scientific investigations science fusion – holt mcdougal sciencesaurus – great source education...
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Scientific Investigations
Science Fusion – Holt McDougalSciencesaurus – Great Source Education Group
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Testable (scientifically testable) ––A term used to describe a question that can be answered through an experiment or observation.
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An organized scientific study of the natural world that may include making systematic observations, asking questions, gathering information, analyzing data, summarizing results, drawing conclusions, and/or communicating results.
Investigation
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A scientific test or procedure that is carried out under controlled conditions to answer a scientific question.
Experiment
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Controlled variable—A factor or condition in a scientific experiment that is purposefully kept the same.
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•There are experiments that can be done in the field, but fewer conditions can be controlled.
•Sometimes discoveries can be made without conducting experiments.
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Observation––Information about the natural world gathered through the senses and/or scientific instruments.
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Inference- logical explanation of an observation that is drawn from prior knowledge
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Hypothesis––A statement that can be tested scientifically through experiments and/or other scientific investigations.
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•A hypothesis can be tested through an experiment or investigation.
•Variable—An event, condition, or factor that can be changed or controlled in order to study or test a hypothesis in a scientific experiment.
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Test variable (independent variable)—The variable manipulated by the experimenter in order to study changes in the outcome variable.
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•The hypothesis will identify the test variable.
•A simple experiment should have one test variable; all other variables should remain constant so that they do not affect the results.
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•The hypothesis is tested by measuring the outcome variable.
•Outcome variable (dependent variable)—A factor, usually being measured or observed, that responds to, or depends on, another factor (test variable).
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Control group—A group in a scientific experiment that serves as a reference for comparison to the experimental group; a group that is untreated by the factor being tested.
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•Data is gathered through observation or experimentation.
•Everything that occurs needs to be recorded as well as the set up and procedures of an experiment.
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•Data is analyzed to determine the relationship between the test and outcome variables.
•Then conclusions can be drawn and a determination made whether the data supports the hypothesis.
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Scientific Study• Defining a problem• Forming a hypothesis and making a
prediction• Planning an investigation• Identifying variables• Collecting and organizing data• Interpreting data and analyzing
information• Drawing and defending conclusions.
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•Data/Results should be verified through repetition and replication.
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Repetition versus Replication•Repetition—Making multiple sets of measurements or observations in a scientific investigation.
•Repetition is when an activity is repeated by the same person(s).
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Repetition versus Replication•Replication—The reproduction of a scientific investigation by another person to ensure accuracy.
•Replication is when an activity is reproduced (or copied) by a different person(s).
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Scientists and researchers verify results through repetition and replication to ensure accuracy and reliability.
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• Inference- a logical explanation of an observation that is drawn from prior knowledge (knowledge you already have) or experience
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• In the SI system, the prefixes identify the size of the unit
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• Mean- Average of the data• Median- number that is in the middle
of a set of data• Mode- the number that appears most
often in a set of data• Range- the difference between the
largest and smallest numbers in a data set
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Validity and Reliability Neither Valid nor Reliable
Reliable but not Valid
Valid & Reliable
Fairly Valid but not very Reliable
Think in terms of ‘the purpose of tests’ and the ‘consistency’ with which the purpose is fulfilled/met