mtri(an. --- �:----'------------------.----- -

LIST OF PATENTS. 1.� UED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT

OFFIC E , For t h e w e e k en dinl{ August 14, 1 8 4 9 .

To I r a C ar ter , of Plat tsbu rg, N. Y. for i m · povement i n s elf.act i ng Cheese Presses. Pa· ten ted A u !!;ust 14, 1 8 4 9 .

To Ar tb ur H uston , of Bristol Me., for Dy·

I lamome ter Log to i n d ic ate the velocity o f vessels. Paten te d Au g ust 1 4 , 1 8 4 9 .

To Benj.min M . Townsend, of Quincy, Ill . , lor i mprove m e n t i n Road Scrapers. Patented Au�ust 14, 184 9 .

T o C h arles Walker, o ! B rooklyn , N . Y . , for i m p rove m e n t i n Rice Hullers. Patented Au · gust 1 4 . 1 84 9 .

To W i ll ia m S . Wilder. o f B oston . Mass. , for impro ve me n t in m ach i nes fur R ul i ng Pa ­

per . Patented A u g u st 1 4 . 1 8 4 9 .

To Ed w in H ills, of pnc i nn at i , Ohio, for

i m prove m e n t in Steam Tables. Patented August 14. 1849.

' , () Samuell Pratt , of Cohasset, Mass . , for methrd of u n i t i n g Metal l ic Plates to each other . Paten ted A u gust 1 4 , 1849.

To Dan iel P. Bon ne ll, of Tecumseh, Mich., for i m provemen t i n t h e process of Flouring. Patented August 14, 1 8 4 9 .

To H orace Board man, Plattsburg. N. Y . •

for i m proved arra n g e m e n t o f Steam Boiler and Furnace t h e ,·eot'. Pdtentec. All,�ust 14 , 1 8·1 9

To Ed m und Rlunt , of Brookly n , N Y . , for i m p roved arra uf(e rn e n t of Fil ters for S team B o i l e rs. Paten red August 14, 1 8 4 9 .

Tu W m . R. H i t c h c o c k &. C o . , of Waterb ury. Conn . , Ags ignees of P�[er Kirkh am, o f B i r · mi ! \gham, E I1 � . , for i m p rovement i n. Cov ered Buttons. Patented A ug ust 1 4, 1849.

ADDIT IONAL IMPROVEM ENT . To E l y E l l i c o t t &. S a m u e l A. Abhot, of

Ph iladel p h i a , Pa . • ior i m p rov�rl Lever Scale

for C a n als, R ! i l Roads, &c. O rigi nally Pa· tented February 6 , 1 849. Addi tional i m · provement a n nexed , August 1 4 , 1 849.

For the Scientific American . Electricity as Known to tho Anc lents.

A n t i q u i t y obscures the real or ig in of most

d iscoveries ; and in conseqnence the glory has

been a ttribu te d ·to different times and per·

s o n s . Facts dependant on the agency of electric

influe nce seem to have be en k nown i n t h e

very i n fancy of p h iloso p hy ; and the fi rst p h e .

none mon is s a i d to h ave b e e n observed by

Thales, of M i litus , the first of the h elleniC sept.c! , as noth ing earl ier is o n record I h an his obser.vatio n , that a mber when rubbed has the property of attract i ng l ight bod ies . To h i m also A puleius ascr ibes t h e d i scovery of the cause of thun der and l ightring. (See Apuleius, Floridor. p. 361.) Th eoph rastus afterward nollced the attrac tive power of am· bel', and deecribes the tourmali n as possess· Ing the same property ; (v . Th�oph rast. Peri Lithon .) and remarks, on the au t hori ty of Diocles that " they attract not on ly straws and leaves, but also thin pieces of copper and iron." I n the G eopon ic Eclogues, ( l i b . xv.

cap. i . amber is said to possess the more gene· ral faculty of at tracti ng to itself all light boo

dies. Pliny, Solin uw, and PrIscian, make limilar statements ; and Aristot le , O ppian, and Claudius, w ere fully acquainted with the belJ u mb i n g e ffects produced by the toucb of the Tor pedo. ( v . Mem. Lit. et Philos. Soe.

Manc h . v. 3. p . 378 ; Or igine des Deconvertes atribuces aux Modernes, p ar M. Dutens ; Gent. Mag. July, 1785. p. 522 ; Gou�et's Or­igin of Laws, Arts, and Sciences, v. i i i , B. iii,

ch. ii, Art. iV' . ) Amber is an inflammable vegeto.mineral,

of a yellow color, vesino-vitrious texture, conchoidal fracture, glassey lUster, is perfect. ly homogeneous, transparent to transl ucent, and negatively ,electric by friction. It is th e .lektron of the Greeks. electrum of tbe La· tin •• anbarun of the Arabian •• anbar of the

Per.ialll. IIMara 01 til, Kthiopialll. cn. at

the H p.orews, bern.tein 1)1 the G�rm"ns. Danes , a n d S wedes, amer of the Belgians, burs/in of !I .p Poles, gyanta of the A ustri · a " " ambre uf the French , am bar of t h e 8 , -, 0 ' ' ' l'Ij , ,nd Port uguese, ano ambro of t h e [ t " . i i ,. " Now, m o�t, it not al l . of t h ese terms "' � l'e g l �'pn to ami:>pr on .craunt of i t s attrac. t i on p r op erty . E" .;·tron i. deri ved from elko , w h i c h s rg l l l h es t o o rag along, to make I . . follow, to d raw up, to attract. The Heb a " ,· has alw the �ame signi fication. Th e phenomena of electr ic i ty were there for e k nown fr'om the t ime w h p. fI these ter' m s were formed and ap pl ied to amber. Th e Heb. term above makes amber all,l its p ro p erty known i n the time of Ezekiel t h e Prop h et. (v. Ezek i . 4 . ), The Greeks were acquainted w i t h i t se ve ral c e n tu ries before h i s t i m e - (v. Hes. Sc. 142 ; Hat. 3. 1 1 5 ; Od. 4. 73 ; S o p h . Ant.

1038 , ) The Gr. term i. con n ec ted w i t h el­ektor, the s u n , to which Homer com pares hi3 amber, perhaps 011 a cco u nt of i t" luminous appearance when €xcit € d .

Egy p t , if n ot t h e b i rth·place, w a s the early

protector of the sciences, and c her ished I very 9pecies bf k nowledge w h ich was k n own or c ul t ivated i n remo t e t imes. I t was t h e pri n . c l pal source from wh ic h the GI'ec ians derived

th e ir illt'urmat ion ; and, after all i ts w i Hd i ngs and e nlar�ements, we m ay s t i l l trace t h e stream of o u r knnwl cdge to th e hanks o f the

Nil e . T t e Egyptians h ad an i nventive gen ius , and

turned i t to profi table speCUlations Their Mercuries filled Egy p t with wond erful i n ven. t ions, and left i t almost i li :1 0ran t of n o t h i n g which could ace ornpl i"h the m i n d , or pro. cure ease and h a p p i n ess. Here were the ti rst l ibrari e s ; and t he t i t les the., bore i n . spired t h e read er w i t h a n eager desire t o e n . tel' t h e m and dive i nto th e secrets t h e v c o n . t a i n e d . (Roll in . v. I . p. 1 8 ll . ) He�e t h e M i l i s ian Thales sojourned for some t i m e , in the reign of Amasis, for t he pur pose of h e ­comlDg mlt Iated mto the scien�e of which the jl l' i e ,"tg of Thpbes arll\ l\1 �m phis w e r e t h e depositaries. iUld pJ.Ilbably aiso v i,ilEd P hoe· nicia, closely connected as it was '.vith Chal­d ea . then another center of s acerdotal sc ie nce . A. D. 6-12 . Arn ru Benalas mal'c h e d h i . troops i nto Egy pt , a n d the c i ty of Alexandr ia be. came a prey to the fury of t h e Saracens. I t s fall was marked by t h e destruction: o f i ts cele ­brated l i brarv, w h i ch the Ptolemies h ad en . riched with so many valuable works , gather. i ng from all p arts of t h e earth, a n d n u mber. ing 700,000.

Here was treasured the learn ing and w isd om of age� ; b u t the rigid sentence of t he second cal i p h , fa natical Omar I . , was execu ted by h i s general W i t h blind obedience, a n d s i x months were barely sufficient for the co ns u m p t i on of t h is precious fuel . E ,'ery !cholar, w i t h i n . d ignation, h as s i n c e de plored t h e irreparab le s h i pwreck of the learn ing, th e arts , a nd t he geu ius of ant iqUI ty, caused by t h is u n fortu­nate event. Egy p t was e m i ne nt i n h e r t i m e ; she was celebrated fOI' wisdom of old and her p h i losop h ers at trac t�d the w ise a,nd inquir ing of otber nations. Thales she i n i tiated i n the arcan a of Nature ; and w h o will d oubt that by Saracenic fury was destl'Oyed the facts and princi ples of the science of E l ectric i ty as gathered by t h e ancients. Everv nat ion t h at e nj oyed the means of co m merce 'with the M e · d i terranean , der ived p leasu re as w e l l a s profit from the merchand ise of India ; and few s i tu · at ions were more convenient for com merce tban K �y pt. A s l lirit ot enterprise her prm· ces e ncouraged, and from the ports of the Red Sea, vessels launched out in p u rsuit of n e w countrie! and new com merce . Some moved along the coast of Africa. some entered the Persian Gulf; others penetrated to the mouths of the Indus, visited the coast of Malabar, and reached the Isle of Tap robane. Thither t�'l Phcenicians had previously sailed , but concealed their discoveries with a mercantile j ealousy . Under the prosperous re igns of David and Solom O'll, the Jews fi t ted out fleets wbich sailed to Tarsh ish and to Op hir, aIld reo turned with such cargoes as d i ffused wealth and splendor t h rough the ki ngdom of Israel. As soon as the Romans acqu i red a ta�te for the luxuries of toe E .st, the trade with I n d i a th roug h Egy pt w as pushed w ith n e w VigOl', and carried oil to greater extent. In time, therefore. India became the chief empor ium '

S p ices and arom'.ticA, precious Itonet, 'Pearll and silk, were the great artlcles of general i m portation.

There tbe h u m a n race began its career o f

i m p rovement ; and fl'Om the remains o f sci· e n ces wh ich were anciently cultivaled, as

well as of art� wh ich were anciently exercised

in I ndia , we may conclude it to be one of the

first countries i n which men m ade any con­

sid erable progress in tbat career. By the an·

c ient heathen writers, th e Ind ians were reck­oned among those races ot men which they

deRom inated Autocht one8 ; and the inhab i ·

t a n t s trace b a c k the hi story of t beir coun:ry

through an immense Buccession of ages, and assert that all Asia formed one m ightv e m · p i r e . Many facts h ave been transmitted t o u s

w h ic h clearly demonstrate that t b e natives of Ind ia were not only more early c ivilized , b u t

had made greater progress in c ivil ization than any o th er people. People contiguous to, and

nations remote from I ndia, seem to bave been

acquainted, from time immemorial , with its

commodities, and valued them highly. (Ge n .

xxxv i i . 25.) B y every person w h o has visited

I n d i a in ancient or modern times, its inhab i · t ants, either i n transactions o f private bllsiness or conduct of polit ical affairs, have been deem­ed not i n ferior to the people of any nation in sagacity or acuten�ss of u n derstand ing. From the ap pl ic at ion of such talents to the cultiva· tion 0 1 science, an extraord inary degree of

proficiency might have been expected. Tbe I nd ians, accordingly. were early celebrated on that account, and some of the most eminent Greek ph ilosophers travelled into India, that by conv ersing with the sages of that coun­t ry, t hey might acquire some portion of t h e knowledge for which they were distinguished. By t he i n s p i red writers, the wisdom of the E ast was early celebrate d . and great was the eagerness of all nations to obtain the prod uc · t ions of thpir i ngenious industry. The elec ­tric fl u i cl , which became ap parent on tbe fric­t ion of their amber, could not have escaped t h e i r i nvest igat i o n . On accou nt of i ts beauti ­fu l yellow color. its�e.a t transparency, and tbe line polish it receives. amber was anCient­ly considered the most precious of j ewels, and was cut. a s it is now, into art icles o f orna m e n t and ctre:;s. T h e p ol ish i ng is d o n e b y fric t ion, by which it becomes .very hot;lDd .highly elec· tric . The art ists are often seized with ner­vous tremors in their wrists and arms from t h e elec tric ity. Hencp. the workmen keep t h e piece but a short time on the wheel, and by al ternati ng with a n u m b e r of p ieces, keep each of t hem cool and feebly excited. The s trong electric virtue and attractive power which t h e amber acquired in being worked, must have i nd uced the ancient Indians to try

other experiments, from which they gather e d p rin",j ples . and facts. I n t h e island of C ey­

lon, where it is very common, tourmalin is

k nown among the natives by the nam� of t9ur·

namal ; and t h e Dutc h , wbo first became ac·

quai nted with i t i n t h is island. gave it tbe ap­

p el la t ion of Aschentrikker, fro m its property of attracting ashes when tbrown into the fire. Thes!! facts and their discoveries were prob a ­

bl y recorded in tb.e Alexandrian Library, and

lost during the period of conquest and the

long night of ages. The electric fluid is coe­

v al with the world ; its presence pervades

every substa nce ; and Its op erations can hard·

Iy fail to show themselves wherever bodies

are. concerned. There is therefore unequivo­

cal evidelilce, that many discoveries and im­

provements in electricity w�re made by the

ancients rna ny centuries before tbe Christian

Era ; tbat the SUb tle agen t became an impor­

tant branch of primitive science, and tbat

much more was known by the ancients than

we are willing to allow them, of those 8hining

truths wh i ch are the pec uliar boast of modern

ages. J . W. O .

Sclentllia Men o� France.

LE VERRIER, tbe astronomer, is a membe r

of the asse mbly in France. In the first organi.

zatIon of tbe b ureaux. Arago, in one, was e·

l ected chairman , and Le Verrier, Secretary.

No two men dislike each other more, or dis·

agree les! in politics. The secretary has spo­

ken in hiS bureau, and exceedfugly well, a­gainst tbe proplliitioni of amne,ty for the in­surgent' of J UDe. l S"�. aad the remo,al of

martial la",.

lIJet.rologleal KnOWledge. Mr. E. Merriam, of Brooklyn, in a letter to

a corresponden t of our excel lent exchsog .... the " Sent inel of Freedom ," (Newark. N. J.). makes ule of r he following singular Ian . guage :-

" I have been surprised at the remarks made by men of scien t ific acq u irement in relation to lightnin", and t h e i r a p parent l i mited knowledge of its extensive i l lffupnce. The thunder storms whIch h av e occu rred the last tbree months w i t h i n the field of my research · es equal one to every forty hours.

T h u nder and l ig h t n i n g h ave been I�vored agents of the Su preme Ruler of the Universe. At Sodom and Gomorrab w e have no record of

their being present at t h e nes truct ion of thft cities of the p la in , and it does not become us to be wise above that w h ich is wr i t ten , by as· serting that they were ; but of the m e morable transactions of Si na i , the sacred h is torian makes particular ment ion of t h e " Ihunder­ings and l ightni ngs," and at a period a little prior to t h at great eVen t , the w r iter of the book of Job, whose pen was gu ided by a hlnd obedient to a mind enl igh tened by the source of all knowledge, makes particular mention of the lightning of the t h unders for whicb i n­finite goodness had m,de a way.

Previous to the p ub l icat IOn of th e remarks by P rof . Olmsted u p o n Electr ic i ty and Chole­ra, I lonvarded to h i m a tr.ns� l'i p t of my l ight. n i ng record, and also a memorand um i n pri nt sugges t ing that no case of destruction of h u­man life by l ightning h ad ever occurred where the person was engaged in suppl icating the Throne of Grace, a n d n o n e to persons wbo had reared a me tal l ic ligh t n i n g rod for the purpose of protect ion .

I have also pub l i shed a suggest ion t hat showers of t ai l i n g s tars , meteorites and Aurora Borealii!, are the offspri ngs 01 eart h quakes. which I th i nk I show to be the case by a mul­titude of fa;:s . O u r earth has not bee n left by H i m who made i t and pronounced i t to be . . good." to take care of i tself, b u t t h e saILe creative power t ha t p u t i t i u motion s t i l l go,-' ernsall its movemen ts, even tbe minutest. * • • • It is the record of facts we want, to enable us t o learn correct ly w b a t pertains to natural p henomena . The h u mble searc her after truth as i t IS i n nature, h as, con t i n ual ly opening before h i m , a w id er and a still wider field for cultivat ion, and tbe results of his la· bors are according to the measure of his ef­forts and h is confidence in the power which has in its keeping the great treasury of know­ledge."

[ rhe above must be taken w i t h al l due al­lowance, as being sUl{gestions only, though very strange o nes ; conce r n ing w h ic b we m ust say, " the most im moderate f1 : g ht that ever poet took, 'Rhen warm wlth wine , was m ode­rate, conj ecturing."]

Tea Drinking amongst the Kalmuc ..

The Kal mucs are dist i n � u ished at once for l:reat powers of e n d u t' i ng hunger and thirst, and for a veroc i ty that m ust be seen to be u nderst'ood. The ir original diet consists chieflj of tea. The prepare this b everage by boiling tbe b rick tea, someti mes adding to it a lump of mutton fat, at other t i mes a l ittle roasted barley, or a handful of salt i n a caul­dron, whose various uses do not see m calcu­lated to i ncrease ' the relish of the compound.

and fi!ling i t out i nto wooden c u ps, drink it almost boili ng h ot. A small por lion of to­bacco, smoked from a cop per pipe, complete. the frugal repast. Their chief animal food i. mutton, of w h ich they c onsume Immense quantities whenever th ey can procure it sheep, cows, deer, horses, w hether th ey have died a natural or violent death, are eaten alike, and require but little cooking.

.------ -----Important to Travellers by Sea.

An experimen t was recently tried at sea to

render tbe i ns ip id water taken from t he casks

cool and refreshing, which proved entirely

successful. A WIne b ottle was p rocured,

which being filled from the casks and corked

tig btly, was lowered i n to thirty or forty fat h ­

oms of water by means of a lead. Upon be­

ing returned aCier fi ve or seven m i n utes'. iu­terval. the temperature of it,' content, Willi found to be considerably reduced ; in com mOD

parlance. it wa. almost as cold at ice water.

© 1849 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

5 dtmitit �mttl(,lln.

TO (lORlUIl SPOIIDIIll'fT •• " M. P., of Pa."-The Rule for find i ng the

weigh t o f a fly wheel i s , to m ul t i ply t h e hor­se p o w er of t he en�ine hy 2000, and d i vide by t he square of t h e veloc i t y ot the circu mfe rene e uf t he wheel. You can easily calcu l a te from th is, b u t d o not s u ppose that there is any

power ga i ned by a fly w heel-its object and office is d iffere nt from this.

" G. A. S. of N. Y."-The fault is not i n the Pate nt office, no d o u l> t full j ustice was done to your cla i ms. The great trouble was tbe lack of n ovel ty in your i Qve nt ion , and you Ihould have taken the adv i ce in th e matter as being correct.

" J . W. C. of Ind "-Your communication has been received , and will receive early at­tentIon.

" A. T., of N. Y."-JQhn John�on is a swindl ing im postor, and deserve8 an u o ('om ­fortable lndge in Auburn, w h ere htl j ust ly belungs. ana sh ould never he aHowed a pee p outside of its walls, u nless properly secured by manacles , or d e prived of what l i t t le .e: JSa he pOisesses. Any bi ped i n human fo rm t hat will be engaged in t h e contem ptible busi nc"s of swi ndl i ng newsparer publishers, or t h e public, o u t of t h e paltry tn' ice of a vear's subscri p tion , deserves to be t l a n sported i n ch ains t o th at newly discovered country near the Red Sea , and he com pel l ed to gat her the poison from the " ·Up as." Travell ing age nts shall mee t with a cold rec e p tion from us. We have none, and what is more we don't want any.

. . J. A. R., of N. Y . ; J . F. M., ut Pa . , and C . C. of N. H."-Your papers have b l'en tor. warded to the Paten t Office.

Patent Agency. ncr From our long acquaintance aad e xperience

in Pate nt Office buainess we have DO h e sitancy in as .. serting that w e are b ette r ab l. t o j u d ge the merits of new inventio n :! , and .ne b e tter capable ofadVlsing upon all subj ect. pe rtaining to Patents than any other concern in the United State s .

A n y b u siness connected w ith the Paten t office may be do ne b y lotte r th rough the Scienti�c Am· e rican office w i th the sam e facility and certaInty a.s tho ugh the i n v e ntor applied iQ pe rson . O u r pn· cei too (another i m portant consideration to inven: tors) are h u t about ha·lf as m uch as the charges 01 most age nts as the amount of business which w � do, and that i n conn ectio n w i th th e pu blicatio n o f the Scie nti fic A m e rican renders to u s supe rio r advaB· tage over a l l othe r agents.

Havi ug been ofte n co m pl Im ented b y those who have e ntrusted t h e i r b us i ne ss in our care, w e here re peat w hat very many have said . . H Th e b�s� p�. te nt Agency in the Unil e d States 18 at the ISCientl· fic A m e rican office "

All mod els, d rawings or communications that �re sent to the Sci e nti fic Am e ricall o ffice fo r Inspectio n are d e po si ted from the e y e s of the p u b l i c u nti l the nece ssaI y applicp.tion for securing the invention has be e n m ad e .

" A . J. P. of La ."-It will not he pussible for us to �ive you t h e " d vi ce sou � h t fol', wi th · out a bettel' op !,ort u n itr of exami n ing il1to t h e matter. You wil l readily see t he n ecessi ty of 6end i n � a clear drawing or model, togeth er with a descri ption of the i n ven t i o n . You are !lot the first i r. ventoI' of machines 101' the pur· p ose set fort h.

The best of aTtists a r e constantly e m ployed to m ake d rawings fro m models and o u r c o rps of speci· ficqtion WI ite rs are co m po sed of ge ntle m e n. fo rm e rly

Money \'eceived 011 accolmt of Patent Ollke �oxnan���:�

s�ith the Patont office at Washmgton as

business since August 1 5 :- All co m m un i cation s should be add ressed to . . I M U :,\f N .. CO. Scientific Ameri can Office . R. & ",!. , ot Ct . , �30 ; �. & B. , of N. j. , PO O T P .. , ,� . __ � _ __ ���_ ."l e w York. :!�.; J. 1< M . , of Phlla. , �20 ; R. A., ot

,Mo. ,

M E:C H A N I CS' FAIR.

__ . . _ _ .. �_. __ . _____ _ THE Salem Chantab l e Me chanic Associat io n an· n O U I� c e s to t h e p u b l i c , that their first E x h i tJHioll

w i l l be h e ld at ;'I,.1echanic Hall , in the c i t y of Sale m , c o m m e n c i n g on :\ l o n d a y , Septe m b e r 24th , anti c o n· tinuiug th ro ugh the w e ek.

" N. M . of Pa."-\Ve know of n o pump I II use, su pe l' ior to Mr . Kase's, for forcing water.

" T. W. L. of Mass ."-Th e id pas you have advanced i n your l e tter are correct, and have been i llust rated i ll t h is paper, fr�quent ly d u r ­

in� t h e present ·vol u m e . Y o u r e x p e r i m e n t c a n d o yuu no harm, if a

. knowled/(e of t h e l aws of eleCtr ic i ty be desir -

able and p ractical i n formation better than

MakIng Varnish. A New York corres ponent writes (0 Us aud

says " i n the recei pt lor maki ng varnish No 47 Scient ific American, if the bot t le contai ll l U l( t he ingredients be placed i n hot water t h e g u m w i l l d issolve abou t a 8 fast, a s i f phced on the fire, and then there i s liO danger of t he spirits taking fire." T h i s is correct.

- - -- _. _ _ .. _ " " ,, --- _ .. __ .. _ _ . _._- -

--.. ---- ---� - ----- -�-----.-.� -

t h eore t ical J\hutrti.atm.cnl.a. su:'

h

J

�S�O:d::I�I�:�'��'�:O��:

;

h i::' :l

t

O

m:�: I =--=� -- GEN�����������:,� �

be p ate n t a b l e Patent8 are granted for the I " OR T H E a C I E N T I >'1C "'''''RICAN.

. New fork CIty , (il!;O. D E X T l'; R & Bro . UOlted States , on l y . Boston, _ . .\-:ie Hsrs H O T C H 1 U S S K C o .

.. M K of N Y "-\Ve cannot "ive y u t h e I Ph i l�delphia , ST O K ES Ot B R O T H E R . . . . . � II , ProvIdence , R. I . , . Row). & C o intormati on you desire, and would ad vise y ou ' J aclr.loh, lbss. ll. MO R R " & C o .

to wr i te Mr. Prosser w h o wi l l undou btedly, Southern ,

L O C AL'�G��

EI:I�D

So C o . impart t h e necessa rv informat ion cheerfully. Albany , � PETER C O O l< . .. Andove r , ?torass. E. A. RUSSELL.

h G W. o f M i s ,."-We h ave exam in�d t he Baltimore , Md . , S. SANDS. Bermuda Islands WAS H I N G T O I'f &. C o . <ketch 01 y o u r lat h e , and s h o u l d t h i n k t h at i t B rid geport, Ct. !h"FO R D 8< CORNWHL ltJabotville , Mass. , E. 14", BROWN. was new and p ate n table , and would advise you

to Bend 119 a mod€! wi thou t d e l ay . We do 1 I0t

attend t o t h e m a n u fa c t u re of models-"ll o ther

Concord , N. H . RH F t:' S i\1ERB.F.LI.-D o v e r . N. H. . D. L. N O R R I S . Fall Rive r , Mass. . P O P E &. G H A C Jo; G"eene , N. Y . J . 'V. O R T O N .

. � Houston . Texas, � J. W. C O P E S & C o .

\Ve in Vi te &11 t o contrib ute ill. eyery d e partment of incl u stry w hich c a n in a,ny w a y promote the com-10rt, co n ve ni e nce o r i m prove m e n t of m alJk ind . �Ve re spectfu l ly solicit the aid of j.l ec han ic s , :\lanu tac· tu re rs , and A rtists. Let them b nng fOl'war d the p rod uc l . 01 the Loom and Ihe Forge All k ind s of ';\l ac hinery . eve !'y d e scription o f T o o l and I m pl e ­m e n t . Article s of Wood , :-otone , M e tal, G l a s s . Leath. er, 'Voo l , Cotton, Silk, He m p and Flax , spec i me ns of Pri nt i ng , Statua r y , Pai nting . Daguerre� ypes, �n. grav i ng and Lithograph y . ArtIcle s . of 1e ma le 1:11-genu ity and taste w ill have a promlnent place I n the b:xhlbiti o n .

Th e Annual �:xhibiti on o f the Esser A gricultural Socie t y , and the l!:ssex IUitItute , w il l take place in Sal e m \..l u ri D a' th e w e e k of o u r Ii'ai r We t r u s t that

j the :"I a n u factu rers of A g ri c u ltural I m ple ment .s will

J b e ar t h i s i l l m i n d , that v. e may have a goo� t.hsplay of articles i u this d e part m e n t . The Su pe rmte nd c r,t of the Fair w i H be e ntru steu w i t h the care anJ rna·

I I n age m e nt o f e ve r y article sent for e x h ibi t io n , and /1 e ve ry fac i l i t y w i l l be g ive n to show its ?se fu l p u r· pos e , its mgeniou s contrj't'ance. Care Will be taken � to p reserv e them from inju ry ; trust worth y m e n . ; w i l t be in attendance day and ni ght ; b u t all ; articles w i l l be at the risk of the o w ners. Each ! co ntribu tor w i ll be e ntItled to ad mission. C o ntri. ,l butors are partic u larly and ear nestly reque ste d to send fo r w � the i r goods in season Articles inten­d e d fot' e xh i b i ti o n , w i l l b e receiyad from t h e 1st to t h e 2�rl � e p t . _"-- c h c c k w i l l b e g i v c n fo r each artj· cIe rec e i ved , which must b e p rese nte d w hen they

. are re t u r n e d . j } • . l l liooll s , \Iach i u e r y . £tc. , i ntend e d fo r e :x.l� i1.Ji-

391

NOTICE. ()(J-Tbe 8econd E . R , . ,TIOJl of the MoUlnA,." hr­

ITITUTE for the Mechanic Arll, will be he ld at Wash i ngton Hal", in the City of B alti m ore . from Thu rsd ay , 27th of Se pte m be r . to 131h October , in­c l us i ve . Machines, models, o.r goods sent to the al' d ress of H. Ha1,elburst, Co rre s pond ing t secretary of the Insti tute. (e xpense pai d ) w i l l be met w i th i mmediate atte ntion, and every fa ci lity used to ex-hibit the same to the bost advantag e . j l 6 4m

MORSE'S PATENT A I R D I S T R I B UTOR.

T H I S impI OYe m e n t i s a •. ubstitute for the c o m m on Grate . by which Tan, b a w d u s 01' a l i ke m ateri�

al w i ll burn as fre e ly as d· Y wood. I t has been i n ­t rod uced i n mos t of t h e North e rn State s i n t o Steam Saw Mills and Tanneries w ith the most g l atJ f y i n g resu lts . ',v e a r e no w prepared t o fu rn i sh casti ngs at reasonab le p r i c e s at N e w \�o l k o r Ph i lad e lph i a A mod e l ma \" be seen at the office of J, P. l\i o rrH:! & C o . Steam Eng ine B u i ld e r s , Philad e l phia, w h o are pre· pal e d te f u r n i l: h castings at & h o r t notice .

Persons wish ing to pu rchase te rrito rial 1 igh ts will add res, L . :\l ORSJL & B R O T H E llS. Pat e nt. e . ,

j l 4 f t' Athol, Mass' Age nts will take notic. that the right for the

states of N e w York, Pe n nsy lvania , �lar)' land II< D.I� ware have �een so ld L. M. 8< BROs.

Atho l , July 3 , I S4�.

SUPERiOR T U R I\i N G LA T H E8. JAMES STEWART, 1 6 Oana!·.t. and 1 06 Elm·st. i.

com.tantly l=a.r.-:lfacturing and has now 00 band between 60 and 00 s upe rior lath e . of tbe l o llowing descriptions Ql>ld at reasonable p rice s . namely :

Dentist's Lathes, very hIghly fillished . co mmo n ,

Brass and Wood Tu rner's Lathe s . J e w e ller's and Pencil-ease make r's very su perior . J. S T io: W ART is a l so authorized to aet as age nt for

the sale of the celebrated Lathe. manufactured hy .J amds T. Pe rkins ef H u d s o n , o f l a r g e size and a t pri ce s from $250 t o $800. A spe cimen of t h i s d e s� cri ptio n may be seen at his factory as abov e .

E7� tf _ � _ _ _ . � � _ _ _ _ B RITI S H P A. 'I' ''; N TS.

MESSRS. ROBERTSON AND CO. � ll ATENT SOLI CITO R S .

(Of wh ich F i r m Mr. J . C . Robertso n , the Editor 0 the M echani cs M agazine from its co mm encement in 1833, is principal partne r,) und e rta k e

t).' be Proc u r a U o n of Pa tents. Fo r England . !;lcotland , I reland , and a ll other l:u

ropean C o u ntri e s , and the transaction, genera lly all b u siness ['elating to pate nts.

I nstructions to j nve nto rs can be bad gratis , on .p ply i ng to Mr. TH O M AS PRO SS ER , 22 Platt Street �ew York ; as also the necessary forms of Petition an d Declaration for British Pate nts .

ml tf P A T IC N T O FFIC E

1 66 �'le et IStreet, London.

Z. C. Robbins, Consulting Engineer and Counsellor

tor Paten t,ees. Office on F street , opposite Patent Office, Wash ing

ton, D . C. j20 tf --------Johnson's Improved Shingle

Machine. 'I'HE S ubscriber having rec eive d Lattars Patent

for an i m p rovement in the Shing l e .:\13 c hi ne , js now ready to furnish them at short notice , and h e would req1Jest a l l those w h o w ant a g o o d m ach ine for sawing shIngles , to call on hi m and e x amine the

busi lles� connec ted wIth the gett ing out 01 pa . / Hartford , Ct., . � E. fl. B O W E R • .

tents will be most prom p tly attended to by Halifax, Nova Scotia, E. G. FULLER. os. JameltowD, N. Y. • E. BURO.,

. Lancaster , Pa. . - ,1. E lle i g a r t . • • L. 1). H. of P.:'-\Ve du l i u t consider y our I L y n n , Ma,. , · J. E. F. MA" ' H .

I tio n w i l l b e tran s ported over the Rai lroads leading iuto the city , free of expense.

Medals of silver, and D i plomas , will be award ed acc01'd;D!I to the merit of the artl,,\el exhlbited.­

; �tl in j U ." t i <-· C shall V0 u,lj ud�eJ tv IJ v e l "y cOl , :;n b u tUI'. ! 1 nl l'a nial m e n , po sse b s i ll g i n telli g e nc e , and c o m ­I pe te nt k n o w ledge iu each d e pa truent of art, will

1 improvements he has made , as one eighth more sbi& , glee can be .awed in the lame given time than by <A.�l )' othe r n ,:lchi 1 l8 n u w in ll s e . )-I a n u factured at

Augusta. � l e . "lJd Aibany . '.". ;C . . I . e; . .) O H :-.J HU N . d · I b ' ' . t " I Middletown , Ct. , · WM. WOODWARD eVI.e , t 1e su J ect of a pa ent, as It IS. a - Ne w Bedford , Mas.. . J. W. Pe rce. ready in use, in m i l l w h eels, &c. Nash>:iJle , Tellll. A. �Ic KEN Z I E .

Norwich, Ct., • SAFj'ORD &. PARIU

" O. C . of I I 1 ."-Yom mod el has been re- Ne w Haven, Ct., E. DOWNES. Newburg, N. Y. S. A. W H I T E .

ce ived and we call di,co\'er fl o p atentable combination about it, iu fact there is n o cow-b i nation whatever,-i t will be uecessary tor you to con st ruct a wo\'kin� model i l lustrat ing fully, the p r i l l c i ples U pOll which you wish to

fou nd you r c l a i ms. . . Wm. F. & G. A . G . of Pa.-':We th ink

that you r i n vent ion is u e w , from what l i ttle insight we' can get of i t s t;eneral arrangement, from your sketch d it, a m odel would be ne­ces�ary, be�re w e cOl lI ,j I' ive a decisive opin­ion upon its novel ty .

" T. J. W. 01 ConU."-B Ol'ax has long been k nown as a wl vent of shell lac and copaJ. Yay will be fully conv i nced of t his, by read­ing a n y good work on chem istry.

" H. \V. R. , of New YOl'k. "-We C 81JIJot lav our h ands un t h e piece of i n fornal ion you want , alt h oug h we have made considerable search tor i t ; if we d iscover it you will see i t p ubl ished .

.. O. H. P. W. , ot A la."-We ,!an ouly say th is about R ich's w h e e l , t h at a gentleman wh o has had o n e in o perat ion for t wo years, tells us that i t i s " a m ost excel lent wheeL" Mr. Ric h l i ves in Oswego Co. , N. Y. The other informat ion we wI l l t ry and get for you soon .

" G. W., of B os l o n . "-Yout· model is a t hand , and bas b e e n examineil . WP. can d is­cover no combination su fficient ly nt'w to war­rant an appl icat ion for Letters patent.

o . R. F. , of N. Y."- You are mistaken in a great meaoure : t h e author of the article you

refer to, is both prao:tical and scientific and makes engines.

" B. F. S., .of Ohio."-Yours has j ust come to hand.

" H_ W. G_ , of N. C . "-Your communica­tion has been received. We shall endeavor to furnish the Information lought tor as early a. poeeible.

Newark, N. J. , J . L AOBNI L Paterson, N. J. A. H. D O U G LAU. Rochester, N. Y. D. M. D E W E Y . Rale igh , N. C . - W. WH I 'n: , J u :s . Sprin�?eld , M��s. , WM B B R O C K J.: T

M. B E S S E Y , Salem, Mass ., Summit Hill , -Southport, Wis. Saco , M e . , -Savannah, Geo Syracns e , N. Y. . Taunton, Masa., Utica, N. Y. Vicksburg , Miss . � WilJiam8burgh , . Warren, Ohio , • We bste r, 1\las8. -

L. C H A NDLER . R. H. B A R N E S . HEN R Y M H U G U N I N i sAAC C R O O K ER.

J O H N CARUT HERS ",y. L . PALM E R . W . P. SEAVER. G. H. B E ESELEY . J. B. H A YES . J . C. GANDER. C . J. VA :; GORDE R . J . M. SHUMWAY.

To Manufacturers or Capitalists abou t to c o m ­

mence t b e Man ufact ure o f Cottons.

TRE sub,criber, brought up with M e s .. s. S'-m ue l

& Jno. Slater, at ope rating and b U i ld ing cotto n m achi nery , and for th ' last 20 y ear . has travelle d thro u gh seve ral of the United Sta tes, setti ng u p a n d bui idinlC , on t h e m o s t approved p laos of m o d e r n invention, no w offers his s e r v i c e s as S u pe rint e nd e nt and is ready to introduce a new s y s te m , g reatly reo ducing the cost of manu fact u r e , and at the same time mak ing better goods than ever was i n the mac. keto Please direct, post pai d , to

49 2m'" G. W. H \> WAIW, 2�8 E d d y st . ,

Provide nce , R . I .

FAI RM AN'S PATENT U N I VERSAL C H UCK FOR L ATHES.

OLIVER SNOlV & C O 'S Hand Planip g Machine ' ,

Bo ring Machines . & c . , also Lathes for Dentists, Jew e lle r's , Wood TurneJ 's , &c. Lathe Whe e l s , Band s , Hooks a n d Eyes, Circu lar Sa w s , S a w N1 a n d rills , a n d e v e r y other descri ption of '1'ools for J.1 a· chinists, Carpente rs . Coacbmak e r s , &'c . , constantly on hand at WOOD'S ola estab hshe d Tool sto re cor� Der of Chatham and Duane strpets, New York.

Planes made to order and warranted Carpenters' and amateurs ' Tool Chests, &c.

49 Jm"" •

TO I RON FOUNDERS. F INE ground Sea Coal , an appro ved article to

make the land come ot!' the Ca stings easil y ; fine bolted Charcoal Blaaclr.ing ; Leh i gh fine D ust , and Soapstone Du.t for facing Stove Plates, 8oc. 8oc . . • 1· 50, Black Lead Dust, for sale in Barre ls , by ,

GEORGE O. RO B l!:R TSO N y!l8 4meow· 803 Wesl 17th It. N e w York.

KASE'S PUMPS. THESE eole1lrated Suction and Foree Pump., 1Il0

for sale at $D each, by .. 4t II. C. HILLS, " 'a11011 It. N, Y.

be s e lected as j udges ; those only will b e appoi n. ted who are not competi o rs for p rf' miu ms .

{I:(T- AH comm unications in re lation to the FaIr , sho u ld b e add reosed (post paid,) to t h e Se cretary of the Associatio n .

jy2S A L B Jo:RT G. BROWNE, Presid e n t . EL ICAZl:R 1\1. DALT O N , Secretary .

E. NEVI LLE, WOOD ENGRAVER.

122 F u l ton st. corner Nassau. ()(J- The "bove is prepared t o e xecute a l l orden at

he shorte st notice aaJ on the most reasonable terma

N O T I C E . £ir::r \Ve ha\�e COIlRtantly o n haud ancl for sale :

:¥h n u ie's .:\l echanical Drawing Book, b (j u n d in calf, : : : : : $3,00

C ook's Cond e nsing E.ngin e , Plate and Hook, $3,00 Leona:d '8 .\lechallical PnDcipia , � l ,bO �cri bne r's ,\lecbanic s , : . $ 1 ,1' 0 E. w bank,s H y d raulics and Mechanics $� ,50 Morfitt's C; e lJllCal l\iani p u l atioll s . : $�,50 Ranle tt's Al chitectu re in nu mbers , each ;")0 Arnott's Gothic ArchItecture , j " :2., Camera Lucidas . : : $6,00

j l 4 M li N N & CO.

STEAM B O f LER EXPLOS I O N S rfHB su b�c ribe r having be.en appoi nted so le age nt

for Faber's i\-l agnetic "'"P"ater U u age , is no w rea­dy to s u p p l y th e trad e ·and individ uals w i th this c e ­lebrated I nstru ment. B e s d e s t h e great safety fro m e x p losions, re s ulting fro m i t s use , it is a thoroug h � h e c k a g a I n s t care le s s stoki ng and fee d jng. In ma­ri ne engines it w i l l i egulate the e xact quantity re­q U i re u in the " b lo w · o il' '' r'amplllets containing l u ll i nfo rmatio n can b e had free o n app l icati on to the A gent, J O ;,; IC PII P . PJ H.:; :; O N .

j 1 -1- tf C h · i l Engineer, tJ \Vall � t . � e w Y ork.

S O. H l I, L 8 , No. 43 Fulton st., has constantly for • lSale--

Steam Engine 3 to 20 horse powe l , at from $:200 to $ 1 :!,jO-good horizontal engines- deliverable here or i n Philade l phia.

Steam Boilers for the same , say B e n tle y �8 patent , or c o m m o n C' l inder, at 10WE'!st prices.

Engine Lathes a fe et $ l 70. : 7 fe e t $ l 80 ; _10 fe e t $ 'l 0 0 eacb , w ith gear for c u ttmg scre w s , $4D addl' tional.

I ro n Pla n j n g Mach ines , to work by hand $100.­Al,o Hand Lath e . , Drills. &'0.

The above �1 achine ry will be warranted. Letters must be post pai d . al l 8t

--_ .. _ --

FOREI GN PATENTS. P

ATE1\JTS procu red in GR ':AT B R I T A I N a n d her co· lo ni es also France , B e l g I U m , Holland , &c . &c. ,

with cer tainty find d i patch through s pecjal and responSolib , '.e a ge nts estab l ishe d , by, and co nnected only w i l h tbis �ltab li lhmeJJI. Pamphlets. c , ntai ni ng a i y r O Plill of fo ore lgn Patent Laws, and InformatIon can be had g rall s on application. . J ( )SEPH P. P I RISSON, CIVil EDgineor,

j14 t! 01l1oel ' Wall It. No" York .

A u �usta . . � la j n e . Oct. 2B . I �.t8 . 02.3 1 y Ga-:vtessrs Norcross &. Co. No. 00 Nassau st . New York ,'ltre Agents for the .. ale of my Shing le !\la­chines. -.-- .--TO -P �.uNl-;E-RS-:&-�---· --

QuARTERMAN'S I m proved A merlcRn A to.

IIllc Dri e r , a� apted to all kind s of Paints and Pui nters' colors. Suld w hole sale and retall, at 1 1 4 J o h n st New York.

m i g 3m' QUART ERMAN II< S O N .

Barlow & Payne, Patent Agent .• and COnSUl t i n g EngIneers.

89 Chancery La ne , London .

m 1 2 I f Pate n t Journal Office. - _. _--_._- --- ----- - -

Lap welded WrollghtIron Tubep FOR TUBULA.ft BOILERS.

from I I -2 to 8 inches diameter.

THESE are the onl y Tubes of the .ame q u ality and maUl facture as tl;tose 80 extensi vely used

ill Engki..nd , Sco�land , France and Ge rman y , for Locomotiv e , 1\h rIDe and other Steam .ft:ngine Boil· ers. 'l'H01VIAS PROSSER, Patente e ,

m l 2 8 Platt -.treet. N e w York .

TO I NVENTO RS . 1" H E Subscriber begs leave t o illform inve ntors

anJ othe rs that he man ufacture s working mod. e ls o f mach i nery &c . i n a neat w o rkmanlike manner. Patterns o f e very d e scriptIon mad e for (;astmgs._ Sc roll � aw i ng neatly executed. Mathematical and � auticaJ I nstru m e n t Cases of every d escription .

J O S I'. PH P E C K O V . R. 2�0 Wate r sl. N. Y. j30 3m' Between Beekman sl. and Peck Slip.

1 M A R DEN'S I M PROVE D B A L A N C E CUR� TAI N �' I X TURES.-Pate n t e d Oct . 1848.

F OR Solo wholesale , b y J. A. D . Worceste r , �o. 43 Main st., near the City Squ a re , and b y ihe

subsc riber. OEORGE H �I A R D E :,\f j 9 3m"" Charl e s own )1 a u .

PATENT AGENCY. SAMUEL C . H I L L S , No. 43 Fu lton stre . X . Y

Pate nt Agent a n d A gent lor t h e sa , ( I Patent Good s and Patent Rights-st i l l continu e : 1 ('8id and a�sist in ve nto rs in l)rOcu ring Pate n t s and selling Righ ts . C harges mod erate . ApplicatIon pe r m ail must be post paid. m 26 tf

H ! TT! NGER & COOK BLt.�!S:��f:;i�st�:��s��"k a�11J �����

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Tools constantl y on hand . Ice and Exprel8 "ragan. b u i lt to o rd e r . Also, Tru cks and Carta , all kinds of Rai l road Work., Mill Wo r k . �haf(jng, 8oc.

t: h " mber it, near the Square , Charlestown, Mall_

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FAY & G U L I C K ,

Duirnora an d Engrayers on Wood , So. 8 0 NasiaD ItrOOt. RoOIII No. lit. IIIli tt

© 1849 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

392

. --�. --' -:"'- ---':"-�-- --- --. .:. . - . � .

Hydrogen Gas.-N o. �. [n Oll\' last, it was stated t h at wa ter was a

com l'Oltl O d of h y drogen anrl oxyge n . To form water from t h ese two el e m e n t s i t is not su ffi ­r. i � n t to r a i se t b e /tases ; for t h e m ixed gases might be kept for any length 01 time wilhout any II n ion taking place b e t w e E' n them ; but i f t w o vol umes o r measure o f hydro/ten b e m i xed WIth one v ol u m e or measure o f oxy · /: e t. , and t h e n a l i g h t from a n y fl am i ng body

be a p p l i e!l t o the gases, &c., mixed, an ex­p l o s i o n i m med iately tal(es p l ace-the gase� co mbin e , and wate r 01' steam I S the result of t his comb i nat ion . T h e e x plosion i n thIS case i s very viol en t ; and great caut ion should b e observed i n performing th is e x peri m e n t. The g:i1ses s h o u l d be m i se.! only i ll s m al l q u a n t i t ies at a t i me , a n d t h e contain ing VI'S ' sel should be of suffici e n t strellgth to resist the fo rce of t h e e x p los ion .

P u r e watel· , when r e q u i red , is ob tained by o i, t i l la t ion from i m pure r i v e r or well w a ter. F,'r this p u rpose the wat er i s put i nto a l arge s ' i i l , anil m a i u t ained at a boi l ing heat ; t h e steam t h a t passes off first generally contains a smal l quant ity 01 am monia-t h i s is a l lowed to escape for a few m i n ute�-the steam is t h � n <" " used �o pass t hrou _ h a long l ength of

Scientific 3.medctl1t. Iron Moulding.

Continued from page 3M. MATER IALS USED.

The principal m a t e d , l s used in our moul d · i n l.( , al'e sand o f val" i " us k i nds, clay and char­coal o ll,;! ' S a n d i S R u p erior to all other substa n ·

ceR a s " material r<> r lor m i n g- moulds general ­l y . Hilt iron has no c h em i c al act ion u p on i t, al th ou�h it has u pon t h e coal d ust Sand is a fi n e med i u m to cond uct the a i r w h i ch is e x ­p elled f r o m t h e s p a c e i n t h e m ould fi l l e d with t h e m olten iro n , an d also for the other gases, gen erated by th e heated iron c o m i n g- i n c on ­tact wi t h t h e coal d ust. It also possesoes considerable adh esiveness w h e n p ressed to­gether to make i t reta in i ts form agai nst t h e pressure of the molten metal, and i t confor llls itself very accurately to thtl su rface of t h e p attern I mbedded i n i t . For long cores, t h e more free t h e sand i � , so m u ch t h e b e t ter, i f i t h as ad he�ivene�s . h u t as it want s t h i � , i t

applying the �ater to tbe mouldings ; and t h ere are bags to hold the blac k dust to be < h ak en o n the sand ; p i er("� '·. IlI Arle of t h ick i ro n w i r e , s h a r p e n e d a t one end to a po i n t ,

are u s e d for p i erci n g t h e s a m e to l e t out t h e air .

( To be con tinued. )

Galvllllzing Iro ...

If iron plates are well scoured , they can be

covered with z i nc , by deposit ing i t upon I h e m by m ean s of a gal vani" batt.ery. It is done u pon t h e p r i nc i ple of the electrotype. A solut ion of t h e chlorid e o f z i n c a n d b o o r a x is used, I n wh i c h to place t h e p l ates con­IIp.cted with t h e w i res "f t h e bat tery , w h e n t b e zinc w i i l be prec i p i tated o n a n d i n u n i o n w i t h t h e i r o n . A very w e a k curre l l t o f elec­t r ic i ty is used ; z i n c , d issol v e d i n l, yd rochlo·

ric acid and a m m o n i a , makes a n excel1� l I t so­lution for the p u rpose. The more s i m p l e

m ust be tem pered with clay , yeast, m olasses, way , howevc l', i s t he o ld plan :-Sc ou r t h e or meal made from g round p e a s . C l ay m i xed ptates well ano d i p t h�m i n to m o l t e n z i n c , w i t h s a n d is .u sed for �h a t i� t e l'med

.Io�m

I i n l o which is t h r o w n some sal a m m o n iac .

mouldmg. 1 hey are m i xed at t h e r ate 01 U l n e i T h e b e s t way to keel' the z i ll c i n t h e r i g h t parts of s a n d to one of c l a y , �roll n t.l togeth er i state, is to ha,'e thp zinc bath placed in a bath w i th a l i t tle wal er . "filia , w i i h a h a nd ful 01 ' of m ol ten lead . This latter p l a n has been aI­h ai r an d a l i t tle saw d ust added , fo : m s core : lowed to be m O l'e t ro u blesome i n one sense, loam . Loam mould i n g i� �xecu ted w i t�out ! and not i n a not her , V I Z , less trouble i n t h e t h e common p a t te r ns. T n ere are vano u s e va porization 01 t h e z inc . k i nds o f s a n d use for m o u l d i ng. Free arg i l i - I -cious sa n d , ground alon/t w i t h o n e twelfth ' Scientific M eetlng.

part of the best h i t u m i n ou s coal , makes a The American Assoc iation lor the advance -good sand for common purrose:. The use of me llt ot S .'ience, commenced its second a n n u · d ry sand core i s to allow t h e air t o esc a p e al meeting, a t H arvard H a l l , C am Lridge, freely from the i n side of the cast ing, and al so ( Mass . ) on Tuesd ay of last week. Froft ssor to have a core that WIll not crush with t h e He n ry w as elected President for the c u rrenl

would remind the lad lA8 that a capital tre.t f. lost by not read i n g " The Palaces and Pris­ons." Publ ished in P h i ladpl p h i a .

God e } ' s Lad � ' s Book for September,hl" het'n rt'("P i vpd t hrou j!h t h e pol i :t' n ess of H Long & Bro 43 A n n St. t h i a c i ty. It conta I D 8 1 3 or i/t i nal e n /travi ngs a n d 2 4 extra pages 01 fi n e Ip t ter pre"s. This n u m ber is su perb and n otwithstan d i n g t h e pUblish er haa been work­ing as h e says, with the thermometer at 99 •

d egrees and u p ward., he h a s real l y 8u("ceeded in produ("ing a h i /1 h l y c rt'd i ta bl", n u o,ber, and not i n feri(lr to any previous, t h i S is 8aymg coo­siderable, al though n o t h i n g hut truth. The m e zzot i n t of 'Contentm ent better than Wealth' i s fi n �lv done, 80 is also t h e " The vie'" on t h e H u dso i," a n d t h e colored pl a t e of " Pari, fa­sh I On s A m pric3 n i u d . " T h e n u m ber t h rough­out is varied a n d i n t e rest ing.

I t is w i t h pl !'asure we acknowl edl!8 f he re o ce ipt of t h e S e p t < No. of Sart a i n 's U n i ('n M ag�z i ne , " f L i terature a n d A r t , a n d i t i. tru­ly w h a t i t s t i l le i nd i c a tes . We are i r.dehted to M es.r�. Dewitt a n d Daven por t of t h e Tri­bu n e B u i l d i ngs i n t h i s c i ty , for the monthly rece i p t of t h is v.luablp. work. T h e presen t No. c o n t a i n R fOllr bea u t i ful e n�rav i ngs, besides a n u mb!'r of pl atps i l l ustrative o f t h e l a test fa­sh i o n s for A u t u m n , a n d we art> c o n fi d e n t t h at i t s p a g e s w i l l hf' fou n d h i�h ly i n t f'f e. t i n g and i ns truct ive, by i l S fa i r readers . T h e l ead ing p i c t u r e in th is N o . C h r i st wee p i ng ovel' Jeru· sal e m , is e x e c u t�d by M r. J . Sar ta i n w h o is not e x c elled probab ly by a n y one i n t h i s art . T h e sce n e represent ed is very im press i ve.

HE OF THE

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN m e l a i l i e p i pe s u rr o u n d e d w i t h cold water, wei!(ht of metal. } ear. TO INVJ£NTOR!!, M E CHAN IC!! AND

A KTIZ A N S. wil i c h conJ,' I I >ea i t ; It w i l l t h en be in a state Were the m elted iron allowed fo come in The first ,.aper read , was irom Professor "f p u r i ty s u ffi c i e n t fllr most pu rposes, but not free contact with sand of the mould , i t would Secc h i , of Georgetown, relative to the c a uses The Publishe .. oi the SC IEN TIFIC AMERICAN be aO"ol u t e l v p UI" e . Filterin� water does not enter its m i nutest i nterstices, and thus pro- of the Aurora Borealis. He propoll n�ed a i n relurning their thanks to the community for th e

rende l' it pure ; it m erely separates from the d u c e a rough s u rface. To avoid t h i s , ground th eory based u po n the powers of moist air as libe ral support and encou rage ment w hich haa beeD

W " l e r t h ose i r, soblhl" m atler" .fioating i :J i t- I .ch arcoal d ust (so ll) e say oak i , best ,) is d us . I a con J uctor of Electrici ty, and gav p much i n- e xtend ed to lhe m d u ring lh e past fou r y e an, would re'pectful l y give notice that lhe 1 st n u mber of Vol

t.h e water s t i l l re t a i ll i I . g ,,1 1 t h e m alter$ t h a t ! ted o v e r t h e surface of t h e mould and pre.sed terest i n g i n fo r m a t i o n on t h e suhject. u mn 5 , w iJI b e issued o n the 2M oi Se plember, .lror we re dis"" lved i n it b e fore b e i n g filtered. i and smoothed cl o w n . The w a y hy w h ic h it Dr. H a re, ot P h i la . , d i ffe red e n t i rely in op i - di ng a favo rab le o pporluni ly for all to subscribe , Wa', 'r d i s, o l v e s , 1I 0t only solid substances , b ll t I' p rotects the sand is hy i t s inflammabil i ty . If n i o n , a n d ment ioned ex I'eri m e n ts, inst i t uted who may w ish to avai l lhemsel ves of Ihe valuable 10. also mailers in a gaseous state ; 1 00 c u b i c l iquid iron is poured on a s m oot h surface of hy h i mself, w h ich proved t h e p osi t ion he tool, - for matio n alway s fo und in ils columns. The new YO­

inches of w a ter at 600 Fah , when the baro wood, it rolls about l ike mercury. Th is is Professor He nry also made some observations, lume will b e commencetl w i th ne w ty pe , printed on . ext" a fine paper, manulactured expressly for th ..

meter stands at 30 inches, w i ll absorb o f caused by the gases arising from t h e combus- in the course of which he said . publication, and embelished wi th a chaste and e le -Sul p h u rated Hy d roge !l 100 cu bic inches. t ion of t h e wood, raising the i ron off the s u r · I Th e S m i t hson i a n I ns t it u t e, i n conn nection ganl bord e r . It w ill b . published as he re tofore in Cariwll i c A c i d . 100 I fac e . The use of th e c o a l d u �t t h at i s !o(l"OU lltl , w i t h a n' � x ' � nded s) . t e m of m e t eorolo!!y qu.rt� fo rm , lhu s a aording, a t t h e e lld of t h e year, " i t!"{Jus Oxide Gas . 60

I alon� with lil: ��Ule. i.:; for the I'� rl'0se lOf tl whic : . i t ilili!..\I.JJ.llsrtakep .to_e.sJ.l>.lis!!�,�� ' a Il L� t: T ) FL' L B O O K o f O VE R 400 PA G E S , con-

Olefient Gas . 1 3 k eeping the metal from running into t h e sand sued d irections for observations o f the Aurora. talDhig< between 41 and fIOO ORIGINAL ENORA-

OX .IlI;en ,1 '.

pores , w h e n t h e m etal i, too powerful for . t h e Th e se d i r e c t i o n s are .im ilar to a set issued b_v V l :oI G S o f N E W I :-; V E N T t o N S , d e scri':ied by let· te rs of referenc e . t e side s a great amount of read-

C arb . . n ic Oxide . � " • , dus t i ng powd er. Ma ny moulders do n o t k n o w j t h e d i r�cto !"s of t h e observatory at Toron to ' ing matte r, val uab le to every man in the countr!" N l I l" I l g e n . I t t h e p h iloso p h ical u s e of the black dust . fur o b ,e r ve r s i n Cal lada . The observations An incl ea so d amo unt of care and expense will be

Hyd l"llge n . , � made i n t h e two couutl"ie " w i l l t hus form one b estow ed upon ,this Volume , to rend e r i t m ore fully

These gaseous substances are all e x p elled F JI I � extended sy stem. The prop rietors Of.

the sev- w hat it has been termed , " Th e best �I echanical _ Paper in the World ." I ts columns, as usual, will be

by b o i l i n g t h e water ; h u t the solid substan - ./, '") eral telegrap h liues have offe red to grant us filled with the mo st reliab l e and correct information ceo d i ssolved in the water are gradually pre- t h e use of their wi res for meteol'ological p u r - in regard to the progress of S C I E N TIFIC and )I.E-c i p l tated or de posited, as the water is evapo- ,/ �'? ,.oses, a n d i t is lH'ped w h e n the l i n es are com- CHAN IGAL Improvem."t" CHEMISTRY, AJt. rat ed- because t h e water can unlv d issolve a � ple ted , a n d we have established a set of ob - C H I TEC TU R E , Il O "L\:-.i Y, �l A N U FAC TURES.

cer t a i n qua n t i ty 01 each solid substance con- G y< servers exte n d i ng, fur example, from Toron to RA I L R O A D Inlelli g e n c e , and l h e WEEKLY L IST O F PATENTS, prepared expr�ssly for thi. JourDaI

tained i n i t ; w h e n , there fore, a portion of the 7 to Was h i n g t o n , or even farther sou t h , we shall at the Paten! Ollice , W ashington.

water has b e e n e vaporated, the porti o n of so- be able to study the phenom e non of the Au- A. an evid ence of the estimation h\ which this l id maller, prev iously held i n solut ion by t h e rora w i t h m o r e prec i s i o n than i t h as ever b e e n publication is held b y the Scie nt ific and M echt.nl·

por t ion eva porated, cannot be taken up or dis . studied. O n a long l ine extending 1I0rth and cal portio n of the community , it is only only nece.·

�ol ved by the water remai ning in the ve"'sel sou t h , t h e observer for example , a t Toronto, ssry to state , that ih circulat ion has increased with· in the last three years to u pwards of 1 0,000 copies,

t h at is already saturated ; it therefore remains I h aYi n g noticed an Au ror a m ay call the atten- alread y e xceeding the u nited circulation o f all the as a solid de,.osit, w h i c h is gen erally 'denomi- iL7 t ion to i t of all the observeJS along t h e line Mechanical and Scientific publicati ons in this cOUD' nated fur. Someti mes th is deposition of so- � and �hus t h e extent of the visibili ty, and t h e tr�h:'

i��::�:��:E�:�

a�::d ��:��::�:::��fi

cw:�

ed:

l id m . t t e r i s observed to take place before s imU ltaneous appearance of any pecul i ar Th 'n e v 'ng l'eprese t b ' l rican can always be relied Up�1I aa being cOrl ect :

sc a rcely a n y of t h e water has eva porated , i n - e accom pany I g ngra I n s " h ase o f t h e meteor, w a v e readl y deter- aDd we shall, as u l U al, aim to elevate the intel estl deed before the water boi l s ; th is i s particular - d i fferen t kind. of tools used by moulders for m i ned. of our industrious mechan ics , and also to assist ly f h e caije with wa ter con t a i O l n � c�l'bonate their work ; No. 1 is (he trowell-it is much - -.-- . . -*---- - - .--- ---- - them in their labors, by so und advice and praeti-

of l i m e , and dep"nds u p o n t h e fac t , t h at car- used , and is made of d ifferent sizes, Irom Sbrlnklllg or Flannel. cal instrucuon.

ho n ate 01 l i me (chalk ) i s n ot soluble i n w a. less t h a n half an i nch to two i nches broad. Enclose new flannel in a bag ; put it iuto a T I,;RMS : -Two dollar- a y e ar i n .d vonee ; or, and thret' inches l o n g . I t is used to smooth boiler with cold water, heat and boil it . It ,f desired , one dollar in advance , aDd the remain ·

t e r , b u t is soluble in carb on ic ac id , whi le i n solut i o n i n wate r ; w h e n t h e cHbonic acid i s expelled h y heat, t h e carbonate falls a s a n i n ­"ol uol� p w d e r , a , t here is nc longer present any .ubsta l lc e t hat has the power o f dissolv · i n g i t T o re n d � I' i h ese d e l' o � i t s sol u ble i n a smal l q u a n t i ty \.f wate l' is an o bj e c t of great i m portance t o engi lleel's, and h as been the 8ubj e d of �everal paten ts.

the surlace of the sand , to press down and will never sh rink a n y more after this opera- der in I , ,, m o nlhs. -

All Leiter. mu.t be Po st Paid and directe d to polish the 'blackening and repair i f'j ured parts t i o n , and should then be m ade up into gar- lIl U N N " C O . , of the mould i ng, &c. No. 2 is anot her trowel m e nts.-Ex. Publi.be .. of the ScIentific American, fl)l' enteri ng angles of lhe moulding. No. 3 [It will shrink though J uiil take and rub HS Fu lto n s t r . e t , N e w York. is used for h ollow i m pressions in < the sand. it, or pou nd it among some strong soap suds N. l!.-Patent • • e c u r e d and m ech anical d rawiDgl No. 4 i s the cleaner for smoothing sunk surfa. ' 11 fi d

e x e cuted on the most reasonable terms at the Sci' ces in the sand belo w the reach of the t rowel

and you wI __ n_�_ut_._______ entific American office.

-the lower end goes to the bottom, t o take u p loose sand , and alao to smooth down the

LiT.IilRAR� NOTICE S . INDUCEMENTS F O R C L UB B I !'<G.

Sl iver Fire. surfac� ; the u pper eml smooth R th e sides. To say we are glad to welcome u pon our fab l e Peterson's National Magaz i n e , wo uld be but a rei teration of what we have said on se­veral previous occasions. We never look in vam for good read ing i n this Magazine, and we seldom l ay it by u ntil we come to that port ion w h ich i s devoted to the larli es' d ress ­i n g arrangements. We avoid t h is port ion from our pecul iar attachment to Bac helorsh i p . W e (I are say , h owevpr, . h at Peterson u n der­stands t h e i r wants in thig respect, and w i t h t h e u n i ted aid of M rs. Stepht'ns, t h e accom· plished Ed itress, we dare not presume to q uestion their value to the ladies. The en­gravings are good, the matter equally '0. We

Any person who will send u s four lubscribe .. for six monlhl, at our regular rates, shall be entilled to one copy for the same length o f time ; or w.

will furnish-Pl ace d !.lece of burn i ng c har�oal, a mol'- No. :) is the first rammer. It is about four feet

,et or d ried c h IT, ! " ls of n itra te of silver , ( not and a half long. 1"0< 6 is the second rammer t h e l unar caust ic ,) and i t will immed iately for' tinishing the work commenced by t h e

throw o u t I h e m o s t beallti ful snarks t h a t c an first. I t bas a rou n d face, and is about three be ima '� i ll ed , while the surface of the ch ar- and a half i nches in d iamete r . No. 7 is a

coal W i l l he�oated with �i lver: pair 01 p i n cers, for grasping and s h iit i ng t h e

There WIl l be a total ecli pse of t h e S U II o n the 1 7th prox . , a n d an ecli pse of t. h !> moon on tbe 2nd Se pt. , both vi.ible in the United States.

cast ings. Shovels al'e used for working t h e sand, alld serve for s ift i n g i t . Th�re are also bellows used to blow loose sand off mould · ings ; pots for bolding the p acking sand , and the water used in the mouldini ; swabs for

10 copie s for 6 month. $8 10 I� $16 1� 12 $�2 20 ' ) 2 f�

Southern and Western MODey taken a t pa r lor lub· scr iptio n a . Or Po.t O fllce Stamp. takeD at t beir full val u e .

N. B -Subscribe,. will bear in mind that we elD.. ptoy no A gent. to tra 'el on our account ; a list of our local agents will be found in another colomB­all of whom are duly authorized to act a. IIICh, and Done olbe>:.

© 1849 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC