scientific conference on the marxist-leninist theoretical thinking of the party of labour of albania...

7/30/2019 Scientific Conference on the Marxist-Leninist Theoretical Thinking of the Party of Labour of Albania and Comrade Enver Hoxha

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_O@ GIV@E@O OBIEGZGIOGBI

VNG CDZ^@_V-AGI@I@_VVNGBZ GV@O A VN@IM@IL BE VNGXDZVP BE ADJBWZ BE DAJDI@D

DIF OBCZDFG GIUGZRNB^ND

Botb jgr ?-6 40>?

Vng > Igitbr` 9 Xuja`sn`il Nbusg


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VG BE CDZ^@_V-AGI@I@_V _VWF@G_IVZDA OBCC@ aVGG BE VNG XDZVPBE ADJBWZ BE DAJDI@D

ng prgs`f` uc be tng biegrgiog


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GV

Bi tng gvg be tng ?.Vn`s Obiegrgiog, wnòn wds di `cpbrtditgvgit ì tng so`gitèò, `fgbablòda dif pba`tòdaaèg be bur obuitry, wds dttgifgf jy agdfìl odfrgs be tng Xdrty dif _tdtg, wbrmgrs be tng`fgbablòda erbit, stufgits be sbo`da so`giogs,frgs be tng drcy, wbrmgrs be prbfuot`bi, ouaturg, drt, dif btngrs.Xrgsgit wgrg dasb tng _gorgtdry be tng Ogi-.trd Obcc`ttgg be tng Xdrty dif Xrgs`fgit be tngXrgs`fùc be tng Xgbpag's Dssgcjay be tng X_ZD,Obcrdfg Zdc`z Da`d, tng Cgcjgr be tng Xba`tòdaJurgdu be tng Ogitrda Obcc`ttgg dif Ond`rcdibe tng Obuioà be Cì`stgrs, Obcrdfg Dfà 1=dr~ d i ` Obcrdfgs Ndkrgfì 1=ga`mu, Ngmurdi @sd`,Agimd Ou`mb, Cdiusn Cyetù, Cunb Dsaadi`, Xda`C`smd, Z`td Cda amb, _`cbi _tgedi`, Jgsi`m Jgmtgsn`, Ebtb Odc`, Aadcj` Lglprèt`, Xrbmbp Currd4 0D ?


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T`rkdmb C`nda`, tng _gorgtdry be tng Ogitrda Obc-c`ttgg be Xdrty , Obcrdfg Udilkga OgrrdvdObcrdfg Igxnc`kg Nbxnd dif btngr obcrdfgs.Obcrdfg Zdc`z Da`d fga`vgrgf tng spggonbpgiìl tng prboggfìls be tn g Obiegrgiog.Vb tng Obiegrgiog wgrg sujc`ttgf 0 rgpbrtswnòn fgdat w`tn tng vdaudjag obitr`jut`bi betng XAD dif Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd tb tng lrgdttngbrgtòda trgdsury be Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc tb tngorgdt`vg fgvgabpcgit dif `cpagcgitdt`bi be `tstgdonìls ì odrryìl but tng rgvbaut`bi dif juàfìl sbo`da`sc ì Dajdi`d.Vn`s pujaòdt`bi ìoaufgs tng bpgiìl difoabsìl spggongs fga`vgrgf jy Obcrdfg ZdcazDa`d dif tng 0 rgpbrts.

Obcrdfg Zbcà Da`d cgcjgr be tng 'ba`tòdaJurgdu dif _gorgtdry 8 tng OgitrdaObcc`ttgg be tng XAD nbafìl tngbpgiìl spggon dt tng Obiegrgiog


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OBCZ FG Z C@[ DWD _ _XG N

Obcrdfgs,Vng _o`gitèò Obiegrgiog bi tng stufy betng tngbrgtòda tnìmìl be bur Xdrty be Adjburdif Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd jglìs `ts wbrm tbfdy.t `s dawdys lbbf tb tnìm be dif rgeagot bitng n`stbry be tng rgvbaut`bidry strullags wdlgfuifgr tng agdfgrsn`p be tng 'Xdrty, be tng cdli`-eògit 'jdttags ebr tng obistruot`bi be sbo`da`scdif tng fgegiog b tng Nbcgadif s ds tb sggerbc wngrg wg ndvg stdrtgf dif wngrg wg ndvgdrr`vgf. Vn`s ngaps us suc up tng gxpgr`giogldìgf, frdw usgeua agssbis ebr bur gvgryfdywbrm dif ndvg d oagdrgr `fgd be a a r pgrspgo-

t`vg. \g tdmg agl`t`cdtg pr`fg ì bur igw ìfustrybur edotbr`gs dif obcjìgs, bur trdisebrcgfe`gafs, bur sonbbas dif nbsp`tdas, daa tng cdtgr`dadif sp`r`tuda wgdatn sbo`da`sc nds jrbulnt us.Jut wg drg ibt agss kustè`gf tb tdmg pr`fg ì tngw`sfbc, mibwagflg dif cdtur`ty be bur Xdrtybe Adjbur w`tn Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd dt tngngdf, wnòn cdppgf but dif agf tng rgda`zdt`bi7


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be tngsg trdisebrcdt`bis, wnòn ebuif tng cbstdpprbpr`dtg rbdfs ebr tng sbaut`bi be tng n`stbròda prbjagcs tndt edogf bur obuitry. \g wbuafibt ng gxdllgrdtìl tb sdy tndt tng gxpgr`giog bebur pgbpag s rgvbaut`bi dif sbo`da`st obistruot`bi,tng Cdrx`st-Agiì`st tnìmìl be tng Xdrty difObcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd rgprgsgit bur lrgdtgstdssgt ì tng sgisg tndt tng`r obrrgot dif obis`s-tgit dss`càdt`bi dif `cpagcgitdt`bi ludrditggwndt wg ndvg don`gvgf up tb tn`s fdy dif gisurgbur ibi-stbp cdron ebrwdrf tbwdrfs obccui`sc.Bur Obiegrgiog nbafs `ts prboggfìls bi tnggvg be tng


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`Xba`tòda, gobibcò dif sbo`da, `fgbablòda difouaturda trdisebrcdt`bis wngi ebr tng e`rst t`cgDajdi`d nds jgobcg c`strgss be `ts bwi obuitrydif gcgrlgf bi tng ìtgridt`bida drgid w`tn dibutstdifìl idcg dif `ts bwi vbòg. Ds d rgvbaut`bidry dif d agdfgr, Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd stdifsdt tng ng`lnt be tn`s gpbon dif, tblgtngr w`tn tngidcg be tng Xdrty nds l`vgi `t `ts bwi idcg tbb.Vng wbrm be Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd `s tngwbrm be d truay Cdrx`st-Agiì`st agdfgr wnb ibtbiay wbrmgf but tng aìg dif cdppgf but daatng cdkbr trdisebrcdt`bis ì tng aèg be tngobuitry jut nds dasb, dt tng ngdf be tng Xdrtyagf tng cdssgs ì daa tng rgvbaut`bidry prbogssgs.Vngrg `s ib e`gaf be dot`v`ty be bur Xdrty difsbo`da`st stdtg ì wnòn ~ tngbrgtòda tnìmìldif prdotòda obitr`jut`bi ndvg ibt aget tng`r`cprìt tngrg drg ib cdkbr gvgits ì wnòn ngnds ibt jggi prgsgit. Vn`s `s prbvgf jy tngn`stbry be tng Xdrty tng strullag be bur pgbpagebr tng a`jgrdt`bi be tng Nbcgadif, tng`r gvgryfdy wbrm ebr tng obistruot`bi be sbo`da`sc.Vng orgdt`bi be tng Obccui`st Xdrty beDajdi`d, wnbsg ebuifgr `s Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd,rgprgsgits ibt biay big be tng lrgdtgst gvgitsì tng dio`git n`stbry be bur pgbpag, jut dasbbig be tng w`sgst dif cbst pba`tòda oburdlgbusdots ì tng`r n`stbry. Vng Xdrty wds ebuifgf dtd vgry fèeòuat cbcgit dt tng t`cg wngi Dajdi`d wds uifgr ebrg`li booupdt`bi, dif tng wnbagwbraf wds dt wdr. Vng pgbpag wgrg sggmìl tnga`lnt wnòn wbuaf àaucìdtg tng rbdf but be tngfdrmigss wditgf d agdfgrsn`p tndt wbuaf agdftngc but be tng sadvgry.Nbwgvgr, ì tng Dajdi`di pba`tòda sogig betndt t`cg suon ebrogs ds Jdaa` Mbcjgtdr Aglda`tgt` dif btngrs c`lnt gcgrlg, ds tngy f`f, tndt>

prgtgifgf tb rgprgsgit tng wàa be tng pgbpag difoad`cgf tb padog tngcsgavgs dt tng`r ngdf. Ngiog,tngrg gx`stgf tng lrgdt fdilgr tndt fèegrgitrgdot`bidry ebrogs c`lnt fgog`vg tng pgbpag difagdf tng`r strullag ìtb d jaìf daagy w`tn odtdstrbpnò obisgqugiogs ebr tng`r edtg dif tndt betng Dajdi`di idt`bi. Vng spgo`da cgr`t be tngDajdi`di obccui`sts, w`tn Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnddt tng ngdf, `s tndt prgo`sgay ì tn`s s`tudt`bidif ì tngsg obif`t`bis tngy ndf tng oburdlg tbdssucg di n`stbrò rgspbis`jà`ty, tb orgdtg tng`rXdrty tng pba`tòda stdee tndt wbuaf agdf tngstrullag be tng Dajdi`di pgbpag dldìst edso`sc.Vng pgbpag ebaabwgf tng obccui`sts ibtbiay jgodusg be tng`r jrdvgry sgae-fgi`da difsgae-sdorèòg. Wifbujtgfay tn`s ndf `ts `cpbrtdiog, ìfggf d fgo`s`vg `cpbrtdiog. Jut tngyebaabwgf tngc ì tng e`rst padog, jgodusg be tngprblrdc tngy ldvg tng pgbpag, be tng prbspgotstngy bpgigf 'jgebrg tngc be tng rbdf be nbiburbi wnòn tngy ndf sgt but.Bur Xdrty wds sgt up ds d pdrty be tngAgiì`st typg jut `t obuaf ibt edà tb jgdr tngstdcp be tng t`cg dif tng obif`t`bis ì wnòn`t wds jbri. t ndf tb e`lnt dif tb brldi`zg `tsgaedt tng sdcg t`cg, dif tb brldi`zg tng pgbpag ebrtng strullag. Dif tn`s wds ib gdsy tdsm.Vng fgeì`t`bi be d obrrgot aìg, be d obrrgotstrdtgly dif tdotò ebr odrryìl tng idt`bida a`jgrdt`bi cbvgcgit tnrbuln tb vòtbry, wds ib gdsytdsm, g`tngr. @i tng t`cg be tng idz` booupdt`bibe Gurbpg tngrg wgrg cdiy baf obccui`st pdrt`gssuon ds tnbsg be Lrggog, @tday, Erdiog gto. wnònebulnt br wgrg jbuif tb e`lnt ebr tng a`jgrdt`bibe tng`r obuitr`gs dif ebr tng stdtg pbwgr tndtwbuaf jg gstdja`sngf detgr tng wdr. Vngv wgrgpdrt`gs be baf trdf`t`bis sgot`bis be tng Obcì


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tgri, jut dpdrt erbc btngr odusgs, dasb jgodusgbe tng`r aìg dif stdif, wgrg uidjag tb odrrytng`r strullag tnrbuln tb vòtbry.Vng Obccui`st Xdrty be Dajdi`d, w`tnObcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd dt tng ngdf, migw tb aìmtng wdr ebr idt`bida a`jgrdt`bi erbc tng edso`stbooup`grs w`tn tng strullag ebr tng gstdja`sncgitbe tng pgbpag's pbwgr dif sbo`da`sc. Vn`s wds digw gxpgr`giog, jut `t wds jy ib cgdis d spbitdigbus rgsuat. Vn`s strdtgly be tng rgvbaut`biwds tnbulnt but, prblrdccgf dif `cpagcgitgfjy bur Xdrty i d euaay obiso`bus cdiigr. @itng \brms be Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd wg oagdraysgg nbw tn`s strdtgly, wnòn wds tbtdaay igwì tng rgvbaut`bidry prdotòg be tng prbagtdr`dt,wds wbrmgf but dif `cpagcgitgf, nbw `t wdsfgdat w`tn erbc tng tngbrgtòda s t i f ~ p b ` i t difwndt obiorgtg ebrcs `t dssucgf ì prdotòg.Vng strdtgly be tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \drwds gcjbf`gf ì tng orgdt`bi be tng pdrt`sdidrcy, tng drcgf wìl be tng cbvgcgit, dif betng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi Erbit, `ts pba`tòda wìl.Vng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi Drcy, wnbsg ebuifgr difLgigrda Obccdifgr wds Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd,dif tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi Erbit, wnòn ngobiog`vgf, brldi`zgf dif strgiltngigf, jgodcgtng cdì wgdpbis ebr tng vòtbry bvgr tng gigc`gs. Vng pba`tòda , `fgbablòda dif brldi`zdt`bidaprìo`pags bi wnòn tngy wgrg sgt up, tng wnbaggxpgr`giog wnòn rgsuatgf erbc tng`r ngrbòstrullag `s ibt biay d sburog be rgvbaut`bidryìsp`rdt`bi ebr us , jut dasb d trgdsury be ìgst`cdjag vdaug ebr tng strullag bur Xdrty difpgbpag drg wdlìl ebr tng obistruot`bi be sbo`da`sc dif tn g fgegiog be tng Nbcgadif tbfdy.Erbc `ts e`rst rgsbaut`bi tng Xdrty pbìtgfbut tndt tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \dr be tng48

Dajdi`di pgbpag wds d obcpbigit pdrt be tnglrgdt dit`-edso`st wbraf erbit. Nbwgvgr, tng Xdrtyobis`stgitay prgsgrvgf tng ìfgpgifgiog dif`fgit`ty be tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \dr be burpgbpag dif rgsbautgay jabomgf daa dttgcpts, jbtnbi tng pdrt be tng Dilab-Dcgròdi daa`gs diftng ig`lnjburìl obuitr`gs, ds wds tng odsg w`tnPulbsadv`d, dt ìtgregrgiog ì tng ìtgrida deed`rsbe bur strullag dif sujkgotìl `t tb btngr d`cs.@i tngsg fèeòuat dif fgaòdtg s`tudt`bis,tngsg stdifs ndf v`tda `cpbrtdiog. Diy grrbrobuaf 'jg edtda tb tng butobcg be tng rgvbaut`bidif tng euturg be tng obuitry. \ndt wbuaf ndvgndppgigf, ebr ìstdiog, è wg doogptgf tng uat`cdtuc be tng daa`gs wnb fgcdifgf tndt tng 4stF`v`s`bi be tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi Drcy snbuafibt orbss tb tng Ibrtn tb dttdom dif rbut tngebrogs be rgdot`bi, 4 è wg doogptgf tng a i f ` i ~ bedaa`gf ebrogs ì Dajdi`d: br tng obcprbc`sg dtCumkg2? Bjv`busay tng obisgqugiogs wbuaf ndvg

4 Givgr Nbxnd, Vng Dilab Dcgròdi Vnrgdt tb Da-jdi`d (CG cb`rs), tng > Igitbr` .. Xuja`snìl Nbusg, V`rdid 40>: pp. :5, ;il. gf.

: @j`fgc, pp. ??6-?7:,? Vng trgdongrbus dlrggcgit s`ligf bi Dulust 4-:,

406? jgtwggi tng odp`tuadt`bi`st gagcgits wnb rgprgsgitgf tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi Lgigrda Obuioà dif tngon`ges be tng rgdot`bidry brldi`zdt`bi be Jdaa` Mbcjgtdr.Vn`s dlrggcgit wnòn wds ì f`rgot bppB_`t`bi tb tngìtgrgsts be tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \dr dif tng Dajdi`di pgbpag dif wbuaf ndvg pdvgf tng wdy ebr pba`tòdapbwgr tb pdss ìtb tng ndifs be tng rgdot`bidry jburlgb`s`g aìmgf w`tn tng ebrg`li booup`grs, wds `ccgf`dtgay rgkgotgf jy tng Ogitrda Obcc`ttgg be tng Obccui`st Xdrty be Dajdi`d.

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jggi agtnda; tng edàurg be tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi\dr, di Dajdi`di Udrm`zd, tng pdrt`t`biìl beDajdi`d. Jut tn`s f`f ibt boour jgodusg tng Xdrtydif Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd fgegifgf tng ìtgrgstsbe tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \dr dif tng Nbcgadif, jgodusg tngy `cpagcgitgf Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc i d orgdt`vg cdiigr.Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd nds tng lrgdt n`stbròcgr`t be tng orgdt`bi dif strgiltngiìl be tngpgbpag s pbwgr, w nòn dasb cdrms tng orbwiìl bebur rgvbaut`bi dif tng jdsò obif`t`bi ebr tng obistruot`bi be sbo`da`sc. Vng rbdf be tng orgdt`bibe tn`s stdtg pbwgr nds jggi ds obis`stgit w`tntng Agiì`st tgdonìls ds ` t nds jggi br`lìda.Bur pgbpag s pbwgr `s tng beesprìl be d rgvbaut`bidry wdr wnòn agf, dt tng sdcg t`cg, tb tnggxpuas`bi be tng ebrg`li booup`grs dif tng bvgrtnrbw be tng baf rgl`cg, ngiog `t nds d prbebuifpbpuadr , fgcbordtò dif oadss obitgit. Ngrgì a`gs`ts lrgdt dif uiobiqugrdjag strgiltn, tng sburogbe tng ìsp`rdt`bi ebr tng obrrgot fgvgabpcgit bebur stdtg be tng fòtdtbrsn`p be tng prbagtdr`dt.

\ngi tng wdr gifgf, Dajdi`d wds d wdr-rdvdlgf dif vgry pbbr obuitry w`tnbut ìfustry,w`tnbut odp`tda, w`tnbut tgoniòda odfrgs dif spgo`da`sts. Vngrg wds tng gitnus`dsc be tng wdr, dlrgdt cbtbr-pbwgr, jut ìsueeò`git tb juàf tngigw aèg. Pbu odiibt juàf sbo`da`sc w`tn gitnus`dsc dabig, Agiì tdulnt us. t wds ib gdsytnìl tb fgtgrcìg erbc wngrg tb jglì, kust dst wds ibt gdsy tb sìlag but pr`br`t`gs ì tngobif`t`bis wg cgit`bigf djbvg. Ibt biay ndf wgtb fb dwdy w`tn tng agetbvgrs be egufda rgadt`bisdif, be tng gobibcò fgpgifgiog be tng obuitrybi ebrg`li odp`tda dif `cpgr`da`sc, jut wg dasbndf tb cdmg rdfòda trdisebrcdt`bis be tng wnbagsbo`da struoturg, tb a`qu`fdtg tng gobibcò jdsg be:

odp`tda`sc, tb juàf tng jdsgs be sbo`da`sc tnrbulntng gstdja`sncgit be tng stdtg be pgbpag s fgcbordoy, ds d ebrc be tng fòtdtbrsn`p be tng prbagtdr`dt. Ogrtdìay, tngrg wds tng _bv`gt gx.pgr`gigg, jut `ts cgondiòda `cpagcgitdt`bi wbuaf ndvgcgdit obcpagtg ruì.Vng prblrdc tng Xdrty cdppgf but ebr tngobistruot`bi be sbo`da`sc wds d orgdt`vg `cpagcgitdt`bi be tng tgdonìls be Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc.Abbmìl jdom erbc d f`stdiog be ebrty ygdrs, wgsgg tbfdy tng lrgdt orgdt`vg strgiltn be tng sbaut`bis tndt wgrg dfbptgf dt tndt t`cg. Ds i tngt`cg be tng wdr, tng Xdrty f`spadygf `ts djà`ty,i di git`rgay igw e`gaf. Vng w`sfbc, tng Cdrx`st-Agiì`st mibwagflg, tng rgvbaut`bidry fgtgrcìdt`bi, dif tng brldi`zdt`bida strgiltn be burXdrty dif Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd f`spadygf tngc

sgavgs ngrg w`tn igw ebrog.Vng br`gitdt`bis tngy `ssugf ebr tng gobibcò fgvgaqpcgit be tng obuitry, wnòn ady dttng ebuifdt`bis be tng prblrdc be tng Xdrty ebrtng ìfustr`da`zdt`bi be tng obuitry dif tng obaagot`v`zdt`bi be dlròuaturg, dif ebr tng fgvgabpcgit be gfuodt`bi dif ouaturg, ndf fgo`s`vg `cpbrtdiog ebr tng edtg be tng obistruot`bi besbo`da`sc ì Dajdi`d. Wifgrayìl tng ebuifdt`bisbe tng pbaòy be tng Xdrty wds tng lrgdt prìo`pag be sgae-rga`diog wnòn jgodcg tng jdiigrbe tng fgvgabpcgit be bur gobibcy, be tng fg;egiog be bur obuitry dif be `ts ìtgridt`bida rg adt`bis.Vng fgegiog dif strgiltngiìl be tng stdtgpbwgr, tng odrryìl but be fgcbordtò rgebrcs,dif, ì lgigrda, tng obistr-uot`bi be sbo`da`sc ìd scdaa dif jdomwdrf obuitry gio`roagf jy gigc`gs, wgrg ngdvy jurfgis wnòn obuaf ibt jgsnbuafgrgf è tng prìo`pags be Cdrx`sc-Agiì4?


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`sc wgrg ibt r`lbrbusay dppa`gf dif `cpagcgitgfibt biay ì obcpa`diog w`tn bur obif`t`bis jutdasb ì d sp`r`t be a`vìl pba`tòda dif `fgbablòdaorgdt`vgigss.Vng Xdrty w`tn Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd dttng ngdf suooggfgf ì odrryìl but tng obabssda

tdsms be tndt stdlg jgodusg `t obrrgotay dssgssgftng rdt`b be oadss ebrogs dif daa`diogs dif ob-rrgotay dif obis`stgitay odrr`gf but tng oadssstrullag ì tng igw obif`t`bis . @i rgldrf tb tngerbits tb wnòn `t gxtgifgf tb tng prbjagcs `tìvbavgf dif tng fèeòuat`gs `t rgprgsgitgf tn`sstrullag wds ibt agss fèeòuat dif agss e`grogtndi tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \dr. @t fgcdifgfoburdlg dif rgsbavg mibwagflg dif cdtur`ty.@ts jrbdf prbebuif dif rgda`stò uifgrstdifìl be tng oadss strullag agf tng Xdrty tb tngobrrgot obiogpt tndt tn`s strullag snbuaf jg obis`segitay fgvgabpgf dasb detgr tng f`sdppgdrdiogbe tng gxpab`tìl oadssgs dldìst tng surv`vdasbe tng pdst dif tng igw gigc`gs gcgrlìl ì tn`spgr`bf ds d rgsuat be tng gxtgrida prgssurg diftng fglgigrdt`bi be vdr`bus gagcgits.

Vngsg obrrgot Cdrx`st-Agiì`st obiogpts bitng oadss strullag dif tng`r rgsbautg `cpagcgitdt`bi ì prdotòg ndvg ngapgf bur Xdrty difpgbpag tb uiOBvgr dif suoogsseuaay scdsn tng`rfèegrgit gigc`gs erbc MbO=` ^bxg tb Cgncgt_ngnu dif n`s ldil. @i tng strullag dldìst daatng ìtgrida gigc`gs sp`gs dif tbbas be ebrg`ligrstng n`ln rgvbaut`bidry v`làdiog be tng Xdrty w`tn Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd dt tng ngdf tngstgga ui`ty be tng Xdrty dif `ts oabsg aìms w`titng pgbpag tng`r fgtgrcìdt`bi tb fgegif tngerggfbc dif ìfgpgifgiog be tng Nbcgadif tngvòtbr`gs be sbo`da`sc ì diy s`tudt`bi d if dldìstdiy gigcy ndvg gcgrlgf w`tn spgo`da ebrog.46

Jgodusg be tng ondilgs tndt tbbm padog ìtng ìtgridt`bida drgid `ccgf`dtgay detgr tng gifbe tng wdr tng Xdrty ndf tb fgeìg wnb wgrgtng gxtgrida er`gifs dif gigc`gs. Vb ngs`tdtg brtdrry ib cdttgr nbw a`ttag ì tdmìl bur stdifsbr stgps ì tnbsg gxtrgcgay obcpaòdtgf s`tudt`biswbuaf ndvg put tng erggfbc dif ìfgpgifgiog betng Nbcgadif tng sbo`da`st euturg be tng obuitryi lrgdt kgbpdrfy. D cgr`t be tng Xdrty dif beObcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd ì pdrtòuadr `s tndt tngymigw nbw tb didaysg tng gx`stìl s`tudt`bi ì dprbebuifay so`gitèò cdiigr tb f`stìlu`sn tngigw `cpgr`da`st strdtgly f`rgotgf dldìst sbo`da-s`c dif tng pgbpags tb uiobvgr tng Pulbsadvjgtrdyda wnòn rgprgsgitgf d f`rgot tnrgdt tb DA-jdi`d. dif tb ebrcuadtg tnbsg prìo`pags dif euifdcgitda br`gitdt`bis wnòn ndvg gisurgf tng

suoogss be bur gxtgrida pbaòy.@i tngsg ebur fgodfgs be bur ergg aèg Dajdi`d nds lbig tnrbuln sgvgrda rgvbaut`bis wnònwg odaa rgvbaut`bidry trdisebrcdt`bis suon dstnbsg ì tng e`gaf be tng gobibcy ouaturg `fgbab-ly gto. Vng ondilgs tndt ndvg jggi cdfg drg sblrgdt tndt ib obcpdr`sbi ib cdttgr nbw suoogss-eua odi rgifgr tng wnbag fgptn be tng prbogssgstndt ndvg tdmgi padog.Erbc d vgry jdomwdrf obuitry d obuitryw`tnbut di ìfustry dif di uttgray pr`c`t`vg dlròuaturg Dajdi`d nds jggi trdisebrcgf ìtb didfvdiogf obuitry w`tn d cdiy-jrdiongf ìfustry dif cbfgri dlròuaturg w`tn d stdjag difìfgpgifgit gobibcy wnòn fgvgabps dt n`lnrdtgs dif w`tn d obistditay ìorgdsìl stdifdrfbe a`vìl be `ts jrbdf wbrmìl cdssgs.Biog d obuitry be cdss àa`tgrdoy Dajdi`dnds ibw jgobcg tng obuitry be gfuodt`bi difou@ turg ebr tng cdssgs wngrg sbuif sbo`da`st drt

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eabur`sngs dif jrbdf dvgiugs ndvg jggi bpgigftb so`giog. Ibwngrg jut ì Dajdi`d nds cdijggi erggf tb suon di gxtgit erbc tng sndomagsbe `librdiog dif pbvgrty ì wnòn tng onurondif tng mìls, tng egufda abrfs dif tng jburlgb`s mgpt n`c ì brfgr tb bpprgss dif gxpab`tn`c cbrg tnbrbulnay.Vng odibis tndt gisadvgf. wbcdi wgrg bvgrtnrbwi tng sndomags be rga`l`bi dif baf oustbcswgrg tnrbwi dwdy. Vng Cdrx`st-Agiì`st wbrafbutabfm pgigtrdtgf fggp ìtb tng cìfs difngdrts be pgbpag. D4jdi`d jgodcg tng e`rst dtng`stobuitry ì tng n`stbry be cdimìf.Xrdotòg `s tng or`tgr`bi be trutn. Xrgsgit-fdyDajdi`d, ds d stdtg be tng fòtdtbrsn`p be tngprbagtdr`dt ds d sbo`da`st sbo`gty, tgstè`gs tb tngobrrgotigss, geegot`vgigss dif lrgdt trdisebrcìlstrgiltn be Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc be tng aìg be burXdrty be tng tgdonìls be Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd.be `ts agdfgrsn4p. Vng igw gxpgr`giog tndt br`lìda obitr`jut`bi tngy ndvg cdfg tb tng trgdsurybe Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc a`gs w`tnì tn`s v`s`jag diftdil`4jag rgda`ty.\ngi wg dee`rc tng rgsuats dif vòtbr`gs burobuitry nds don`gvgf uifgr tng agdfgrsn`p be tngXdrty w`tn Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd dt tng ngdf,wg obcpdrg bur obuitry ibt biay w`tn `ts pdstjut dasb w`tn btngr obuitr`gs ig`lnjburìl br

f`stdit suon ds Pulbsadv`d, Lrggog, Vurmgy Xbadif dif btngrs wn`fn gcgrlgf erbc tng wdrì obif`t`bis cbrg br agss s`càdr tb burs, a-tnbuln tngy f`f ibt ìngr`t bur ogitur`gs-abiljdomwdrfigss dif drg j`llgr obuitr`gs, w`tn pbss`jà`t`gs dif rgsburogs lrgdtgr tndi tnbsg be Dajdi`d. \g dee`rc tngsg rgsuats dasb ndvìl tngourrgit s`tudt`bi ì cìf. Dif wndt fb wg sgg2_bo`da`st Dajdi`d `s d obuitry fgvgabpìl dt stdjag45

rdtgs, di ìfgpgifgit obuitry cdronìl w`tn surgstgps tbwdrfs igw nbr`zbis, mibwìl ib stdlidt`bi br or`s`s, ib uigcpabycgit br ìeadt`bi, ibgisadvìl fgjts br r`sìl obsts be a`vìl, br btngrpngibcgid wnòn drg snd^ìl tbfdy tn: odp`tda`st dif rgv`s`bi`st wbraf tb `ts ebuifdt`bi. Diftn`s dt d t`cg wngi suon obuitr`gs ds V`tb`tgPulbsadv`d dif rgv`s`bi`st Xbadif, wnòn ndv 3jgtrdygf tng tgdonìls be Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc eìftngcsgavgs ì d fggp or`s`s, edogf w`tn ìsurcbuitdjag fèeòuat`gs dif bi tng jrìm be obcpagtgjdimruptoy. Vng prgsgit or`s`s rgeutgf cdiycytns bvgrtnrgw cdiy tngbr`gs, put daa sP atgcstb tn: tgst. Nbwgvgr, sbo`da`st Dajdi`d `s tngbiay obuitry wnòn fge`gs `t. Vn`s `s di gxpg; `-giog wnòn `s vdaudjag ibt biay tb us.Vng ebrg`li pbaòy be bur Xdrty dif sttatg,'jdsgf e`rcay bi tng prìo`pags be Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc dif prbagtdr`di ìtgridt`bida`sc `s dasb dobcpbigit pdrt be tng pbaòy be tng obistruot`bibe sbo`da`sc. Kust ds `t nds fgeìgf tng `fgbablòda,pba`tòda, gobibcò dif btngr prìo`pags ebr tn gsbo`da`st obistruot`bi be tng obuitry tng Xdrtynds dasb wbrmgf but `ts prìo`pags dif fbotrìg ìtng spngrg be ebrg`li pbaòy, wnòn `s d pbaòy beobcpagtg ìfgpgifgiog dif euaa idt`bida sbvgrg`lity. @i tn`s e`gaf, tbb, bur Xdrty nds cdfg `tsobitr`jut`bi tb tng giròncgit be tng Cdrx`stAgiì`st so`giog._bo`da`st Dajdi`d nds jgobcg mibwi dif wbitng dfc`rdt`bi be wbraf prblrgss`vg bpì`bi ebr`ts oburdlgbus strullag dif ìfbc`tdjag stdifdldìst `cpgr`da`sc dif, ì pdrtòuadr dldìsttng twb supgrpbwgrs - tng Wi`tgf _tdtgs beDcgròd dif tng _bv`gt Wi`bi. t nds wbi tngabvg dif suppbrt be tng pgbpags dif prblrgss`vg: 0D 44 pdrt`gs be Ibvgcjgr4>

4058,4 1.=Vng Mnrusnongv`tgs, Vng V`tb`tgs, Gurbobrruiui`sc @s Dit`-obccui`sc, @cpgr`da`scdif tng Zgvbaut`bi, Zgeagot`bis bi Onìd , n`srgpbrts tb tng obilrgssgs be tng Xdrty, n`s drtòagsdif cdiy btngr fboucgits drg cbiucgitdawbrms ròn ì `fgds, drlucgits, kuflgcgits difrgdsbiìls be lrgdt vdaug dif `cpbrtdiog ebr tngrgvbaut`bidry strdtgly be tng prbagtdr`dt ì tngprgsgit obif`t`bis, ebr tng fgegiog be Cdrx`scAgiì`sc, sbo`da`sc dif prbagtdr`di ìtgridt`bida`sc.

Vng tngbrgtòda tnìmìl be bur Xdrty d afObcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd ndvg f`spadygf tng`r pdrtòuadr strgiltn, gspgO`daay detgr tng gxpbsurg beMnrusnongv`tg rgv`s`bi`sc. Frdwìl tng igogssdry agssbis erbc tng igldt`vg gxpgr`giog be tnggvgits ì tng _bv`gt Wi`bi, wnòn agf tb tngfglgigrdt`bi be sbo`da`sc tngrg, tng cdì prbjagcs be tng uiìtgrruptgf fgvgabpcgit be tngsbo`da`st rgvbaut`bi, ds tng euifdcgitda obif`t`bitb prgsgrvg `ts ldìs ìtdot dif tb odrry tngceurtngr ebrwdrf, wgrg wbrmgf but furìl tng 58 s.Vng tngsgs bi tng rgvbaut`bi`zdt`bi be tng Xdrtydif tng wnbag aèg be tng obuitry, bi tng strullagdldìst agetbvgrs erbc tng pdst dif da`gi ìeaugiogs, bi tng rgvbaut`bi`zdt`bi be tng sonbba, gto.wgrg dasb wbrmgf but ì tn`s t`cg,Be pdrtòuadr tcpbrtdiog drg, gspgo`daay, tngstdifs be tng Xdrty dif tng tgdonìls be Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd ì rgldrf tb prbagtdr`di ìtgridt`bida`sc, tng ed`tneua `cpagcgitdt`bi be `ts prìo`pags, giuio`dtgf jy Cdrx dif Gilgas, ì tng

4 _gg Givgr Nbxnd, _gagotgf \brms vba. ? Vng >Igitbr` Xuja`snìl Nbusg, V`rdid 40>8, pp 0?-45?,Gil. gf.


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obiorgtg obif`t`bis be bur t`cg. Erbc tngsg sdcgpbs`t`bis bur Xdrty nds dasb fgdat w`tn tng prbjagcs obiigotgf w`tn tng idt`bida qugst`bi. t ndsobrrgotay rgsbavgf tng prbjagc be tng Lrggm cìbr`ty ì Dajdi`d dif oagdray fgeìgf `ts stdiftbwdrfs Mbsbvd dif tng Dajdi`dis ì Pulbsadv`d.Bur Xdrty ,nds dasb fgeìgf `ts stdif tbwdrfs tngCdrx`st-Agiì`st cbvgcgit dif `ts ui`ty tngrgadt`bis 'jgtwggi s`stgr pdrt`gs tng stdif tbwdrfstng rgvbaut`bidry dif a`jgrdt`bi cbvgcgits betng prbagtda dis dif ,pgbpags, ds wgaa ds tbwdrfsdaa tng prblrgss`vg dif fgcbordtò ebrogs ì tngwbraf, prboggfìl erbc tng pbs`t`bis be lgiuìgprbagtdr`di ìtgridt`bida`sc._ggi ds d wnbag, tng gxpgr`giog dif gxdcpag be Dajdi`d ds d sbo`da`st obuitry w`tn obc-pagtg gobibcò, pba`tòda, `fgbablòda dif cà`tdryìfgpgifgiog obist`tutg di br`lìda obitr`jut`bitb tng tngbry dif prdotòg be so`gitèò sbo`da`sc.Vn`s gxdcpag snbws tndt d scdaa obuitry odi suoogsseuaay juàf sbo`da`sc dif obpg w`tn tng `cpgr`da`st-rgv`s`bi`st gio`roagcgit, wngi `t rga`gs bi`ts bwi ebrogs. Bur Dajdi`d `s v`v`f prbbe betng uiobiqugrdjag strgiltn be Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc,be tng obrrgot aìg be tng Xdrty be Adjbur beDajdi`d dif tng aèg-l`vìl ebrog be tng tgdonìlsbe `ts ebuifgr dif agdfgr, Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd.

Obcrdfgs,\ngi wg spgdm be tng tngbrgtòda tnìmìlbe bur Xdrty wg fb ibt cgdi di djstrdot fbotrìg,br d obaagot`bi be pnàbsbpnòda fblcds. \`tn tn`swg cgdi tng obitfjut`bi `t nds cdfg tb tng`cpagcgitdt`bi be Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc ì burobuitry dif tng br`lìda sbaut`bis `t nds l`vgi

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bc tngsg sdcgw`tn tng prbj-]ugst`bi. t ndstng Lrggm c`-; igf `ts stdifì Pulbsadv`d.4f tbwdrfs tng`ts ui`ty tng, stdif tbwdrfscbvgcgits be'gaa ds tbwdrfsebrogs ì tnga a_ be lgiuìg

aog dif gxdritry w`tn obc dif cà`tdryda obitr`jut` biatèò sbo`da`sc.,uit';'y odi suo-w`tn tng `cpg-gi `t rga`gs biv`v`f prbbe bex`sc-Agiì`sc ,

be Adjbur bee tng tgdonìlsGivgr Nbxnd.

'gtòda tnìmìl,strdot fbotrìgcds. \`tn tn`s= cdfg tb tngi`sc ì burs `t nds l`vging ndaa ì wnòn tng biegrgiog ngaf `ts prboggfìls


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i tng sp`r`t be `ts tgdonìls tb fèegrgit prbjagcs be tng rgvbaut`bi dif tng obistruot`bi besbo`da`sc. \g sgg tn`s tnìmìl gcjbf`gf difcdtgr`da`zgf ì s g i t f d y Dajdi`d, ì `ts sbo`dasystgc ì tng `fgbably be `ts pgbpag ì tng pbaòybe `ts stdtg dif djbvg daa, ì tng lgigrda aìgbe tn g Xdrty. Jy tn gbrgtòda tn`mìl be burXdrty wg cgdi tnbsg lgigrda`zdt`bis, obioau-s`bis, f`rgot`vgs dif br`gitdt`bis fgr`vgf erbctng rgvbaut`bidry @Xrdotòg be bur pgbpag dif tngwbraf ~ r b a g t d r ` d t wnòn sgrvg tng strullag difwbrm be bur wbrmìl cdssgs tb sdegludrf tng vòtbr`gs don`gvgf dif tb odrry tng obistruot`bi besbo`da`sc ebrwdrf.Vng tngbrgtòda tnìmìl be tng Xdrty difObcrdfg Givgr Nbx nd rgprgsgits d vgry jrbdfe`gaf wnòn obcpr`sgs daa tng prbjagcs be tng rgvbaut`bi dif sbo`da`st obistruot`bi, bur ìtgrida~ r b j a g c s dif tng ì tgridt`bida bigs. Vn`s Obiegrgiog wàa fgda biay w`tn sbcg be `ts lgigrdadspgots. Vng ebrcuadt`bi dif didays`..,9 be tn`stnìmìl odaas ebr jrbdf dif daa-rbuif stuf`gswnòn obi st `tutg tng euifdcgitda tdsms be bursbo`da so`giogs ebr tng prgsgit dif tng euturg.@i fgoadrìl bp gi tng _o`gitèò Obiegrgiogbi tng stufy be tn g tngbrgtòda tnìmìl be burXdrty dif Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd daabw cg tbgxprgss cy obie`fgiog tndt `ts prboggfìls wàajg d obcpagtg suoogss.

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Xrbe. EBVB TDC@

VNG ZGUBAWV@BI DIF _BO@DA@_VOBI_VZWOV@BI @I DAJDI@D - DA@U@IL G^DCXAG BE VNG U@VDA@VPDIF OZGDV@UG @CXAGCGIVDV@BIB VNG CDZ^@_V-AGI@I@_V VNGBZP

Ebr cbrg tndi ebur fgodfgs bur pgbpag ndvgjggi a`vìl dif dotìl uifgr tng agdfgrsn`p be tngXdr ty be obccui`sts , àaucìdtgf jy tng rgvbaut`bidry tngbry be Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc. Vn`s, ds tngpgbpag tngcsgavgs ndvg odaagf `t , `s tng gpbon betng Xdrty tng cbst jràa`dit gpbon ì daa tn g`rdio`git dif igw n`stbry . \`tn tng`r strullag difuifgr tng agdfgrsn`p be tng Xdrty , tn g pgbpag erggftn gcsgavgs erbc tng edso`st gisadvgcgi t tbbm, pba`tòda pbwgr ì tng `r ndifs dif cdfg tngcsgavgs tngcdstg rs b;e tn g`r bwi obuitry dif fgstì`gs. \`tntng Xdrty ì tng agdf tn gy bvgrodcg tng ogitur`gs-baf jdomwdrfigss dif sgt ut bi tng rbdf beibi-stbp dif daa-rbuif fgvgabpcgit dif prblrgss.Wifgr tng agdfgrsn`p be tng Xdrty Dajdi`d ndsjgobcg d lgiuìg sbo`da`st s tdt g, obcpagtgay ergg,ìfgpgifgit dif sbvgrg`li.

Gvgrytnìl tndt nds jggi don`gvgf dif rgda`::

zgf ì tngsg ygdrs jy bur pgbpag uifgr tngagdfgrsn`p be tng Xdrty `s oabsgay obiigotgf w`tntng idcg dif l`lditò wbrm be tng ebuifgr difagdfgr be tng Xdrty dif be tng git`rg Dajdi`dipgbpag, Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd. Vng git`rg labr`bus n`stbry be bur Xdrty, gvgrytnìl i igwsbo`da`st Dajdi`d jgdrs tng stdcp be tng rgvbaut`bidry tnbulnt dif dot`bi be ObcrdfgGivgr Nbxnd. \`tn tng Xdrty dif ObcrdfgGivgr Nbxnd ì tng ebrgerbit tng Dajdi`dipgbp@g ndvg trdvgrsgf d rbdf euaa be strullags difgeebrts, ndvg oadsngf w`tn cdiy sdvdlg dif pbwgreua gigc`gs, dif ndvg w`tnstbbf lrgdt fèeòuat`gs dif stbrcs. @i daa tngsg jdttags tngy ndvgigvgr tdstgf fgegdt jut ndvg dawdys gcgrlgftrùcpndit, ndvg r`sgi tb igw ng`lnts ndvg oa`cjgf igw =pgdms.

.

Vng wbrm be tng Xdrty dif ObcrdfgGi vgr Nbxnd ds big dif ìsgpdrdjag `s d cdlièògit dif gx t gis`vg wbrm vgry ròn ì tgdonìlsdif gxpgr`giog . t `s butstdifìl ebr `ts rdrg pba`tòda dif `fgbablòda oadr`ty dif strgiltn ebr `tsprbagtdr`di pdrt`sdisn`p, ebr `ts uisndmgdjag obie`fgiog ì tn g str giltn be tng pgbpag dif jbuifagss abydaty tb tng`r ìtgrgsts, ebr `ts w`sfbc difuifgrstdifìl be tng cdssgs dif lrgdt Cdrx`s tAgiì`st cdtur`ty ebr `ts lrgdt jbafigss difuir`vdaagf rgvbaut`bidry oburdlg.\`tn tngsg abety quda`t`gs dif v`rtugs tn gXdrty nds mibwi tb br`gitdtg `tsgae w`tn oadr`tydif uiwdvgrìlay ì diy s`tudt`bi tb wbrm but dobrrgot aìg ì diy stdlg be tng rgvbaut`bi tblrdsp dif sbavg tng euifdcgitda prbjagcs wnòn

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gcgrlgf ebr tng obuitry, tb ebrcuadtg dif dppayd rgvbaut`bidry strdtgly dif t ~ o t ` o wnòn ndvgagf tng pgbpag erbc vòtbry tb vòtbry.Vng `ccbrtda fbotrìg be Cdrx, Gilgas, Agiìdif _tdaì, wnòn bur Xdrty dif Obcrdfg GivgrNbxnd ndvg fgegifgf w`tn drfbur, odrr`gf but ìprdotòg, fgvgabpgf dif eurtngr giròngf, uifgra`gs daa tng dot`v`ty be bur Xdrty. Vngy ng.vg dawdys sggi dif trgdtgf tn`s tngbry ibt ds d fblci, ibt ds di djstrdot dif àaucì`st tngbry, jutds d lu`fg tb dot`bi, ds d wgdpbi ebr strullag,ds d lrgdt ebrog ebr tng rgvbaut`bidry trdisebrcdt`bi be sbo`gty. Vngrg `s ibtnìl fblcdtò difidrrbw, ibtnìl sgotdr`di dif a`jgrda ì tng dot`v`ty be bur Xdrty. Vng sadifgrs be bur gigc`gsdrg rgeutgf jy aèg `tsgae, jy tng git`rg prdotògbe tng rgvbaut`bi dif sbo`da`sc ì Dajdi`d. Vngbiay obrrgot or`tgr`bi ebr tng dssgsscgit be tngcgttag be d pdrty dif `ts agdfgrsn`p drg ibt tngsujkgot`vg bpì`bis, jut tng prdotòda rgsuats betng`r dot`v`ty. Vng rgsuats be tng dot`v`ty be burXdrty drg suon tndt tngy odiibt jg f`ccgf ydiy sadifgr br fgcdlbly, jgodusg di git`rg pgbpag sgg, tbuon dif gikby tngc, d pgbpag wnb,uifgr tng agdfgrsn`p be tng Xdrty, ndvg wrbulntwbifgrs.

Bur pgbpag ndvg jrbulnt ebrtn erbc tng`rjbsbc cdiy butstdifìl agdfgrs, stdtgscgi, cgibe tng pgi dif tng rèag, w`sg dif ìtgaa`lgit difoburdlgbus ìf`v`fudas wnb ndvg spdrgf ibtnìlebr Dajdi`d. Ebr cdiy rgdsbis, nbwgvgr, tngpgbpag f`f ibt don`gvg wndt tngy wditgf uifgrtng agdfgrsn`p be tngsg ìf`v`fudas. Igvgrtngagsstng`r fggf, wbrm dif strullag wgrg ibt ì vdì.Vngy jgqugdtngf us d vdaudjag agldoy wnòncust jg eurtngr fgvgabpgf dif giròngf, tngytdulnt us tng lrgdt agssbi tndt ebr vòtbry tb jg:6

don`gvgf d sbuif, w`sg dif jbaf agdfgrsn`p , bigwnòn snbuaf e`lnt tblgtngr w`tn tng pgbpag difebr tng pgbpag, snbuaf jg ebuif.Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd euaeàagf tn`s n`stbròiggf dif, padoìl n`csgae dt tng ngdf be tng Da-jdi`di obccui`sts, ng migw erbc tng jglìiìlnbw tb lrdsp tng mgy aìm bi wnòn tng git`rgobursg be sujsgqugit gvgits wbuaf fgpgif. Vngorgdt`bi be tng Obccui`st Xdrty be Dajdi`d wdstndt lrgdt n`stbrò dot wnòn tng t`cg dif tngs`tudt`bis fòtdtgf, wnòn tng vgry fgvgabpcgitbe tng wbrmgrs cbvgcgit dif be tng a`jgrdt`biwdr be tng pgbpag fgcdifgf. Vng ebuifìl betng Xdrty wds ig`tngr di drj`trdry dot`bi ibrtng fbìl be tng ebrg`ligrs, jut tng cdturg wbrmbe tng Dajdi`di obccui`sts, w`tn ObcrdfgGivgr Nbxnd dt tng ngdf.Vng Obccui`st Xdrty be Dajdi`d wds juàtbi strbil ebuifdt`bis ds d Xdrty be tng igwtypg, bi Cdrx`st-Agiì`st `fgbablòda, brldi`zdt`bida, strdtglò dif tdotòda jdsgs, ì tng gxdcpagbe tng Jbasngv`m Xdrty be Agiì dif _tdaì. Dssuon, tnbuln ybuil dif scdaa ì iucjgrs, `tdrbusgf tng wnbag .pgbpag, ui`tgf, brldi`zgf diftnrgw tngc ì tng wdr dif agf tngc tb tnglrgdtgst vòtbry ì tng`r n`stbry. Vn`s wds don`gvgf jgodusg tng aìg be tng Xdrty wds d obrrgotaìg tndt rgspbifgf tb tng obif`t`bis orgdtgf difgxprgssgf tng ì grgsts dif dsp`rdt`bis be tngwbrmìl oadss dif wBa mìl pgbpag , jgodusg tngDajdi`di obccui`sts snbwgf tng pgdpag ibt biayw`tn wbrfs jut dasb w`tn fggfs, w`tn tn g`r strullag dif w`tn tng`r ,jabbf, tng biay rbdf be sdavdt`bi, tng rbdf be ui`ty dif wdr dldìst tng eb-kg`li ìvdfgrs dif aboda trd`tbrs.Vng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi QDadr `s tng cbst

~ a b r ` b u s gpò, `s tng cbst obcprgngis`v g prbeb:7


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uif, tjg jgst brldi`zgf dif cbst obiso`bus wdrtndt tng Dajdi`di pgbpag ndvg ebulnt ì tng`rK'a`stbry. @i tng prbogss be tng brldi`zdt`bi diffgvgabpcgit be tn`s wdr, tng Obccui`st Xdrtybe Dajdi`d, w`tn Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd dt tngngdf, snbwgf, erbc tng e`rst stgps be `ts dot`v`ty,`ts n`ln Cdrx`st-Agiì`st cdtur`ty , `ts rdrg brldi`zdt`bida dif agdfìl djà`ty, `ts orgdt`vg sp`r`tdif rgvbaut`bidry drfbur. @i tng gxtrgcgay obc-paòdtgf dif fèeòuat obif`t`bis be tng wdr `tmigw tb eìf git`rgay br`lìda sbaut`bis tb d sgr`gs be odrfìda prbjagcs. Vng gxpgr`giog be burXdrty ì ui`tìl tng 'pgbpag dif orgdtìl tngDit`-edso`st Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi Erbit, ì brldi`zìl tng diigf upr`sìl dif tng pdrt`sdi drcy,ì fgstrbyìl tng baf stdtg pbwgr dif ì juàfìl tng igw ,pgbpag s stdtg pbwgr, ì tng obrrgottrgdtcgit be tng ebrg`li daa`gs ì tng dit`-edso`stwdr, ì obcjììl tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \drw`tn tng pbpuadr rgvbaut`bi. gto., obist`tutgs dlrgdt vdaudjag obitr`jut`bi tb tng trgdsury beCdrx`sc-Agiì`sc, d eurtngr f'ovga bpcgit be tngtngbry be tng rgvbaut`bi._bcg cbcgits ì ,pdrtòuadr, ì wnòn tngcdtur`ty dif edrs`lntgfigss be tng Xdr ty :ifObcrdoag Givor Nbxnd ,stdif but w`tn lrgdt ebrog.ndvg v`tda `cpbrtdiog ebr tng fgstì`gs be tngpgbpag dif tng`r a`jgrdt`bi wdr. Vng scdsnì);be tng vdr`bus edot`bida lrbups ì tng rdims be tngXdrty, gspgo`daay tng edot`bi wnòn fgvgabpgf ìUabrd 4, tng rgkgot`bi dif gxpbsurg be tng Cumkg

4 t wds brldi`zgf jy dit`-pdrty gagcgits ì Dprà406? dif ebàgf ì Cdy 406 ? tnrbuln tng f`rgot ìtgrvgit`bi be tng Ogitrda Obcc`ttgg be tng OXD tndt s:itObcrdfg Givor Nbxnd tb tng sp bt.5

obcprbc`sg ebr tng sndrìl be tng agdfgrsn`p betng wdr dif stdtg pbwgr w`tn tng trd`tbr brldi`zdt`bi be tng Jdaa` Mbcjgtdr, tng fgtgrcìgf bp-pbs`t`bi tb tng adifìl be tng Dilab-Dcgròdidaa`gs ì Dajdi`d dif tng ìtgregrgiog be tng`rrgprgsgitdt`vgs ì bur ìtgrida deed`rs, tng orbss-ìl be pdrt`sdi jr`ldfgs tb tng Ibrtn be Dajdi`ddif tng`r scdsnìl be tng ebrogs be rgdot`bi tngrg,gto. sdvgf tng s`tudt`bi. Wiagss tng Xdrty ndfcdìtdìgf d obrrgot, oagdr-out stdif bi tngsgeuifdcgitda prfjagcs, tng fgvgabpcgit be gvgitsc`lnt 'ndvg tdmgi dibtngr obursg, tng sdorèògscdfg dif tng jabbf sngf wbuaf ndvg jggi ìvdì.

t wds tng obrrgot aìg be tng Xdrty dif `tsw`sg agdfgrsn`p wnòn agf tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \dr tb tng lrgdt vòtbry be tng :0tn be Ib-vgcjgr 4066, wnòn cdrms tng jglìiìl be digw stdlg ì tng fgvgabpcgit be tng obuitry,d stdlg ibt agss labr`bus tndi tndt be tng pdrt`sdi

wdr.Vng fr`vìl but be tng edso`st ìvdfgrs diftng scdsnìl be tng ebrogs be ìtgrida rgdot`bi,tng gstdja`sncgit be tng rgl`cg be pgbpag's fgcbordoy, ds d igw ebrc be tng fòtdtbrsn`p betng prbagtdr`dt, dif tng sbag dif uif`v`fgf agdfgrsn`p be tng Obccui`st Xdrty ì pbwgr, orgdtgf d s`tudt`bi ì wnòn Dajdi`d obuaf ibt cdronebrwdrf w`tnbut prboggfìl bi tng obursg be sb-o`da`sc. Ngrg, nbwgvgr, d lrgdt dif prìo`pagfprbjagc ndf tb jg sbavgf. Nbw obuaf Dajdi`d sgtbut bi tn`s rbdf wngi `t wds mibwi tndt `t ndfìngr`tgf d lrgdt jdomwdrfigss erbc tng pdst,:

tgrr`jag ngga be ebrg`li dif aboda odp`tda`sts, tngjabbf be tng ,pgbpag wbuaf ndvg sgrvgf dldì tbedttgi tng adifbwigrs , egufda abrfs, ìfustr`da`sts,j`l cgrondits dif daa tng jabbf-suomgrs be burpgbpag, daa tn`s wbuaf ndvg jggi suò`fg ebr burXdrty dif tng cbst t grr`jag or`cg dldìst tngDajdi`di pg pag.Xrgo`sgay dt tn`s t`cg, wngi tng obuitry ndfgitgrgf d fgo`s`vg stdlg be fgvgabpcgit, wngitng Xdrty wds edogf w`tn tng cdkbr dif drfubustdsms be sbo`da`st obistruot`bi , `t oadsngf w`tn tngjrutda ìtgregrgiog be tng V`tb`tgs dif tn g`rdlgits ì Dajdi`d. Ds Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd ndsgxpadìgf ì n`s butstdifìl wbrm Vng V`tb`tgs,`t wds d a ` e g d i f ~ f g d t n strullag d stru.llag jg-twggi tng sbo`da`st dif odp`tda`st rbdf be fgvgabpcgit d strullag ebr tng fgegiog be idt`bida erge -fbc dif ìfgpgifgiog wbi w`tn sb cdiy geebrtsdif jabbfsngf dldìst d igw gisadvgcgit. Vnggxpbsurg dif fgegdt be tn`s e`grog nbstàg dot`v`tyjy tng Xdrty dif Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd wgrgv`tda ebr tng fgstì`gs be tng pgbpag, rgvbaut`bidif sbo`da`sc.Vng euifdcgitda gobibcò odusg be t ng jdomwdrfigss be tng obuitry, be tng bpprgss`bi difgxpab`tdt`bi be tng cdssgs, be tng`r pbvgrty difc`sgry wds tng gx`stgiog be tng baf rgadt`bis beprbfuot`bi wnòn wgrg jdsgf bi fèegrgit ebrcs

be pr`vdtg bwigrsn`pR Vng fgvgabpcgit be tngprbfuot`vg ebrogs, tng rd`sìl be tng wgaa-jgìl betng cdssgs, tng dfvdiog tbwdrfs sbo`da`sc obuafibt jg fbig w`tnbut a`qu`fdtìl tngsg rgadt`bisdif w`tnbut rgpadoìl tngc w`tn igw rgadt`bis.Vn`s obist`tutgf dt tndt pgr`bf tng euifdcgitdastrdtglò tdsm be tng Xdrty. Vb sbavg tn`s tdsm tngXdrty f`f ibt wd`t tàa tng prbfuot`vg ebrogs betng obuitry rgdongf d n`ln agvga be fgvgabpcgit.:0


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t a a tng wbrmìl oadss obist`tutgf tng cdkbr`tybe tng pbpuadt`bi dif orgdtgf `ts bwi odfrgs difìtgaa`lgits`d tàa odp`tda`sc fgvgabpgf bi d adrlgsodag ds tng baf dif igw ìtgrida dif gxtgridabppbrtui`sts dif rgebrc`sts prgdongf. t jgldi tbwbrm `ccgf`dtgay tb odrry but lrgdt dif fggplbìl sbo`b-gobibcò trdisebrcdt`bis be d fgcbordtò dif sbo`da`st ondrdotgr wnòn eìdaay agftb tng djba`t`bi be pr`vdtg bwigrsn`p tng a`qu`fdt`bi be tng gxpab`tìl oadssgs dif tng gxpab`tdt`bi be cdi jy cdi tnus gstdja`snìl gvgrywngrg ì tbwi dif obuitrys`fg igw sbo`da`st rg adt`bis be prbfuot`bi dif juàfìl tng gobibcòjdsg be sbo`da`sc.Vng rbdf bur Xdrty ebaabwgf ebr odrryìl buttngsg rgvbaut`bidry trdisebrcdt`bis nds jggiqu`tg br`lìda dif rgspbifgf tb tng n`stbròda o`roucstdiogs tng obif`t`bis ì tng obuitry diftng ìtgridt`bida s`tudt`bis. @i tn`s gxtgis`vgwbrm `t rga`gf strbilay bi tng tgdonìls beCdrx`sc-Agiì`sc dif tng pgr`bf be tng sbo`da`stobistruot`bi ì tng _bv`gt Wi`bi be tng t`cg beAgiì dif _tdaì. Jut `t igvgr dppa`gf tngsgtgdonìls dif tn`s gxrpgr`giog ì d stgrgbtypgfdif cgondiòda cdiigr. Vng sbo`b-gobibcòtrdisebrcdt`bis ì Dajdi`d jglìiìl erbc tngobie`sodt`bi be tng dssgts be ebrg`li `cpgr`da`ststdtgs dif aboda qu`saìls tng idt`bida`zdt`bi betng cdì cgdis be prbfuot`bi tng Adif Zgebrcdif tng obaagot`v`zdt`bi be dlròuaturg gto. ndvgtng`r bwi pgoua`dr`t`gs wnòn spgdm be tng djà`tybe bur Xdrty tb trgdt dif sbavg tngsg prbjagcs ìd orgdt`vg cdiigr.Agt us tdmg ebr gxdcpag tng sbo`da`st trdisebrcdt`bi be tng obuitrys`fg. Vn`s wds di `cpbrtdit dif fèeòuat prbjagc. @cpbrtdit jgodusgsbo`da`sc obuaf ibt jg obiog`vgf dif juàt w`tn?8

but gxtgifìl tb tng obuitrys`fg jgodusg tngigw pba`tòda stdtg obuaf ibt suppbrt `tsgae bitwb fèegrgit jdsgs; tng sbo`da`st gobibcy ì tbwidif tng scdaa-sodag obccbf`ty prbfuot`bi ì tngobuitrys`fg wnòn obist`tutgf d strbil jdsg ebrtng fgvgabpcgit be odp`tda`sc dif tng uifgrcììl be sbo`da`sc. Fèeòuat jgodusg tng obuitrys`fgrgprgsgitgf d tdilag be vgry obcpagx egufdajburlgb`s pgtty-jburlgb`s gobibcò rgadt`bisw`tn gagcgits be tng idturda gobibcy difjgodusg tng pgdsditry obist`tutgf tng bvgrwngacìl cdkbr`ty be tng pbpuadt`bi be tng obuitrydif ndf jggi tng j`llgst dif cbst pbwgreuadaay be tng wbrmìl oadss ì tng wdr wnòn ndfjbrig tng jruit be tng wdr. Vngrgebrg ì tn`squgst`bi `t wds `cpbrtdit tb dot w`tn e`rcigssjut dasb w`tn lrgdt odrg sb tndt tng sbo`da`sttrdisebrcdt`bi ì tng obuitrys`fg snbuaf jgodrr`gf but w`tnbut v`badtìl jut bi tng obitrdrystrgiltngiìl tng aìms dif rgadt`bis be daa`diogdif er`gifsn`p jgtwggi tng wB@4mìl oadss diftng wbrmìl pgdsditry.Vng Xdrty odrr`gf but tn`s tdsm. w`tn obcpagtg suoogss. Vng Adif Zgebrc dif tng obaagot`v`zdt`bi be dlròuaturg ds twb lrgdt rgvbaut`bisì tng gobibcò rgadt`bis be tng obuitrys`fg wgrgrgda`zgf ì br`lìda rbdfs dif ebrcs w`tn egdtu;rgs ond.rdotgr`stò be tng obif`t`bis be bur obuitry.

Vng obaagot`v`zdt`bi be dlròuaturg wnòncdrmgf d rdfòda ondilg ì tng ogitur`gs-abilgobibcò systgc be tng obuitrys`fg ì tng aègdif obiso`busigss be tng pgdsditry wds odrr`gfbut ibt tnrbuln dfcì`strdt`vg cgdsurgs br w`tnobcpuas`bi dif v`bagiog. ds tng V`tb`tg rgv`s`bi`sts dif tng`r orbi`gs wnb ndvg abil dlb djdifbigf tn`s rbdf oad`c jut tnrbuln d jrbdfobivìoìl dif g ~ p a i t b r y wbim. bi tng jds`s be?4


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tng Agiì`st prìo`pag be vbauitdr`sc. @i tn`squgst`bi tng Xdrty nds ,prboggfgf w`tn lrgdt odrg.Vng prbogss be obaagot`v`zdt`bi be dlròuaturg adstgf ibt agss tndi : ygdrs. t jgldi e`rst ì tngpadìs zbig, dif tngi sprgdf tb tng nàay drgdsuità ` t ìoaufgf tng rgcbtg cbuitdìbus drgds.Jgdrìl ì cìf tndt tng p gdsditry wds oabsgay obiigotgf w`tn tng pgbpags stdtg pbwgr diftndt tng Xdrty ndf wbi tng obie`fgiog be difndf lrgdt dutnbr`ty dcbil tng pgdsditry, ds wgaads tng edot tndt detgr tng Adif Zgebrc tngrg w gr gib lrgdt fèegrgiogs jgtwggi tng pgdsdits rgldrfìl tng dcbuit be adif dif dlròuaturda ìvgitbry, tng cdì dif biay ebrc ì wnòn tng pgdsditry wds frdwi ìtb tng rbdf be sbo`da`sc wdstng dlròuaturda obbpgrdt`vg be tn g sbo`da`st ty pg,ì wnòn tng adif dif btngr cgdis be prbfuot`bi drg sbo`da bwigrsn`p dif tng f`st r =jut`bibe ìobcgs `s cdfg biay doobrfìl tb tn g dc buitbe wbrm fbig.Vng obaagot`v`zdt`bi be dlròuaturg ì uurobuitry wds odrr`gf but ì tng obif`t`bis ìwnòn tng adif wds ibt idt`bida`zgf. Vdmìldoobuit be tng ondrdotgr be tng rgadt`b@ -s be profuot`bi, wnòn prgfbcìdtgf ì tng obuitr ys`fg.tng edot tndt tng pgdsditry wds oabsgay aìmgfup w`tn tng adif dif ndf frgdcgf dif ebulntebr ogitur`gs tb bjtdì `t , tng Xdrty f`f ibt ebaabwtn g rbdf be idt`bida `zìl tng adif, jut tndt bef`str`jutìl `t tb tng tàagrs. Igvgrtngagss `t prbn`j`tgf tng da`gidt`bi be adif (`ts _dag, f`v`s`bi,gxondilg dif fbidt`bi), wnòn ì edot wds dmìf be idt`bida`zdt`bi, wnòn tng pgdsditry,nbwgvgr, doogptgf . Biay wngi tng obif`t`biswgrg cdturg tng Xdrty fgo`fgf bi tng idt`bida`zdt`bi be tng adif, wn`bn wds prboad`cgf jy tngigw Obist`tut`bi be tng ygdrs 40


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Ju t ì tn`s stdlg be tng sbo`da`st obistruot`bitng Xdrty ndf tb obpg w`tn tng ondaagilg be d igw,cbrg pbwgreua dif cbrg fdilgrbus trgif becbfgri rgv`s`bi`sc tndt be Mnrusnongv`tg rgv`s`bi`sc. Jglìiìl erbc tng :8tn Obilrgss betng OX_W uità tbfdy tn`s mìf be rgv`s`bi`scfgi`gf tng euifdcgitda tgdonìls be tng BotbjgrZgvbaut`bi dif tng sbo`da`st obistruot`bi ì tng_bv`gt Wi`bi wbrmgf but di git`rgay dit`-Cdrx`st padtebrc jb`n ì `ts ebrg`li pbaòy dif ìtgrida pbaòy wnòn ndf odtdstrbpnò obisgqugiogsebr tng fgstì`gs be sbo`da`sc dif tng wbraf obc-cui`st dif rgvbaut`bidry cbvgcgit. Bur Xdrty,w`tn Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd dt tng ngdf wdsdcbil tng e`rst tb r` sg w`tn rdrg oburdlg dldìsttn`s jgtrdyda, tng lrgdtgst gvgr ì tng n`stbry beobccui`sc. Vng n`stbry be tn`s strullag `sibwi. t obist`tutgs d jràa`dit pdlg ì tng n`s-tbry be bur Xdrty.Ngrg. nbwgvgr, wg wdit tb pbìt but tndt tnggcgrlgiog be cbfgri rgv`s`bi`sc dif obisg-qugitay, tng jburlgb`s fglgigrdt`bi be tng _bv`gtWi`bi dif d iucjgr be btngr sbo`da`st obuitr`gs.ebrogeuaay rd`sgf ibt biay tng iggf ebr tng strullag tb gxpbsg dif scdsn tng rgv`s`bi`st jgtrdyda jut dasb tng tdsm tb f`sobvgr tng odusgs be `tsgcgrlgiog dif tb fgeìg tng cgdsurgs tb jdr tngrbdf tb tn`s rgtrblrgss`vg pngibcgibi ì tngbtngr sbo`da`st pdrt`gs dif obuitr`gs.D igw lrgdt pr1ajagc wds put bi tng brfgrbe tng fdy; odi rgv`s`bi`sc jg dvgrtgf, nbw tbprgvgit tng rgvbaut`bi dif tng sbo`da`st obistruot`bi erbc jgìl ndatgf dif r i g f jdom nbw tbodrry tn g rgvbaut`bi tnrbuln tb tng gif dif juàfsbo`da`sc dif obccui`sc w`tn suoogss2 Vng obccui`st cbvgcgit adomgf suon di gxpgr`giog.Vn`s igw g ~ p g r ` g i g `s =jgìl orgdtgf ibw dif?6

bur Xdrty dif Obcrdfg Guvgr Nbxnd drg cdmìltng cdì obitr`jut`bi tb `t. Vng orgdt`bi be tn`sgxpgr`giog, wnòn `s jgìl obitìubusay giròngfobist`tutgs d igw lrgdt obitr`jut`bi tb tng tngbrydif prdotòg be so`gitèò sbo`da`sc.Cdiy fboucgits be tng Xdrty dif gspgo`daaycdiy spggongs rgpbrts dif wr`tìls be ObcrdfgGivgr Nbxnd rgeagot tng obi oaus`bis frdwi erbcwndt boourrgf ì tng _bv`gt Wi`bi dif gasgwngrgdif snbw tng rbdfs dif cg dsurgs tb dvb`f tn `sgvà dif tb cdron dawdys ebrwdrf bi tng rbdfsbo`da`sc dif obccui`sc. Bi tng jds `s be tngcgspgo`daay detgr tng 7tn Obilrgss be tng Xdrtyd lrgdt prbogss jgldi tndt be tng eur tngr rgv-baut`bi`zdt`bi be tng Xdrty dif tng s tdtg, gfuod-t`bi dif ouaturg tng pgbpag s obiso`busigss difwbraf butabbm be tng git`rg aèg be tng obuitrywnòn obist`tutgs ibt cgrgay d obitìudt`bi betng rgvbaut`bi jut dasb d igw, n`lngr stdlg be @tsfgvgabpcgit ì obiebrc`ty w`tn tng igw tdsmsdif obif`t`bis.D sgr`gs be euifdc gi tda prbjagcs ndvg jggiwbrmgf but ì tngbry dif put ebrwdrf ebr sbaut`bi. Be spgo`da `cpbrtdiog `s tng rg-gstdja`sncgit be tng obrrgot Cdrx`st-Agiì`st uifgrstdifìl dif `cpagcgitdt`bi be tng rgadt`bisn`p jgtwggi tng bjkgot`vg dif tng sujkgot`vg edotbr betng sbo`da jgìl dif sbo`da obiso`busigss be tngjdsg dif supgrstruoturg, tng gobibcy dif pba`tòs wnòn ndvg jggi jdfay f`stbrtgf y tngrgv`s`bi`sts. Vng Agiì`st tngs`s tndt tng `fgbabl`-oda jdsg be bppbrtui`sc ì tng wbrmgrs cbvgcgit nds jggi dif rgcdìs gobibc`sc tng prgdonìl be spbitdig`ty, tng tngbry be prbfuot@vgerbogs tng igldt`bi be tng rbag be tng obiso`busedotbr wds prbvgf biog dldì ì tng odsg becbfgri rgv`s`bi`sc.

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Be lrgdt tngbrgtòda dif prdotòda vdaug drgtng tgdonìls dif obioaus`bis be bur Xdrty djbuttng oadss strullag ì sbo`da`sc wnòn, obitrdry tbwndt tng rgv`s`bi`sts prboad`c, obitìugs gvgidetgr tng a`qu`fdt`bi be tng gxpab`tìl oadssgs`s wdlgf ibt biay bi tng gxtgrida erbit jut dasbbi tng ìtgrida erbit, ibt biay dldìst tng gigc`gs jut dasb ì tng rdims be tng pdrty dif ìtng jbsbc be tng pgbpag, ìoaufgs daa e`gafs gobibcò pba`tòda dif `fgbablòda `s wdlgf ibtbiay erbc djbvg jut dasb erbc jgabw - w`tn tngdot`vg dif f`rgot pdrtò`pdt`bi be tng cdssgs diffgvgabps w`tn z`lzdls sbcgt`cgs lbìl up sbcgt`cgs lbìl fbwi, jut `s igvgr ìtgrruptgf brgxtìlu`sngf.Bur Xdrty nds dawdys obiigotgf tng prbjagcs be tng fdss strullag oabsgay w`tn tng prbjagc be tng obitrdfòt`bis ì sbo`da`sc dif w`tntng ui`ty be tng pgbpag w`tn tng Xdrty. t ndsrgkgotgf ds dit`-Cdrx`st dif dit`-f`dagotòda jbtntng v`gw be tng Mnrusnongv`tg rgv`s`bi`sts wnbdoogpt biay ui`ty dif fgiy obitrdfòt`bis difoadss strullag, dif tng v`gw be tng Cdb`st rgv`s`bi`sts wnb doogpt biay obitrdfòt`bis dif oadssstrullag dif fgiy ui`ty. t nds strgssgf tndt ìsbo`da`sc `t nds lrgdt `cpbrtdiog tb doogpt twbmìfs be obitrdfòt`bis - ditdlbi`stò dif ibiditdlbi`stò, tb cdmg d oagdr f`stìot`bi jgtwggitngc, doogptìl ibi-ditdlbi`stò obitrdfòt`bis dstypòda ebr sbo`da`sc tb strgiltngi tng ui`ty betng pgbpag dif tng pdrty ds d igw cbtbr ebrogì sbo`da`sc tnrbuln tng oadss strullag dif tngsbaut`bi be ditdlbi`stò dif ibi-ditdlbi`stò obitrdfòt`bis.Vng Xdrty dif Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd ndvgput ebrwdrf ì d igw rndiigr tng euifdcgitdaqugst`bi be tng t`cg wngi tng trùcpn be sb?5

o`da`sc odaa jg rgldrfgf ds sbavgf. Bu r Xdrty nds strgssgf tndt tng vòtbry be sbo`da`scodi jg sgourgf euaay dif eìdaay biay wngi tngfdilgr be tng rgst=a'dt`bi be ~ d p ` t d ` ` s c wnònobcgs ibt biay erbc tng gxpab`tìl oadssgs br erbcebrg`li dllrgss`bi jut dasb erbc tng ìtgrida jburlgb`s-rgv4==4Bi`st fglgigrdt`bi, `s a`qu`fdtgf. Vngadttgr fdilgr wàa gx`st ds abil ds `ts jdsgs wàagx`st wnòn drg tng agetbvgrs be odp`tda`sc ìs@fgtng obuitry dif tng ìeaugiog dif prgssurg be tngodp`t.da`st wbraf erbc buts`fg. Vngsg jdsgs wàaf`sdppgdr wngi tng obcpagtg vòtbry be obccui`sc `s don`gv gf bi d wbraf sodag Zif biaytngi odi tn`s vòtbry jg rgldrfgf ds eìda.Bur Xdrty nds l`vgi igw `fgds dif gxpgr`giog dasb rgldrfìl tng qugst`bi be tng fòtdtbrsn`pbe tng prbagtdr`dt dif tng rbag be tng pdrty ì `tssystgc. t nds rgkgotgf tng dit`-Cdrx`st tngsgsbe tng cbfgri rgv`s`bi`sts wnb dttdom tng fòtdtbrsn`p be tng prbagtdr`dt, prboad`cgf `t dsa`qu`fdtgf dif rgpadogf ` t w`tn tng 1stdtg betng git`rg pgbpag . Vng Xdrty dif ObcrdfgGivgr Nbxnd ndvg prbvgf tndt sìog tng oadssstrullag obitìugs tnrbulnbut tng wnbag pgr`bfbe sbo`da`sc dif tng fdilgr be tng rg-gstdja`sncgit be odp`tda`sc gx`sts `t `s igogssdry tb prgsgrvg tng fòtdtbrsn`p be tng prbagtdr`dt ds tngcdì wgdpbi be tng prbagtdr`dt ì tng oadss strullag tb odrry tng sbo`da`st rgvbaut`bi tnrbuln tbtng gif. Vngy ndvg tng cgr`t be ndvìl wbrmgfbut ì di daa-rbuif cdiigr tng strullag dldìstjurgduordoy dif a`jgrda`sc, ds twb cdkbr fdilgAswnòn tnrgdtgi tng sbo`da`st stdtg, be fgeììl tngrgadt`bisn`p jgtwggi fòtdtbrsn`p dif fgcbordoy,strgssìl tng `fgd tndt w`tnbut tng fòtdtbrsn`pbe tng prbagtdr`dt tngrg `s ib lgiuìg fgcbordoyebr tng jrbdf cdssgs be tng pgbpag, dif tndt tng

prgogfgs tng sprgdf be tng rgv`s`bi`st obuitgrrgvbaut`bi dif tndt tng cbst dpprbpr`dtg ebrc betng pgigtrdt`bi be tndt `fgbably ì tng obif`t`bisbe sbo`da`sc `s rgv`s`bi`sc - tng jburlgb`s `fgbably f`slu`sgf w`tn sbo`da`st dif Cdrx`st pnrdsgbably. Vng Xdrty nds rgldrfgf tng strullag bitng `fgbablòda erbit ds tng jrbdfgst dspgot be tngoadss strullag ì tn g prgsgit obif`t`bis. t ndswdlgf tn`s strullag ibt ì big f`rgot`bi biay,jut dldìst daa ebrcs be tng `fgbably be tng gxpab`tìl oadssgs baf dif igw, nds rgeutgf `fgbablòda paurda`sc prgdongf jy tng rgv`s`bi`sts difnds fgegifgf tng jdsò tngs`s tndt ì sbo`da`sctngrg `s biay big ruaìl `fgbably - tng Cdrx`stAgiì`st `fgbably be tng wbrmìl oadss wnòn `sì `rrgobioàdjag strullag w`tn daa btngr `fgbabl`gs. Be lrgdt vdaug `s tng gxpgr`giog be bur Xdrtyì tng `fgbablòda strullag dldìst ìf`v`fuda`.;=cdif jburlgb`s glbt`sc, dldìst jurgduordoy difa`jgrda`sc dldìst gobibc`sc, ìtgaagotuda`scdif tgonibordt`sc dldìst egufda-jburlgb`s ous tbcs dif trdf`t`bis , ds wgaa ds ì tng strullagdldìst rga`l`bi ì wnòn d rgsuat uigxdcpagfuità tbfdy ì tng wbraf nds jggi don`gvgf; tngga`cìdt`bi be daa ìst`tut`bis be rga`l`bus bjsourdit`sc.@i tng e`gaf be ouaturg tng Xdrty nds t m ~ icgdsurgs be lrgdt `cpbrtdiog ebr tng rgvbaut`bi `zdt`bi be tng sonbba bi tng jds`s be d or`tòdadidays`s ibt biay be tng jburlgb`s sonbba, jutdasb tng rgv`s`bi`st sonbba, tnus tdmìl d igw stgpebrwdrf ì tng `cpagcgitdt`bi be tng prìo`pagsebrcuadtgf jy bur oadssòs, gspgo`daa y jy Cdrx difAgiì djbut tng sbo`da`st sonbba, bi tng ebuifdt`bis be wnòn ndvg jggi padogf tng Cdrx`stAgiì`st `fgbablòda dx`s , prbebuif so`gitèò

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ibwagflg, pnysòda dif cà`tdry trdììl difprbfuot`vg wbrm ì prdotòg. A`mgw`sg, bur Xdrtynds fgegifgf dif eurtngr fgvgabpgf tng Cdrx`stprìo `pags bi a`tgrdturg dif drt, tng cgtnbf besbo`da`st rgda`sc, prbagtdr`di pdrt`sdisn`p, tng pbpuadr idt`bida ondrdotgr, sbo`da`st nucdi`sc difìtgridt`bida`sc ì drt, wdlìl d stgri strullagdldìst daa tng trgifs be jburlgb`s dif rgv`s`bi`stfgodfgit drt dif tng`r ìeaugiogs ì bur obuitry.t nds dawdys cdìtdìgf d obrrgot stdif ì tnGgvdaudt`bi, ì a`tgrdturg dif drt, be tng rgadt`bisn`p jgtwggi tng igw dif tng baf, tng prgsgitdif tng pdst, tng idt`bida dif tng ebrg`li , dswgaa us jg twg gi prbegss`bida drt dif dcdtgurdif pbpuadr drt , dvb`fìl diybig-s`fgf idt`bida`st br obscbpba`tdi, i`nà`stò br egt`snìl, dr`stbordtò br vualdr stdif.

Vng Xdrty dif Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd ndvgwb rmgf but dif fgvgabpgf, ì d obcpagtg difdaa-rbuif cdiigr, ì obcpa`diog w`tn tng obif`-t`bis be tng obuitry, w`tn tng prgsgit-fdy cà`tdry tgoni`qug dif drcdcgits, d sgr`gs be `cpbrtdit tngsgs bi tng fgegiog be tng Nbcgadif, tngbrldi`zdt`bi be tng drcgf ebrogs dif tng cà`tdrydrt be pgbpag s wdredrg. Be spgo`da `cpbrtdiog ìtn`s `s tng fgeì`t`bi be d obrrgot rgadt`bisn`pjgtwggi cdi dif wgdpbi, pba`tòda wbrm difc à`tdry wbrm, tng agdfgrsn`p be tng Xdrty diftng rbag be tng drcy obccdifgrs, tng sbaf`grbWògr dif drcy-pgbpag rgadt`bis, be tng prbjagcs be tng ebrtèòdt`bi be tng obuitry, be o`vàfgegiog dif pbpuadr wdredrg. Daa tn`s nds cdfgtng fgegiog be tng obuitry sgourg dif uijrgdmdjag.

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Dibtngr vgry jrbdf dif euifdcgitda e`gaf ìwnòn tng orgdt`vg djà`ty be bur Xdrty stdifsbut ì d spgo`da cdiigr `s tng e`gaf be tng gob-ibcy. @i tng prbogss be sbo`da`st obistruot`bi tngXdrty nds mibwi nbw tb sbavg w`tn w`sfbc difì tgaa`lgiog d sgr`gs be lrgdt dif obcpaòdtgfprbjagcs, jbtn be tng fgvgabpcgit be prbfuot`vgebrogs dif be tng pgregotìl be rgadt`bis be prbfuot`bi.@i tng fgvgabpcgit be tng gobibcy, tngpbaòy be tng Xdr ty nds jggi d`cgf dt sgourìln`ln rdtgs be lrbwtn be sbo`da prbfuot`bi, rgayìlbi aboda pr`cdry cdtgr`das dif dssgts, tng itgridacdrmgt, rgda`zìl d obrrgot f`str`jut`bi be prbfuot`vg ebrogs ì daa tng tgrr`tbry be tng obuitry,obrrgotay fgeììl pr`br`t`gs ì tng fgvgabpcgitbe vdr`bus jrdiongs be tng gobibcy sb ds tbbvgrobcg tng jdomwdrfigss ìngr`tgf erbc tngpdst ds sbbi ds pbss`jag, tb strgiltngi tng gob-ibcò dif pba`tòda ìfgpgifgiog be tng obuitry,tb gisurg tng lrbwtn dif fgvgabpcgit be tngwbrmìl oadss ds tng agdfìl oadss be sbo`gtydif tng jdomjbig be tng pgbpag s stdtg pbwgr, tbrd`sg tng stdifdrf be a`vìl be tng pgbpag obitìubusay.D cdlièògit fggf be tng Xdrty, wnòn ndsv`tda `cpbrtdiog ebr tng git`rg fgvgabpcgit betng obuitry dif tng strgiltngiìl be `ts ìfgpgifgiog, `s tng orgdt`bi be d igw cuat`-jrdiongf, ngdvy dif a`lnt ìfustry jdsgf bi abodapr`cdry cdtgr`das, wnòn nds agf tb tng trdisebrcdt`bi be Dajdi`d erbc d jdomwdrf dlròuaturdaobuitry ìtb di dlròuaturda-ìfustr`da obuitry

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tndt dfvdiogs bi tng rbdf be `ts trdisebrcdt`biìtb di ìfustr`da-dlròuaturda obuitry dif be jgobcìl ì tng pgrspgot`vg euturg di ìfustr`daobuitry w`tn dfvdiogf ìtgis`vg dlròuaturg.Vng orgdt`bi be d pbwgreua gigrly jdsgrgayìl bi bà lds obdas dif wdtgr pbwgr wnòneuaeàs tng iggfs be tng obuitry ì di ìfgpgifgitcdiigr dif sgourgs adrlg ìobcgs erbc gxpbrt`s dibtngr cdk br vòtbry be tng obrrgot aìg bebur Xdrty ì tng e`gaf be tng gobibcy tng vdaugbe wnòn obcgs but w`tn lrgdt strgiltn gspgo`daay ì tng obif`t`bis be tn g prgsgit wbrafgigrly or`s`s.

Vng aìg be tng Xdrty ebr tng gagotrèòdt`bibe tng obuitry nds y`gafgf wbifgreua rgsuatsgxtgif ìl gagotrò`ty w`tnì d vgry snbrt t`cg daabvgr tng obuitrya gvgi tb tng rgcbtgst cbuitdìbus vàadlgs.Vng obursg ebaabwgf ebr tng fgvgabpcgit betng goocbcy nds jggi tb juàf d strbil dif ìfgpgifgit gobibcy rgayìl bi jbtn eggt; ìfustrydif dlròuaturg. Vng fgvgabpcgit be dlròuaturgnds rg dongf tng stdlg ì wnòn ebr tng e`rst t`cgì tng n`stbry be tng obuitry `t `s ì d pbs`t`bitb prbfuog daa tng jrgdf lrdì dif tng bvgrwngacìl pdrt be btngr dlròuaturda dif a`vgstbomprbfuots iggfgf ebr tng ebbf be tng pgbpag. ebrtng a`lnt dif ebbf-prbogssìl ìfustry. dif ebr

gxpbrt.Bi tng jds`s be tn`s n`ln-rdtg fgvgabpcgit bebur gobibcy bur obuitry `s ì d pbs`t`bi tb dfvdiog ibi-stbp rgayìl obcpagtgay dif biay bi

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obrrgotay dif dutbcdtòdaay gstdja`sngf dif tnggit`rg sbo`da`st supgrstruoturg be sbo`gty fgeì`t`vgay sgttagf bi tn`s jds`s. Vng pbaòy tndt `sebaabwgf `.g. tng sujkgot`vg edotbr padys d lrgdtrbag ì tn`s. Vngrgebrg, kust ds tng tngbry be prbfuot`vg ebrogs prbpbuifgf jy tng baf bppbrtui`sts `s grrbigbus. sb `s tng tngbry be rgadt`bisbe prbfuot`bi prbpbuifgf jy tng Mnrusnongv`tgrgv`s`bi`sts. jgodusg jbtn be tngc obìo`fg ì tngeuifdcgitda qugst`bi tng igldt`bi be tng rbagbe obiso`bus edotbr ì tng aèg be sbo`gty.

Dibtngr `cpbrtdit dspgot `s tndt bur Xdrty.qu`tg uia`mg tng rgv`s`bi`sts nds igvgr sggi tngrgadt`bis be prbfuot`bi biay erbc tng`r cgrg4ygobibcò dspgot ds d ebrc be tng fgvgabpcgit beprbfuot`vg ebrogs jut ds d fgo`s`vg edotbr wnònpag.ogs pgbpag ì l`vgi sbo`b-gobibcò obif`t`biswnòn ì turi, ndvg d f`rgot ìeaugiog bi diffgtgrcìg tng`r `fgbablòda pba`tòda dif cbrda ebrcdt`bi, wngrgbi fgpgifs tng f`rgot`bi be tng`rdot`v`ty. Vngrgebrg. `t nds obiogrigf `tsgae ibtebr diy mìf be pgregotìl be rgadt`bis be prbfuot`bi jut ebr suon d pgregotìl be tngc wnònsgrvgs dt tng sdcg t`cg twb d`cs ; jbtn tngfgvgabpcgit be prbfuot`vg ebrogs dif tng strgiltngiìl be tng sbo`da`st brfgr dif rgvbaut`bidrygfuodt`bi be pgbpag.@i tng wnbag edjrò be rgadt`bis be prbfuot`bi

tng Xdrty nds snbwi spgo`da obiogri djbut tngrgadt`bis be f ` ~ t r ` j u t ` b i t `s mibwi tndt tngrgadt`bis be f`str`jut`bi stgc erbc dif drg fgtgrcìgf jy tng rgadt`bis be bwigrsn`p. Nbwgvgr,ì tng obif`t`bis be tng sbo`da`st brfgr ds dibrfgr wnòn fgvgabps ibt ì d spbitdigbus cdiigr, jut `s juàt ì d obiso`bus cdiigr, digrrbigbus pbaòy ì tng spngrg be f`str`jut`bi

ngdvày `cpd`rs dif f`stbrts tng ondrdotgr be rgadt`bis be bwigrsn`p. \g ndvg agdrigf tn`s erbctng gxpgr`giog be tng rgv`s`bi`st obuitr`gs wngrgdatnbuln d edodfg be sbo`da bwigrsn`p be tng cdìcgdis be prbfuot`bi `s cdìtdìgf, tng eru`tsbe `t drg gikbygf jy tng igw jburlgb`s oadsswnòn ì fèegrgit ebrcs dif wdys, dpprbpr`dtgstng adjbur dif tbà be tng wbrmgrs dif pgdsdits.Vng cgr`t be bur Xdrty `s tndt `t nds dawdysebaabwgf d obrrgot pbaòy ì tng e`gaf be f`str`jut`bi obrrgotay dppayìl tng sbo`da`st prìo`pag bergcuigrdt`bi doobrfìl tb wbrm fbig w`tnbutdaaB\ìl adrlg fèegrgit`das dif w`tnbut sa`ppìlìtb pgtty-jburlgb`s glda`tdr`di`sc g`tngr be wnòn`s gqudaay fdilgrbus tb tng odusg be sbo`da`sc.Bi tn`s jds`s bur XdA ty nds wbrmgf but difodrr`gf but ìtb prdotòg d obrrgot rgvbaut`bidryobiogpt dasb rgldrfìl wgaa-jgìl wgaa-jgìl ibtebr ìf`v`fuda odstgs dif oadssgs jut ebr tng git`rgpgbpag ibt ebr tng euaeàcgit be pgtty-jburlgb`sdif jburlgb`s wn`cs, jut ebr tng euaeàcgit betng gssgit`da iggfs be tng pgbpag ì obiebrc`tyw`tn bur dgstngtò tdstgs dif tng rgda pbss`jà`t`gsbe tng gobibcy. Bi tn`s qugst `bi bur Xdrty ndsprboggfgf ibt biay erbc tng ìtgrgsts be tng cbcgit jut dasb wnòn tnbsg be tng pg rspgot`vg ìbrfgr tb gisurg d lrdfuda, stdjag dif obitìubusupaèt be wgaa-jgìl be tng wbrmìl cdssgs w`tn dv`gw tb idrrbwìl, ì tn`s e`gaf tbb tng f`stìot`bisjgtwggi tbwi dif obuitrys`fg, jgtwggi pgbpag becgitda wbrm dif pnysòda wbrm. Vn`s pbaòy `sf`dcgtròdaay bppbsgf tb tndt wnòn tng cbfgrirgv`s`bi`sts ndvg dawdys ebaabwgf ì tng`r bwiobuitr`gs.Bur Xdrty s gxpgr`giog be sbo`da`st obistruot`bi `s vgry jrbdf dif ròn. Ngrg nbwgvgr, wg

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odiibt agdvg w`tnbut cgit`biìl twb br tnrggcbcgits be spgo`da `cpbrtdiog.@i tng e`rst padog, tng qugst`bi `s djbut tndtlrgdt dif lgiuìg rgvbaut`bi wnòn nds jggicdfg ì tng aèg be tng Dajdi`di wbcdi, wnb,erbc tng cbst bpprgssgf dif cbst jdomwdrf strdtuc be tng obuitry, nds jggi trdisebrcgf tbfdyìtb d lrgdt orgdt`vg ebrog, d juàfgr be tng igw aèg,gikbyìl gquda r`lnts w`tn cdi ì gvgry e`gaf.Vngrg `s ib obuitry ì tng wbraf ì wnòn suon dlrgdt gcdio`pdt`bi be tng wbcdi nds jggi don`gvgf w`tnì suon d snbrt t`cg, ds ì Dajdi`d.Ugry `cpbrtdit drg tng tgdonìls be ObcrdfgGivgr Nbxnd dasb djbut tng rbag dif padog betng wbrmìl oadss ì sbo`da`sc. Agf jy tngsgtg donìls, tng Xdrty nds dawdys sggi tng wbrmìloadss ds tng oadss wnòn, tnrbuln `ts bwi pdrty,agdfs tng git`rg aèg be tng obuitry dif Qv`tn `tsgxdcpag, sgts tng tbig tb tng wnbag wbrm difstrullag ebr sbo`da`st obistruot`bi, ds tng oadsswnòn gxgro`sgs obcpagtg obitrba w`tnbut jrgdongs bi gvgrytnìl dif gvgrybig tnrbuln tngXdrty dif tng sbo`da`st stdtg erbc djbvg, ds wgaads f`rgotay erbc jgabw, ds tng oadss wnòn rgprgsgits ibt biay d lrgdt gxgout`vg dif prbfuot`vgebrog, jut dasb d orgdt`vg dif obistruot`vg ebrog,di dot`vg pdrtò`pdit ì tng brldi`zdt`bi difcdidlgcgit be daa tng deed`rs be tng stdtg difsbo`gty.@i daa tng wbrm ebr tng obistruot`bi diff`rgot`bi be tng stdtg, tng gobibcy dif sbo`gty,tng Xdrty nds r`lbrbusay dj`fgf jy dif obis`stgitay dppa`gf ì prdotòg tng jdsò prìo`pag befgcbordtò ogitrda`sc. Vng lrgdt cgr`t be tngXdrty dif Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd `s tndt tngyndvg ibt daabwgf tng prbogss be sbo`da`st obistruo6>

t`bi ì Dajdi`d tb jg trdisebrcgf g`tngr ìtb djurgduordtò-dfcì`strdt`vg prbogss, ds ì tng_bv`gt Wi`bi, br ìtb d a`jgrda-didronò prbogss,ds ì Pulbsadv`d. _bo`da`sc ì Dajdi`d nds jggidif `s tng a`vìl fggf be tng jrbdf cdssgs be tn gpgbpag, `t `s juàt ebr tng lbbf dif w`tn tng f`rgotpdrtò`pdt`bi be tng cdssgs. Vn`s nds cdfg `tìvìo`jag.Bur gigc`gs cdy sadifgr bur sbo`da`st rgda`tyds cuon ds tngy a`mg, cdy stòm diy adjgas tb `t,suon ds _tdaì`st, pr`c`t`vg, tbtda`tdr`di, br`sbadtgf sbo`da`sc. Jut bur pgbpag drg obivìogftnrbuln tng`r bwi aèg dif gxpgr`giog djbut tng a /jagssìls wnòn tn`s brfgr nds jrbulnt tngc dif`ts supgr`br`ty bvgr tng baf odp`tda`st brfgr. Vngy sgg tndt tng vdr`dits be sbo`da`sc be tng cbfgrirgv`s`bi`sts ndvg sueegrgf lrdvg fgegdts difjdimruptoy dif drg suppbrtgf biay w`tn tng ebrogbe drcs dif w`tn tng dacs be `cpgr`da`sc difsbo`da-`cpgr`da`sc. Xbadif dif Pulbsadv`d, ibt tbcgit`bi btngr obuitr`gs, tng sbo`da`st rgl`cgsbe wnòn drg lbìl tnrbuln vgry fèeòuat fdys,dif ndvg lbig ìtb d fggp or`s`s w`tnbut d wdybut dif w`tn lrdvg obisgqugiogs ebr tng jrbdfcdssgs be tng pgbpag, snbw qu`tg oagdray wngrgjgtrdyda be tng prìo`pags be Cdrx`sc-Agiì`scagdfs tb.

Vng rbdf trdvgrsgf jy bur Xdrty dif pgbpagebr tng a`jgrdt`bi be tng obuitry dif tng obi-struot`bi be sbo`da`sc nds jy ib cgdis jggi digdsy big. Bi tng obitrdry, tngy ndvg ndf tbbvgrobcg lrgdt fèeòuat`gs dif bjstdoags, ndvg6

tb `ts jrgdftn dif obngs`bi, `ts v`tda`ty be br ldi`zdt`bi dif n`ln pba`tòda dwdrgigss. Bi tn`squgst`bi tng Xdrty rga`gf bi tng ui`vgrsda tgdonìls be Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc dif tng ogitur`gs-bafgxpgr`giog be bur pgbpag wnb, ì daa tng`r geebrtsebr erggfbc dif ìfgpgifgiog ebr kustòg difsbo`da prblrgss, sdw tn g rbdf be sdavdt`bi ì tngui`ty be tng`r bwi rdims. Nbwgvgr tn`s ui`tywds igvgr obcpagtg ì tng pdst jgodusg `t wds`cpgfgf jy tng lrgdt pbwgrs dif tng rgdot`bidryruaìl oadssgs be tng obuitry. _uon dttgcpts dt`cpgfìl ui`ty ndvg jggi cdfg jy tng gxtgridadif ìtgrida gigc`gs furìl tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \dr dif detgr tng a`jgrdt`bi be tng obuitry.Gvgi ì bur fdys, big be tng`r cdì d`cs `s prgo`sgay tb f`srupt tng ui`ty be tng pgbpag drbuiftng Xdrty. Jut tngsg dttgcpts ndvg edàgf difwàa edà `libcì`busay jgodusg tng ui`ty be tngpgbpag nds fggp rbbts ì Dajdi`d. Dt `ts ebuifdt`bis a`g tng oabsg daa`diog be tng wbrmìl oadssw`tn tng pgdsditry tng sbo`da`st bwigrsn`p be tngcgdis be prbfuot`bi tng Cdrx`st-Agiì`st `fgbably dif `t `s gcjbf`gf ì d sbuif brldi`zdt`bidaebrc , tng Fgcbordtò Erbit wnòn `s agf jy tngrgvbaut`bidry pdrty be tng wbrmìl oadss.Vng ui`ty be tng pgbpag drbuif tng Xdrtynds snbwi `ts strgiltn dif v`tda`ty ì daa jdttags,n`stbròda gvgits dif prbogssgs be tng adst eburfgodfgs. Vng a`jgrdt`bi be tng obuitry tng fgegiog be erggfbc dif ìfgpgifgiog be tng Nbcgadif dif sbo`da`st obistruot`bi drg tng ngrbòwbrm be bur pgbpag ui`tgf drbuif tng Xdrty difuifgr `ts agdfgrsn`p. Ebrg`li d`f, wnòn wg doogptgf ì tng pdst , jgodusg wg jga`gvgf tndt wg ndftb fb w`tn Cdrx`st-Agiì`st obcrdfgs dif er`gK,afs,nds rgprgsgitgf jut d vgry scdaa pdrt be tng ì -6 0D 60


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vgstcgits wnòn bur pgbpag ndvg cdfg difobisgqugitay `t wds ibt ebrg`li d`f tndt mgpt burpgbpag da`vg jut tng sburog be daa tng suoogssgsdif vòtbr`gs don`gvgf nds jggi tng`r strullagtng`r wbrm dif tng`r tbà. Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxndnds sd`f; @i brfgr tb a`jgrdtg tn`s scdaa obuitrybiav Dajdi`di jabbf wds sngf. @i brfgr tb rgobistruot `t bi tng ruìs be tng wdr dif tb juàfsbo`da`sc ì tn`s scdaa obuitry biay Dajdi`diswgdt wds pburgf.@i daa `ts dot`v`ty tng Xdrty nds r`lbrbusaydj`fgf jy tng lrgdt rgvbaut`bidry prìo`pag berga`diog bi tng ebrogs be tng pgbpag dif tngobuitry d prìo`pag wnòn `t nds wbrmgf butobiorgt`zgf dif pgrs`stgitay `cpagcgitgf ì aèg.Dajdi`d `s tng biay obuitry booup`gf jy edso`scfurìl tng _gobif \braf \dr wnòn a`jgrdtgf`tsgae w`tn `ts bwi ebrogs w`tnbut d sìlag sbaf`grbe tng dit`-edso`st obda`t`bi sgttìl ebbt bi `tstgrr`tbry. Vng Xdrty nds ebaabwgf suon di gobibcò pbaòy ds nds cdfg bur obuitry obcpagtgayìfgpgifgit djag tb wdam bi `ts bwi w`tnbutgisadvìl d`f dif orgf`ts erbc ebrg`ligrs tbfgvgabp dt n`ln rdtgs dif rd`sg tng wgaa-jgìl betng pgbpag obitìubusay. Bur obuitry nds tbfdy dsurg dif uijrgdmdjag fgegiog wnòn fbgs ibtrgay bi cà`tdry daa`diogs br tng dtbcò ucjrgaads be tng supgrpbwgrs br bi ondilìl ìtgridt`bida o`roucstdiogs. _tdifìl ludrf bi tngsdorgf jbrfgrs be tng Nbcgadif dif tng ldìs besbo`da`sc `s di git`rg pgbpag gqu`ppgf w`tn tngigogssdry wgdpbis cà`tdry prgpdrgf pba`tòdaaygia`lntgigf dif rgdfy tb l`vg tng fgsgrvgf diswgr tb diy dllrgssbr. Dajdi`d tbfdy `s ì dpbs`t`bi tb sbavg w`tn `ts bwi pgbpag prgpdrgfì `ts bwi sonbbas tng cbst obcpaòdtgf gobibcò78

dif sbo`da tgoniòda dif so`gitèò prbjagcs tbfgs`li dif juàf cìgs padits dif edotbr`gs ny frb-pbwgr dif tngrcda-pbwgr padits sgdpbrtsdif sn`ps adrlg-sodag `rr`ldt`bi dif adif `cprbvgcgit prbkgots rbdfs dif rdàwdys cdiy-stbr`gfpdadogs dif `cpbrtdit sbo`b-ouaturda juàfìls.Bur Xdrty dif stdtg ndvg igvgr jggi dif drgibt ebr d oabsgf pbaòy dif tng dutdrmò fgvgabpcgit be tng obuitry bi tng obitrdry tngy ndvgjggi dif drg ebr rgadt`bis be gquda obaadjbrdt`bidif cutuda dfvditdlg w`tn daa tnbsg obuitr`gswnòn wdit suon d tnìl. Vng edot `s tndt burobuitry nds tbfdy f`pabcdtò trdfg dif ouaturda rgadt`bis w`tn tgis be obuitr`gs ì tngwCaf. Vnbsg wnb doousg us be jgìl `sbadtgf.dabig wdit us tb bpgi bur fbbrs tb tng eabwbe ebrg`li odp`tda tng cuatìdt`bida obcpdi`gstb gxtgif bur ndif tb tng jburlgb`s`g dif `cpgr`da`sc ebr d`f dif orgf`ts tb agdvg d ergg e`gaftb tng sprgdf be fglgigrdtg ouaturg dif wdy beaèg tb ui`tg bursgavgs w`tn dif absg bur `fgit`tyì tng odp`tda`st-rgv`s`bi`st wbraf. Jut tngsgw`sngs dif nbpgs be bur gigc`gs wàa igvgr jgrgda`zgf ì Dajdi`d.Bur pgbpag wdit tb a`vg ergg dif ìfgpgifgitbi tng`r bwi adif dif tngy wdit tng sdcg ebrdaa pgbpags. Vngy drg ebr sìogrg er`gifsn`p difobaadjbrdt`bi w`tn btngrs jut ndvg igvgr dsmgfndif-buts be tngc. Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd ndssd`f; Jgllìl `s biay ì tng idturg be tnbsg wnbndvg sbaf tngcsgavgs tb odp`tda jut ibt be tng Dajdi`dis wnb ndvg igvgr ngaf but tng ndif tbdiybig jut ndvg jggi djag tb gdri tng`r jrgdfnbiburdjay w`tn tng swgdt be tng`r r w \gw dit tb fgegif tng fgcbordtò; pdtr`btò dif rgvbaut`bidry trdf`t`bis be bur pgbpag. tng`r ouaturg

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dif wdy be aèg kust ds wg dpprgo`dtg dif rgspgotgvgrytnìl lbbf dif prblrgss`vg ì tng n`stbrydif ouaturg be btngr pgbpags. Bur Xdrty dif pgb-pag drg dldìst sbo`da dif idt`bida ìkustòg difbpprgss`bi tngrgebrg tngy vgngcgitay fgegif tngagl`t`cdtg r`lnts be tng Dajdi`di jrbtngrs wnba`vg bi tng`r bwi tgrr`tbr`gs ì Pulbsadv`d difìf`liditay obifgci tng jdrjdrbus supprgss`bipgrsgout`bi dif sdvdlg tgrrbr gxgro`sgf dldìsttngc jy tng _grj dif Pulbsadv onduvì`sts. \gwdit bur bwi sbo`da`st systgc wdit tb cdron bibur rbdf dif tn`s wg fb ibt `cpbsg bi btngrsjut fb ibt doogpt tng`r f`sorgf`tgf dif jdimruptsystgcs g`tngr.

Vngrg `s ibtnìl idt`bida`st br onduvì`st ìtng dot`v`ty be bur Xdrty. Bi tng obitrdry `t ndsprbv`fgf cdiy jràa`dit gxdcpags be lgiuìg prbagtdr`di ìtgridt`bida`sc. Vng ebuifìl be tngXdrty bi Ibvgcjgr > 4064 dif tng Idt`bidaA`jgrdt`bi \dr `t agf obist`tutgf ibt biay dibjkgot`vg iggf be bur pgbpag ì tnbsg fèeòuatn`stbrò cbcgits wnòn tngy wgrg lbìl tnrbulnjut wgrg dt tng sdcg t`cg d pbwgreua gxprgss`bibe prbagtdr`di ìtgridt`bida`sc. Dt tndt t`cg tngvgry edtg be bur pgbpag kust ds tndt be cdiybtngr pgbpags gisadvgf jy edso`sc dif ì pdrtòuadr tndt be tng _bv`gt Wi`bi tng e`rst sbo`da`stobuitry ì tng wbraf tng pbwgreua jdsg be wbrafrgvbaut`bi dif tng lrgdt nbpg be prbagtdr`dis bedaa obuitr`gs dt tndt t`cg wds ì lrgdt fdilgr.Erbc tng jglìiìl be `ts gx`stgiog tng Xdrtyaìmgf tng a`jgrdt`bi wdr be bur pgbpag w`tntng lrgdt Xdtr`btò \dr be tng _bv`gt pgbpagsagf jy tng lrgdt _tdaì. Furìl tng _gobif \braf\dr `t cdfg d oagdr f`stìot`bi jgtwggi tng ebrogs be tng dit`-edso`st obda`t`bi dif igvgr obi-7

eusgf tngc br padogf tng _bv`gt Wi`bi bi tngsdcg ebbtìl ds tng Dilab-Dcgròdi daa`gsjgodusg tng`r d`cs ì tng wdr wgrg be obursgfèegrgit.Vng wdr be tng Dajdi`di pdrt`sdis ì Pu lbsadv`d ebr tng a`jgrdt`bi be bur Dajdi`di jrbtngrs dif tng btngr pgbpags be Pulbsadv`d `sdibtngr abety gxprgss`bi be tng obis`stgit ì tgridt`bida`st stdif be bur Xdrty dif pgbpag. VngDajdi`di pdrt`sdis ebulnt tngrg w`tn rdrg ngrb`sc ebr tng strgiltngiìl be er`gifsn`p jgtwggibur twb pgbpags d er`gifsn`p wnòn tng V`tb`tgsndvg rgkgotgf dif rgpadogf ebr tng`r bwi c`sebrtuig w`tn onduvì`st ndtg dldìst Dajdi`d diftng Dajdi`di pgbpag.\ngigvgr tng boods`bi dr`sgs tb fgegif difsuppbrt tnbsg wnb e`lnt ebr tng erggfbc be tngpgbpag dif ebr tng odusg be rgvbaut`bi bur Xdrtynds igvgr ngs`tdtgf tb cdmg lrgdt sdorèògs tbkgbpdrf`zg gvgi tng ìtgrgsts be `ts bwi obuitry._uon wds tng suppbrt bur Xdrty dif git`rg pgbpagldvg tng Lrggm pdrt`sdis ì 4060 rgs`stìl w`tnsuoogss tng sgr`bus prbvbodt`bis be Lrggm rgdot`bidif sdvìl tnbusdifs upbi tnbusdifs be a`vgs betng vda`dit sbis dif fdulntgrs be tng er`gifayLrggm pgbpag erbc tng nbrr`jag sadulntgr tndtdwd`tgf tngc. Dif tn`s tbbm padog dt d t`cg wngitng Pulbsadv V`tb`tgs jgtrdygf tngc aget tngcì tng auron dif oabsgf tng`r jbrfgr tb tngcwngrgds bur pgbpag datnbuln tngy wgrg lbìltnrbuln lrgdt fèeòuat`gs ì tnbsg ygdrs sndrgftng`r fdày jrgdf w`tn tngc w`tn tng sgisg benbsp`tda`ty tndt ondrdotgr`zgs tngc.Vng lrgdt strullag be n`stbrò `cpbrtdiogdldìst cbfgri V`tb`tg Mnrusnongv`tg Onìgsgdif Gurbobccui`st rgv`s`bi`sc obist`tutgs d

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jràa`dit pdlg be tng abety ìtgridt`bida`st stdifbe bur Xdrty. Agiì nds sd`f; Di dfngrgit beìtgridt`bida`sc wnb `s ibt dt tng sdcg t`cg dcbst obis`stgit dif fgtgrcìgf dfvgrsdry bebppbrtui`sc `s kust pnditbc ibtnìl cbrg.a @itn`s aglgifdry strull4g bur Xdrty nds igvgr prboggfgf erbc idrrbw idt`bida ìtgrgsts dif pbs`t`bis dif nds igvgr wdlgf `t but be d edioy `fgdbr stujjbrigss ds tng prgsgit-fdy rgv`s`bi`sts doousg us. Bur Xdrty nds sggi tng strullag dldìstcbfgri rgv`s`bi`sc ds di ìsgpdrdjag idt`bidadif ìtgridt`bida tdsm ds d qugst`bi be v`tda `cpbrtdiog ebr tng fgstì`gs be tng rgvbaut`bi difsbo`da`sc ì Dajdi`d dif tng rgvTaut`bidry odusgbe tng prbagtdr`dis dif tng pgbpags be tng wbraf.t nds wdlgf tn`s strullag ì di gxgcpadry cdiigr uicdtongf jy diybig. w`tn rdrg obuqlg dif

sp`r`t be prìo`pag ì wnòn tng e`lurg be ObcrdfgGivgr Nbxnd ds d lrgdt rgvbaut`bidry butstdifìl Cdrx`st-Agiì`st dif obis`stgit ìtgridt`bida`st r`sgs ì daa `ts lrgdtigss.Lrgdt `s tng obitr`jut`bi be bur Xdrty difObcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd dasb tb tng Cdrx`st-Agiì`st pdrt`gs dif ebrogs wnòn gcgrlgf erbc tngstrullag dldìst tng rgv`s`bi`st jgtrdyda ì wbrmìl but tng rgvbaut`bidry strdtgly dif tdotòs difì strgiltngiìl tng ui`ty be tng Cdrx`st-Agiì`st cbvgcgit bi tng jds`s be tng prìo`pags beCdrx`sc-Agiì`sc dif prbagtdr`di ìtgridt`bida`sc. @i tng Xdrty be Adjbur dif ì sbo`da`st -jdi`d tng Cdrx`st-Agiì`st pdrt`gs dif ebrogsndvg dawdys ebuif dif wàa eìf d pbwgreua suppbrt ebr tng`r kust strullag. Bur Xdrty nds igvgr4. U. 4 Agiì Obaagotgf \brms vba. :4 p. 458 Daj.

gf .

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obis`fgrgf tn`s d`f dif suppbrt ebr tngsg pdrt`gsdif ebrogs ds d jurfgi jut ds di ìtgridt`bida`std`f kust ds `t nds dpprgo`dtgf tng`r sba`fdr`tyw`tn sbo`da`st Dajdi`d ds d lrgdt sburog bestrgiltn dif ìsp`rdt`bi.Vng Xdrty be Adjbur be Dajdi`d nds dawdysjggi dt tng vdiludrf be tng strullag dldìstDcgròdi `cpgr`da`sc dif _bv`gt sbo`da-`cpgr`da`sc tngsg twb dron gigc`gs tng cbst fdilgrbusgigc`gs be tng pgbpags be tng wbraf dldìst daatng ebrogs be rgdot`bi dif edso`sc. t nds pbwgreuaay gxpbsgf tng wdrcbilgrìl padis be tngsupgrpbwgrs tng`r pbaòy be dllrgss`bi dif gisadvgcgit be tng pgbpags tng`r dttgcpts dt don`gvìl wbraf nglgcbiy dif fbcìdt`bi. Vng Xdrtynds dawdys suppbrtgf dif jdomgf up tng kustodusg be tng prbagtdr`dis dif pgbpags tng`r strullag ebr erggfbc ìfgpgifgiog fgcbordoy difsbo`da`sc w`tn fgtgrcìdt`bi dif nds cdfg `tsvdaudjag obitr`jut`bi tb tng fgegiog be pgdogdif ìtgridt`bida sgour`ty dldìst tng tnrgdt bewdr. Vn`s `s tng ìtgridt`bida`sc be bur Xdrty ìfggfs. t `s tn`s obrrgot bpgi oburdlgbus difprìo`pagf pbaòy tndt nds rd`sgf tng idcg besbo`da`st Dajdi`d `ts prgst`lg dif dutnbr`ty ìtng wbraf n`lngr tndi gvgr wnòn nds cdfg `t dpbwgreua jdsg be tng rgvbaut`bi dif sbo`da`sc di`rrgfuo`jag jdst`bi be trùcpndit Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc.Datnbuln d scdaa obuitry w`tn d scdaa pgbpag Dajdi`d nds jgobcg tbfdy d lrgdt gxdcpagwnòn eàas tng ngdrts be bur pgbpag dif be gvgry@ Dajdi`di w`tn pr`fg wnòn jrgdtngs kby dif ì sp`rdt`bi ì daa `ts cdiy er`gifs dif wgaa-w`sngrsì tng wbraf. t wds tng Xdrty be Adjbur w`tn(

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Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd dt tng ngdf tndt cdfg `tsuon `t wds tng strullag dif wbrm be `ts bwivda`dit, ndrf-wbrmìl dif erggfbc-abvìl pgbpagtndt cdfg `t suon `t wds tng Cdrx`st-Agiì`st`fgbably wnòn àaucìdtgs `ts rbdf ìsp`rgs difagdfs `t, tndt cdfg `t suon.

5

Xrbe. _VGEDI DT XBAAB

VNG FGEGIOG DIF FGUGABXCGIV BE VNGCDZ^@_V-AGI@I@_V VNGBZP BE VNG

ZGUBAWV@BI JP VNG XAD

Vng Xdrty be Adjbur be Dajdi`d dif `tsagdfgr, Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd, rgcdììl abydatb tng gif tb tng sp`r`t dif rgvbaut`bidry gssgiogbe Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc ndvg dawdys obis`fgrgftng Cdrx`st-Agiì`st tngbry be tng sbo`da`st rgvbaut`bi d obcpdss dif ìgxndust`jag sburog beìsp`rdt`bi ì tng`r wnbag rgvbaut`bidoy dot`v`ty.Vngy ndvg fgvgabpgf `t ì d orgdt`vg cdiigr ìtng prdotòg be bur fgcbordtò dif dit`-`cpgr`da`stdif, tngi, sbo`da`st rgvbaut`bi, dif ì tng`r didaysgs dssgsscgits dif tngbrgtòda lgigrda`zdt`bis betng prgsgit ìtgridt`bida gvgits dif pngibcgid.Dt tng sdcg t`cg, tngy ndvg fgegifgf `t dldìsttng lgigrda bisadulnt be tng `cpgr`da`st jburlgb`s`g dif tng cbfgri rgv`s`bi`sts. @i tn`s strullag ebr tng `cpagcgitdt`bi dif fgegiog be tngtngbry be tng rgvbaut`bi, tng Xdrty dif ObcrdfgGivgr Nbxnd ndvg fgvgabpgf `t eurtngr, girònìl`t w`tn tngsgs dif obioaus`bis frdwi erbc tng

7

Vng obiorgtg, ìtgrida dif gxtgrida obif`t`bisì daa tng stdlgs be bur rgvbaut`bi `cpbsgf br`lìda sbaut`bis be prbjagcs dif igw ebrcs bebrldi`zdt`bi ì tng erdcgwbrm be tng lgigrdaCdrx`st-Agiì`st aìg wnòn mgpt ìtdot tng djsb-autg pr`br`ty be tng euifdcgitda ìtgrgsts be tngwbrmìl oadss dif tng wbrmìl cdssgs dif tngprbspgot be tng sbo`da`st rgvbaut`bi. Erbc Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd s didays`s be tngsg stdlgs diftng`r f`stìot`vg egdturgs ì bur obuitry dif erbctng obio@ us`bis ng frdws bi tn`s jds`s oagdraygcgrlgs tng lrgdt dif igw rgvbaut`bidry gxpgr`giog, be cdkbr tngbrgtòda dif prdotòda vdaug,wnòn bur Xdrty nds obitr`jutgf tb tng trgdsurybe Cdrx`sc-Agiì`sc.Vng edso`st booupdt`bi be tng obuitry dif tngstrullag ebr idt`bida a`jgrdt`bi edogf tng Xdrtyw`tn d iucjgr be tngbrgtòda dif prdotòd;a prbjagcs be d pba`tòda, brldi`zdt`bida dif cà`tdryondrdotgr bi wnbsg sbaut`bi fgpgifgf tng edtg betng strullag dif tng rgvbaut`bi. Vng a`jgrdt`bibe tng obuitry dif tng gstdja`sncgit be tng pgb-pag s pbwgr prbvg jgst tndt tngsg sbaut`bis wgrgobrrgot, rgspbifgf tb tng iggfs be tng obuitrydif tng rgqu`rgcgits be tng t`cg.Vng ebrcuadt`bi be tng prblrdc be tng Xdrtydetgr `ts ebuifìl pbsgf tng prbjagc be tng fg-eì`t`bi be tng ondrdotgr be tng wdr wnòn, ebr `tspdrt, wds obif`t`bigf jy tng fgeì`t`bi be tngcdì obitrdfòt`bi orgdtgf detgr tng edso`st -oupdt`bi . @i tn`s odsg rgdfy-cdfg songcgs difcbfgas wgrg uiutà`zdjag. Z`lnt dt tng jglìiìlObcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd rgkgotgf tng wrbil v`gwsbe sbcg obccui`sts wnb odaagf ebr tng brldi`zdt`bi, ibt be tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \dr, jutbe tng sbo`da`st rgvbaut`bi, detgr tng Dajd);a`di

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prbagtdr`dt wds orgdtgf dif ndf lrbwi t n i ~ s tbtng odp`tda`st fgvgabpcgit edso`sc wbuaf jrìldabil. @i tng igw s`tudt`bi, sd`f ObcrdfgGivgr Nbxnd, tng ìtgrida oadss obitrdfòt`bisndf pdssgf tb tng sgobif padig dif tng gxtgridaobitrdfòt`bis, tnbsg jgtwggi tng Dajdi`di pgbpagwnb ebulnt ebr tng`r erggfbc, ìfgpgifgiog difsbvgrg`lity, dif tng @tda`di dif Lgrcdi booup`grs be bur obuitry, ndf jgobcg tng cdìbigs.4 Ngiog, tng wdr wbuaf ndvg di dit`-edso`stid t `bida a`jgrdt`bi ondrdotgr. Nbwgvgr, tng Xdrtyobuaf ibt jg ebr diy idt`bida wdr dif gvgi agssebr d jburlgb`s idt`bida cbvgcgit, ds ndf ndppgigf ì tng pdst, wngi tng pgbpag s cdssgsdon`gvgf tng vòtbry dif `ts eru`ts wgrg rgdpgfjy btngrs. Z`lnt erbc tng jglìiìl `t ldvg tngwdr ebr ` i f g ~ g i f g i o g d fgcbordtò obitgit wnònwds gxprgssgf ì `ts e`rst Zgsbaut`bi wnòn odaagfebr d pgbpag s fgcbordtò lbvgricgit ì diDajdi`d a`jgrdtgf erbc edso`sc.,,: Dj`fìl r` lbrbusay dif tb tng gif jy tng fgcdifs ebr dwdr be idt`bida a`jgrdt`bi, tng Xdrty, w`tn `tsw`sg pbaòy, migw nbw tb fggpgi `ts sbo`da obitgit cbrg dif cbrg w`tn gdon pdssìl fdylrdfudaay l`vìl tng wdr tng ondrdotgr be dpgbpag s rgvbaut`bi wnòn prgpdrgf tng lrbuifebr tng gstdja`sncgit be tng fòtdtbrsn`p be tngprbagtdr`dt `ccgf`dtgay detgr tng a`jgrdt`bi be tngobuitry.@i `ts t`cg tng prbjagc ndf jggi fgdat w`tntngbrgtòdaay jy U.@. Agiì wnb wbrmgf but tngtngs`s tndt tng jburlgb`s-fgcbordtò rgvbaut`bi

4 Givgr Nbxnd, \brms vba. ?5 , pp . ?:0-??8, Daj. gf.: Givgr Nbxnd, \brms vba. 4, p . :?,

sgobif Daj. gf .58

odi dif snbuaf jg trdisebrcgf ìtb d prbagtdr`dirgvbaut`bi.@i Dajdi`d tn`s `fgd ebuif `ts orgdt`vg dppaòdt`bi ì tng obif`t`bis be ebrg`li booupdt`bidif tng strullag ebr idt`bida a`jgrdt`bi. Ds gdrayds 406?, Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd fgoadrgf; ..Dtprgsgit tng OXD e`lnts dt tng ngdf be tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi Erbit (br ì d obccbi erbitdldìst tng booup`gr), ebr tng a`jgrdt`bi be tngobuitry dif ebr d igw fgcbordtò Dajdi`d. Vn`s`s tng e`rst pndsg be bur strullag. Jut tn`s fbgsibt cgdi tndt wg drg ibt wbrmìl ebr difprgpdrìl tng sgobif pndsg. Vng e`rst pndsg `stng prgpdrdt`bi ebr tng fòtdtbrsn`p be tng prbagtdr`dj. tVng ìtgradoìl be idt`bida w`tn sbo`da tdsms,wnòn trdisebrcgf tng idt`bida a`jgrdt`bi cbvgcgit ìtb d pgbpag s rgvbaut`bi, wds ibt fbigìstditay, jut lrdfudaay, ì tng prbogss be tngwdr, tnrbuln pba`tòda cgtnbfs, tdotòs dif brldi`scs wnòn drg di br`lìda dif suoogsseuaobcjìdt`bi be tn gbry w`tn tng obiorgtg rgda`tybe Dajdi`d.Z`lnt erbc tng jglìiìl tng Xdrty cdfg `toagdr tndt idt`bida dif sbo`da a`jgrdt`bi wbuafjg don`gvgf tnrbuln drcgf strullag, tnrbulnrgvbaut`bidry v`bagiog dldìst tng ebrg`li booup`grs dif tng`r obaadjbrdtbrs. Vn`s wds tn g wdrbe d sc daa pgbpag dldìst pbwgreua gigc`gs. t `strug tndt ì tn`s e`gaf tngrg gx`stgf d jràa`dittrdf`t`bi erbc tng pdst wngi bur pgbpag f`f ibtngs`tdtg tb r`sg gvgi dabig dldìst tng ruag benulg gcp`rgs dif tng dit`-Dajdi`di pbaòy be

4 Givgr N bxn d. \brms vba. 4 p. :6> , V`rdid 40>?,sgobif Daj . gf.

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obda`t`bis be lrgdt stdtgs. Dif kust ds ì tng pdstibw, tbb, tngrg wds ib adom be prgssurg dif drlucgits9. tb obivìog us tb cdìtdì d wd`t-difsgg dtt`tufg tb spdrg tng nucdi dif cdtgr`dargsburogs be d pbbr obuitry ds tng lrgdt wnbebulnt dldìst edso`sc wbuaf daaglgfay jrìl usbur erggfbc. Dif ` e tng Xdrty onbsg tng rbdf beuiobcprbc`sìl drcgf strullag `t prboggfgf ibtbiay erbc n`stbròda gxpgr`giog erbc tngbrgtòdaobis`fgrdt`bis dif `ts ìtgridt`bida`st tdsms, jutdasb erbc tng edot tndt `t wds wgaa dwdrg tndtbiay ì tng prbogss be tng drcgf strullag agf jy`t, dif ibt erbc jdomstdlg pba`tòda fgdaìls,wbuaf tng rgvbaut`bidry ebrogs be tng idt`biwnòn wbuaf jg tng cdì suppbrt be tng ìfgpgifgit Dajdi`d be pgbpag s fgcbordoy gcgrlgwbuaf tng pba`tòda ui`ty be tng pgbpag jg rgda`zgf, wbuaf tng drcgf ebrogs jg orgdtgf wnònwbuaf sgrvg ibt biay ebr tng a`jgrdt`bi be tngobuitry jut dasb ebr tng fgegiog be tng ldìs betng rgvbaut`bi, wbuaf tng brldis be tng stdtgpbwgr jg sgt up w`tnbut wnòn tng juàfìl betng igw Dajdi`d obuaf ibt jg `cdlìgf. Erbctn`s stdif-pbìt tng idt`bida a`jgrdt`bi cbvgcgitbe bur pgbpag rgcdìs d cbfga ebr tng sbaut`bibe tng euifdcgitda prbjagcs pbsgf jy tng strullag ebr erggfbc dif ìfgpgifgiog wnòn orgdtgdt tng sdcg t`cg, tng prgc`sgs ebr fggp-lbìlsbo`b-pba`tòda trdisebrcdt`bis ì tng euturg. Vnguiobcprbc`sìl drcgf straallag dldìst tngebrg`li booup`grs wds d tbuonstbig ebr tngsbo`da oadssgs dif strdtd be tng obuitry difsgrvgf ds d odtdayst tb jrìl but tng`r trugpba`tòda pnys`blibcy, tng`r pdtr`bt`sc br dit`pdtr`bt`sc, tng`r fgcbordt`sc br dit`-fgcbordt`sc.t wds ibt doo`fgitda tndt tng Xdrty ìs`stgf bi5:

`ts fgcdif ebr pdrtò`pdt`bi ì tng drcgf ~ t u -lag ds d obif`t`bi be `ts obaadjbrdt`bi w`tn Jdaa`Mbcjgtdr dif Aglda`tgt`. Dif truay tng`r sn`rmìltng strullag dif gvgitudaay da`liìl tngcsgavgsbpgiay w`tn tn booup`grs wds d pbwgreua difobivòìl drlucgit be tng jgtrdyda jy tng j`ladifbwigrs tng j`l jburlgB`s`g dif tng rònpgdsditry be tng ì tgrgsts be tng Nbcgadif diftng pgbpag.Vng edot tndt tng cdì gxpab`tìl oadssgskbìgf tng rgl`cg be booupdt`bi dif wgrg fgstrbygf tblgtngr w`tn `t wds dibtngr `cpbrtditbjkgot`vg edotbr wnòn edvburgf tng trdisebrcdt`bi be tng Idt`bida A`jgrdt`bi \dr ìtb d pgbpag s rgvbaut`bi. Nbwgvgr tn`s trdisebrcdt`biodiibt jg obiog`vgf w`tnbut tng bpgrdt`bi w`tnbut tng rbag, dif fgo`s`vg dt tndt be tng sujkgot`vg edotbrs, dif, ì tng e`rst padog, be tng Obc

cui`st Xdrty. Vng pgbpag s rgvbaut`bi obuaf ibtfgvgabp dif jg odrr`gf but tnrbuln tb tng gif,tng gstdja`sncgit be tng fòtdtbrsn`p be prbagtdr`dt w`tnbut tng edr-s`lntgf Cdrx`st-Agiì`stpbaòy be tng Xdrty w`tnbut tng butstdifìl obitr`jut`bi be `ts agdfgr Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd.@i tng e`rst padog, tng agdfgrsn`p be tng pgbpag dif tng rgvbaut`bi bi tng pdrt be tng wbrmìl oadss dif `ts Xdrty ndf tb jg gisurgf. @i tngobif`t`bis be bur obuitry tn`s prbjagc wds fèeòuat dif obcpagx dif ndf `ts pgoua`dr tngbrgtòda dif prdotòda dspgots.Vng wbrmìl oadss wds scdaa ì iucjgr jutwds tng cbrg dfvdiogf oadss erbc tng stdifpbìtbe `ts sbo`da pbs`t`bi, `t ndf sbcg gxpgr`giog bebrldi`zdt`bi dif strullag dldìst odp`tda`st gxpab`tdt`bi dif edso`sc. Ib btngr oadss, dpdrt erbctng wbrmìl oadss, wds ì d pbs`t`bi tb snbuafgr

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tng n`stbrò c4__aBi be agdfìl tng wdr. Dif `tpgrebrcgf tn`s c`ss`bi tnrbuln `ts vdiludrffgtdoncgit, tng Obccui`st Xdrty. Vng dee`rcd-t`bi be tn`s rbag wds fug tb tng edot tndt tngXdrty padogf tng `fgbably be tng wbrmìl oadss,tng rgda`zdt`bi be `ts idt`bida dif sbo`da dsp`rd-t`bis, wnòn wgrg tng sdcg ds tnbsg be tng git`rgpgbpag, dt tng ebuifdt`bi be `ts prblrdc dif `tswnbag dot`v`ty.Nbwgvgr, tng wbrmìl oadss dif `ts Xdrtyobuaf ibt odrry but tng rgvbaut`bi dabig, w`tnbutdaa`gs. @i tng wdr ygdrs Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxndpbìtgf but tndt tn`s `s ib strullag be odfrgs,jut d strullag be tng jrbdf cdssgs ìsp`rgf difagf jy tng Xdrty.4 @i tn`s odsg, tbb, tng Xdrtyndf tb eìf tng cbst dpprbpr`dtg wdys tb aìm`tsgae w`tn tngc, tb cbjà`zg dif agdf tngc ìtng wdr.Dj`fìl jy tng idt`bida a`jgrdt`bi ondrdotgrbe tng wdr, tng Xdrty odaagf bi daa tng pdtr`btòebrogs be tng obuitry, w`tnbut f`stìot`bi be oads-sgs br pba`tòda obivòt`bis, tb tdmg pdrt ì `t.Dcbil tng daa`gs be tng wbrmìl oadss, tng pgd-sditry wnòn wds tng adrlgst oadss ì iucjgr,w`tn d lrgdt pdtr`btò dif fgcbordtò pbtgit`da,odcg e`rst ìtb obis`fgrdt`bi. @i tng obif`t`bisbe bur obuitry, sd`f Obcrdfg Givgr Nbxnd, tngwdr wbuaf jg wbi jy tndt oadss wnòn ndf tngpgdsditry bi `ts s`fg : Vng wbrmìl oadss diftng pgdsditry wbuaf l`vg gdon btngr wndt tngyadomgf sgpdrdtgay. Vnrbuln `ts Xdrty tng wbrmìloadss wbuaf l`vg tng pgdsditry `ts pba`tòda, `fgb-

4 Givgr Nbxnd \brms vba. 4. p. :0?, V`rdid 40>? ,sgobif Daj . gf.: Gi vgr Nbxnd, \brms vba. 4


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`fgbablòda ebrog erbc wnbsg rdims `t rgoru`tgftnbusdifs be obccui`sts dif trdìgf tng cà`tdryodfrgs wnòn wbuaf agdf tng ui`ts be tng Idt`bidaA`jgrdt`bi Drcy.D f`stìot`vg egdturg be tng wbrm be tng Xdrty ebr tng gstdja`sncgit be oabsg aìms w`tn tngcdssgs wds tng cbjà`zdt`bi dif brldi`zdt`bi betng ybutn dif wbcgi ì wdr, big be tng cdìtdsms `t ndf sgt `tsgae r`lnt erbc tng e`rst fdys be`ts ebuifìl.N`stbry nds snbwi tndt ì daa rgvbaut`bidrycbvgcgits be bur pgbpag tng ybutn ndvg dawdysjggi ì tng ebrgerbit be jdttag, dif wbcgi ndvgdawdys stbbf jgs`fg cgi. Vngsg sbo`da ebrogsObuaf dif snbuaf jgobcg d pbwgreua suppbrt betng strullag dif rgvbaut`bi, tng cbrg sb ds dCdrx`st-Agiì`st pdrty stbbf ì tng agdfgrsn`p.Vng Xdrty ndf uieaìonìl obie`fgiog ì tng`r ngrb`sc dif odpdjà`t`gs, brldi`zgf tngc dif ondrlgftngc w`tn fèeòuat dif labr`bus tdsms, wngrgdstng ybutn dif wbcgi sdw ì tng agdfgr be tngstrullag tng gcjbf`cgit be tng`r eìgst `fgdasbe idt`bida dif sbo`da a`jgrdt`bi.@i tng obif`t`bis be bur obuitry d pdrtòuadrrbag wds padygf jy tng sonbba ybutn, tng cdkbr`tybe wnòn odcg erbc tng rdims be tng pgtty difc`ffag jburlgb`s`g be tng o`ty dif tng ròn pgdsditry. Z`lnt erbc tng jglìiìl tng Xdrty ds-sgssgf `ts pdtr`bt`sc dif gigrl`gs, `cjugf `t w`tn`ts rgvbaut`bidry `fgbably dif tnrgw `t ìtb dot`bi.Ds tng cbrg gfuodtgf pdrt be tng ybutn, `t jg-odcg d t`rgagss prbpdldif`st be tng aìg be tngXdrty dcbil tng jrbdf pgbpag s cdssgs dif dcgdis tb jrìl tng ìeaugiog be tng Xdrty tbtng sbo`da giv`rbicgit tb wnòn `t jgabilgf, tngstrdtd be tng pgtty dif c`ffag jburlgb`s`g be

.55

tng o`ty wnòn kbìgf tng idt`bida a`jgrdt`bicbvgcgit br, dt agdst, f`f ibt bppbsg `t.t `s mibwi tndt tng brldi`zdt`bida odpdo`-t`gs be tng agdfgrsn`p pady di `cpbrtdit rbag ìwdr dif rgvbaut`bi. Vng Xdrty dif ObcrdfgGivgr Nbxnd f`stìlu`sngf tngcsgavgs ds butstdifìl brldi`zgrs wnb migw ibt biay tb orgdtgtng

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