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Science/AAAS | Table of Contents: 28 March 2008; 319 (5871)

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Home > Science Magazine > Issue Archive > 2008 > 28 March 2008

28 March 2008 Vol 319, Issue 5871, Pages 1715-1882

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● Special Issue: Gene Regulation

● High-Precision Optical Clocks

● How DEET Works

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Gene Regulation

Freedom of ExpressionGuy Riddihough, Beverly A. Purnell, and John Travis Science 28 March 2008: 1781. Summary » PDF »

Video: Gene RegulationScience 28 March 2008: 1781.

Summary: A video introduction focusing on RNA's role in gene regulation and the evolution of life.

Full Text »

News

MicroRNAs Make Big Impression in Disease After DiseaseJennifer Couzin Science 28 March 2008: 1782-1784.

Summary: Hunting for new ways to diagnose and treat common diseases, biologists and companies are racing to decipher the promise of these RNAs.

Full Text » PDF »

Perspectives

Gene Regulation by Transcription Factors and MicroRNAsOliver Hobert Science 28 March 2008: 1785-1786. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

The Eukaryotic Genome as an RNA MachinePaulo P. Amaral, Marcel E. Dinger, Tim R. Mercer, and John S. Mattick Science 28 March 2008: 1787-1789. Abstract » Full Text » PDF »

Multilevel Regulation of Gene Expression by MicroRNAsEugene V. Makeyev and Tom Maniatis Science 28 March 2008: 1789-1790. Abstract » Full Text » PDF »

Transcription Regulation Through Promoter-Proximal Pausing of RNA Polymerase II

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Leighton J. Core and John T. Lis Science 28 March 2008: 1791-1792. Abstract » Full Text » PDF »

Gene Regulation in the Third DimensionJob Dekker Science 28 March 2008: 1793-1794. Abstract » Full Text » PDF »

Complex RiboswitchesRonald R. Breaker Science 28 March 2008: 1795-1797. Abstract » Full Text » PDF »

Evolution of Eukaryotic Transcription CircuitsBrian B. Tuch, Hao Li, and Alexander D. Johnson Science 28 March 2008: 1797-1799. Abstract » Full Text » PDF »

Contents


This Week in ScienceEditor summaries of this week's papers. Science 28 March 2008: 1729. Full Text »

Editorial: Shortcuts to Medical Progress?Bruce Alberts Science 28 March 2008: 1733. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

Editors' ChoiceHighlights of the recent literature. Science 28 March 2008: 1735. Full Text »

Science PodcastScience 28 March 2008: 1858.


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Summary » Transcript »

NEW PRODUCTSScience 28 March 2008: 1856. Summary » PDF »

News of the Week

GLOBAL CHANGE: Roads, Ports, Rails Aren't Ready for Changing Climate, Says ReportEli Kintisch Science 28 March 2008: 1744-1745.

Summary: A federal study released this month documents the significant impact that climate change is expected to have on the U.S. transportation system, offering "a pretty damning tale of what could happen."

Full Text » PDF »

CLIMATE CHANGE: Study Fingers Soot as a Major Player in Global WarmingRobert F. Service Science 28 March 2008: 1745.

Summary: According to a new analysis reported online this week in Nature Geoscience, climate scientists may have seriously underestimated the role that tiny particles of black carbon, or soot, play in global warming.

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BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY: Smart Birds Lend a Beak for FoodConstance Holden Science 28 March 2008: 1746.

Summary: Scientists report this week that rooks, like chimpanzees, can cooperate in food-getting tasks. The insight may help explain how cooperation evolved so spectacularly in humans.

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CLINICAL RESEARCH: NIH Reports Breach of Patient RecordsJocelyn Kaiser Science 28 March 2008: 1746.

Summary: The theft last month of a laptop with patient data from a clinical trial under way at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, is fueling broader concerns about privacy.

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE: Elusive Pathogen Cornered at LastElsa Youngsteadt Science 28 March 2008: 1747.

Summary: Researchers have discovered an environmental hiding place for the bacteria that cause a devastating disease known as Buruli ulcer. The accomplishment marks a major milestone in efforts to understand and control one of the world's most neglected


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tropical diseases. Full Text » PDF »

CHEN ZHU INTERVIEW: China's Modern Medical MinisterRichard Stone Science 28 March 2008: 1748-1749.

Summary: A reshuffle this month put China’s minister of health, Chen Zhu, in charge of the State Food and Drug Administration. Science interviewed him about the tension between Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, a plan to strengthen medical research, and the more open research atmosphere in China since the SARS outbreak in 2003.

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ACADEMIC RESEARCH: Saudi Start-Up Hopes Grants Will Buy TimeJeffrey Mervis Science 28 March 2008: 1748-1749.

Summary: An unusual graduate university rising in the Saudi Arabian desert is funding the research of top scientists from around the world in hopes that they will share their expertise and contacts to help the school launch its own research programs.

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ScienceScopeScience 28 March 2008: 1747. Full Text »

Random SamplesScience 28 March 2008: 1741. Full Text »

NewsmakersScience 28 March 2008: 1743. Full Text »

News Focus

SCIENCE AND COMMERCE: Science by the MassesJohn Travis Science 28 March 2008: 1750-1752.

Summary: By offering prizes on behalf of clients seeking scientific and engineering help, an Internet company called InnoCentive has gathered a virtual work force of 135,000 problem-solvers from around the world.

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ENERGY: Weighing the Climate Risks of an Untapped Fossil FuelJohn Bohannon Science 28 March 2008: 1753.

Summary: As the energy industry hungrily eyes methane hydrates, scientists ponder the fuel’s impact on climate.

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GENETIC RISK: With New Disease Genes, a Bounty of QuestionsJennifer Couzin Science 28 March 2008: 1754-1755.

Summary: New techniques, including genome-wide associations, are identifying new disease risk factors; researchers are uncertain what they mean--and what to advise patients.

Full Text » PDF »

LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE: Cooking Up the Solar System From the Right IngredientsRichard A. Kerr Science 28 March 2008: 1756.

Summary: At the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, cosmochemists reported measurements of the oxygen isotopic composition of the sun that indicate that isotopically as well as physically, Earth is not at the center of things.

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LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE: New Piece of the Solar System Puzzle Fits InRichard A. Kerr Science 28 March 2008: 1756-1757.

Summary: At a special session at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, researchers finally identified two broken pieces of a meteorite that had defied classification.

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LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE: Snapshots From the MeetingRichard A. Kerr Science 28 March 2008: 1757.

Summary: Snapshots from the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference include remnant martian ice and a crater that shouldn’t exist.

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LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE: What Was a 'Wet and Warm' Early Mars Really Like?Richard A. Kerr Science 28 March 2008: 1757.

Summary: A workshop focused on the first period of martian geologic history, held prior to the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, came to few conclusions about Mars’s transition from warm and wet to cold and dry.

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Letters


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This Week's LettersScience 28 March 2008: 1759. Summary » PDF »

The Last Inventor of the TelephoneJürgen Schmidhuber Science 28 March 2008: 1759. Full Text » PDF »

Thinking Outside the ReefEric L. Peterson, Maria Beger, and Zoe T. Richards Science 28 March 2008: 1759. Full Text » PDF »

Putting Ant-Acacia Mutualisms to the FireRoland Cochard, Donat Agosti;, Todd M. Palmer, Maureen L. Stanton, Truman P. Young, Jacob R. Goheen, Robert M. Pringle, and Richard Karban Science 28 March 2008: 1759-1761. Full Text » PDF »

Books et al.

SCIENCE AND THE ARTS: Another Approach to ConsilienceJay Labinger Science 28 March 2008: 1763.

Summary: Many who dream of unifying scientific and humanistic thinking seem to hold a one-sided view of the resulting whole: that the study of topics in the arts and humanities should be informed by science. Lehrer and Edwards offer a range of examples that suggest the benefits from working in the other direction.

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HISTORY OF SCIENCE: Explaining the Cosmos to the PeoplePhilip J. Pauly Science 28 March 2008: 1764.

Summary: The author provides a scholarly, detailed consideration of the bloom of books by writers and journalists who presented science to the British public through the second half of the 19th century.

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Books ReceivedScience 28 March 2008: 1764. Summary »

Policy Forum

PLANETARY SCIENCE: The Planet Debate Continueshttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol319/issue5871/index.dtl (7 of 12) [2/6/2553 9:49:13]

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Mark V. Sykes Science 28 March 2008: 1765.

Summary: The IAU decisions a year ago to define "planet" narrowly and to demote Pluto have not been universally accepted.

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Perspectives

MATERIALS SCIENCE: Multitasking in Tissues and MaterialsPhillip B. Messersmith Science 28 March 2008: 1767-1768.

Summary: Insights into the role played by a modified amino acid residue in structural biological tissues are helping to develop biomimetic materials.

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PHYSICS: A Milestone in Time KeepingDaniel Kleppner Science 28 March 2008: 1768-1769.

Summary: Researchers have made atomic clocks so precise that effects of general relativity are on the verge of complicating the concept of keeping time.

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ECONOMICS: When a Commodity Is Not Exactly a CommodityNancy Folbre Science 28 March 2008: 1769-1770.

Summary: Economic transactions for services such as health and elder care are complicated by personal interactions and emotional connections.

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ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Recording Earth's Vital SignsRalph F. Keeling Science 28 March 2008: 1771-1772.

Summary: Fifty years ago, continuous measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide were begun at Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

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BIOCHEMISTRY: A Postgenomic Visual IconJohn N. Weinstein Science 28 March 2008: 1772-1773.

Summary: A decade of experience in visualizing large-scale genotypic and phenotypic data as heat maps has illuminated the strengths and limitations of the approach.

Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Association Affairshttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol319/issue5871/index.dtl (8 of 12) [2/6/2553 9:49:13]

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AAAS News and NotesScience 28 March 2008: 1775. Summary » Full Text » PDF »

Review

Doped NanocrystalsDavid J. Norris, Alexander L. Efros, and Steven C. Erwin Science 28 March 2008: 1776-1779. Abstract » Full Text » PDF »

Brevia

Dynamics of Saturn's South Polar VortexUlyana A. Dyudina, Andrew P. Ingersoll, Shawn P. Ewald, Ashwin R. Vasavada, Robert A. West, Anthony D. Del Genio, John M. Barbara, Carolyn C. Porco, Richard K. Achterberg, F. Michael Flasar, Amy A. Simon-Miller, and Leigh N. Fletcher Science 28 March 2008: 1801.

Observations from Cassini show that the cloud vortex at Saturn’s south pole shares some features with hurricanes (such as an eye wall), but forms by a different mechanism.

Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Reports

Magnetar-Like Emission from the Young Pulsar in Kes 75F. P. Gavriil, M. E. Gonzalez, E. V. Gotthelf, V. M. Kaspi, M. A. Livingstone, and P. M. Woods Science 28 March 2008: 1802-1805. Published online 21 February 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1153465] (in Science Express Reports)

A pulsar exhibits x-ray bursts like that seen only in magnetars, which have ultrahigh magnetic fields, implying that neutron stars exhibit a continuum of magnetic activity.


Sr Lattice Clock at 1 x 10–16 Fractional Uncertainty by Remote Optical Evaluation with a Ca ClockA. D. Ludlow, T. Zelevinsky, G. K. Campbell, S. Blatt, M. M. Boyd, M. H. G. de Miranda, M. J. Martin, J. W. Thomsen, S. M. Foreman, Jun Ye, T. M. Fortier, J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, Y. Le Coq, Z. W. Barber, N. Poli, N. D. Lemke, K. M. Beck, and C. W. Oates Science 28 March 2008: 1805-1808. Published online 14 February 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1153341] (in Science Express Reports)

Two clocks based on optical transitions in single trapped ions, set 4 kilometers apart, are able to keep time within a fractional error of 1 × 10-16, better than the standard atomic clock.


Frequency Ratio of Al+ and Hg+ Single-Ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th Decimal PlaceT. Rosenband, D. B. Hume, P. O. Schmidt, C. W. Chou, A. Brusch, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, R. E. Drullinger, T. M. Fortier, J. E. Stalnaker, S. A.


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Diddams, W. C. Swann, N. R. Newbury, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and J. C. Bergquist Science 28 March 2008: 1808-1812. Published online 6 March 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1154622] (in Science Express Reports)

Precise measurements of the frequency ratio of two optical clocks indicate that the fine-structure constant is fine and constant to an uncertainty of 10-17.


Self-Assembly of Large and Small Molecules into Hierarchically Ordered Sacs and MembranesRamille M. Capito, Helena S. Azevedo, Yuri S. Velichko, Alvaro Mata, and Samuel I. Stupp Science 28 March 2008: 1812-1816.

Mixing of a high–molecular weight polymer with a low–molecular weight peptide amphiphile instantly forms repairable membrane sacs large enough to encapsulate cells.


The Transition from Stiff to Compliant Materials in Squid BeaksAli Miserez, Todd Schneberk, Chengjun Sun, Frank W. Zok, and J. Herbert Waite Science 28 March 2008: 1816-1819.

The squid beak, sharp and hard only at the tip, exhibits a chemical gradient that tailors its mechanical properties to prevent damage to the attached soft muscle tissue.


Determining Transition-State Geometries in Liquids Using 2D-IRJames F. Cahoon, Karma R. Sawyer, Jacob P. Schlegel, and Charles B. Harris Science 28 March 2008: 1820-1823.

Tracking vibrational modes through a transition state by spectroscopy reveals an iron compound’s thermal ligand rearrangement, which was previously too fast to monitor.


Surface Trapping of Atoms and Molecules with Dipole RingsHugo Dil, Jorge Lobo-Checa, Robert Laskowski, Peter Blaha, Simon Berner, Jürg Osterwalder, and Thomas Greber Science 28 March 2008: 1824-1826.

Holes in a boron nitride surface ringed by in-plane dipoles form a nanometer-scale pore network with a trapping potential that can hold weakly adsorbed molecules.


Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA MethylationR. Kucharski, J. Maleszka, S. Foret, and R. Maleszka Science 28 March 2008: 1827-1830. Published online 13 March 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1153069] (in Science Express Reports)

Epigenetic modifications that involve methylation cause female honeybee larvae to become queens rather than workers when they are fed royal jelly.



http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1808http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1808http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1808.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1154622/DC1http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1812http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1812http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1812.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1812/DC1http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1816http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1816http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1816.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1816/DC1http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1820http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1820http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1820.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1820/DC1http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1824http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1824http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1824.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1824/DC1http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1827http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1827http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1827.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1153069/DC1


The Flavivirus Precursor Membrane-Envelope Protein Complex: Structure and MaturationLong Li, Shee-Mei Lok, I-Mei Yu, Ying Zhang, Richard J. Kuhn, Jue Chen, and Michael G. Rossmann Science 28 March 2008: 1830-1834. Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

Structure of the Immature Dengue Virus at Low pH Primes Proteolytic MaturationI-Mei Yu, Wei Zhang, Heather A. Holdaway, Long Li, Victor A. Kostyuchenko, Paul R. Chipman, Richard J. Kuhn, Michael G. Rossmann, and Jue Chen Science 28 March 2008: 1834-1837.

Dengue and West Nile viruses mature when the envelope protein precursor is cleaved at low pH, and then the cleavage product dissociates outside the cell, allowing infection.


Insect Odorant Receptors Are Molecular Targets of the Insect Repellent DEETMathias Ditzen, Maurizio Pellegrino, and Leslie B. Vosshall Science 28 March 2008: 1838-1842. Published online 13 March 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1153121] (in Science Express Reports)

The widely used insect repellent DEET acts by inhibiting olfactory neurons that respond to odors such as those that attract insects to their hosts.


Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor CuesWen Li, James D. Howard, Todd B. Parrish, and Jay A. Gottfried Science 28 March 2008: 1842-1845.

After association of negative stimuli to one of a pair of initially indistinguishable odors, human participants learn to tell the two odors apart and show altered brain representations.


Electric Fields Due to Synaptic Currents Sharpen Excitatory TransmissionSergiy Sylantyev, Leonid P. Savtchenko, Yin-Ping Niu, Anton I. Ivanov, Thomas P. Jensen, Dimitri M. Kullmann, Min-Yi Xiao, and Dmitri A. Rusakov Science 28 March 2008: 1845-1849.

The electrical field set up by currents within the synaptic cleft can influence diffusion of negatively charged neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, and prolong excitatory events.


Rule Learning by RatsRobin A. Murphy, Esther Mondragón, and Victoria A. Murphy Science 28 March 2008: 1849-1851.

Rats can learn the rules governing simple sequences of stimuli and then unexpectedly can generalize these rules to new situations.Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material »

From the AAAS Office of Publishing and Member Services


http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1830http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1830http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1830.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1830/DC1http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1834http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1834http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1834.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1834/DC1http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1838http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1838http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1838.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1153121/DC1http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1842http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1842http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1842.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1842/DC1http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1845http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1845http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1845.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1845/DC1http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5871/1849http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1849http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/319/5871/1849.pdfhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5871/1849/DC1

BUSINESS OFFICE FEATURE: Life Science Technologies: Genomic Biomarker Discovery: Bringing the Genome to LifeJeffrey M. Perkel Science 28 March 2008: 1853-1855. Summary »

BUSINESS OFFICE FEATURE: Focus on Careers: A Boost for Vaccine ResearchEmma Hitt Science 28 March 2008: 1858-1861. Summary »


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sciencemag.orgScience/AAAS | Table of Contents: 28 March 2008; 319 (5871)

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