Evolution of Evolution of scientific scientific medicine medicine

Prof. Vajira WeerasingheProf. Vajira WeerasingheProfessor of PhysiologyProfessor of Physiology

Department of PhysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine Faculty of Medicine

University of Peradeniya University of Peradeniya

Chinese medicine Chinese medicine Known to have started in 2650 BCKnown to have started in 2650 BC

Classical Classical Chinese belief that the life and  belief that the life and activity of individual human beings have an activity of individual human beings have an intimate relationship with the environment at intimate relationship with the environment at all levels all levels

Include such treatments as Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, and both Tui na and Shiatsu massage

Scientific proof was lacking Scientific proof was lacking

2650 BC

Egyptian medicine Egyptian medicine Recoded history says Egyptians were the first to practice

medicine

This medicine was highly advanced for the time, and included simple, non-invasive surgery, setting of bones and an extensive set of pharmacopoeia

Egyptians knew anatomy, knew the connection between pulse and heart

Later descended down due to foreign invasions

1800 BC

600 BC: Ancient Indian 600 BC: Ancient Indian Surgeon Surgeon SusrutaSusruta

Susruta Samhita is a great Ayurvedic surgical treatise written by Susruta, a surgeon in Varanasi about 600 BC. Because of the language difficulty, it has been practically inaccessible to the modern world so far.

600 BC

Ancient Medicine in Ceylon Ancient Medicine in Ceylon 400 BC

King Pandukabhaya (437-366 BC) in the King Pandukabhaya (437-366 BC) in the fourth century constructed an Ayurvedic fourth century constructed an Ayurvedic hospital - the first recorded hospital in the hospital - the first recorded hospital in the worldworld

The history of medical care began early in The history of medical care began early in ceylon ceylon

Later King Buddhadasa (337-365 AD) Later King Buddhadasa (337-365 AD) himself a physician of great repute, himself a physician of great repute, appointed a physician to be in charge of appointed a physician to be in charge of every ten villagesevery ten villages

Birth of western Birth of western medicinemedicine

Allopathic medicine Allopathic medicine allopathic medicine refers to "the broad allopathic medicine refers to "the broad

category of medical practice that is category of medical practice that is sometimes called western medicine, sometimes called western medicine, biomedicine, scientific medicine, or modern biomedicine, scientific medicine, or modern medicine"medicine"

HippocratesHippocrates460 BC – 370 BC

Considered to be the “Father of Medicine”

A greek physician and teacher of medicine

The first physician to reject superstitions, legends and beliefs that credited supernatural or divine forces with causing illness

Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline and rigorous practice

He recommend that the physicians always be well-kempt (dressed), honest, calm, understanding, and serious

Hippocratic oath was named after him

AvicennaAvicenna Persian (Iranian) physician and philosopher He wrote the “Canon of Medicine” He describe

contagious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases

the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of infectious diseases

the introduction of experimental medicine

clinical trials

neuropsychiatry

risk factor analysis

and the idea of a syndrome in the diagnosis of specific diseases and hypothesized the existence of microrganisms

980 - 1037

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci The world famous Italian painter was an anatomist as well

He became a master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features

He has done many experiments in neuroscience

1489

Andreas VesaliusAndreas VesaliusHe was an anatomist and a physician born in Brussels

He is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy

He made a trademark illustration of the brain in which he depicts the corpus callosum, the thalamus and many other important structures for the first time

1543

Vesalius dissecting human Vesalius dissecting human body (1500)body (1500)

In the mid-1500s, Andreas Vesalius and then others did their own dissections and found out that frequently the authorities were mistaken. This was one of the revolutions in the history of medicine.

1500

Barber-surgeonsBarber-surgeons

In the old days in UK there were no surgeonsIn the old days in UK there were no surgeons Barbers did removing a nail and other surgeries Barbers did removing a nail and other surgeries Later they splitLater they split

Even to date in UK, surgeons are called Mr. whereas Even to date in UK, surgeons are called Mr. whereas physicians are called Dr. physicians are called Dr.

1540

William HarveyWilliam Harvey Was an English Physician Was an English Physician

Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in AnimalsHeart and of the Blood in Animals

His famous book was called “De Motu His famous book was called “De Motu Cordis”Cordis”

He added the critical experimental finding that blood is "pumped" around the body by the heart

1628

Antonie van LeeuwenhoekAntonie van Leeuwenhoek Dutch tradesman and scientistDutch tradesman and scientist

Considered to be the first Considered to be the first microbiologist

He is best known for his work on the He is best known for his work on the improvement of the improvement of the microscope

Using his handcrafted microscope he Using his handcrafted microscope he was the first to observe and describe was the first to observe and describe single celled organismssingle celled organisms

1700

Pasteur, Lister & KochPasteur, Lister & Koch 18571857

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur (French chemist & (French chemist & microbiologist) identifies germs as cause of microbiologist) identifies germs as cause of diseasedisease

18671867Joseph ListerJoseph Lister (British surgeon) develops (British surgeon) develops

the use of antiseptic surgical methods and the use of antiseptic surgical methods and publishes “Antiseptic principle of the practice publishes “Antiseptic principle of the practice of surgery”of surgery”

18701870Robert KochRobert Koch (German Physician) and (German Physician) and

Louis Pasteur establish the germ theory of Louis Pasteur establish the germ theory of diseasedisease

Claude Bernard Claude Bernard French physiologist French physiologist

He was the first to define the term: He was the first to define the term: “milieu interieur” (the internal “milieu interieur” (the internal environment) and describe the principle environment) and describe the principle of homeostasis of homeostasis

He was one of the first to suggest the He was one of the first to suggest the use of blind experiments to ensure the use of blind experiments to ensure the objectivity of scientific observationsobjectivity of scientific observations

1865

Santiago Ramón y Cajal A Spanish neuroscientist A Spanish neuroscientist

He pioneered investigations of the He pioneered investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain and microscopic structure of the brain and described the “neurone”described the “neurone”

He shared the Nobel Prize for He shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Camillo Physiology or Medicine with Camillo Golgi in 1906 Golgi in 1906 for their contribution to the structure of for their contribution to the structure of the nervous systemthe nervous system

1894

Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov Russian  physiologist, , psychologist, ,

and physicianand physician He was awarded the Nobel Prize in He was awarded the Nobel Prize in

Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive research pertaining to the digestive systemsystem

He described “the conditioned reflex” He described “the conditioned reflex” using dogs salivation using dogs salivation

1897

Wilhelm RoentgenWilhelm Roentgen German physicist German physicist

Discovered XRayDiscovered XRay

He received the first Nobel Prize in He received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 Physics in 1901

1901

E.H. Starling E.H. Starling – British Physiologist – British Physiologist

He described the famous "Frank-Starling law He described the famous "Frank-Starling law of the heart“of the heart“

The discovery of peristalsis, with BaylissThe discovery of peristalsis, with Bayliss

The discovery of secretin, the first hormone, The discovery of secretin, the first hormone, with Bayliss (1902) and the introduction of the with Bayliss (1902) and the introduction of the concept of hormones (1905)concept of hormones (1905)

The discovery that the distal convoluted The discovery that the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney reabsorbs water and tubule of the kidney reabsorbs water and various electrolytesvarious electrolytes

1915

First human heart First human heart transplant transplant

1967

The world's first human heart The world's first human heart transplant was performed by transplant was performed by Christiaan Barnard on December Christiaan Barnard on December 3, 1967 in Cape Town South Africa3, 1967 in Cape Town South Africa

First CT Scan First CT Scan 1971

Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield (English electrical engineer) and (English electrical engineer) and Allan McLeod Cormack (South African Physicist)

Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for this Physiology or Medicine for this invention invention

MRI Scan MRI Scan 1974-2001

Peter Mansfield (british physicist) and Peter Mansfield (british physicist) and Paul Lauterbur (US chemist) Paul Lauterbur (US chemist)

Awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning magnetic discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)resonance imaging (MRI)

First Test-tube BabyFirst Test-tube Baby Every year, millions of couples try to Every year, millions of couples try to

conceive a child; unfortunately, many find conceive a child; unfortunately, many find that they cannotthat they cannot

On July 25, 1978, Louise Joy Brown, the On July 25, 1978, Louise Joy Brown, the world's first successful "test-tube" baby world's first successful "test-tube" baby was born in Great Britainwas born in Great Britain

Dr. Patrick Steptoe, a gynecologist at Dr. Patrick Steptoe, a gynecologist at Oldham General Hospital, and Dr. Robert Oldham General Hospital, and Dr. Robert Edwards, a physiologist at Cambridge Edwards, a physiologist at Cambridge University, UK performed this procedure University, UK performed this procedure

1978

DNA FingerprintingDNA Fingerprinting Genetic, genomic, or DNA fingerprinting is the Genetic, genomic, or DNA fingerprinting is the

term applied to a range of techniques that are term applied to a range of techniques that are used to show similarities and dissimilarities used to show similarities and dissimilarities between the DNA present in different individualsbetween the DNA present in different individuals

Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester developed DNA fingerprinting in the mid 1980sdeveloped DNA fingerprinting in the mid 1980s

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is similar to a The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is similar to a fingerprint, in that it is unique to each personfingerprint, in that it is unique to each person

DNA fingerprinting is used for identifying people, DNA fingerprinting is used for identifying people, studying populations, and forensic investigationsstudying populations, and forensic investigations

1980s

Use of DNA Fingerprinting in Use of DNA Fingerprinting in Sri Lanka during Tsunami Sri Lanka during Tsunami

periodperiod - Baby 81 - Baby 81The baby, around 2 months old, was reportedly found on The baby, around 2 months old, was reportedly found on

the beach of the town of Kalmunai on the day of the the beach of the town of Kalmunai on the day of the disaster, 26 December 2004, in the midst of debris disaster, 26 December 2004, in the midst of debris caused by the tsunamicaused by the tsunami

No relatives were found in the vicinity, so he was taken to No relatives were found in the vicinity, so he was taken to Kalmunai hospitalKalmunai hospital

He was said to be the 81st victim taken to that hospital He was said to be the 81st victim taken to that hospital after the tsumani hit Sri Lanka, and so named Baby 81after the tsumani hit Sri Lanka, and so named Baby 81

Eight couples had claimed baby 81 was theirs. The question Eight couples had claimed baby 81 was theirs. The question ended up with a judgeended up with a judge

The judge had DNA for identification. Testing by molecular The judge had DNA for identification. Testing by molecular biologists soon found the real parentsbiologists soon found the real parents

2004

Dolly – the first cloned the Dolly – the first cloned the sheep sheep

1996

The first vaccine against The first vaccine against cancer cancer

2010

In April 2010, USA approved the first cancer In April 2010, USA approved the first cancer treatment vaccinetreatment vaccine

This vaccine is approved for use in some men with This vaccine is approved for use in some men with metastatic prostate cancermetastatic prostate cancer

It is designed to stimulate an immune response It is designed to stimulate an immune response to to prostatic acid phosphataseprostatic acid phosphatase(PAP), an antigen (PAP), an antigen present on most prostate cancerspresent on most prostate cancers

No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single

experiment can prove me wrong. Albert

Einstein 1879 - 1955