scientific journal writing and writing for grants
DESCRIPTION
A guide to scientific writing for journals and grants.TRANSCRIPT
Scientific Journal Writing Scientific Journal Writing Writing for GrantsWriting for Grants
Gordon CookeGordon Cooke
Writing the PaperWriting the Paper
• Questions Journals Ask
• Is the research question important?
• Is it interesting to our readers?
• Is it valid?
• Planning the Study
• Identifying a problem
• Formulating the hypothesis
• Think about the design of the study
Writing the Paper: Writing the Paper: What Editors Look ForWhat Editors Look For
• Short Clear Precise Title
• Good Abstract
• Good Design and Methods
• Clear Conclusions
• Brevity/Concise
• You’ve followed their instructions
Writing the Paper: Writing the Paper:
What Reviewers Look ForWhat Reviewers Look For • Good Design and Methods
• Simple Tables and Figures
• Logical Organisation
• Brevity
• Balance
• Appropriate Statistics
• Their Papers
Writing the PaperWriting the Paper
TitleAbstract
IntroductionMethodsResults
DiscussionReferences
Figures and TablesCovering Letter
Post Review
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
1. Title
• Short and simple
• Begin with a key word
• Avoid Abbreviations
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
2. Abstract
• Make it interesting
• Structure it•Background
•Methods
•Results
•Conclusions
• Keep it short (<250 Words)
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
3. Introduction
• Inverted Pyramid•General to Specific
• Summarise previous research
• Be Balanced
• Don’t over reference
• Don’t Criticise
• State the Hypothesis
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
4. Methods
• Allows readers to judge the quality of the work
• Identifies weaknesses
•Allows repetition of the study
•State the study design
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
5. Results
• Be enthusiastic
• Start with positive findings
• Be logical
• Provide numbers and variability
• Don’t duplicate text, figures and tables
• Keep focused
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
6. Discussion
• Reverse of Introduction
• Put the results in perspective
• How far do the results fulfill the
objective?
• Limitations
• How do the results relate to other works?
• Implications
• Be careful in criticism
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
6. Discussion (Contd)
• Be modest
• Be balanced (Objective)
• Be concise
• End with a strong statement
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
7. References
• Appropriate format
• Don’t over self cite
• Chose recent references
• Avoid conference abstracts
• Only 1 or 2 references per point
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
8. Figures and Tables
• Professionally produced
• Clearly labelled axes, lines etc…
• Informative legend
• Appropriate plots
• Don’t over clutter
• Align for ease of reading
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
9. Covering Letter
• Use the editors name
• State the importance of the question
• State the importance of the findings
• Why have you chosen this journal?
• Can suggest impartial reviewers
Writing the Paper Writing the Paper
10. Post review
• Take criticism well
• Take the advice of reviewers
• Scientists are naturally critical!!
• Remember main goal is to get published
Grant Applications Grant Applications
• Ideas
• Novelty
• Importance
• Sound Basis
• Right People
• Right Environment
Grant Applications Grant Applications
• Funders
• Government
• Charities
• Industry
• Considerations
• Eligibility
• Mission of Organisation
• Special Initiatives
Grant Applications Grant Applications
• Planning
• Deadlines
• Preparation Time
• Process Time
Grant Applications Grant Applications
• Applying
• Instructions
• Questions
• Ethics and Licences
Grant Applications Grant Applications
• Components of an Application
•Summary (Write Last)
•Aims
•Background
•Experimental Plan
•Appendix
•Justification
Grant Applications Grant Applications
• Make a Good CASE
•Concise
•Accurate
•Specific
•Easy to Follow
• Know Your Audience
Grant Applications Grant Applications
• Referees’ Comments
“…it involves techniques with which the
applicant appears to have no prior experience
and for which no preliminary data are proposed”
“…one weakness in the proposal is that there is
no alternative plan should the proposed
approach not yield information relevant to the
hypothesis proposed”
Grant Applications Grant Applications
“…the work described in this application is over
ambitious, it could not be achieved in the
lifetime of the principle investigator”
“…I had only one problem with this application, I
had no idea what they were trying to do…”
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
• Sentence Structure
• Length and Complexity
• Easy to Digest
• Too Many Items
• Manageable Units
• No Long Sequences of Short Statements
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
• Style
• Do not create long strings of adjectives in
front of nouns
• BAD…causing problems for rigid gas permeable contact lens users
• BETTER…causing problems for rigid gas-permeable contact-lens
users
• BEST…causing problems for users of rigid, gas-permeable contact
lenses
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Grandiose Vocabulary
•Use ‘Plain’ English wherever possible
•Unnecessary Weight
•A)…utilise the new equipment to…
•B)…use the new equipment to…
•A)…until session termination…
•B)…until the session ends…
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Interruption from unfamiliar words
•A)…other deleterious side-effects…
•B)…other harmful effects…
•A)…this format can be used in lieu of…
•B)…this format can be used instead of…
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Reduced Precision
•A)…the result was concordant with the previous
test…
•B)…the results was the same as the previous
test…
•A) In contrast, Compound X abrogated the
leukocyte accumulation…
•B) In contrast, Compound X eliminated the
leukocyte accumulation…
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Unnecessary Use
•A)…the ideal fungicide…must combine high
fungitoxicity with low mammalian toxicity and
phytotoxicity, and with the absence of tainting or
other deleterious side-effects when the fruit is
processed…
•B)…the ideal fungicide…must kill fungus
effectively, but must be harmless to animals and
plants, and must cause no tainting or other harmful
side-effects when the fruit is processed…
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Ambiguous Use
•A)…A exceeds B by a factor of x 10…
•B)…A is 10 times greater than B…
•Inaccurate Use
•A)…of similar age were randomised into two
groups according to weight and age…
•B)…were separated into two groups according to
weight and age…
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Fashionable Words
•A)…there are three parameters to be taken into
account…
•The writer meant ‘Variables’
•B)…enter the parameters obtained…
•The writer meant ‘Values’
•C)…record the parameters of temperature…
•The writer meant ‘Limits’ or ‘Boundaries’
•Parameter can mean a ‘Constant’ or a
‘Variable’!
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•What does inhibit mean?
•Suppression
•Decrease
•Block
•Stop/Reduce
•What does cohort mean?
•Random sample?
•Similar Sample?
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Roundabout Phrasing
•A)…samples have been subjected to examination
by…
•B)…samples have been examined by…
•A)…reported that the batches experienced a
colour change during storage…
•B)…reported that the batches changed colour
during storage…
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Excessive Nominalisation
•A)…use of nasal drops produces significant
shrinkage of nasal polyps…
•B)…use of nasal drops shrinks nasal polyps
significantly…
•A)…a reduction in the time required may be
effected…
•B)…the time required can be reduced…
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Active and Passive Verbs
•A) Drug X reduced the inflammation in the lungs
significantly. (ACTIVE)
•B) The inflammation in the lungs was reduced
significantly by drug X. (PASSIVE)
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•First person V. Impersonal
•A)…the suggestion is made that…WHO?
•B)…we suggest…
•A)…attempts have been made to prepare…WHO?
•B)…I have tried to prepare…
•A)…it is thought that…
•B)…we think that…
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Punctuation
•A) Take no action as the camera operates
automatically…
•B) Take no action, as the camera operates
automatically…
•A) Insert the new disk into the disk drive with the
notch at the bottom and the label on the left.
•B) Insert the new disk into the disk drive, with the
notch at the bottom and the label on the left.
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Punctuation
•A) Frequently adjusted totals need to be
scrutinised…
•B) Frequently, adjusted totals need to be
scrutinised…
•A) However many modules are required to test the
same number of ABC’s, so it will be necessary…
•B) However, many modules are required to test
the same number of ABC’s, so it will be necessary…
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Punctuation
•A) The species of fish supported by the reef are
varied and abundant food supplies are available
to…
•B) The species of fish supported by the reef are
varied, and abundant food supplies are available
to…
•A)…will be assessed using three symptoms:
fatigue, pain and nausea and vomiting.
•B)…will be assessed using three symptoms:
fatigue, pain, and nausea and vomiting.
Successful WritingSuccessful Writing
•Punctuation
•A)…overuse of pesticides has led to air and water
pollution…
•B)…overuse of pesticides has led to pollution of air
and of water…
•A)…bacteria carrying dust particles…
•B)…bacteria-carrying dust particles…