Science – Grade 10

SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR INDEPENDENT LEARNING ENGAGEMENT (SMILE)

10 Science

First Quarter – Module 1: Week 1 Distribution of Earthquake Epicenters

Mary Ann L. Balido

Larry A. Carolasan

A Joint Project of the

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DIPOLOG CITY and the

DIPOLOG CITY GOVERNMENT

Science – Grade 10

Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE)

Quarter 1 – Module 1: Distribution of Earthquake Epicenters

First Edition, 2020

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Printed in the Philippines by:

Department of Education – Dipolog City Schools Division

Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan Dipolog City

Zamobanga del Norte, 7100

Telefax: 065(212-6986) and 065(212-5818)

E-mail Address: dipolog.city@deped.gov.ph

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Larry A. Carolasan and Mary Ann L. Balido

Editors: Charmalou P. Ogarte and Zyhrine P. Mayormita

Reviewers: Charmalou P. Ogarte and Zyhrine P. Mayormita

Illustrator:

Layout Artist:

Management Team:

Virgilio P. Batan Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent

Jay S. Montealto - Asst. Schools Division Superintendent

Amelinda D. Montero - Chief Education Supervisor, CID

Nur N. Hussien - Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD

Ronillo S. Yarag - Education Program Supervisor, LRMS

Leo Martinno O. Alejo - Project Development Officer II, LRMS

mailto:dipolog.city@deped.gov.ph

1

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help

you learn about the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and

major mountain belts around the world.

Most Essential Learning Competency

Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters

and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory (Week 1- 3)

Specifically, for this module, you are expected to:

1. Locate the epicenter of an earthquake using triangulation method;

2. Locate and describe the distribution of earthquake epicenters using a

map; and

3. Demonstrate ways to ensure disaster preparedness during

earthquake.

What I Know

Are you now ready to learn a new lesson? But before that, let us first find

out how much you already know about this module. Read each statement and choose

the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Given the three differently located seismic stations, the time travel graph can

be used to determine the position of the _______.

A. Focus of the earthquake B. Epicenter of the earthquake

C. Fault line

D. Fault plane

What I Need to Know

2

2. Which type of seismic wave is the fastest?

A. Primary waves

B. Love waves C. Surface waves

D. Secondary waves

3. Which statement best describes an earthquake epicenter?

A. It is the location along the fault where the first motion of an earthquake occurs.

B. It is the point on Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake’s focus.

C. It is a seismic wave that travels along the surface of the Earth. D. It is the place where motion in an earthquake is detected.

4. Earthquakes can produce shock waves that travel through the ground. What

are these waves called?

A. Electromagnetic waves

B. Microwaves C. Infrared waves

D. Seismic waves

5. Which statement correctly describes an earthquake?

A. It is an opening of the Earth where magma erupts to the surface. B. It is the shaking of the Earth caused by movements of plates.

C. It is a large cloud that causes thunderstorm. D. It is a large storm with high-speed winds.

6. Earthquake epicenters are randomly distributed on Earth. Is this true or

false?

A. True. Earthquakes can happen anywhere across the globe because the

plates are moving. B. True. Earthquakes are random events because Earth is a geologically

active planet. C. False. Earthquake epicenters are found exclusively along the periphery of

the Pacific Ocean Basin. D. False. Earthquake epicenters are much more common at the ocean ridges

and beside trenches, just as volcanoes are.

7. The Philippines lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire. With this location, why do

Filipinos need to prepare an emergency disaster kit at homes?

A. Because its geographic location puts it at risk to natural disasters

B. Because it is at high risk to the effects of climate change C. Because it is prone to fires.

D. Because it is prone to typhoons

3

8. You were provided with data showing the arrival time of the P and S-waves

recorded from three seismic stations. Which of these can you possibly

determine?

A. the damage at the focus B. the distance to the earthquake

C. the intensity of the earthquake D. the location of the epicenter

9. From the seismogram, the distance to the epicenter can be determined by measuring _________

A. the arrival time of surface wave

B. the difference in the arrival times of the P and S-waves C. the ratio of the amplitude of the largest P and S-waves

D. the speed of the surface wave

10. You were asked to locate the epicenter of a recent earthquake. Which

correct sequence of events should you follow?

i. Determine the difference in the arrival time of S and P waves recorded from each of the seismological stations.

ii. Use the triangulation method to locate the center. iii. Obtain data from three different seismological stations. iv. Determine the distance of the epicenter from the station.

A. iii, i, iv, ii

B. i, iii, ii, iv C. iii, iv, i, ii

D. iv, ii,i, iii

11. Suppose you live in an area very close to an active fault. What should your

earthquake emergency kit contain?

A. money, important documents, radio, backpack B. water, non-perishable food, whistle, flashlight with batteries

C. food, medicine, identification, toiletries, clothes D. water, toiletries, flashlight, cash

12. Japan is a developed country that is also located along the Pacific Ring of

Fire. Is Japan vulnerable to the effects of earthquakes?

A. No, because Japan has the latest technology.

B. Yes, because of the geographical location. C. Yes, Japan is at high risk. However, the extent of the damage may be less

because of their technology. D. Yes, Japan is at high risk because it is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire

where active volcanism and most earthquakes occur

4

13. The method used to locate the earthquake epicenter using distance

information from three seismic stations is referred to as _______.

A. Scientific method B. Triangulation method C. Long term method

D. Short-termed method

14. How many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an

earthquake?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

15. Which of the following is true about the world’s earthquake epicenters?

A. They are not randomly distribted. B. They are not concentrated in narrow zones.

C. They are found anywhere.

D. They are scattered.

5

Are you now ready to learn a new lesson? But before that, you need to recall first

your previous lessons to connect to your new lesson.

What’s In

Activity 1: How Far Do You Remember?

Identify the term that best connects to each description (inside the hexagon slide).

Write only the letter equivalent to the term on a separate sheet of paper.

Lesson

1

Distribution of Earthquake

Epicenters

a. primary waves

b. secondary waves c. epicenter d. earthquake

A vibration of the Earth produced by the rapid release of energy most often because of the slippage along a fault in the Earth’s crust

1

The point on the

earth’s surface

vertically above the

focus

2

The fastest kind of

seismic waves thus

arrive at the seismic

station first

3

A type of seismic waves that travels

slower than the type of wave described in

number 3.

4

6

What’s New

How are these data above about earthquakes determined? How is the

epicenter of an earthquake known? Why is it important to know the location of

the epicenter of an earthquake? How are these earthquake epicenters distributed

in our country? What precautionary measures are we going to take in case an

earthquake occurs?

Hi! Do you still remember the strong

earthquake that hit the town of Tulunan,

Cotabato Province and damaged a building in

Kidapawan City last October 31, 2019?

Based on the bulleting issued by the Philippines Institute of

Volcanology and Seismology, the earthquake had a magnitude of 6.5

and was felt at Intensity 7 in Tulunan town, Cotabato, Kidapawan City

and Bansalan, Davao del Sur.

PHIVOLCS had also reported that Intensity 6 was also felt in

Matanao, Davao del Sur and Intensity 5 in Malungon, Sarangani.

Residents of Kiamba and Alabel in Sarangani Province, Tupi in South

Cotabato, Koronadal City, and General Santos City felt the earthquake

at Intensity 4, while Gingoog City in Misamis Oriental and Cagayan de

Oro City experienced Intensity 3.

Source: https://cebudailynews.inquirer,net/267320/magnitude-6-6

7

What Is It

At present, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

(PHIVOLCS) operates over one hundred seismic monitoring stations all over

the Philippines. These stations are equipped with seismometers, devices that

detect and record earthquakes. Data are sent to the PHIVOLCS Data

Receiving Center (DRC) to determine earthquake parameters such as

magnitude, depth of focus and epicenter. Together with reported felt

intensities in the area (if any), earthquake information is released once these

data are determined.

You have learned in your Grade 8 Science that earthquake releases

seismic waves known as the Primary (P) and secondary (S) waves. These waves

are used to determine the epicenter of an earthquake. They travel at different

velocities; thus, do not arrive at a seismic recording station at the same time.

The farther the recording instrument is from the focus, the greater the

difference in arrival times of the first P-wave compared to the first S-wave. The

difference in the arrival time will tell us the distance of the earthquake’s focus

from the seismic recording station. However, it does not tell in which direction

it came from.

Locating the epicenter of an earthquake is very important

to pinpoint which fault lines are active. You have learned

about fault lines in Grade 8. Usually, the less active fault

line stores great amount of potential energy that could

cause major earthquake once released. Therefore, places

near fault lines that remain inactive for a long period are

due to to experience a major earthquake.

In order to locate the epicenter of an earthquake, you need to determine the time interval between the arrival of the P and

S waves (the S-P interval) on the seismograms from at least three different stations. You have to measure the interval to

the closest second and then use a graph to convert the S-P interval to the epicentral distance. • Once you have the

epicentral distances, you can draw circles to represent each distance on a map. The radius of each circle corresponds to

the epicentral distance for each seismic recording station.

Once you have drawn all three circles and located the point where all three intersect, you will have successfully located

(triangulated) the epicenter of the earthquake.

8

The world’ s earthquake epicenters are not randomly distributed over the

Earth’s surface. They tend to be concentrated in narrow zones. Some are

located near the edges of the continents; some are in mid continents

while others are in the oceans.

What’s More

Let us see if you have understood what you’ve read in the previous page.

Do the following activities! Are you ready?

Activity 1 Find the Center

Objective: Locate the epicenter of an earthquake using the triangulation

method.

Materials:

• hypothetical records of earthquake waves

• Philippine map

• drawing compass and ruler

Procedure:

Study the data showing the difference in the arrival time of Primary (P) and Secondary (S) wave on three seismic recording stations.

Recording Station

Time difference in the arrival of P-wave and S-wave

(seconds)

Distance of epicenter from the station (km)

Batangas 44.8

Puerto Princesa 32

Davao 38.4

9

1. Compute the distance of the epicenter from each of the stations using this formula:

d = Td x 100 km 8 seconds

Where: d = distance (km)

Td = time difference in the arrival time of P-wave

and S-wave (seconds)

This formula is suited because 8 seconds is the interval between the

time of arrival of the P-wave and S-wave at a distance of 100 km.

2. Choose one of the recording stations and measure the computed distance

on the map scale (the scale of the map in Figure 1 is 1.5 cm: 200 km). Set your compass for that computed distance.

Example:

The computed distance of the epicenter is 600 km. To compute the

distance on the map, divide 1.5 cm by 200 km and multiply the quotient to

600 km. With this computation, the computed distance on the map is equal

to 4.5 cm.

Complete the table below. Do this in a separate sheet of paper.

Recording

Station

How to compute the

distance on the map Computed distance

on the map (cm)

Ex. Samar 600 km (1.5cm/200km) 4.5

Batangas 44.8

Puerto Princesa 32.0

Davao 38.4

3. Center your compass on the station you have chosen. Draw a circle.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the rest of the stations. You should get three circles that intersect or nearly intersect at a point. This intersection is

the epicenter.

10

Figure 1

Adapted from Science 10 LM. 2015

Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

Q1. Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical earthquake?

____________________________________________________________________________

Q2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data from two

recording stations? ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________.

In the previous activity, the hypothetical earthquake happened locally, that is

why we use the formula stated in the procedure. But, if the earthquake took

place at a far greater distance, seismologists use the distance-time graph

similar to the figure below in determining the location of the epicenter.

11

Figure 2. Distance-Time graph

Source:

http://stream2.cma.gov.cn/pub/comet/Environment/TsunamiWarningSyst

ems/comet/tsunami/ warningsystem/print.htm

The distance-time graph above shows that the S-P interval is about 10

minutes.

Distance (km) from Epicenter

Tim

e (m

inu

tes)

Q3. What is the distance of the epicenter from the seismic station?

_________________________________________________________________________

Q4. What do you think is the importance of determining the epicenter of

an earthquake? _________________________________________________________

______________________________________________

Determining the location of earthquake epicenters plays a vital role

in laying the foundations of plate tectonics, which will be discussed in the

next modules.

Now that you know already how to locate the epicenter of an

earthquake, let us now try to describe the distribution of these earthquake

epicenters. Let us do the next activity!

http://stream2.cma.gov.cn/pub/comet/Environment/TsunamiWarningSystems/comet/tsunami/http://stream2.cma.gov.cn/pub/comet/Environment/TsunamiWarningSystems/comet/tsunami/

12

Activity 2. Let’s Mark the Boundaries

Objective: Describe the distribution of earthquake epicenters

Materials:

Figure 3: Map of earthquake epicenters

1 piece of plastic sheet used for book cover, same size as a

book page

Marking /coloring pen (blue )

Source: http://marc.fournier.free.free.

Figure 3. Map of earthquake distribution

(red, green, and blue dots represent earthquake epicenters)

Procedure:

1. Study Figure 3 showing the earthquake distribution around the world.

2. Place the plastic sheet over the map Trace the approximate locations of

several earthquake “clusters” using a blue coloring or marking pen on

a plastic sheet.

Congratulations! You have successfully located the epicenter of an earthquake

using the triangulation method. Not only that, you have also performed an activity

which allowed you to describe how earthquake epicenters are being distributed.

It is now time to check what you have learned from the activities that you

performed.

Q1. How are earthquakes distributed on the map?

________________________________________________________________

Q2. Where are they located?

________________________________________________________________

Q3. Where are there no earthquakes?

________________________________________________________________

Q4. Why is it important for us to identify areas which are prone to

earthquakes?

________________________________________________________________

http://marc.fournier.free.free/

13

What I Have Learned

Complete the paragraphs by using the words below. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

concentrated continents triangulation

not randomly distributed epicenter

What I Can Do

Suppose you live in an area very close to an active fault. What should your

earthquake emergency kit contain? Write your answers on a sheet of paper.

Locating the (1) __________ of an earthquake is very important to

pinpoint which fault lines are active. In order to do it, (2) __________ method is

used.

The world’s earthquakes epicenters are (3) ____________over the

Earth’s surface. They tend to be (4) ______________ in narrow zones. Some are

located near the edges of the (5) _________, some are in mid continents while

others are in the oceans.

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

14

Assessment

Mutiple Choice. Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet.

1. Given the three differently located seismic stations, the time travel graph

can be used to determine the position of the _______.

A. Focus of the earthquake

B. Epicenter of the earthquake

C. Fault line D. Fault plane

2. Which type of seismic wave is the fastest?

A. Primary waves

B. Love waves

C. Surface waves

D. Secondary waves

3. Which statement best describes an earthquake epicenter?

A. It is the location along the fault where the first motion of an earthquake

occurs. B. It is the point on Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake’s focus.

C. It is a seismic wave that travels along the surface of the Earth. D. It is the place that motion in an earthquake is detected.

4. Earthquakes can produce shock waves that travel through the ground. What

are these waves called?

A. Electromagnetic waves

B. Microwaves C. Infrared waves

D. Seismic waves

5. Which statement correctly describes an earthquake?

A. It is an opening of the Earth where magma erupts to the surface.

B. It is the shaking of the Earth caused by movements of plates. C. It is a large cloud that causes thunderstorm.

D. It is a large storm with very high-speed winds.

15

6. Earthquake epicenters are randomly distributed on Earth. Is this true or false?

A. True. Earthquakes can happen anywhere across the globe because the

plates are moving. B. True. Earthquakes are random events because Earth is a geologically

active planet. C. False. Earthquake epicenters are found exclusively along the periphery of

the Pacific Ocean Basin. D. False. Earthquake epicenters are much more common at the ocean ridges

and beside trenches, just as volcanoes are.

7. Philippines lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire. With this location, why do

Filipinos need to prepare an emergency disaster kit at homes?

A. Because its geographic location puts it at risk to natural disasters B. Because it is at high risk to the effects of climate change

C. Because it is prone to volcanic eruptions

D. Because it is prone to typhoons

8. You were provided with data showing the arrival time of the P and S-waves

recorded from three seismic stations. Which of these can you possibly

determine?

A. the damage at the focus B. the distance to the earthquake

C. the intensity of the earthquake D. the location of the epicenter

9. From the seismogram, the distance to the epicenter can be determined by

measuring _________.

A. the arrival time of surface wave

B. the difference in the arrival times of the P and S-waves C. the ratio of the amplitude of the largest P and S-waves

D. the speed of the surface wave

10. You were asked to locate the epicenter of a recent earthquake. Which

correct sequence of events should you follow?

i. Determine the difference in the arrival time of S and P waves recorded from each of the seismological stations.

ii. Use the triangulation method to locate the center. iii. Obtain data from three different seismological stations.

iii. Determine the distance of the epicenter from the station.

A. iii, i, iv, ii B. i, iii, ii, iv

C. iii, iv, i, ii D. iv, ii,i, iii

16

11. Suppose you live in an area very close to an active fault. What should your

earthquake emergency kit contain?

A. money, gadgets, radio, backpack

B. water, non-perishable food, whistle, flashlight with batteries C. food, medicine, accessories, toiletries, clothes

D. water, toiletries, flashlight, notebooks

12. Japan is a developed country and located along the Pacific Ring of Fire. Is

Japan vulnerable to the effects of earthquakes?

A. No, because Japan has the latest technology. B. Yes, because of the geographical location.

C. Yes, Japan is at high risk. However, the extent of the damage may be

less because of their technology. D. Yes, Japan is at high risk because it is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire

where active volcanism and most earthquakes occur

13. The method used to locate the earthquake epicenter using distance

information from three seismic stations.

A. Scientific method

B. Triangulation method

C. Long term method D. Short-termed method

14. How many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an

earthquake?

A. 1

B. 2 C. 3

D. 4

15. Which of the following is true about the world’s earthquake epicenters?

A. They are not randomly distribted.

B. They are not concentrated in narrow zones. C. They are found anywhere.

D. They are scattered.

17

The world’s earthquake epicenters are not randomly

distributed over the Earth’s surface. They tend to be concentrated

in narrow zones. Some are located near the edges of the

continents; some are in mid continents while others are in the

oceans.

Locating the epicenter of an earthquake is very important to

determine which fault lines are active. In that way, people will be

aware of the places prone to earthquakes, thus, be able to take

safety precautionary measures.

Additional Activities

Make a poster showing the safety precautionary measures before, during and

after earthquake. This will be posted at home so that everybody in your family

can read. Take a picture of it and submit it together with the other sheets of

paper. If you don’t have a camera, the poster itself will be submitted.

Rubrics for Poster Making

Summary

Content

The illustrations are clear and the

message is appropriate

(5pts)

Neatness

The work or output exemplifies

cleanliness and neatness

(5pts)

Artistry

Color combinations and characters are

evident (5pts)

TOTAL

18

Answer Key

Activity 1 (Find the Center) Answers to questions

Using the formula d = Td x 100 km 8 seconds

Where: d=distance (km) Td=time difference of P-wave and S-wave (seconds)

Recording Station Time difference in the arrival

of P-wave and S-wave (seconds)

Distance of epicenter

from the station (km)

Batangas 44.8 560

Puerto Princesa 32 400

Davao 38.4 480

Since the scale of the Philippine map on page 9 of the LM is 1.5 cm: 200 km, set the drawing compass to

the following computed distances on the map.

Recording Station How to compute the distance on

the map

Computed distance on

the map (cm)

Batangas 560 km (1.5/200km) 4.2

Puerto Princesa 400 km (1.5/200km) 3

Davao 480 km (1.5/200km) 3.6

Q1. Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical earthquake?

Answer: Since the three circles drawn intersect in Cebu City, it is where the

epicenter is.

Q2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data from two recording stations?

Answer: Assuming that the two circles will intersect, the circles will intersect at two points. Therefore,

there will be two locations that could possibly be the epicenter.

The distance-time graph on page 10 of the LM shows that the S-P interval is about 10 minutes.

Q3. What is the distance of the epicenter from the seismic station?

Answer: 9000 km

19

Activity 2 (Let’s Mark the Boundaries)

Q1. How are earthquakes distributed on the map.

Answer: The world’s earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the Earth’s surface. They tend

to be concentrated in narrow zones.

Q2. Where are they located?

Answer: Some are located near the edges of the continents, some are in mid continents,

while others are in oceans.

But not ALL edges of continents, mid-continents, or oceans can be places where earthquake might

occur.

Q3. Where are places with no earthquakes?

Answer: Answers may vary. Some of the possible answers are: large part of the Pacific ocean,

northernmost Asia, majority of Europe, eastern portion of North and South America and western

Africa.

Q4. Why do you think it is important for us to identify areas which are prone to earthquakes?

Answer: It is important to identify areas which are prone to earthquakes so that necessary

precautions could be done if ever you’re living in one of those places

Answers (Pre-test)

1.B

2.A

3.B

4.D

5.B 6.D

7.A

8.D

9.B

10.A

11.B 12.C

13.B

14.B

15.A

Answers (Post-test)

A.B

B.A C.B D.D E.B F.D G.A

H.D I.B J.A K.B L.C M.B

N.B O.A

What ‘s In

1.d 2.c

3.a

4.b

What I Have

Learned

1.d 4. a

2.e 5. b

3.c

20

References

Printed Materials

Acosta, Herma D. et al. Science Learner’s Module Grade 10. 2015

Acosta, Herma D. et al. Teacher’s Guide Grade 10. 2015

Electronic Sources

Plate Tectonics.Retrieved from https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/ earthquake/introduction-to-earthquake

Images

Doctor Professional With Emergency Kit First Aid [.png Cartoon]. Retrieved from

https://www.canva.com/media/MADDGjXs1Pw. August 9, 2020

Female Avatar Isolated [.png Cartoon]. Retrieved from https://www.canva.com/

media/MACDjTFBkAI. August 9, 2020.

Male With Eye Glasses [.png Cartoon]. Retrieved from https://www.canva.com/

media/MAC3GEFtOuY. August 9, 2020.

Pin [.png Cartoon]. Retrieved from https://www.canva.com/design/DAEETY46UM0

/cdPWUuTW 5qoa lkyu9cJ89Q/edit?category=tACFajEYUAM#

Teacher [Cartoon}. Retrieved from https://www.pngitem.com/middle/hiRbh Rw_woman-cartoon-female-teacher-free-clipart- hd-clipart/. August 8, 2020.

https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/https://www.canva.com/media/MADDGjXs1Pwhttps://www.canva.com/%20media/MACDjTFBkAIhttps://www.canva.com/%20media/MACDjTFBkAIhttps://www.canva.com/%20media/MAC3GEFtOuYhttps://www.canva.com/%20media/MAC3GEFtOuYhttps://www.canva.com/design/DAEETY46UM0%20/cdPWUuTW%205qoa%20lkyu9cJ89Q/edit?category=tACFajEYUAMhttps://www.canva.com/design/DAEETY46UM0%20/cdPWUuTW%205qoa%20lkyu9cJ89Q/edit?category=tACFajEYUAMhttps://www.pngitem.com/middle/hiRbh%20Rw_woman-cartoon-female-teacher-free-clipart-%20%20hd-clipart/https://www.pngitem.com/middle/hiRbh%20Rw_woman-cartoon-female-teacher-free-clipart-%20%20hd-clipart/